Key Stage 3
Flying Start Student Booklet To help give you a boost in your Science studies we have developed this Flying Start programme to help with your confidence and scientific abilities. As part of your preparation for you end of topic tests you should look over the material in this booklet alongside your studies. This will stretch your attainment, support your current learning and enhance your scientific understanding.
Flying Start
Year 7
It would be great if you could provide a comment about how your daughter found the work this week. Good points to consider would be: • Did she make any of the revision resources? • How did your daughter perform on the mini quiz? • Has she used the online support and quizzes? Forces: Date: Electromagnets: Date: Energy: Date: Waves: Date: Matter: Date: Reactions:
Date: Earth: Date: Organisms: Date: Ecosystems: Date: Genes: Date:
Flying Start
Forces: Gravity
What you need to learn: The definitions of different words to do with forces and the equation used to work out weight.
Gravity Definitions Weight
The force acting on an object due to gravity, measured in Newtons (N)
Mass
The amount of stuff in an object, measured in kilograms (kg)
Gravitational Field Strength
The force from gravity on 1kg, measured in N/kg
Non- Contact Force
One that acts without direct contact
Field
The area where other objects feel a gravitational force
Working out Weight The following equation allows you to calculate the weight of an object:
Weight = Mass x Gravitational Field Strength (N) (kg) (N/kg) The Gravitational Field Orbit Moon
Earth
The force of gravity close to the Earth is due to the gravitational field around the Earth. Every object exerts a gravitational force on every other object. The force increases with mass and decreases with distance. The force of gravity holds planets and moons in orbit around larger bodies.
Flying Start
Electromagnets: Circuit Symbols
What you need to learn: The different components in an electrical circuit and their symbol
Standard Circuit Symbols
Lamp
Variable Resistor
Switch (open)
Switch (closed)
Fuse
Thermistor
+ Cell
LED
A Ammeter
Resistor
V Voltmeter
Diode
+ Battery
LDR
Flying Start
Energy: Energy Resources
What you need to learn: You need to learn the different types of energy resources and the advantages and disadvantages of each
Energy Resources
Renewable
Non-renewable
Energy Resource
Advantage
Disadvantage
Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil and Gas)
Cheap and infrastructure already in place
Produce lots of carbon dioxide
Nuclear Fuel
Produces a lot of energy whilst only making a small volume of waste. Doesn’t release carbon dioxide
Waste takes many years to become safe
Biofuel
Doesn’t release extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Takes up a lot of land space
Wind
The energy source is free
Unreliable as it is not always windy
Hydro-electricity
Reliable as water can be stored behind large dams in reservoirs
Causes the destruction of large areas of land and disrupts the flow of rivers
Geothermal
Cheap to run and do not produce carbon dioxide
Not suitable for use in all areas
Tidal
Reliable as there are always two tides per day
Can disrupt natural ecosystems
Solar
Can be used on a small scale on house roofs and cost nothing to run
Unreliable as it is not always sunny and expensive to install
Flying Start
Waves: Wave properties
What you need to learn: You need to learn the different properties of a wave and how changing a wave can affect the sounds a wave produces.
Wave properties Wavelength – The distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
Wavelength
Amplitude – The distance from the undisturbed position to the peak of the wave
Peak Amplitude
Undisturbed position
Trough Wave Sounds
The amplitude has increased so the sound has become louder. The frequency is the same so the pitch remains the same The amplitude has decreased so the sound has become quieter. The frequency has increased so the pitch of the sound has increased.
Wave Definitions Frequency
The number of waves produced in one second
Hertz
The unit of measurement for frequency
Period Wave Speed
This can be calculated using the equation
Period =
1 Frequency
The speed at which the energy is transferred
Flying Start
Matter: States of Matter
What you need to learn: You need to know the particle diagrams for the three states of matter and the names of the changes of state
The Particle Model
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Can it be compressed?
No
No
Yes
Does it flow?
No
Yes
Yes
Shape?
Fixed, unless you apply a force
Takes the shape of the bottom of the container
Takes the shape of the whole container
Changing State
Gas
Freezing
Melting
Solid
Liquid
Flying Start
Reactions: The pH scale
What you need to learn: You need to know what the pH scale represents and examples of common acids.
The pH scale 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Acid Produces H+ ions
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
Alkali Neutral
Produces OH- ions
Neutralisation Acid + Alkali ďƒ Salt + Water Hydrochloric acid produces chlorides Nitric acid produces nitrates Sulfuric acid produces sulfates Common Acids Strong Acids Hydrochloric Acid Nitric Acid Sulfuric Acid
Weak Acids Ethanoic Acid Citric Acid Carbonic Acid
Flying Start
Earth: The solar system
What you need to learn: You need to know the name and order of the planets in the solar system and the definitions of key parts of the solar system.
Neptune
Uranus
Saturn
Jupiter
Mars
Earth
Venus
Mercury
The Solar System
The Sun
Solar System Definitions Star Planet Dwarf Planet
Bodies which give out light, and which may have a solar system of planets A large body that orbits a star. In our solar system all planets orbit the Sun A celestial body that orbits the Sun but is not large enough to be called a planet
Moon
A celestial body that orbits a planet
Natural Satellite
A celestial body that orbits another celestial body
Galaxy
Collection of stars held together by gravity. Our galaxy is called the Milky Way.
Orbit
Path taken by a satellite, planet or star moving around a larger body
Flying Start
Organisms: Parts of the Cell
What you need to learn: You need to know the parts of the animal cell and the plant cell. You also need to learn the functions of each of the different parts of the cell.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Structure Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Mitochondria
Function Controls the activities of the cell. It is where the genetic material is found. A liquid gel where most chemical reactions take place. Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell.
Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis takes place.
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.
Permanent vacuole filled with cell sap Cell wall
Important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant.
Made of cellulose which helps strengthen the cell and provides support.
Flying Start
Ecosystems: Plant Tissues
What you need to learn: You need to know the different types of plant tissues and the parts of the leaf.
Parts of the Leaf
Tissue
Function
Epidermal Tissues
Cover the plant
Palisade Mesophyll
Where photosynthesis takes place
Spongy Mesophyll
Has air spaces for diffusion of gases
Xylem
Carries water up the plant
Phloem
Carries sugars throughout the plant
Cuticle
Provides a waterproof layering for the leaf
Meristem Tissue Guard Cells Stomata
Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots Can open and close the stomata Allow gases in and out of the leaf for gaseous exchange
Flying Start
Genes: Gametes
What you need to learn: You need to learn examples of gametes and be able to give the features of the sperm as a specialised cell
Gamete Facts Sexual Reproduction involves the joining (fusion) of male and female gametes. In animals the gametes are the sperm and egg cells. In flowering plants the gametes are pollen and egg cells. A gamete has half the number of chromosomes compared to a normal body cell.
Specialised Gametes A long tail that can whip from side to side to assist with movement.
A large nucleus containing the genetic information to be passed on
The acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down the outer layer of the egg.
The mid-section is full of mitochondria to transfer energy for movement.
Definitions Fertilisation
Joining of a nucleus from a male and female sex cell
Gamete
The sex cell in animals the male gamete is a sperm and the female an egg.