much of lhe progress and regress of a cil y boils down lo 118 1nfras1ruc1ure and design a well planned c11y offers safely. secur11y and employmenl oppor1un111es while one !hal develops haphazardly nurl ures chaos and confusion. of l he k1nd oflen w11nessed 1n mumba1
Characte rized b
J)al>dOX.
Mumbal rt31 at.llt Is a bellwether of 1he
ec:.onomlc climate of the tll;v. The pace a1 whtdl tilt number ot high-nse structures has
maoet<Jtht skytlneoltn. <"Y • only matelll!d bV lhe: t:t'O'Wlh of slums Jnd shlnt-es. Desptte ~ rife 'Mth ~rucbon. ap.~rtments ate
unreal costs
vNflofdablt to lht common man irt:J buyi'lg a lat w•hlr'l lht atand <1tv a diSUnt dlwn.
S.....,.l faCIO!> benld op to the .-roawy tlCIXbobr< O>SISoll><l)>ng a
Glter•nc 10 a sNII ftacttOf'l olthe PQPQJ~tJOO atti'lt htghtr end t:J lht spt<truna.
hrtl>. oltltt faaon O<ld to the b • u AI• ....., Nahar, Nanasong O.rMO«, NoiQr t'rqe<f1. dtoctrbe. '1Wt ostote • notonly<OIIIy be<iv>eollhf tand tatH,. but the heJ'VY amounc wt r»Y lhtSJ.K atld U)! ft1nster of
~~
•uutsdtft ne the rea lestateenv.rorvn.e-.nt
ol the <ltv. wMe none is '" •hd irreparable, together, they form an 1murmountabte batrier to affordable hvins In the <•ty:
home« romme•c•al space 1t1 Mum bu. While bnd <OSt is undersurdabfy
Oevelopment Rcl\cs (TOR). U cons.rruct•on ard finishing costs come to around f 1000 per sq. h. and t 800 per 1q. fl respe<tl'.>t:IY, BMC cl'largtS so up to at Jeast t 1000 Ptl' sq. h. .PillS Tranlterol Oevelopment Rights (TOR) cost t 1800 to 3000 per sa ft.• this sums up to arouM t £000 w sq. ft."'
nothing clear about clearance restrl(ted to~. -4.S. 4..15. b:er t1 was reductd 10 1.U . FSllor ,..,.~which wos 2.5 torl>t<, e ~- PIUS. theft months cw ytirs ldds 'n add •hOnal con are variiOUi taws thr01J$hwhl<.h htihef' fSt can bt JV~•Itd co the prOJeCt through a«ru.td tMtrHt. Global urban sc:rtnee talks of a min~mum FSI of 5 if phys.al This COS! i-s tht:t\ carrted IOfwJrd lO the rnfrai:tructure is 10 be mad~ viablt. The C4ty undtiWtnl $UCh end consumtr, tnctt:aSJng puces furthtl. Snmva~n Gopalan, CFO. The Wldhwa Grrup. <hangti that It confll5ed planners whtch uiHmat~l'f rtSUked says, --rhett: is no single window clt111rKt rn lmtly planned inflastructwe and dtvelopmtnl. •
A tedJOUSOOrtnct ptOCtSS that <ould Ql:t
system. When a developer purchastsland he~ his entry point but he has no due about his exil ume hom the project FOJ one of our pro1t<lS we waited for 1.5 Yt:ars for err1ironmental dearance. and iost t 1.8 billio-n only by the wav ot tnterest ~«umulated by ho*dtn& lh!tla net we have
utit KumtrJain s.ays this impacts more than JUStrtal estate with the city losing its competitive edge to other C4trts, &lobally. He UV1. •B3dty planntd inlrastrvcture and rea I estate aHect the inflow ol busine-ss and reduce employment opportunities which ullimatety leads to lack or jobs cre:llin& an1a·soc.~l e-Jements and ~;haotl( satuahol"'$. •
to absotb some and pan •t on to someont. to survive'" the •nduw-v'" Pupt Aeg:ttwill.
-..o &.CEO. Orb•t Corporataon ud., add~ ·n
woukf have been of &ret t ;usnli net tf tht current real tsWt bal WOtJd ~ addrtned tho ""'• ol• rruch ne<dtd ~n~~t """""" de:if¥1<ttnsteldol add•n&inochH ~to lhe
.,.,."'""""'of """"""""-.
The latkol a tdlerent polteyon cleJ!Inotts and Floor Spaw trdex (FSI) cre~tM confus•on
in l~ marttt wtthcomtanl chan&M '" de'ttlopment policies and fSI La1tt Kumat lain. CMO. Kumar Urban Ot..-tloprntnl Limited ind Chaum;m, Conltderation of R~al a•ate o~elopenAssociauon~of India (CREOAI), say• "The byt·laws which made thi~cley also deteriorated it in a way. There have been mat'l'y Huctuations in FSI; at a point 1t was unl1m1ted, thtn ''was
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legal I illegal A bueld•n& rt<IU•tH )I) to 3Sd~rances from stvttoll ~thonhts before consuuction co~ncc:wnmenc:e. ~
pal1\tab" proctuf~l nuy talr::tyears. UttSCNPubn - b y pus tho. P"""' bycomiiUCiong buolchr>$1 lhat do no1 hwt tht rtq~te <~ranees al"d tol~ no norms. Thtst struc:t~es ire then qUKkty sold .11 lew 1atH 'nvdY '"'other sta kehotders and mab I'll 1t tudcy
lor I he author flies to bring down the illegal
construchons.lndustcyveteran Lalit Kumar ta•n says. "People (an't alford accommodation so they get tnto slums or ~uch bu•ldtn&S that are unaulhorittd and illicit which collapse be<a use there is no control ater them. unauthonud development ~huge and goes beyond <OnlfOI toUOWtd by poltt!QI issues. The l.lumbt'a a-st d!d not happtn owmtgtlt. 11 happet'ltd •tth the WI>PQflof •• lt.. pl.lMe<sand poloiK..OS bou\MIMy
took Vl)t.t:$ from thttn. The 901•hca m do not re:stuct tilt-'- ~omse.longvoctslt<)lll tostis and ()(her unauthora:xed dev~lopmtniS~ 11thet u •s thttr fl)(l(llf
pb:'J&rOtJld.•
Such •1fetil cons.tructton •s rl(A resumed to the less v•Sib le slums or shanty dev!lopmtnts.. Sn'tra1ca s.es haw come to ltght where developers have ext:<!tded th.e petmiuiblt height allowance to t)l,uld tlltr,a11toors. The <.ampa Col ~ <ompound at Woffi is a recent example of this, where permissions tx~~ted for a sround-piUS.· hve·floor <onstruction in the 198~ buttht structure far txeetded this. WMt bears some lhought js that all UrQuthorized ffoors re<e•ved the occup-ancy <tnlficates that ptsmt ~I ltsidtttc:e.lnd bet,.,dttmtd ilftsal in )f'ar 201l. haore been m e:ostt~e for OWJ ld«ades.
some solutions It itarts with policy. according to builders. who
have spoken of ~he fequirement fot a single wmdow de-atanc:e system. thtf'tby bypassing. the leng,tl'r( delays and inefficiencies associated with this. A. possible answer to decongest Mumbai is to create S4tellite townships in the vidniry and devetopemploymenl opportunities and inflasuuc:ture. TM CC(e city is saturated and t~ migrating population either settles in one of the
several slums or in lhe far suburb$ and «ravtls to the isfand dtv on w01k Ar. Re~ Kabul. Prmctpal Architeel, Atchitect Reza Kabul. says. "'The cost of land is sotugh in Mumbai thai p:ovidins cheaper houses within the city i.s not practical. We need to IT'I3l:e satellite townships like those created iruemationally. The best example is in Sou!h Korea -Susan ar4 Seoul e-arlier it used to tab> hall a day to tr.)vel between these cities bul now diJI!o to the his,h spe&d trains and 6:cel ~nt inlrastrocture the Havel time is reduced to one hour. It iS<om~nient for people living in Susan to comm,~te to Seoul to work ~s the t~'o·el time hu shottenl!d. Hous.insand othtt amtnitie-s: 3ft cheaper in Busan than Seou1 and this has helped de<engestSeouL*
on the other handS. v. R. Sriruvas, Additional Mumcipal Commissioner (E. SUbs) Municipal C«po;ationof Grearer Mumbai (MCGM~ belie\'tS that urbani:zation is an il"'e.Xhaustlble process and tht infiow will continue e•1en il tcwmsbips ~nd viltage$ are developed in the surrounding area$. He says, "China experir\"'P.nted by trying to dev~lop villag~s: butlailtd mistrabty. It is onty the big<ities that auracl peopJe: whydoo't peop!e frc;:rn 8ih.ar go :o Kolbra bU1 come &o Mumbai? Because Mumbai is an engine of
growth lor the entire country J It contribute$ to ne~fly 40 percent of the income tax of the counuyand -a similar amount ol customs: and aocist. It's a land of opportunity. My objective is to make Mumbaivery<ompetiti..-e and renew· the ()!d city lhat is SOuth Mumbai and focus on the deYelopment of the cenual Bu~l ne-ss Oistrim (CBOS) such as Natiman Point, Lower Partl and Anc:lheri bygMng Ihem incentrves. infraslruttufe 31'\d opportunities to g,mw, 1 think Mumbai will 9' a long way ahead, not Shangtlai, but under comparable frontie rs ot cityd'r:ve!opment at the globalleYel."
Navi Mumbai, one of the largest pfaMed cities in the worid, was developed in 1972 to decongest Mumbai but dtd not accomplish mtKh until tl:Cently. At. Kartil:: Punjabi, Managing Director, Vijay Punj~bi Consultants. Pvt. Ud. tJPCPL~ says,
·Navi Mumbai did nol sotve its pu1pose as people duJ nol wanti.Q mo'te there, then. Now NaviMumbai fs populated. if this: would h~we happened 20 )'f!';j(s: ago. it would have dew~toped better and Mumbai wouldn't h~ve been a~ con&ested as it i~ today. For people who havealreadyseuled in the city it is rmre p\'fchologically difficult to f'l'iY'Ie and this problem onty multiplies.· Ar. Chi~g. Jain, Ptincipal, unam c. Jain Archite<:tsand PlannerS, adds. ·The fundamental requuement for the success of f'.Javi Mumbai was that thegcwemrnent was required lO move. Its de\'elopment would hlvt been rapid and balanced had the government shifted there. It was only when Mumbai was totally saturated in the recent past that Navi Mumbai too*: off on it sown largely dri..,-en by ptivate sector forces. lbe governffit'-Ol should have acted as a Qtilyst"
redevelopment of existing structures
of-· ... Sooth""...,.'
OU.Io tht loci: <ol'f, e5P«J>lly on
rtcWttlopmena piOfKtsaP't tS..Stnl~l to
J«<mmodat~ r~Sornc dt-rrQnd
tfOW'e"ftf,
red~eklpment prOJKU olttn prO'o't to be more difficult thJn ttgUIJr PKIJfdSas th~ invotvt geuingStveral dtJtai'ICt1 from t~ authoutie-s plus COOI'dln&hng
with the existing body ol residents. tssues of d tstru~t of the builder commun•ty at l.arg_e and lhe de.Jays that art c~>rnmon in such pro-jects. !)IOVt to bt chtlftf'l&tng. AJ. SUb.lmir Oh.irmadhrbn, Propra-t1or,
Otsogntrscombono, "Y<. "Thodfv<lapt< rnq (OITlfl"'l CO defrvtf IM tx.ldu-., 10
-·nd ,.., •nd P'" ...,, 101 that perood, buc who 1l ho cloo!n' ccmploco ha~
ttte pmje<t on llmt cw s:to!n ~~~nc rent? There is a lot it st~ke. If a hous•ns soc•etv is going for red~tlopmtnt and his 100
or 100 ~mbtrs. tt ta~s vtar'S tor them to agr.. and hnd <ommon gtourvJ." All this, added to the numerabfe petmu.stons requir~ and toping wtth c.har~Sms regulations matt ~edevtlopment proje<ts rT'IOle complicated.
there's much that's possible Af. Z.aur
Mullan. PrincipaiAtchitect &OWner, zarir Muflan
Architect & Interior Designer and As. S3njay Puri, Oirector & Principa1 Archite<t, SJnjay Puri Atchitects Pvt.. Ud •• are
of the opinion that rede\·.elopmenl should be unde1taken in a consotidattd mannef 0'1tr entTJe artas aod not just
for inchvidual buildings in disparate pockets of the city. Redevelopment, unless done cohesively. can only address -a fracti;,n of the problem. Ar. sanjay Puri sayS. "Mumbai has huge potential in real t -state albeit most people haw the
perception thal there is no space. There are several hundred aaes of 3reas whKh can be redeveloped comprehensively to pro.ride- additional housing while simultaneously reducing the footprint of buildings on land and creating more landSGaped s~~. pad::mgareas, publk amenities
and wider roads. HOWe\-et, this needs to be dc:::ne based on latg.t well ·p lann~ masttflayouts. tathtr than individual plots being developed in isolation. as is the case generally, The development along. Tulsi Pipe road is an example of lack of comprehensiVe planning. Afew years ago when all the mills along this road had shut dowo, a mastt! plan creating J wider road with servi<e roads on either side and large landsaptd p3rks c()uld ha..·t been created without any loss 10 buildable area. The city would have~~ iR arterial road and landscaped spaces along its centre. HO....e\-tJ.this was not done. and individual mills have been allowed to devtlop on their own leadi~ to incre-ased traffic. lack of parking. spaces aM thereby se'Yere: con~stion and polluhon. As yet only a percentage has been deveklped and a lot more is currentty being. buill. E'ventually it will become impos.sible t() even access this road. Such oppofluniti(t1 should not be: lost.. With increasing de!TI3nd and reducingavallabilityolland it is d ear that the prices may not lind correction in the future. The city is a magnet attracting people from across the oountry that need aG<Ommodation. Unfortunately d~ielopen focus on consHuction fot maximum teturn on m'l•eument and the creati:>n of luxury apartments caterins to the upper iocome ~gments. leaving the middle classes to occupy the far·Hung. suburb$ with a comf'llUte to worl:. in o-.·er·ctowdtd bu~ and trains ol st-vttal hours fesullins in a deterio~ting quality of lite, Ar.. Rohini Mani, Princiwl, R Mani & As-sociates. says, ihere is enough housing for people who can alfOEd iL A thousht netds to be given on pr<11iding housing for the poot instead of just cttatiog high 1ises. The open spaces created by developers are private: we need pubh< open spa:ces too. The masses need to be taken into consideration." Oespite mass,ive COil$truc:t-ion in different pod:ets of the city, lac" of cohesiveness and mteya;ted planning. make this: a liability rather than an asstt ft1haps it's timt the authorities step back, take a moment and look at the citv from a broader perspective to de·1ise a plan with the citizens in focus, rather Ihan personal Of political S<Jil'l:. lj
.,. 1 ~~
U~n bhamgara
Jlll.lmln & brdttn bha~ri (
>flerw~Seaed~ed'l
an unmenl ionable address :
THE SLUMS OF MUMBAI
rhe squalid and over cr owded ur ban ghettos of mumbai are nor jusr home ro blue co llar labor. in rh em nesr while collar homes. rhriving businesses and sordid crime . rhe silualion screms for a sus rainable. long - rerm solul ion
Mumbai has been , a1yot
migrantS for c~ntu~; a magnet ror people of
different walks of life, from lhe rural mivant to Bollywood aspiranls and those simply lool:ing fo-r the city ol sueta paved w1th gold.
This has ltd to Mavily populated infouml
urban
seulement~
often ch3tac1erized
by
substandard housing and a lad< of 1anit~tion. dean potable water. ete<Uidty, and other bask amenilies that characteriu tnt hving situation
of almost 8 inlO Mumbaikars. The 2011 census states that there are 3.1 million p&op~ in !he island city and .9.3 million in the suburbs. ol
which nearly 78 percent reside in slums. The eartitst slums were formed 10 the early 18:90~ with
the nlgration of thewtal poor to
the city. Today, the largest of these, Oharavi, is spread t'Jiet 557 acres and is one of the largHl slums in tht world. The title ol 'world'<;
largest slum',1adty, h3:s Olher contenders within Mumbai. asonce-sll'\311 slum& in are:.s like Kurla. Ghatkop;ar, Mankhurd, G-ovandi. Shand up, Mulund and Dindoshi have btgun to eclipse theen~mity of Oharavi. The tising numbe' oi slums.. a function of the lack of adequaie lower income housing. is OCWI3n alarming concern fOtthe dty of Mumb3i.
why live in a slum ? P~le live in slums s1mply for lad:
ol an altemativ-e. Whatstatted as a migration issue. wa~ exa<erbated by pooJ gov~rnmtl!nl planning and policy, and a ne>:us of politicians, decision makers and bureatXratswho have directly and indirectly allowed slums totrowforthe ta-s:t 25 to 30yeats. Ar. Prem Nath, Prin(ipal Atthitec.t, Architect Prem Nath &Assodates, u,ys:, •Mahar.uhtra Housing& Mea Oe1ekpment Authority(MHAOA) was Q'eated to generate housing; and they did. 8ut somewheu~ dO'I'in the li~ t~y gave
up. conuption crept into the system. and the quality of construction and maintenance detefioUlled. lheir job was to aeale aflotdabte housing tot tht mas~ and they failed. As a result the lo.ver· in.::orne groups started to find their
own alte1natfves. The·( enCtoa.ched on open land and created jhoJXlis and shanties; the local dodos btcame prottttive of these new communities: t~ politt<ians made. pu~vi sions fot water and electrioty in exchange for votes..~ a city. we did not piOVIde them with ~Uganized affordable hou-s-ing. and this encou(~ged the g.towth of slums."
With a len a<commod.ating vie\\', A.r. Anmol warang, Chief Executive Officer, Pentaspace Consultants, says tht c•tv has gj\•!n ~pie hCII"hes lac free, and continues todoso. almost incentivizins the formation of slums. He elaborates, "'You {the mig~ant):ome to Mumbai, live in a slum for 10 ytars.
and at the end of it you are th.eowner of a 3.50-~.9:1 sq. ft. house. A. salaried. well-educated individual in Mumbai cannoLaflord this in ttn ytart You can't deny th.)t somewhefe down the line, this is flawed," Ar. Gau1av Sanghavi, joint Managing Director and Principal Architect. Pentaspace Consult.ants points out that in~tead of putting a stop to this, out governance has been legah2ingand prormtlng it, with ea<h election. as the slum population forms a large vote bank. large slum settlements are now an 01ban reality. '1'he skyline or Mumbai has definitely evolved. but not muc:h has chansed. Even today, the percentage of population IMng in thl! slums hasn't changed. The rkh have started occupyiog roore spa<e. while ~he pool have jus1 inuea~d. • says/..r. Shimul ~~~-e ri Kadri, Prind pal Atchite-ct, SJK Archirtcts. Though tM island city •s largely dear of .slums since 200Swith the BMC's .ac1ioo agaimt slum-dwe11ersas part of its toad widening projeas: txeeptions temam in fringes such as Oharavt, Antop Hill, ~et3 mg.ar, AmbMkar Nasar and Worli V111age. Accordins to Ar. ~ja Aederi. Proptietor. Raja Aederi Consultants Pvt. Ud.• '"The future will be as il is nON, wi1h few mote high ristS. Talking about the city in 2020, when we will be the I"I"M)St populated "City in the world of which we wilt f-ail to be proud of, sioce 60 percent to 70 percent oi the population will be living in the slums."
sra : policy for betterment tn 1995 the Maharashlra State Government passed the Slum ftehabilitationAct protecting slum-dwellers fromevktion and Vving anyMewho co.uld produ::ea documtnt prO\•ing domicile in Mumbai before January
1995. regardless of whether they lived on the pavement Of ilfti othet kind of municipal land. rights to their spa<e. Ar. Hafetz COntractor,
Proprietor, Af<hite<l HafeezContf~<tor, says. "Slum reh4bilitation was the nece-ssity of the time. Many people, architects 3nd scxi.al organizations, said ~urns should be allo.ved to re-devebp on their dwn. Thai would have never
happened. AS(t\eme was needed where yov g.ive lr~ housing tot~ slum dwellet, and the developer makes the money to offet the free housmg. by other mea rn. Social h01nm~ for the
lower incomegtoups neech to be lhe agenda.'"
Over th~ years the schtmt has changed several names. hc:fflever, the S<:heme itself hnn1; the slum rede\'eJetpment policy n!-eds to bermmped again.·
m
FtAT\1113 Of 1M SCHEME •
E'VtfY slum'StnKlure existing prior to01~/199S is ueated as prote<\~d suucture. l E\'4!Jy ~lumdwelle(whose name appeaa in the electoral rotls as on 01/01h99Sand who continues to Slay in the slum is eligible for rehabilitation. 3. The de\'elope{ puts in resour(.eS in the form ot money, men and rrijteriiJ fOf construction a free houses for the slum dv.-el!ers. 4. The develope1 iscompensat~ for his efforts in the lo.rmof fret sale compootni. s. ~ d&velopefS 3(tallCYNed toconstruc:t te~ment1: fO(S31e in the open mark!t The area allowed for sale ln the open market is 1:0.751or otyarea &. 1:1 for suburbs area ol lenementsconstru<ted for Rehabilitation of slum dwellers. Floor Space lndtx (FS1)up to 3.00 (in situ) is allowed Jor Slum Rehabilitation S(hemt (SRS). 6. 7. The de\'~loper is r'equued lo cons.t1ua the·rei'»bilitalion tenements on Ihe plot itself. The b~l aoce FSI left is ~llo.ved for cQOStruct•oo of free sate tenements 8. The splUover eMitlement to the devetoper is permissible for sate in the form~ lrans'erable developmenlright in the open market The-se transferable rig.hts can be ulilized on olher non slum pockets subf«l to the pcovisions of 0. C. Rego1ations. 9. 'Slum Rehabilitation Authority is designattd as 3 aocal pla-nning authority 10 pi'O'Vide all the iequisile ~pprovals for SftS unde~ one root lhe aUihority is mandated tOiCI as a fadlitalingasencyfor implementathn of SitS 10. AMaintenance Oepos1t of ~ 20,000/· per Reh-abilitation tenement is deposited by developer for the socie1y. 1.
•
.
.
A.gtet'if"'S on the- importan(.e ~u<h government· ltd schemes, Ar. Reza Kabul. Ptinc:ipaiAtchitKt, Archil~ I Reza Kabul S3't'S poli<iM w:h as the Slum Rehabilitation A.uthority(SAA) will proo-e benelkial only provided they are implem!nted appropriately. tooldngat the is.sue from a sociological pcinl of view, /o.r. Abraham john, toint Principal Ar<hitecl. Abraham John Ar<hllem sa~-s that the go'lttnment addressing the issue of slums in the otv is a notable initi~tive, but questions the actual benefit lO the slum-dwellers. He says. •our polides ultimately tend to benefit the builders and promoters roore than the the peoptewh.o are beingrehabilitated. Rehabilitation mvs.t be approachtd holistically, 11 ~n.~st mean mote than jusl providing the minimum area of a living space, it should HlVofve dealing W1th families, neighbourhoods and communities; aM 1especl their unique identity."
,.. i ,... I
:;L.._
....
horizontal to vertical Pror. Akhtar Chauhan. Oitector. RiM Cofleg.~ ol Architec.turt is concerned that the current tedevelopment l)(lli(lfl are a diust.er 1n the mak:mg. He wys. "We are dividing spacM lntod•fferent <ategories.. On one side of a small plot ~'Ou a<eommodate ~nd rehabilitate slum· dwellers, and then to subsidize th3t. you open up the 01her par1 olthe plot fet • s.le component. thisdMsion '" ilself ''problematic. Instead of finding~ solution to slums, you ate creatmavtrhc~l slums. whkh w•ll 'Sitn requ,re urgenl auenhon in another 10 totS ytan. This is nolliOIUhCI'l."'
Thrs tHON!tswrththe bel thai uu~• ~s bttncomftred•.h ......II !>lies such •s5f....boJ< 5fumopo/i<•nd 5fUmf<IOf't'(ilyon a«ount of the tn::rea11ns number of "en•ul 1fums w•th•n the <ltV· Ar lushar Oesa•. Pnncipal Nctlltea, Tush.ar Oes:lt A.SSO<tates. and ASSOCtiltt V1Ct P!M1dtnt, Institute of lnd•an lnltrtor Otslg.ners voice$ the conc.em of many, that vertic.aJ ~um~ ha~ a tat worse local ecology than thos.twtth an urban sp1awl. He adds, that V!ttl(al slums ~re an outcomt ot the governmenrs tnc:eruwe FSl scheme 10 developers, thus !ncouraging tight verttcalliving. w1th low quality of life.
The feJrs assoc•.»ttd wtlh wchverti(al hitftodens•ty 1:lum rtNbil•&lbon PfOtE(tsare nut\"ei'QUh and hive betn ~ndGted tn ocher p.asts of tht*Ofki. StWI~Ia«atd W1n.l'llfli fth.»bdtllhOn Pro,KIS tn <OUnltits SU(h as tht Untltd StJte-shave been demolished, u thty bec.oime (entres. of violence. Ar. Shtmul javtr• Kad•i txpresstS <Onceu'lthat Mumb.;u will be the nexl Dellotl tf unplanned vertl"l growth cont1nue1. She says evtry oty and •ts rtS.dtnlS require breathing sp~te.a <t!Um proporhon of built ard un·burlt t:RYirOMWJll who<h lhoold not bt a>mpiCI<TOSe<l As. Jty1nt l•Pt'IS. Althtte<t In Chief. Jayant Tipt~s COnw!Unts says there """' bt lhoushl!O lht lulott and <•tts a det.11l. ioday. dt"ttiopen are provfdingslumdwelfers 1n high-rises
the fJ<ilttyola Mt. Whal happens •h., 1M 'jtlr$whtn !he dtwlopet is out of the p.«ure an6the residents ~to PlY for the rmrntenanc:e d th.ltJmtn~tvr
The tx:ISIH'I& ruue of relocat•on of slum dwellers is fl~ wtlh(ontrove.rsy. Some people, lib Ar. Anm>l warang believe that1htf1lng low (OSt housjng 10 the outsl:irls of tht Cllyts no1 an appropriate soiU1lOtl. saving all areas r~uir~ a mikOf dtmogQphics. He says. ·11 all!he-stumsdiiippear, we w1U have to Wour deptM!ncy on domr<IK htl~ theywon'llm<el oiM•nkhucd 10 lht SOIIlholllumba, -~IIYI!'enlht prtstnt•nfrasltuctutt. SOOtry ~ haVIng tvtry (iiU of pt<~ple u\ every pan ollh• Ol'f •
'"""'"'suburbs
commercial matters & governnance Solutions are. hlro so much else, restricted
bycomme•cial aspects. AI. Sukumar Dharmadh!l:~ri, Proprcetor. Oesisners Combine speaks ol cost and r>~«eodure nying. -,t .ts w:1y cosily to put up any krnd of Musins sche~ in Mumba• we h.ave alllmdsof taxes and approvals from 5-everal a&enc•t-S. authorities and organ•a1tons. The fluctvatmg economt does no1 anew the budeetand tht actual casu to rtm11ft 1M Slmt, t1pt01flyw th tOe tnO'~~ - ollht """' ....... ~. commodoy.land. ''"'"" IOI'Iht< alii'- com. •flo<dable houlonsrtallydoHn'l,...,..•naf!oofablt.•
The rising costs or constNctron and Jad~of ayadable sp3ce. have kept real tstate prices rn slum clusters on par with those In p1em1um re$idential areas. For ins~ance. an 80 sq. ft. umt In Oharavi costs about t 2.5 m•lhon, (crter t 31,000 ~~sq. h.)whlle real tst,tte at tower Pare! is valued at betw!tn t 2l.OOO 10 ~ 2'5.000 per sq. fL (Source; margtnahevolutJOn.<om) W1th the world Blnk preodtChi'IC thll slums w1• o>mplelely "'''wl>tlm llumbao\ l>nrl!apo by 202Stfltrt IS J SfOW.nf,C<InCf"fn 011 fus.tbtf" M!':hoch 1oaddff"ts tM tSSUt. S v R Sttl"'lYn,
Additional Municipal Comm1ssioner (E.Subs.~ Municipal COcporauon oJ Gt~.tltef Mumbai. says, · facilitating dev~lopment within 1he tegulat.xy preamble and coming out with polidH will ensure bst~r implantation and devtiDpmtnt d tc.htmt1. MCGM does no1 fully address this prDbltm as the Slum ~hlbiliUuon Authonty addtt:SWSihtt. In ttuns olthe l.1nd that comes ondef us. .e shotJd be able to address tile •ssue d 1fbdablt hc>usJna, by lmpiemen<tll& a new sc.htmt alltd thr R.aiiv Awat Yq ra •
what mumbai needs What's needed is a home-&J~n. appropriate solution to a problem th4t's -assuming crisis proporhons. Currently~vailable housing is expeMi·~-e and far be.,.ond the lt3(h ot lhe
eflOI'mous mass of the tower income segment. A.ccord1ng toN. Haleez Contractor. the gteatest requirement is in the t <100,000 to the ~ 1.5 million spewumwhich is: not catered to at all. He suggests a system for provision of subsidized housing (()I this segment which he calls SOCial Housing. ~we onlycatet to the top of the pytamid, and for us they (low·income segment) don'texisL We make promises.. that MHAOA or some other body will give them something. However. the existingMHAOA projects are l<u too limited: they have to do it in such a way that eiu:h and e'>'elY one Sf!Is somethmg." several schools and foundations conducl restatch on a regutar basis and architects !eel these ought lobe taken iniO consideration while devek>ping projec;ts and programs. wtth funding for rese-arch beil'lg organiztd b'f th! s.tate and local authorities. Ar. <iaut'3V Sang.havi s.ays. '"we need to study a model before mal:ing it into a: policy; see hc.w the logic worts in reality, create particu~r
3(tas lor a mix of rental. lower and middle income gt"OUps. The solution is not ntcessatily hrgh·rhe. but the implementation of the correct policies b·( the policy mak~rs."
Other a!tetnatives irwolve massive up·gradattoo of the publk infr9struc1t.1re withm the c:ity, as well as tho's~ COMKtingti\t city tot~ mainland. Ar. Reza Kabul says, ·u our infrastructure is in place, we can thinkQf providing the sium· dwellers housing outside the city and the infrastructure to commute. People don't mind the (Qmmute as king as the commute time is shoJt. • On ovef'litw, 11wems thatanapprop$iate solution would imolve hQ!ist1< de\'elopmenl rather than a piece·meal appro~h. focusing on individual fra~nted pocke-ts d the city. The solution does not remain restricted to the domain oJ physi<al <OnSttudian; the ultimate intent is the up-gradation of 'SOCiety. ~eps need to be takttl by tht g01ernmtnl without being worried .:.bout who will get the potitkal mileag~. Wt netd a gltfwhocan tal:e decisions: bold decisions; concludes Ar. Hafen Contractor. lj
and 1n 1-he end ... our dreams For lhe cil bJ. are s1mple
MUMBAI DREAMS Mumbat. the f mancial. fashion and entertamment capital of lndta. cont1nues to be the ctry of dreams For milltons. desptre recent hard times The ctry that never sleeps attracts people from across the country and the world. boostmg 1ts cosmopolitan tdenttty whtle burdentng 1ts Infrastructure Bur we know all of that .. The hard ISSue of the moment IS the path and 1·he dwection of the road ahead IFJ spo~t e to architects and designers to ask them what thetr Mumbal Dreams were 11· was thought- provoking to see 1hal. as In so much else 1n the ctt·y. 1he dark and the light Stdes were mtnnsically entwtned So when we spoke of dreams. we heard t·he fears as well as the hopes for the ctty. But w1thtn those thoughts were also solunons for the ctty so badly m need of salvatton The answers are telling Is someone listentng ?
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A VISION FOR THE f iRST CITY OF INDIA Ptoplt ~\'t 10 be ~v.-oare of the decline lhill 11 ill ~roulld II), II •t don"t \lqt up ng.bl now 10 $lOp d the!~ in ~other 10 to 20yNrs this"""" tv~ be a dry to taiL. about h h a d;aorl. ntH~. but a Qa.• Ar. !Qitl.ut -'Aa.loo Director. PbM:t l S.tudio1AKhiteaure PVt. Ud.
*A city has to ~ a machine; wt need to loolal il in a different w;,y, ma~a mastet·plan for its grov.1h and rn.ll)5 tran~it. Steps need to be • aket~ by tile tovtrn•nenl wilhoul being worried about who will gei the politial ml ~&e· We rHted;, guy wlro can take de<nions; bold dcddons:• AI. II:Jfeez ConUOICIOf Ptop•it tot. Archileo Hafecz Comraaor
·u will be cha01 il the things .are noi streimfined. 11 will be-C':on•e worse. on polilici<~ns will noi a now developmemto hapf>tn iec.ofdin& 10 the plan. Part prh·aliulion h the need ot 1he n~nu~·nl to Y+hkh will help: OOikl - operate-u--amfe•.• A.r Rer.a Kal:lll Ptinci,.l A rchh~. AKhilea Rf'Q Kab.JI
•u is •ot impomnt for \tumbai to looL.Ille Shiul~i or Hew York "'~d0111't need to looklil:e anyoaher tiry, •t don'l need to ha\·e tbeglass blobs. lhe •dN Is how ~ny people are•·e Glterins to. the 5ef\'~ dtal•""e are proridins. At the end olthtcby•eare a fin:.ncbl.md con1mttc~ l city ~nd not a m~nul.-aurins hub. • Ar. An mol WJtans Chiel Optfi)ling Officer. Pengsp.ace Consultanb 1\<t lid
· Murub.'li has <~f'wol)'S beeft '" ' international cily since h has been on the cuUi11g edge right from 19111 cen1my, 1 feel 1he ell'( netd~ a reviwtl of dialos.ue of design as well as looking :tt the w.,y the city functi-ons.' Ar. Ablt<t Narai11 ~mlxlh Prl ndp.;~l Comtrv.ation Arc;hited & Hisloric 6uilding Con ~ullant , Abha tf.atain Uunbah Auoci.ates
·seins on a posili\·e pat.h flOW is 1he time lor us 10 wal e up and coned oursel\·es. Mum~i should •ud fndb, lince il h n~e up of su<b a beautilul bbrk • 'ith JSsofled <omnliJnides and ptOpte: "-'ho are highly intelli&enl a11d inftuttttial all O\'tl tht "'Ortd. •ilidl "'e rrctSt use as n advaruo~ge: for the rit)1s fu1ure wlle:re 'l'l'e should p~· .a role: at ur Ia.·eiand con1ubute." Ar.. Pr~l SuUria PriiKi~IAichitf!(l. P~ham Su1arb Ard1ite<1 Pbnnt~