Lincoln Green Remembrance Park Design & Access Statement Richard Contini PG Dip by Richard Contini

Lincoln N a t u r a l

B u r i a l

G r o u n d

d i

D o n o t s t a n d at m y

cry d an e v ra

re e h

G reen Urban

Regeneration

o t

Remembr ance P

d i e

Pa r k Urban

Forestry

D es i gn & Acce ss St ate m e nt PG Dip Landscape Architecture Richard Contini

Do Not Stand At My Grave and Weep Do not stand at my grave and weep I am not there. I do not sleep. I am a thousand winds that blow. I am the diamond glints on snow. I am the sunlight on ripened grain. I am the gentle autumnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rain. When you awaken in the morningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hush, I am the swift uplifting rush Of quiet birds in circled flight. I am the soft stars that shine at night. Do not stand at my grave and cry; I am not there. I did not die. Mary Frye

Contents Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.0 introduction

3.3 Community

1.1 document overview

3.4 Functions

2. context

3.5 Historical Context

2.1 burial crisis 2.2 topical issues

3.5.1 Workhouses 3.5.2 Brick Making Industry

2.3 brief history of U.K.Burials

3.6 Green Infrastructure

2.4 Re-Use of Graves

3.7 Topography

2.5 Culture

3.8 Important Views

2.6 What is Natural Burial?

3.9 Movement

2.6.1 Sustainability of Natural Burial

3.10 Policy

2.7 Almere-Haven Cemetery, Netherlands

3.11 Challenges

2.8 South Cemetery, Stockholm

3.12 Opportunities

2.9 Clandon Wood Natural Burial Reserve, Guildford U.K.

4.0 Concept

2.10 Legislation

4.1 Aims

2.11 Summary

4.2 Design Challenges

2.12 Aims

3.0 Site Context

4.2.1 Design Strategy 4.3 Design Inspiration

3.1 Site Overview

4.3.1 Form/Structure

3.2 Area Comparison

4.3.2 Allegory - Planting

4.3.3 Theory/ Philosophy - Piet Oudolf

5.7.2 Scatter Meadow - Experiential Quality

4.3.4 Allegory - The Journey

5.7.2 Scatter Meadow - Experiential Quality

4.3.5 Case Study - JFK Memorial, Runnymead

5.8 Natural Burial Ground - Existing Character

5.0 Proposals

5.8.1 Natural Burial Ground Masterplan

5.1 Concept Masterplan

5.8.2 Natural Burial Ground - Experiential Quality

5.2 Concept Strategy

5.8.3 Natural Burial Ground - Temporal Character

5.2.1 Concept Section 5.3 Character Areas

5.8.4 Natural Burial Ground - Function

6.0 Summary

5.4 The Journey 5.5 Plaza - Existing Character 5.5.1 Plaza Masterplan 5.5.2 Plaza - Experiential Quality

Appendix Design Process Plant Allegory Design for Access

5.5.3 Case Study Pozdrav Suncu (Greeting to the Sun) 5.5.4 Plaza - Section Elevations 5.6 Sculpture Trail - Existing Character 5.6.1 Sculpture Trail Masterplan 5.6.2 Sculpture Trail - Experiential Quality 5.7 Scatter Meadow - Existing Character 5.7.1 Scatter Meadow Masterplan

References

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Document Overview The purpose of this report is to act as the design and access statement for Lincoln Green Remembrance Park. The document outlines the proposals to create a new urban productive natural burial ground within Leeds city centre. It starts by exploring contemporary research, ideas and designs relating to burial grounds throughout Europe; and examines some of the key related issues facing modern societies, such as; a severe lack of burial space, an unnatural and unhealthy disconnect between modern society and death-scapes, and the environmental damage caused by current burial practices. In England, new space for burial sites is becoming a critical issue due to the increasing proportion of the population who are in the latter quarter of their lives, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Almost half of Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cemeteries could run out of space within the next 20 yearsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; , a BBC survey suggests3. And a quarter of 358 local authorities responding to the BBC said they would have no more room for burials within a decade3. The design and access statement continues with further research into potential solutions to these issues and concludes by re imagining the design of modern burial grounds with an exemplar masterplan design for a 25 acre derelict brownfield site in Leeds. Natural burial is a process whereby bodies or ash from cremation are interned in the ground to allow the remains to recycle naturally, without introducing harmful chemicals into natural ecosystems. This has connections with a broader range of belief systems such as sustainability. This document was created and intended to be read in conjunction with the Technical Design Report for Lincoln Green Remembrance Park.

2.0 C o n t e x t No people who turn their backs on DEATH can be ALIVE The presence of the dead among the living will be a daily fact in any society which encourages its people to LIVE C. Alexander 1977

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.1 Burial Crisis The catalyst for this project was a report entitled ‘Urban Natural Burial’ by Ann Sharrock and Ian Fisher.1 The proposals set out within the report are responding to a unique confluence of issues within dense urban environments: the lack of burial space and its location, the availability of green space as a community resource and urban micro climate extremes.1 The conclusion of the report suggests further research must be undertaken into the design of natural burial grounds to better integrate them into existing communities.1 This project is intended to be an extension to the report carried out by Ann Sharrock and Ian Fisher. ‘A crisis is looming’ according to the chief executive of the Institute of Cemetery and Crematorium Management, Tim Morris. 2 Almost half of England’s cemeteries could run out of space within the next 20 years, a BBC survey suggests.3 And a quarter of 358 local authorities responding to the BBC said they would have no more room for burials within a decade, due to population increase. 3 Leeds will run out of space in 15 years and must find space for up to 33 000 burial plots to meet demand by 2058, according to a report by Leeds city council. 4 These figures are particularly striking given that 74% of the UK population currently choose cremation, which typically does not require the acquisition of land for burials in perpetuity; Although many of these are increasingly followed by a formal burial. 5 One potential solution is to recycle plots by removing remains from older graves, burying them deeper in the same grave and then reusing the space on top for a new body. Many European countries, such as Germany, have adopted these processes on a variety of time scales. Current legislation does not allow for the re use of graves in the UK, however Dr Julie Rugg, from the Cemetery Research Group at the university of York believes the emotive and ethical connotations associated with re using burial plots are a barrier towards progress. ‘Politicians – the people who are reliant on votes – they’re very anxious about the possibilities of adverse publicity attached to this particular issue. When we talk about old graves, we’re talking about empty graves where the last tenant has departed – there is nothing left. The impression is given somehow that we’re thinking about moving bodies – we’re not, because actually for the most part there’s nothing left. They’ve completely decomposed – all we’re talking about is an empty space’ 6

2.2 Topical Issues The issues below have been outlined in detail within the CABE Space publication on Cemeteries, churchyards and burial grounds (2007) 7 and the Leedam Natural Heritage website. 8 • Urban burial grounds in the 19th century were originally envisaged as public open spaces, and were professionally designed to be attractive places to visit in their own right. Today, many cemeteries are neglected, with little to attract anyone apart from those visiting specific burial plots. This lack of design, planning and ambition means that the potential health and environmental benefits of cemeteries are not being realised • Cemeteries may still deliver as many amenity and ecological benefits as parks, and should be brought back into the mainstream of parks and green space provision.

Ken Worpole Commission for Architecture and the built environment, 2007

• Originally regarded as much as public landscapes as they were functional burial places • There is currently an absence of locally accessible, well-managed cemeteries with available burial space. • Natural burial is growing in popularity for environmental reasons, though most natural burial sites are still provided within existing public cemeteries. • There are many environmental issues relating to the processes involved with traditional burials

Pentre Ifan - Neolithic Burial Chamber

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.3 Brief History Of Burials - U.K. Many of the current issues relating to burial grounds can be traced back to the Victorian period and the population rise during the industrial revolution. It was around this time that traditional churchyard burial grounds, situated within communities, were being replaced with much larger cemeteries on the outskirts of urban areas.9 This change was inspired by ancient Roman ideologies, but also responded to contemporary fears within Victorian society over the health risks associated with living in close proximity to the deceased.9 This change disconnected people with death landscapes and was further exaggerated by the Gothic Romanticism movement, where works such as The Raven (1845) by Edgar Allan Poe created negative connotations towards burial grounds; still evident in modern society, The reuse of old graves was common practice in traditional churchyards, but due to the rise in population, urban areas were no longer able to cope with their dead.9 Bodies were crammed into churchyards that were already full. Recent burials were pulled out of the ground to make way for new ones. Horror at these conditions led to the Burial Acts, one of which, passed in 1857, forbade graves being exhumed for re-use.10

Sutton Hoo - Medieval Burial Mound

Many of our beloved ancient monuments have associations with the dead. Pentre Ifan burial chamber dates back to 3500 BC in the neolithic period. Sites like this are thought to have been considered sacred and had (some still to this day) beliefs associated with them, both spiritual and mundane.9 It is possible to compare ancient monuments with modern natural burial grounds in this way, which can be associated with contemporary environmentalism beliefs. It is clear that the general taboo towards death in modern society needs to be addressed if natural burial grounds are to become the beloved ancient monuments of future societies.

3 5 0 0 B C

Traditional Churchyard

Early Victorian Cemetery • • • • • •

Hygiene concerns Many Churchyards closed Town parks movement ‘Green Lungs’ Romantic garden settings Roman model - Outskirts of communities Introduced ‘permanent graves’

Gothic Romanticism

• Burials within communities • Simple wood & stone memorials • Graves often re used

• Horror becomes popular • Graveyards as horror • Beginnings of Taboo

Beginnings of Elaborate Memorials Stone engravings

6th

8th

18th

Mid

19th

2015

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.4 Re use of Graves • In Britain it is illegal to disturb human remains unless permission is secured from church authorities or the home office. Although graves are “leased” for a given period - usually up to 100 years - burial is essentially in perpetuity. 9 • Many European countries have laws regulating the re-use of graves after a set time period. E.g. Sweden 25 years, Germany 20 years • Vienna Central Cemetery - 10 year lease, which can be renewed perpetually for a fee. If not, remains are exhumed and re-interred along with others in a smaller space. Does this procedure discriminate against the less wealthy? • Graveyards in traditional Greek villages occupy a fixed area, enough to cope with the dead of 200 years. After 200 years the remains are put out to sea except for those whose memory is still alive. • Tim Morris thinks pressure is mounting for a new law, covering England and Wales. He says: “It’s really frustrating. Reuse is common in lots of other countries, and was common practice in the UK until the 1850s. Reuse is the simple answer to everything” 10 • In 2007 the Labour government said it would be “right” to reuse graves nationwide after 100 years. But two years later, the project was shelved.

• The Scottish government consulted on “lift and deepen” in 2010 and found both Church and public broadly in favour, but the practice has not been introduced 10

2.5 Culture The information below was obtained from Last landscapes : the architecture of the cemetery in the West by Ken Worpole 11 Islamic Burial • • • •

Cremation is forbidden Burial plots must face Mecca Usually a simple memorial Welcomes visitors but within clear guidelines, and codes of dress and behaviour

Jewish Burial • • • •

Feet must face Jerusalem Cremation is forbidden Traditional engraved headstone Many burial sites are locked - access is through invitation only

Different religions and cultures visit cemeteries at different times: Orthodox Jews • Traditionally visit burial sites during the month of Elul, the time of the Jewish New Year, and also on the Hebrew anniversary of death Greek Orthodox • Traditionally visit burial sites during on anniversary of death, All Souls’ Day and at Easter.

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.6 What is Natural Burial? Sourced from the Green Burial Council Website www.greenburialcouncil.org

Green, or natural burial is a way of caring for the dead with minimal environmental impact that aids in the conservation of natural resources, reduction of carbon emissions, protection of worker health, and the restoration and/or preservation of habitat. Green burial necessitates the use of non-toxic and biodegradable materials, such as caskets, shrouds, and urns. Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wrong with embalming? Embalming fluid is usually comprised of the carcinogen chemical formaldehyde, which has been proven to pose health risks in funeral homes. A study by the National Cancer Institute released in late 2009 revealed that funeral directors have a much higher incidence of myeloid leukemia. Fortunately, there are now several formaldehyde-free embalming fluids, including one made entirely of non toxic and biodegradable essential oils, which recently earned the GBC seal of approval. The sanitation and preservation of a decadent can almost always take place without the use of chemicals, as is done in just about every nation in the world. How do I know that a particular product is suitable for a green burial? A casket, urn, or shroud is suitable for a green burial if it is made from materials/ substances that are non toxic and readily biodegradable. These products are not to be made from materials that are harvested in a manner that unnecessarily destroys habitat, as is the case with certain types of materials. Doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cremation create a lot of pollution? Cremation uses far fewer resources than almost any other disposition option but it certainly has an environmental impact. Cremation burns fossil fuels, and some older cremation facilities can use significantly more energy compared to newer ones. Mercury is also emitted when a person with dental amalgam fillings is cremated.

2.6.1 Sustainability of Natural Burial Dr Julie Rugg, from the Cemetery Research Group at the university of York, believes that natural burial sites are not a sustainable option to combat the current crisis over a lack of burial space. 6 It’s not a sustainable system, it still uses up land. It creates woodland and that’s nice, but the expectation isn’t that you go back and use that space again, which would be the ecologically sound thing. It’s creating alternative cemeteries with a nicer setting but it’s not solving the problem. ‘The key difficulty is that our system’s always been innately unsustainable’ The table on the right is sourced from Leedam Natural Heritage. It identifies the key differences in sustainability between cremation, traditional burial practices and natural burial practices. Natural burial is highlighted as being the most sustainable option out of the three choices, using less energy, producing less pollution and has a potentially carbon negative effect when considering it’s contribution to global warming.

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.7 Almere-Haven Cemetery, Netherlands Designed by Christian Zalm in 1975 • The designer intended to make the area an integral part of the urban fabric, and a public place. • Intentionally functions like a public park • The design was inspired by the English landscape style, which hides its boundaries to blend into the surrounding landscape and thus suggests infinity • Native planting used for screening • Good balance of provision for movement, rest & symbolism • Phased scheme; Burials towards periphery to begin with and community gardens within centre. • Each ‘cell’ has a unique character, which has evolved over time

2.8 South Cemetery, Stockholm • Gunnar Asplund and Sigurd Lewerentz won the competition to design this new cemetery within an existing pine forest. The design was inspired by the German concept of woodland cemeteries. • Re use graves after 25 years - Swedish Policy • Various layers of symbolism - classical & contemporary references designed into the landscape • Over 100 Hectares • Subtle integration of various buildings • Designers worked with the natural land form and characteristics of the site, making the most of long distance views and focal points. • Controlled memorials - highly maintained

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.9 Clandon Wood Natural Burial Reserve, Guildford U.K. Designer unknown • Conceived as a burial reserve and designed as a nature reserve, Clandon Wood has 31 acres of native wildflower meadows, hundreds of yards of hedgerows and a new lake and wetland to attract wild-fowl and wading birds. The programmed planting of thousands of native broad leaf trees began in early 2013 • Meandering path set through the juvenile woodland to enhance experiential qualities of the site over time • Designed and developed to be self-sustaining, with balanced ecosystems that require minimal man-management to maintain stability • Functions; 87 seater pavilion for funeral services, toilets with disabled access and baby changing facilities • Winner of The People’s Award for the Best Natural Burial Ground in the UK 201 • Awarded the Green Flag Award as one of the best green spaces in the UK 2014. • Hand dug graves and horse drawn cart improves environmental credentials • Negative - Situated far from community on the outskirts of Guildford, UK • No plans for the re-use of burial plots therefore not a long term solution

2.10 Legislation Extracts from the Ministry of Justice document ‘Burial Law and Policy in the 21st Century’ 12 • Although it is the public law duty of the Church of England and, to a certain extent, of the Church in Wales, to provide for burials in open churchyards, there is at present no statutory requirement on any public authority or private undertaking to make available a place for burial • The law relating to burial (including exhumation and the disturbance of human remains) is not to be found within a single statute or coherent body of legislation. • The distinction between consecrated and unconsecrated burial land remains fundamental to English and Welsh burial law • There is no obligation to notify any local or national government body that a cemetery has either been opened or closed, and the development of new burial grounds is largely unregulated. • Burial in ‘private’ or ‘family’ graves was assumed to be ‘in perpetuity’ until the Local Authorities’ Cemeteries Order 1977. This stipulated rights of burial for a maximum period of 100 years, except in the case of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which can still grant burial rights without limit. • The most active form of regulation of cemeteries and new cemetery developments is now exercised by The Environment Agency, largely due to a concern with the pollution of water sources. However there is also concern at emissions from crematoria, and new standards might bring about the upgrading or re-siting of some existing crematoria. • The department of the graves must be located more than 10m from standing/ running water and more than 50m from a well, borehole or spring supplying drinking water

Images from Urban Natural Burial by Ann Sharrrock and Ian Fisher

1.0 C 2.0 Introduction o n t e x t 2.11 Summary • It is clear that the way we design and manage death landscapes in the U.K. is not sustainable. • There is an absence of locally accessible, well-managed cemeteries with available burial space 9 • A quarter of all local authorities in England will run out of burial space within the decade. 2 • To meet traditional demand, Leeds city council need to supply an extra 33 000 burial plots by 2058 4 • Increasing urban populations will further exacerbate the problem

• There will always be a significant minority of people who wish to be buried, perhaps for religious reasons. This choice should be respected without pressure being applied to select cremation 1 • We should be designing for the living, not just the dead7 • The Natural burial process is the most environmentally friendly method of burial, but it does not offer a sustainable long term solution to meet burial space demand 10 • The re-use of grave plots, adopted by most European countries, seems a likely approach to tackle these contemporary issues10

2.12 Aims

Re imagine Apply

the Victorian idea of burial grounds having the same functional and experiential qualities of our beloved public parks

21st century design principles to enhance life

-ecologically, socially and economically

European approach to cemetery management through the re-use of burial plots on a 100 year cycle Change mindset to pre gothic romanticism to address the taboo

Adapt a

re connect

people with death and the cycles of life by forging new connections and integrating within existing communities

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.1 Site Overview The site is located 1.2 km North East from Leeds city centre. Leeds is the largest city in West Yorkshire and with an estimated population of 757 700, it is the third largest city in the United Kingdom. The river Aire runs through the city from its North Western to its South Eastern boundary.

LEE

S Broadcasting Place

St James Hospital River Aire Site Boundary

Train Station & City Centre

The site is located 1.2km North East of Leeds city centre, West Yorkshire, England.

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.2 Area Comparison The site area is approximately 25 acres (10.1 Hectares). For local context, It is roughly half the size of Woodhouse Moor (often referred to as Hyde Park). For national context, it equates to one third the area of St James Park in London. For global context, it is comparable in size to Battery Park, New York U.S.A. For burial ground context; Beckett street cemetery is 16 acres and Lawnswood cemetery 65 acres

Site boundary, Leeds U.K. 25 acres (10.1 Hectares)

Beckett St Cemetery, Leeds U.K. 16 acres (6.5 Hectares)

Lawnswood Cemetery, Leeds U.K. 65 acres (26 Hectares)

Woodhouse Moor, Leeds U.K. 64 acres (26 Hectares)

St James Park, London U.K. 84 Acres (34 Hectares)

Battery Park, New York U.S.A. 25 Acres (10.1 Hectares)

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.3 Community There are 5 communities that stand to benefit from these proposals located within a 10 minute walk of the site. According to Leeds city councils indices of deprivation, all 5 of the communities are ranked amongst the most deprived 20% nationally16 Little London and the Leylands consist mainly of 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s council owned properties which include several high rise residential blocks. Little London is currently undergoing a large scale renovation project Harehills has a considerable cultural and ethnic mixture of residents in largely rented accommodation, the majority of which consist of red brick terraced housing. Harehills is amongst the top 5% most deprived areas nationally.16 Lincoln Green and the Burmantofts are also areas consisting mainly of council owned 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s high rise housing blocks. The Burmantofts has a rich history, most notably in the pottery industry as well as the textile industry during the early twentieth century. It has a sizable Afro-Caribbean community and a high unemployment rate.16

St James Hospital is situated adjacent to the site. It is part of the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and was formerly claimed to be the largest teaching hospital in Europe. The hospital originates in the provision of workhouses under the Poor Law. The first part of the current site was a field purchased in 1845, on which was built the Leeds Moral and Industrial Training School. There then followed the Leeds Union Workhouse (which now houses the Thackray Museum) and the Leeds Union Infirmary (the site of the present Gledhow Wing). By the end of the 19th century, the buildings had become largely used for medical care of the poor, rather than workhouse and training. The site is located within 15 minute walk of some of Leedsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; major attractions such as, Millennium square, the First Direct Arena and Leeds University Campus. It has well connected transport routes and is situated 200m from the inner ring road, which encircles the inner city.

Harehills

Little London

City

Lincoln Green

15 Mins

Leylands

10 Mins

5 Mins

Hospital

Burmantofts Indicative walking distance

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.4 Functions The surrounding areas have a mixed use of functions including residential, commercial, retail, civic and dereliction The vast majority of the site consists of derelict brownfield land. Some areas along Dolly Lane have previously been used as temporary car parks, serving St James hospital, but have since been abandoned. A large area once the site of the demolished Lincoln Green Primary school is now inaccessible to the public due to large steel fences and is currently occupied by 2 horses. There are 2 car garages located on the site itself and a Chinese supermarket situated immediately adjacent to it. To the North of the site lies the business district of Sheepscar, which consists largely of trade warehouses, storage space and car sales.

SI NE

M UN M O IT Y C

R E D 6

7 1

CITY

IC T

U B

HOSPIT AL

M O

Y T I UN

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt

Leeds - 1780

3.5 Historical Context In 1780, surrounded by fields, Leeds thrived on its textiles industry; but it was cotton manufacture which began the industrial revolution and sparked a rapid transformation of the city. The site has changed and evolved several times in its recent history. In 1890 the area consisted largely of terraced housing communities, which was consistent with most of the surrounding central ward area of Leeds at that time. Immediately North of the site lies the Leeds Moral and Industrial Training School and the Beckett street workhouse, which were in the process of transformation into the now St James hospital (completed in the early part of the twentieth century) There are 2 brick making factories and a brick quarry Immediately adjacent to the Northern edge of the site, which are replaced with industrial units at some point after the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. It is also at this time that the majority of the terraced houses are demolished and Lincoln Green primary school is built on the site, only to be demolished in the year circa 2000. It is of interest to note the interesting street names, formed of the rows of terraced housing that once defined the area. Such as;

M u s h r o o m L i o n T i g e r

S t r e e t S t r e e t

T e l e p h o n e C h e r r y

S t r e e t

s t r e e t

S t r e e t

Aerial 1960 Showing part of the site

1980

1890

Terraced Housing

1950

New Road Infrastructure

More Terraced Housing

St James Hospital

Recreation Ground

Terraced Housing Demolished

New School Demolished circa 2000

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.5.1 Workhouses The Oxford Dictionary’s first record of the word workhouse dates back to 1652 in Exeter — ‘The said house to bee converted for a workhouse for the poore of this cittye and also a house of correction for the vagrant and disorderly people within this cittye.’17 Workhouses were where poor people who had no job or home lived. They earned their keep by doing jobs in the workhouse. Also in the workhouses were orphaned (children without parents) and abandoned children, the physically and mentally sick, the disabled, the elderly and unmarried mothers. The first Leeds parish workhouse was opened in 1638 at the north-east corner of the junction of Lady Lane and Vicar Lane, less than 1km from our site. In 1846 the e Leeds Moral and Industrial Training School was built on Beckett Street immediately North of the site. In 1858 the Beckett Street Workhouse was erected (currently the Thackery Medical Museum) The workhouse comprised a main block, infirmary, chapel, and “idiotic” wards. A large new infirmary was added to the site in 1872-4, followed by a nurses’ home in 1893-4, an imbecile block in 1896-1900, casual ward in 1901, and a receiving block in 1905. The layout of the site is shown on the 1906 map on the right. Many of the paupers from the workhouse were buried in unmarked graves in Beckett Street cemetery close to our site. 1,600 victims of the cholera epidemic in 1849 were also buried in mass graves in this cemetery.

3.0 Introduction Site Conte xt 1.0 3.5.2 Brick Making Industry Leeds has a rich history of brick making and local resident would have been accustomed to the site of long rows of bricks drying out in the open air in preparation for firing in the kiln. Brick making has taken place since the Roman period and up to the middle of the 19th century the techniques were basically the same, but became more sophisticated and productive during the industrial revolution. Before the Industrial Revolution, clay workings were small enterprises run by a couple of men. Clays are taken from either open-cast workings known as clay holes or from underground via shafts and pits known as clay pits. The clay was extracted usually from clay holes near to the site at which the bricks would be required. Due to the bulky nature of clay , it was usually easier to move the fuel to the clay and then transport the finished product away. The clay was usually dug by hand in the autumn and needed some form of processing before being formed into bricks. This originally involved leaving the clay to weather over the winter period. Once the clay had been formed into an homogeneous mass it had to be moulded into the required shape. This was done originally by hand , using wooden moulds and a portable table. Bricks made in this way were of varying quality and size and could not always be guaranteed to be long lasting. The industrial age revolutionised the industry using steam power to dramatically speed up and regulate the firing process and was fuelled by the need for building materials to supply the new industries and housing for workers. As technology developed, permanent brick works began to be built, like the ones located in and around the Lincoln Green area. The Leeds Brick making Company, and Benjamin Whitaker & Sons (BWS) were situated on Dolly Lane. Bricks made from these companies were transported and used all over Britain by the Victorians. Brick making reached its heights between the late 1880s and the early twentieth century. Never before had clay been in so much demand. As the boom continued, delivery of the finished product was transformed with the arrival of the railway system and the advancement in road-building. However, the industry was not to continue forever. Owners of brickworks began to feel uneasy about the growing popularity of concrete (which up to this time had been used mainly as flooring material). Its potential as a more flexible material, both in terms of time and cost, than brick was realised by the construction industry and thus bricks became displaced by it.

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.6 Green Infrastructure • Leeds has a lack of green connections within the city centre. Several ‘Green Wedges’ radiate into the city like the spokes of a bicycle wheel, but fail to continue through it. The proposals for this site will act as a valuable asset to the green infrastructure of the city and an extension to one of these ‘Green Wedges’ as indicated on the plans opposite.

Leeds Minster

• There is a distinct lack of good quality green space in the immediate surroundings of the site. The green spaces indicated on the diagram opposite show mainly amenity grassland, with the exceptions of Beckett street cemetery (to the East) and Lovell Park (to the West) and Leeds Minster burial ground (to the South). • Harehills cemetery is the largest burial ground visible on the diagram.

Beckett Street Cemetery

Potternewton Park Woodhouse Moor

Meanwood Valley

St Marks Churchyard Beckett Street Cemetery

Harehills Park

Woodhouse Cemetery

Harehills Cemetery Wykebeck Valley walk Lovell Park Leeds Minster

Park

Amenity

East End Park

Burial Ground

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.7 Topography There is a noticeable change in height and resulting character of the site due to the topography. There is a 20-25m level change, with the highest point (55m) being located to the East of the site and the lowest point (30m) being located in the South West of the site, with a clear and defined gradient in between. There is also a steep cliff feature in the landscape situated on the North West boundary of the site.

55m 3.8 Important Views

50m

Due to the topography and South West facing aspect of the slope, a spectacular panoramic view of Leedsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; famous skyline can be seen from most areas above 40m, however the view is at its best when viewed from the highest point on the site, at the far Eastern boundary. Similarly, views looking up the slope are equally as important to the context of the site, as indicated in the panoramic photographs opposite. When looking up the slope, the proximity of the high rise buildings with the recent Bexley Wing addition to St James Hospital building, will create a unique vernacular backdrop to the new proposals on site. The elevated position of the high rise buildings could increase passive surveillance within the new park proposals.

45m 40m 35m

Lincoln Green

Granary Wharf

Demolished school

Corn Exchange Bridgewater Place

Leeds Arena

Cookridge Water Tower Broadcasting Place

Little London

City entrance to site

Lincoln Green Flats Heavy Traffic

Culvert

St James Hospital

Burmantofts

Natural Surveillance

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.9 Movement • Pedestrian circulation is generally very poor across the site with the 3 largest derelict areas being completely blocked to access. The largest of the derelict areas is a significant barrier to a perceived pedestrian desire line, connecting the Lincoln Green community with Harehills and the Western entrance to St James Hospital

• The A64 is a busy vehicular route that runs North/ South to the West of the site, with poor provision for pedestrianisation and only 1 controlled crossing point situated at the South West corner of the site boundary.

• Dolly Lane is the road that dissects the site and is mainly used as a ‘rat run’ for vehicles trying to avoid the A64 as well as gaining access to the Western entrance to St James Hospital, access to which can also be achieved via several roads to the Northern boundary of the site. • There are 2 topographical boundaries to movement within the site area. • A culvert stream runs through the South Western area of the site, part of which is day lighted.

Main vehicular Route

Main pedestrian Route

Temporary barriers to movement

Secondary vehicular Route

Barriers to movement

Culvert

Poor pedestrian environment

Barrier

City Entrance 3

Barrier

Culvert

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.10 Policy • Leeds city council have very few designations applied to the chosen site • The whole site lies within a neighbourhood renewal zone • Part of the site lies within a long stay commuter parking control area • A new proposal within the local economy (E4:10) is situated on site • There are 2 areas of designated green space within the site • The old Supertram proposed line along Beckett Street with new station at St James Hospital are shown on the diagram, however no plans are yet confirmed as to whether these proposals will be progressed further.

Notation for Local Development Framework Policies Map (2013) Incorporating saved UDP Review Policies & Adopted Natural Resources & Waste Plan Leeds MD boundary

GENERAL POLICIES

NATURAL RESOURCES AND WASTE

GP6

Minerals 2

MSA Sand and Gravel

Minerals 3

MSA Coal

ENVIRONMENT

Minerals 5 (2)

Allocation for sand and gravel extraction

Green Space

Waste 6

Strategic waste sites

N1A

Allotments

Priority area for improving green space provision

Waste 7

Allocation for construction, demolition and excavation waste

Minerals 7

Preferred areas for stone and clay extraction

Minerals 5 (1)

Area of search for sand and gravel extraction

Waste 5

Industrial estates suitable for waste management uses

Waste 2

Safeguarded aggregate recycling sites

Waste 2

Safeguarded existing landfill sites; operational

Waste 2

Safeguarded general waste sites

Waste 2

Safeguarded municipal waste sites

Waste 2

Safeguarded permitted landfill sites; non operational

Water 3

Functional floodplain

(Link to Natural Resources and Waste Inset Policies Map)

Proposed open space Open space associated with major housing proposals

" "

# # # #

Urban green corridor Other protected open land

N18-22 Conservation area (see Vol 2: page 21, table 1) N29

(8)

Ancient monuments Grade 1 Grade 2

N32

Green belt

GB7

Major developed sites in the green belt

# RL1

Rural land

N34

Protected areas of search for long term development

N37

Special landscape area

N50

SSSI

New cycle routes

Key employment site

T10

Local rail network

E10

T10A

Safeguarded cycleway/ walkway

Promotion of rail and /or water transport

E17

T13

Supertram proposed line (and station)

Town centre where office development encouraged

E18

T17

Park and ride parking

Key business parks (also promoted for prestige development E19)

! P&R

T18

Strategic highway network (SHN)

SHOPPING

T20

LCC road schemes (part of SHN)

Town Centre

T21

LCC road schemes (not part of SHN)

S3A

Priority town centre

T28

Long stay commuter parking control area

Other shopping centre with frontage policies

Potential for convenience goods retailing

Protected playing pitch

N11

T29A

Lorry parking and coach layover

T30

Leeds and Bradford Airport operational land boundary

T30B

Airport public safety zone

T30C

Aerodrome safeguarding area

Inset area

Safeguarded mineral extraction sites Safeguarded mineral processing sites

GP6:12

Minerals 4 Minerals 12

SITES IDENTIFIED FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES:

TRANSPORT

Unimplemented Local Plan proposals (see Vol 2: Appendices 14 - 24)

LEISURE AND TOURISM

HOUSING GB7

G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G

SSSI 3

Local Nature Reserve

LNR 5

SEGI

SEGI 9

Leeds Nature Area

LNA 8

H3 -1A

Phase 1 sites (2003 - 08)

H3-1A

H3 - 2A

Phase 2 sites (2008 - 12)

H3-2A H3-3A

H3 - 3A

Phase 3 sites (2012 - 16)

Main and smaller urban areas

H15

Area of Housing Mix

LT5A

Regional/national leisure and tourism facilities

LT5B

Leisure and tourism facilities

LT6A

Waterways related leisure facilities

URBAN REGENERATION R1

Neighbourhood renewal areas

Area - based initiatives Wyke beck valley policy initiative area

LOCAL ECONOMY E3

Existing supply

New proposals Employment use as part of major proposal

Waterfront strategy CITY CENTRE

CC2

City Centre inset area

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt

3.11 Challenges • Lack of pedestrian focused space • The busy road (A64) will require screening, both visually and audibly • Dolly Lane dissecting the site presents an obstacle to free pedestrian movement within the site • The topography creates a difficult environment to design and also for accommodating disabled access • Scale - Creating a space that doesn’t feel dominated by the tall buildings surrounding it • Predominantly hard surfacing/ impermeable surfacing • Dealing with dereliction and unknown waste from the derelict sites

Poor pedestrian environment 2

• Potential vandalism issues- how to overcome these? • How to successfully incorporate the culvert into the design and transform it into a valuable feature

Vehicle dominance

NO I

E S

Congested Roads

4 1 3

Poor pedestrian environment Rat run Culvert challenge

Busy Road

1.0 Site 3.0 Introduction Conte xt 3.12 Opportunities • Opportunity to improve connections between existing local communities

• Opportunity to re connect people with the water course running through the site • Opportunity to enhance and celebrate existing views of the city within the site • Opportunity to create a lively, liveable and animated space • Opportunity to attract investment to the East of the city centre • Opportunity to improve general mental health through biophillia • Opportunity to create associations with the hospital and improve patient recovery time • Opportunity to create a new and much needed ‘green lung’ for Leeds and help to reduce the urban heat island effect • Opportunity to attenuate storm water run off and increase awareness • Opportunity to create a place for people, rather than a place for cars • Opportunity to create a truly unique space

C A

E WS

• Opportunity to create a new destination for Leeds tourism

TI VA T

• Opportunity to vastly improve the aesthetic, social, environmental, ecological and economic value of the site

• Opportunity to create a new pedestrian friendly gateway to the city

I V

Leeds City Council predicts it

extra 33000 burial plots by 2058

will require an

25 Acres

The East of Leeds is by far in greatest need for available burial space

per acre

LCC achieves 750 burial plots Leeds will run out of burial space in 15 years This site could replace LCC proposed extensions to existing cemeteries,

19000

Spaces

comfortably accommodate for short term burial demand and help to provide a long term

sustainable solution

The whole site could accommodate an average of 19 000 burial plots

1.0 C 4.0 Introduction o n c e p t 4.1 Aims

Re imagine the Victorian idea of burial grounds having the same functional and experiential qualities of our beloved public parks. Apply to

enhance life

Adapt a more

21st century design principles

-ecologically, socially and economically.

European approach to cemetery management through the Re-Use

of burial plots on a 100 year cycle. Try to change mindset to pre gothic romanticism to

address the taboo and

re connect people with death and the cycles of life by forging new connections and integrating within existing communities

Concept sketch Illustrating the synthesis between Burial ground and Park & how memorialisation occurs through the park itself

1.0 C 4.0 Introduction o n c e p t 4.2 Design Challenges • • • •

How to seamlessly combine a burial ground with a modern public park; to accommodate multiple emotions, such as grief and excitement? How to create a natural burial ground that doesn’t simply resemble an urban arboretum? How to make a burial ground inviting for people so that they feel comfortable there and have a sense of ownership towards the space? How to approach the design sensitively and in a realistic way to create a feasible outcome?

4.2.1 Design Strategy The strategy to address the design challenges and achieve the aims of the concept are as follows;

1. Green Lung • Create a new ‘Green Lung’ for Leeds with the same intent as the pioneers of the Victorian public parks movement. • Transform a predominantly grey area into an attractive, multi functional green space. • The burial ground will be a place for the living, not just the dead.

2. Change Associations • Use contemporary design principles to forge positive connotations and re-connect people with death landscapes

Invite

Animate

Rejuvenate

3. Park as Memorial • Promote an altruistic approach to memorialisation; The deceased are memorialised on a much grander scale, communities and helps to alleviate the negative anthropogenic effect on climate change.

which benefits local

• Temporal - Re-connect people and memory though the ages and create an ever changing, symbolic space for future generations

Allegory

Contemplation

Invite Invite

Invite Animate

use

IntegrateMultiple Attract Multicultural

A c t i v i t yV

Invite Rejuvenate

ibrant

Manage

R e s p e c t f u l Cycles

H e a l t h y 21st Century

Invite Allegory

200yrs

Contemplation Invite Alternative entrance

Crossroads

Sculpture Viewing Platform

Semi enclosed Personal

Memorial Gateway Entrance

The Journey Resting Places

Alternative entrance Contemplative artistic feature Indicative noise pollution from main road/ city

1.0 C 4.0 Introduction o n c e p t 4.3 Design Inspiration The design will take inspiration from the rich history of Leeds and the communities surrounding the site. Using the local heritage to inform the design will create a unique character within the space and help to successfully integrate the park, along with its forward thinking, philosophical intent into the landscape.

4.3.1 Form/Structure Structure within the design will pay tribute to the heritage of the local area. It will be partly inspired by; • The demolished terraced housing, which once stood on the site. • The linear forms created by rows of bricks, laid out in the famous brick yards; Once a common sight amongst local residents. Linear forms will be used to maximise the efficiency of space for; • Burial ground plot layout • To draw visitors into the site from neighbouring communities, as a visual and subconscious reminder of the history of the area

Cherry Row

Telephone Row

Mushroom Street

1.0 C 4.0 Introduction o n c e p t 4.3.2 Allegory - Planting Many cultures throughout history have associated various plants with symbolism relating to life and death. This symbolism can be applied to the planting strategy within the design of the park to promote the concept and provide a unique quality and user experience. The plants chosen will not only be attractive to the general public but also have emotional and subconscious relevance to those visiting the burial ground Below is a short list of plants and descriptions of their connotations with life and death. A full list of symbolic plants can be found in the appendix of this document. Yew -Taxus baccata sadness, eternal life / sorrow Ivy - Hedera Sp. Memory, immortality, friendship Oak - Quercus Sp. Hospitality, stability, strength, honour, eternity, endurance, liberty. It is believed to have been the tree from which Jesus Christâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cross was made. In smaller pioneer cemeteries, it is common to place childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s graves near oak trees. The oak tree was the tree of life in pre-Christian times. The Druids worshipped the oak. The oak, oak leaves and acorn can stand for power, authority or victory. Often seen on military tombs. Poppy Peace, rest, sleep Cypress The mournful tree/ Designates hope Forget me not Remembrance / true love. Rosemary Remembrance Harebell Grief

4.3.3 Theory/ Philosophy - Piet Oudolf For Piet Oudolf the real test of a well-composed garden is not how nicely it blooms but how beautifully it decomposes. Piet Oudolf designs for all seasons, embracing winter ‘garden death’ with enthusiasm usually reserved for spring and summer. He celebrates the beauty of a dying seed head just as much as their flowering forms. Piet Oudolf is a member of the ‘New Perennials’ landscape movement. His designs are characterised by self- seeding, mass planted drifts of structured grasses and perennials. Unconventionally, plants are chosen for their structure and texture when devoid of colour. Oudolf’s method of naturalistic planting and the associated maintenance regimes will be employed in select areas throughout the burial parks design. The symbolism attached to the planting will help to achieve the concept of the park and reconnect people with death landscapes through beauty.

“Oh, to die as beautifully as an Oudolf garden!” Architectural Digest May 17, 2013 issue

1.0 C 4.0 Introduction o n c e p t 4.3.4 Allegory - The Journey One of the main design challenges for the burial park is how to seamlessly combine a burial ground with a modern public park; to accommodate multiple emotions, such as grief and excitement? The concept design aims to use allegory and symbolism threaded through the park, both consciously and subconsciously, to overcome this challenge. We have seen how the planting strategy will help to better integrate the death landscape with the multiple functions of a modern public park. Another method employed within the concept strategy is to create a symbolic journey through the space. The symbolism of the journey may not be apparent to the conscious user, as it is designed to converse with the subconscious mind and spiritually connect willing visitors. The journey will be used as a tool to design movement within the park; connecting the various functions within it. The concept for the journey is influenced by a celebration of the infinite cycle of life and death. It hopes to provide an evocative, positive message to the users of the space and provide a subconscious guide throughout the park to those who may need it the most. The bereaved may consciously or subconsciously embark on this journey when visiting the site to mourn and remember their deceased relative. There are clear connotations with spiritual pilgrimages, which are likely to appeal to certain users of the site.

4.3.5 Case Study - JFK Memorial, Runnymead The Kennedy Memorial is situated at Runnymede, the meadow on the banks of the Thames where King John allegedly sealed the Magna Carta in 1215. The Memorial was designed by Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, who drew on The Pilgrim’s Progress, Bunyan’s allegory of life as a journey, as inspiration for the design of the site. The visitor is invited on a physical journey, which is mirrored by a deeper one into the unseen landscape of life, death and spirit. Jellicoe describes the memorial as;

“the visual impressions that all visitors find plus ‘the grey world’ of the allegory that lies behind it” There are three elements to the Memorial: • A stepped pathway, made up of 60,000 granite setts winds up through woodland to bring the visitor to the glade where ... • ... a seven ton block of Portland stone (pictured) stands on a plinth and is inscribed with words taken from President Kennedy’s inaugural address in 1961 • A paved pathway leads to the Seats of Contemplation (the end of the journey) from where there is a superb view of Runnymede Jellicoe has considered all aspects of the design to inform the subconscious journey, including the choice of materials and seasonal variations in landscape character.

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.1 Concept Masterplan The concept masterplan for Lincoln Green Remembrance Park has been developed as a direct response to the looming crisis over a lack of burial space within Leeds. The design has combined two contemporary ideas (the environmental, social, ecological and economic benefits of natural burial grounds with a European approach to the re-use of burial plots) to forge an innovative and sustainable solution; These principles can be adapted and applied to any city. The role of the burial ground has been re imagined as a secular place to enhance life, whilst resurrecting the fundamental role of death within a healthy human society. Various elements of modern multi functional public parks coalesce with the functions of a natural burial ground to create a unique landscape. The natural burial ground is created by planting a (managed) variety of memorial trees above the graves of the deceased. It will form a rich and diverse urban woodland within the heart of Leeds. The people that choose to be buried at Lincoln Green Remembrance Park will choose to be a contributor to a unique place that enhances the lives of those who visit it. Their wish is that their final contribution to this world will help to reduce the anthropogenic damage caused to the environment. The park has been sensitively designed to accommodate and respond to the extremes of human emotion; exhilaration, happiness, grief and remembrance. The design works with the existing topography to minimise cut and fill and celebrate the spectacular views of the Leeds city skyline. The regeneration of this 25 acre derelict site, close to the heart of Leeds, will act as a catalyst for investment and further improvements within the surrounding communities; and provide a unique destination for the city.

Not to scale

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

5.2 Concept Strategy

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Park

Burial Ground Natural burial ground Scatter meadow The journey Remembrance features PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Lincoln Green Remembrance Park

Indicative Burial Memorial Trees

Structural tree planting

Feature Trees

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals

Proposed Buildings Retained Existing Buildings

Primary Pedestrian Paths Secondary Pedestrian Paths Tertiary Paths Meander Focal points

Removed Road Vehicular Diversion Route Occasional Vehicular Access Points Proposed Car Park

Key Viewpoint

Productive Landscape

Vistas

Biofuel

Focal Point

Solar Passive Buildings Community Food Growing

Play Elements

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals

Proposed Contours

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Existing Contours

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Indicative Future Improvements to Surrounding Communities

Existing Culvert Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

â&#x20AC;˘

The scheme has been designed with sustainable drainage in mind. The hard surfaced areas are drained into planted areas where possible in order to slow the flow of surface water by retaining it and slowly releasing it into the water table. Proposed ground levels will encourage surface water to be directed towards planted areas.

Allegory Historical The journey Remembrance features

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.2.1 Concept Section

Proposed buildings screening traffic

Rain Gardens

Sheltered Plaza

Feature Culvert

Planting Allegory

Productive Landscape Solar Installation

Sculpture Trail

Juvenile Memorial Trees

Natural Burial Ground

Linear Park

Community Function

Viewing Platform

1:25000 @ A0

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.3 Character Areas The proposal consists of 4 distinct character areas, which are further illustrated within this document;

The scatter meadow

The sculpture meadow

The plaza (Gateway to the city)

Natural burial ground

5.4 The Journey The journey has been designed to evoke subconscious references to the journey of life and death. It is intended as a way to synthesise the public park with the burial ground. It is an important element in the success of the design. And has been inspired largely by Geoffrey Jellicoes approach to allegory within the landscape, which can be seen at Stour Head, Runnymead and many of his other projects. Jellicoe was a keen historian and sites Japenese zen gardens as being a major influence on his work. The journey forms a loop through the park; taking the visitor on a subconscious trip from birth to death and back to birth, where the journey starts again. It conveys an obvious reference to burials; the main function of the remembrance park. The visitor can also find comfort in its positive reference to mankindâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; role in the infinite cycles of life. The journey begins in the plaza area (the gateway to the city/ life). The buildings in the plaza area enclose the space, which is intended to evoke a feeling of comfort by applying Jay Appletons prospect and refuge theory. Wandering through the plaza, the visitor will experience feelings of exhilaration and pleasure, symbolic of a new born baby entering the world. From this comforting space, the visitor must then choose their own path onwards in the journey; symbolic of a world full of choices that lies ahead. They must navigate their way over a threshold (culvert) and through an abstract maze of brick walls. The journey continues up a gently rising, curved path. It is along this route that another path is visible, running parallel to the visitor. This path follows a slower, meandering route and is symbolic of an alternative life (the what if?). At various points along this route the visitor has the (symbolic) option of joining the alternative path. Whilst the visitor is slowly rising up the gently curved path, they are subconsciously presented with opportunities to look back. If the visitor chooses to look back over their shoulder, they will experience narrow views along vistas through the burial ground. The angle that the visitor must turn to experience these views becomes less as the journey progresses around the burial ground and becomes much more prominent towards the end of the journey (death).

Continuing up the path, a view along a vista and another alternative path will open up to the visitor. At the end of the vista is the familiar sight of a memorial monument (with obvious connotations with death). A single mature weeping willow is encircled by a corten steel henge. This part of the journey is symbolic of the realisation that we all will die but also references our ancestors and ancient history. The next part of the journey is symbolic of hope and faith. The visitor will continue up the gently rising path without being able to see around the bend. Eventually arriving at the highest point; a viewing platform with a panoramic view of Leeds city skyline, symbolises death as you look back to where you began your journey. The journey, however, is not over. The visitor will then continue down the wind ing path and through nature to where the journey began.

Death

Birth

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.5 Plaza - Existing Character Negatives • Car and road dominated • Little established vegetation • Visually unattractive • Derelict space • Generally no pedestrian access

Positives • Site proximity to city, hospital, businesses and local communities • Culvert • Generally flat site and easily made accessible • Heritage buildings and local historical context

5.5.1 Plaza Masterplan

Proposed mixed use building

Rain gardens

Performance space

Cypress avenue

Renovated Culvert Renewable energy art installation Renewable energy art installation

2 Brick terrace sculpture

Street trees improve urban micro climate

Proposed mixed use building

Retained building

Bars and CafĂŠs

Retained building

Terraced seating and ramp access to culvert

Rain gardens and lawn

Occasional vehicle access

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.5.2 Plaza - Experiential Quality • A much needed pedestrian plaza in a vehicle dominated area of the city. This new vibrant hub will attract a wide spectrum of users from the surrounding communities and tourists to Leeds. The association of this unique space with the burial ground will help to challenge society’s preconceptions about death landscapes and make it a desirable attraction and valuable asset to the city. • The active frontages of the proposed mixed use buildings help to attract people into the space, with new cafés, bars, restaurants and shops on the ground floor. The upper storeys house offices and residential apartments. • • The buildings are positioned around the perimeter of the plaza to provide screening and allow for direct vehicular access whilst not compromising the new pedestrian courtyard enclosed within the space. • The existing culvert has been refurbished and is now a celebrated asset to the plaza, allowing visitors intimate contact with this important and historical water course • Sustainable urban drainage systems are incorporated into the plaza with the design of attractive rain gardens, which will catch and hold storm water to alleviated storm water run off. •

The plaza celebrates the local history of the area through its use of materials and references to the demolished terraced housing that once stood on the site.

• The materials used are also relevant to the overall concept of the park. Whole and crushed red brick held within Cor-ten steel gabion baskets reference the forgotten brick making industry of the area; the gabions represent the force creating life from the complex mix of chemicals within us and every living organism on Earth. • A renewable energy art installation provides an attractive and productive feature to the plaza, whilst also helping to increase public awareness of global issues relating to energy consumption in a positive and fun way. • The plaza is transformed on an evening. The energy generated from the solar floor installation is used to power LED strip lights set into the paving, which follow and animate the course of the culvert stream.

1 â&#x20AC;˘ The 3 rows of red brick walls are set out in the same scale and orientation as the demolished terraces houses that once stood in this space. The distinctive street names are brought back to life and celebrated. Mushroom Street. Lion Street. Tiger Street. Telephone street. Cherry Street. â&#x20AC;˘ The layout and positioning of the walls within the plaza challenge the visitor to make a choice between which street to go down to continue on the journey through the park. The walls are split into 8m and 4m sections, which allows for views and movement between the spaces.

2 • The plaza is a vibrant, lively and animated space, which will attract a wide range of users. • Bars, cafés, restaurants and shops will serve the surrounding local communities and tourists. • The renewable energy art installation will become an iconic image of the park as well as helping to increase public awareness of energy consumption. • The space will transform in the evening using lighting. The solar floor and LED strip lights set into the paving will animate the plaza creating a beautiful and evocative space.

• Storm water run off is fed into and held in rain gardens, situated throughout the plaza. They are both seasonally attractive and functional elements of the space. • 2 existing buildings, which were previously hidden by large industrial units are renovated and are now celebrated as attractive features within the plaza.. These buildings champion the local character and have influenced the designs of the new buildings enclosing the space.

3 • An area of the culvert is opened up, allowing intimate contact with this vital water course for the first time. • A unique space is created within Leeds • The space is designed to alleviate potential flood situations by allowing the storm water into the area during surges. Public awareness is increased through the design and Information boards, which will help to inform users about issues relating to water and flooding in urban environments.

• The space is designed as a sunken amphitheatre to provide escapism within the city. Disabled access is provided through 2 ramps at either side of the curved seating features. • A curved living wall will act as a serene focus for contemplation as well as an attractive backdrop for temporary events held within the space.

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.5.2 Plaza - Experiential Quality Brisbane City Hall Rain Garden, California U.S.A. Nevue Ngan Associates At Brisbane, Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s City Hall, Nevue Ngan Associates identified an opportunity to redesign the parking lot and create a large rain garden to capture storm water runoff from the parking lot and the City Hall building. Prior to the project, the inefficiently designed parking lot abutted the building face. All of the on-site storm water ran directly into an underground piped system Today, the City Hall building showcases a landscaped rain garden at its front door. The redesigned parking lot creates space for the rain garden and an outdoor plaza for gathering, bicycle parking, and safer pedestrian circulation. All of this was accomplished without a loss of vehicular parking capacity. Interpretative signage informs visitors of the rain gardenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functional landscape. Sourced from http://nevuengan.com

5.5.3 Case Study Pozdrav Suncu (Greeting to the Sun) Nikola Basic – Zadar, Croatia

Greeting to the Sun is a circular walk-through sculpture 22 meters in diameter on the ground. It was constructed using 300 photovoltaic solar panel modules, each with a printed surface to ensure the safety of pedestrians walking on the glass. A steel ring around the circumference of the circle is engraved with the names of Zadar’s patron saints, and information regarding the sun’s position on their saints’ day. The solar panels generate an average of 46.5 KWh of electricity per year, which feeds into the local grid and is used to power all of the lights in the entire port area in addition to the sculptures’ night time LED light display. 10 000 LED’s are positioned beneath the solar modules and are computer programmed to respond to the sounds from the nearby ‘Sea Organ’ (pictured opposite). Thus, a transcendental interaction between man and nature occurs. “It’s possible to come near and walk on the surface merging into such exhibition of light, feeling as if walking through an immaterial environment or swimming in water or as if the sole was moving under the feet” 18. The context of RE technology within this landscape has changed from energy production to art. The use of solar technology as a sculptural medium to create art is attempting to remove any negative connotations with the material. The solar technology is fundamental to the functionality and artistic expression of the design and has inspired the creation of a multi functional, artistic and interactive energy generating space. This artistic intervention will inspire two areas within the Plaza, which aims to be as successful as this.

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.5.4 Plaza - Section Elevations

Rain Garden

Multifunctional space

Ampitheatre

Culvert Feature Area

A AA

1:10000 @ A3

B Rain garden

Daylighted Culvert

Cypress Avenue

1:10000 @ A3

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.6 Sculpture Trail - Existing Character Negatives • Car and road dominated • Little established vegetation • Visually unattractive • Derelict space • Generally no pedestrian access • Predominantly asphalt surfacing

Positives • Site proximity to city, hospital, businesses and local communities • Gentle gradient for disabled access • Heritage buildings and local historical context

5.6.1 Sculpture Trail Masterplan

Trees planting - Screening existing buildings beyond

Access to Regent Street

Rain gardens Permanent & temporary sculpture space

Alternative path

Main boulevard and disabled access ramp

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.6.2 Sculpture Trail - Experiential Quality A multifunctional green space consisting of mature trees, amenity grass, wildflower meadow and rain gardens. A permanent and temporary site specific sculpture park attracting artists with its unique location, heritage and association with life and death. The sculpture on display will seek to challenge the taboo towards death, with the aim of creating fresh and positive connotations. Renewable energy sculpture will also rest amongst the landscape and aim to increase awareness of sustainability and environmentalism issues caused by modern society. Renewable energy can be defined as energy from any source that is naturally replenished when used; the artistic and sensitive application of renewable energy technology as a sculptural medium within the park will further enhance the concept of the natural burial ground. The area is designed to allow for social gathering as well as contemplation. Windmill Project http://annagouznova.files.wordpress.com

Sun Boxes http://www.sun-boxes.com

CO2LED http://spaceworkstacoma.files.wordpress.com

Lyman Whitaker http://3.bp.blogspot.com

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.7 Scatter Meadow - Existing Character Negatives • Car and road dominated • Little established vegetation • Visually unattractive • Derelict neglected space • Generally no pedestrian access • Unattractive immediate views of warehouse roofs to North West

Positives • Site proximity to city, hospital, businesses and local communities • Long distance views of city centre - South West • Gentle gradient for disabled access and elevated position • Local historical context

5.7.1 Scatter Meadow Masterplan

Naturalistic Planting

Accessible visitor car park

Willow henge

Pavilion function hall with reflective pool frontage

Scatter meadow

Semi permeable screening

2 Screening

1 Scatter meadow

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.7.2 Scatter Meadow - Experiential Quality The main function of this area is to serve as a place to scatter the ashes of deceased relatives. Users will pay a fee to the park owners and in return are able to scatter the ashes along with carefully selected and managed wildflower meadow seeds. Over time this will create a rich, diverse and unique character to the area, as well as offering a noticeably alternative experience for visitors. The design envisions the ultimate rejection of traditional cremation methods in favour for modern alternative methods, due to the harmful gases released and high energy requirement during the process. Memorial trees are not planted in this area for each scattering of ashes in order to retain the open, ethereal quality intended for the area. Situated at the centre of the scatter meadow is the willow henge. A single mature weeping willow tree is encircled by 4m tall Cor-ten steel monoliths, arranged to resemble an ancient henge monument. The visitor is encouraged into the inner space where the connotations with death and remembrance are ever present for those searching for it; the weeping willow tree is synonymous with grief and mourning and the image of a henge with its concentric circles and monoliths of inhuman scales are deeply engrained in the psyche of the British population. The willow henge is located on an important visual node, which connects 2 long vistas through the park and acts as an important navigational focal point. A new pavilion is located at the vehicular entrance to the proposed car park. This will act as the headquarters for the burial park and includes facilities such as a large function hall for funeral services and events, an on site bio cremation centre (Bio Cremation technology replaces the use of flame with the utilization of water, blended with an alkali solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) - See more at: http://biocremationinfo.com), toilet and baby changing facilities and biofuel storage space. The vehicular entrance experience has been sensitively designed to induce a positive mindset. The willow henge can be viewed as the visitor approaches the site before being guided into a naturalistic car park. The visitor then approaches the pavilion on foot, reading poetry installed in the paving along a minimalistic path.

Cornus

Aster

Inula

Miscanthus â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Zebra Grassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Vinca minor

Bergenia

Rudbeckia

Dryopteris

Eupatorium Rain Garden Species

• A beautiful, serene and ecologically rich space is created within the city of Leeds. • Long term maintenance requirements are very low in comparison with traditional cemeteries. • This space is easily accessible by patients in St James hospital, which could help to improve recovery times 13

AA A

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.7.2 Scatter Meadow - Experiential Quality

Bio Swale

Cor-ten steel monoliths

Salix matsudana â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Pendulaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Cor-ten steel monoliths

1:2500 @ A3

Situated at the centre of the scatter meadow is the willow henge. A single mature weeping willow tree is encircled by 4m tall Cor-ten steel monoliths, arranged to resemble an ancient henge monument. The visitor is encouraged into the inner space where the connotations with death and remembrance are ever present for those searching for it; the weeping willow tree is synonymous with grief and mourning and the image of a henge with its concentric circles and monoliths of inhuman scales are deeply engrained in the psyche of the British population. The willow henge is located on an important visual node, which connects 2 long vistas through the park and acts as an important navigational focal point.

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.8 Natural Burial Ground - Existing Character Negatives • Visually unattractive • Derelict neglected space • No pedestrian access

Positives • Site proximity to city, hospital, businesses and local communities • Long distance panoramic views of city sky line • Gentle gradient for disabled access and elevated position • Local historical context

5.8.1 Natural Burial Ground Masterplan

Screening

Remembrance area

Main pedestrian promenade Remembrance space Indicative coppiced woodland burial ground

Linear paths through desire lines

Viewing platform

Linear paths Remembrance Space

3 Linear park

Natural play area Indicative recent memorial tree planting

Indicative mature memorial tree planting

Linear park

Temporary areas for biofuel production prior to burial internment

Natural play area

Community boulevard

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.8.2 Natural Burial Ground - Experiential Quality The natural burial ground will constantly evolve and change character over time through the correct management techniques employed by the park owners. The area is divided into terraced rows, which are orientated to respond to the existing topography and the demolished terraced housing that once stood on the site. Each row has a permeable resin bound aggregate, DDA compliant path running adjacent to it. The site is dissected by 2 large linear parks as well as 2 diagonal paths which have been orientated to satisfy perceived desire lines through the space. It is bound on its undulating Southern edge by a community boulevard, which serves as the tangible connection between the burial ground and the Lincoln Green community. The viewing platform is situated at the highest point of the site and enjoys spectacular panoramic views across the park and Leeds, which includes itsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; iconic skyline. It is intended that the rows (terraces) of burial plots are to be used for bio fuel production prior to burials taking place. For maximum productivity it is suggested that Miscanthus grass is grown in these areas and harvested on a 2 year rotation to achieve maximum yield. The produce will generate a revenue and help to fund on going maintenance and management costs associated with the development. The natural burial ground can accommodate 4000 graves at an average of 2m X 3m. Most of which will be re-used on a 100 year cycle. Burials will take place throughout the year, however memorial trees can only be planted during the planting season. Not all of the plots can accommodate a memorial tree. This is to ensure the healthy growth of the woodland ecosystem, however this is reflected in the pricing strategy for purchasing burial plots. Leeds has an average of 1200 burials per year, which equates to 50 per cemetery per year on average. and With population increase predicted to be 24% by 2050, that figure will rise to 62 burials per site per year. If the site proves to be popular and achieves 62 burials per year then it is likely that the park will reach capacity after 70 years, however, after 30 more years of the ecological, psychological and aesthetic benefits of a well maturing woodland, the process will start over again. Some of the rows of burials will be used to create productive, managed coppice woodland. These burial plots will not be re used on a 100 year cycle, but a cycle which lasts as log as the coppiced tree is healthy (potentially 400 years if managed correctly). These areas will offer another distinct character to the park. By managing the coppice with standards on a 7-15 year rotation, it will provide a regular harvestable product as well as the outstanding ecological and aesthetic benefits. The linear parks provide immediate and constant structure to the burial ground. They also provide various functions, which serve the remembrance visitor as well as the day to day user. Memorial features are inter mixed with play areas, food growing areas, pleasure gardens and gathering spaces to better integrate the park into the surrounding communities and address the negative connotations of deathscapes. By merging the functions of burial grounds with modern multifunctional public parks, this design achieves the original ambition of the Victorian cemetery designers; Through death - we live

1 • The parallel lines of the paths running adjacent to the rows of burial plots help to subconsciously draw and invite people into the space from Lincoln Green. • This multi aged urban forest is extremely rich in ecological value. • The trees will improve air quality by trapping particulates and absorbing nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone. • CO2 greenhouse gas is absorbed by the trees; Providing a carbon sink

• Trees help to reduce urban heat island effect • Trees moderate local micro climates • Trees can Improve mental health and well being • The memorial tree species will be selected from a carefully managed list (compiled by arboriculturalist), which are selected for their tolerance of urban conditions: pollution, proximity and scale of built environment, drought, wind and aspect.

2 • The temporal character of the burial ground will change and evolve over time • Permanent structure is provided by the features within the linear parks, which provide functions for the general public as well as the bereaved • Disabled access is provided throughout the park

• The management of urban coppiced woodland will provide a rare habitat for wildlife. Including many invertebrates (bees, wood ant, leaf mining hoverfly) Butterflys and Moths (Duke of Burgundy, Chequered skipper, Silver washed fritillery) Birds (Tree Pipits, Nightingale, Garden Warbler) Small Mammals (Wood Mice, Shrews, Short tailed Voles)

3 â&#x20AC;˘ The viewing platform is situated at the highest point within the site and offers panoramic views over the park and the city of Leeds. No where else is the true value and concept of this park more apparent.

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.8.3 Natural Burial Ground - Temporal Character The following schematics illustrate an example of the potential evolution of memorial tree mass in the natual burial ground

Permanent Trees

Indicative Initial Memorial Trees

Indicative Memorial Tree Growth

Indicative Initial Memorial Trees Replaced

Indicative Memorial Tree Growth Continuous Cycles

For more detailed information regarding the natural burial ground please refer to the technical design report for Lincoln Green Remembrance Park

1.0 P 5.0 Introduction roposals 5.8.4 Natural Burial Ground - Function

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

The burial ground will accommodate 4000 natural burial plots, which are re-used on a 100 year cycle. It is difficult to quantify the exact potential revenue of the park due to a number of variants within it however, based on the following information a low estimate for 4000 natural burial plots would be £800 000 and a high estimate could be £24 million.14 These revenue estimates would be cyclical; providing an income every 100 years. The average price of a funeral in the U.K, including non-discretionary fees and a burial or cremation is £3,456, the average amount spent on extras is considerably more.15 It is often complicated to work out a comparison between coffin burial and cremation costs, as prices vary so widely. A grave plot in a local churchyard can cost less than £100 in some places. Instead of being funded by grave sales, the Church itself pays for the land and its maintenance. Local authority cemeteries can be fairly affordable, with the lowest cost being around £200 in north Wales and Scotland, while the average appears to more like £900. Many cemeteries will double the cost for people not of the parish. Interment costs (the cost of digging and refilling the grave) may be hard to measure, as these are often soaked up by funeral directors or embedded into the cost of graves, if the plot is not bought in advance. A local authority may charge over £600 for interment. In almost every case where a grave is purchased in a churchyard or cemetery, a stone monument is bought for the plot. The cost of a simple headstone will usually start at around £1000. A crematorium’s charges will vary as widely. The average charge is £400 - £600, including a 30 minute slot in the chapel. Although many will scatter ashes, there are environmental questions about whether this is responsible in some places. Some families find that, after scattering ashes, there is nowhere to visit the loved one. Crematoria or local authority cemeteries can charge hundreds of pounds for interment of ashes. At a natural burial ground, the cost is immediately reduced because you are not paying for a headstone. That said, the costs vary considerably at natural and green burial grounds. The lowest are the most informal small farm-run sites in the west and north of England (as low as around £200), and the most expensive are the formal woodland sites, often in the south and east, with the cost rising as high as £6000. Some fees are inclusive of interment and a memorial tree.

Lowest Revenue Estimate Highest Revenue Estimate =

£800 000 per 4000 plots

£24Million per 4000 plots

â&#x20AC;˘ Indicative future improvements to the Lincoln Green community area as a result of the proposed burial ground development â&#x20AC;˘ The park will extend further into the community â&#x20AC;˘ Barren and unused amenity grass will be adopted to provide services to the local residents. These will include; food growing areas, natural play areas and wildlife habitat creation.

1.0 S 6.0 Introduction ummary

The purpose of this report is to act as the design and access statement for Lincoln Green Remembrance Park. This document establishes the approach and general principles for the design of Lincoln Green Remembrance Park and informs the outline proposals which will be developed further through detailed design. For further information regarding this project please refer to the Technical Design Report for Lincoln Green Remembrance Park.

No people who turn their backs on DEATH can be ALIVE The presence of the dead among the living will be a daily fact in any society which encourages its people to LIVE C. Alexander 1977

1.0 A Introduction p p e n d i x

These images represent key moments in the design process

1.0 A Introduction p p e n d i x Plant Allegory Acacia: immortality of the soul Acanthus: heavenly garden. One of the oldest cemetery motifs, acanthus is associated with the rock ground where most ancient Greek cemeteries were placed. It is the most common motif found on memorials. Anemone, garden: Forsaken. Almond, flowering: Hope. Balm: Sympathy. Bamboo: The emblem of Buddha. The seven-knotted bamboo denotes the seven degrees of initiation and invocation in Buddhism. On Japanese memorials, symbolic of devotion and truthfulness. Bay leaf: I change but in death. Bell flower, white: Gratitude. Bluebell: Constancy. Broken flower: A life terminated, mortality. Buttercup: Cheerfulness. Calla lily: Symbolises marriage. Campanula: Gratitude. Carnation, red: Beauty always new Chrysanthemum: I love. Clover, white: Think of me. Clover, four-leaved: Be mine. Cinquefoil: maternal affection, beloved daughter.

Convolvulus, major: Extinguished hopes or eternal sleep. Coreopsis, Arkansa: Love at first sight. Corn (Garbe): It was a country custom to send a sheaf to relatives on the death of a farmer. It may be used as an occupational symbol. Crocus: Youthful gladness. Cuckoo Pint: Ardour. Cypress tree: Designates hope. Daffodil: Death of youth, desire, art, grace, beauty, deep regard. Daisy: Innocence of child, Jesus the Infant, youth, the Son righteousness, gentleness, purity of thought. Daisy, garden: I share your sentiment. Dead leaves: Sadness, melancholy. Dogwood: Christianity, divine sacrifice, triumph of eternal life, resurrection. Fern: Sincerity, sorrow. Figs, Pineapples: Prosperity, eternal life. Fleur-de-lis: Flame, passion, ardour, mother. Flower: frailty of life. Forget-me-not: Remembrance / true love. Furze or Gorse: Enduring affection. Grapes: represent Christ. Grapes and leaves: Christian faith. Hawthorn: Hope, merriness, springtime. Heartsease or Pansy: I am always thinking of you. Holly: Foresight. Honeysuckle: Bonds of love, generosity and devoted affection.

Honesty: Sincerity.

Wreath of Rose: Beauty and virtue rewarded.

Jonquil: “I hope for a return of affection.”

Sage: Domestic virtue.

Lalla: Beauty, marriage.

Shamrock: Light-heartedness. Also on jewellery as the national symbol of Ireland, sometimes with an Irish harp.

Laurel leaves: Special achievement, distinction, success, triumph. Lily: Majesty, innocence, purity, and resurrection. Often associated with the Virgin Mary and resurrection. Often used on women’s graves. The use of lilies at funerals symbolizes the restored innocence of the soul at death. Lily of the valley: Return of happiness, purity, humility. Marigold: Grief or despair. Morning glory: Resurrection, mourning, youth, farewell, brevity of life, departure, mortality. Mystic rose: Mother. Passion flower: The elements of the passion of Christ: the lacy crown; the crown of thorns; the five stamens; the five wounds; the 10 petals; the 10 faithful Apostles

Snowdrop: Hope. Star of Bethlehem: Purity. Sweet William: Gallantry. Thistle: Earthly sorrow, Christ’s crown of thorns, Scotland as country of origin. Tree: The all-covering love of Christ. Life, the Tree of Life. Severed branch: Mortality Sprouting: Life everlasting. Tulip, red: Declaration of love.

Pears: Affection.

Violet, blue: Faithfulness.

Pineapple: Hospitality, good host.

Vine: The sacraments, God’s blood, God.

Palm: Spiritual victory, success, eternal peace, a symbol of Christ’s victory of death as associated with Easter.

Weeping willow: Nature’s lament, a symbol of sorrow and mourning.

Pansy: Symbolises remembrance and humility. Pine: Fertility, regeneration, fidelity. Rose: Love, beauty, hope, unfailing love, associated with the Virgin Mary, the “rose without thorns.” There were many verities of rose, each with a special meaning, eg. A cabbage rose was ‘an ambassador of love’ and a white rose ‘I am worthy of you’. Also on commemorative pieces as the symbol of England. A red rose symbolizes martyrdom and a white rose symbolizes purity and virginity. Whether the rose is a bud, flower or somewhere in between indicates how old the person was at the time of death: Just a bud: Normally a child 12 or under. Partial bloom: Normally a teenager. Full bloom: Normally in early/mid twenties. The deceased died in the prime of life. Rosebud, broken: Life cut short, usually found with a young person’s grave. Rosebuds, joining: Strong bond between two people (e.g., mother and child who died at the same time) Rosebuds, several on same branch: Secrecy Rosette: The Lord, messianic hope, promise, love.

Wheat: Resurrection, bread and wine (Christian), fertility / Riches of the continuation of life. Bushel: Body of Christ Sheaves: The divine harvest, often represents the aged. White lily: Purity and modesty. Wreath or garland: The use of garlands, wreaths and festoons dates back to ancient Greek times and it was adopted into the Christian religion as a symbol of the victory of the redemption. The laurel wreath is usually associated with someone who has attained distinction in the arts, literature, athletics or the military. The ivy wreath is symbolic of conviviality (gaiety or joviality). The wreath and festoon together symbolise memory. Ancient symbol of victory. memory, passed to eternal life. Bridal: may signify the grave of a young bride or groom. Maiden’s garland: A garland of white paper or linen, embellished with streamers and a single white glove, which was carried at the funerals of unmarried women of blameless reputation. The garlands were hung in the church after the funeral and allowed to decay. Then the pieces would be buried in the graveyard.

1.0 A Introduction p p e n d i x Design for Access • Where sections of the route have a gradient of 1:20 or steeper, design guidance on external ramps applies. • All main and secondary paths to be at least 1500mm wide. • Benches every 50 metres • Any pedestrian crossings accross the site to have a dropped kerb • Surfaces should be firm, slip-resistant in wet and dry conditions • Cycle parking areas should be clear of pedestrian routes, and cycle stands should be clearly visible even when not in use. • Pedestrian and vehicle routes should be clearly distinguished using texture and colour. (i.e Grey granite for shared space, buff aggregate for pedestrian areas) • Where possible use paths of self binding gravel to ensure cycle and wheelchair access. • Routes should be clearly signed, and may include landmarks for orientation.

References 1. Sharrock, A Fisher, I (2013) Urban natural burial. http://issuu.com/fishface56/docs/urbannaturalburial 2. BBC report 13th March 2015 - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-31837964 accessed May 2015 3. BBC survey 27th September 2013 - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24283426 accessed October 2014 4. Farrington, M (2008) Long term supply of burial space in Leeds . Leeds city council report 5. Sharrock, A Fisher, I (2013) Urban natural burial. http://issuu.com/fishface56/docs/urbannaturalburial 6. Metro report October 2013 - http://metro.co.uk/2013/10/03/burial-plots-grave-running-out-of-graves-4131464/ accessed November 2014 7. CABE Space (2007) Cemeteries, churchyards and burial grounds. CABE 8. If you care for the environment should you choose cremation - http://www.leedam.com/ accessed October 2014 9. Worpole, Ken. 1997. The Cemetery in the City: A Report. Stoud Glos.: Comedia. 10. BBC report 15th May 2011- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13357909 accessed November 2013 11. Worpole, Ken. 2003. Last landscapes : the architecture of the cemetery in the West. Reaktion 12. Ministry of Justice. (2007) Burial Law and Policy in the 21st Century 13. Kaplan, Stephen. 1995. THE RESTORATIVE BENEFITS OF NATURE:TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK. Journal of environmental psychology 14. Burial price comparison - http://sunrisingburialground.co.uk/prices/comparisons.html - Accessed April 2015 15. Average cost of funeral - http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/bills/article-2545230/What-not-money-pay-loved-ones-funeral.html - accessed April 2015 16. Indices of Deprevation-Leeds City Council - http://democracy.leeds.gov.uk/documents/s62979/Appendix%206.pdf%20for%20deprived%20areas - accessed April 2015 17. History of workhouses - http://www.workhouses.org.uk/intro/ - accessed November 2014 18. Rossetti, S. (2009). SEA ORGAN & GREETING TO THE SUN ZADAR: AN ARCHITECTURAL EXPERIENCE. Retrieved September 25, 2012, from RICE: http://rice.iuav.it/342/1/ROSSETTI.pdf