(!)
4
?2r'i
Dear Proressor U€UlErtrl Thatrk you lor your inlormative leuer ol lpril 13 1973 and for the very in.tiu.tiwe a.alytis vhich vou
Your paper raised a nuhber ol helllul questiors about our s.cu.ity rclalionship \riih JaPan. 1i the context of th. currcnt elolurion of our allian.e q'it]1 Japan, I foud your thouglts and perspc.tives on tb€ matler very uset!l. you did not llave a .hancc to call m€ vhen you were in $rashinglon nr lare APril, lut r hope you viU do so ihe ncrt timc ihar you laPPer
l am sorry trat
l_, / ".,,/
IlEnry A, /r$s -inser
i
Profcasor Donald C. Uctlmann Political sciencc and neian Studics Thellnstilxlc lot Compar:tive aDd Foreign -4rca Shdics Uniwcrsity oI wasninetor ScalUe, lr'aslingtoa 9Sl95
Drspa!ched
6/12/71 rb) L
c 1
,
\
MEMORANDUM FOR: JOHN
A, FROEBE, JR. 11P
Proposed Reply fror You to Professor BerlM ol the Udversity ol washileton ConcelniLg Hir Re.ent Paper or Japanis Fuiure Role in Asia and tne 1l. S. Japan -Ania,.€
is a re.ent letter io you lrom Prcle88or Doaald H€11@ of tLe Uniwersity oI Washington atta.hiq lis paper ol r.st March chaagius Ameri.an atrd Jalalese S€curity Rotes ir -aeia: the Ec.nomic Implications.' In Lis .ov€r letter, he agaio noies li, seiiou. doubtE concerning tte approache s ol 60$ ure U. S. s cholars on Ja?an (shoh he s.ore s as " iiibar in their herrawio.) and t]1e strategic analystB witr ri'i'dl backgr.und on (As you you a year ago along wirl r€call, Professor Heth@ wrote Japan. the sahe lines. ) Ee lotes that he vas planaiag to contact yo! or someo,e on ihe NSc St'aff when l:€ was in Washihgton in Iate .rpril, to the b.3t of my knowledge, he has coDiacied no one on the siall, rAt Tab B
Trle pritrcipal conclusiohs
orhis paper are that:
The Niron Do.tline, itr re.ognizing a muliipol.r vorld and lolitical order, is helping push Japan tovard a tra.oition lrom th€ status ol an expanding "internatioEl tradi.g compary tovard that of a nation-3ta1e. Other fa.iors pre3sing JapaD itr llis direction ar€ lhe collape€ of the inter&tional moneia.y system, JapariE spsctacrta. €.ommi. suc.€€s, ad her e.onomi. stake in
--
This transition {or Jalan ri11be imeas€ly difiicu1r, giwen the "imob i strr chara.te r ol Japan€se foreign lolicy, and tne '*adias cohpany" approach of Japarcse diplom.cy (ihe sutsiitutian of comercial lor political relations), The trai6ition will arso !1ace severe strails oa th€ U, S. - Jalan alliance, sitrce t]1e U. S. iB arsunnng a compettiwe economi. positior vi6 a vis Japan at t]1e same tihe that Tokyo is expected to take a more itut€ !e ent inierEiional rolitical postur€ belittilg a rsreat pove.r. ' it w l alro iest the stahility ol ihe inte ational mon€tary order as wel1 as tle €msrEine multipolar political order.
Japao intends to cotrtitrue deepening her econ.mi. inworweaent ln Asta, then, in tne p.esetr.e of a coniinui.g U, S. disetrgagement from Asia, it ritt be imp€raiive lo. her to udertake a nev and expanded
-- r
when and hov she asslmes su.h a secuiiy role viu be det€rmiaed by a poli.y-lGking pm.ess dohiEted by the rurins political party and broadry rooted in tne ,rewailitrg cljmate ol opinion. " The internationally orierted Japanese busioess establisLment conld h€ ex?e.te.l to try io irlibit any full sca1e, autonomoue rearmamert, bul iis effectiveness in doing 30 is constrain€d by its limited inflnence in Jalaais foreign Poti.y.
--
At Tab .A is a dralt reply frob you !o Professor He1lm tlanking him lor lis letier and accompanying paper.
That
yor sign tIe dlaft re?Iy to Professor Hellmd at lab A.
'l'lrl
lrr
slil ll, lilr (|)rrl)nr|ti !t'nll(l
I.l
r
lr,il'r
Slrrili,,s
r
t-tr.\tfutur,t),/r'
raEhlnsion,
D.c.
20106
Des!1te the c.nslderable develo!@nts 1n JEraEeBe,Are
the fEdaE.tal probleG leEln
hclo.ed i3 a !.!er r rcc.nt\y coD!1eted id I Jor.t cor' of the er!1iclt aiffi ttEn-F 1lter@tlo.al ecoDoDlc !eIaT contlnue
to clate at trre .1o6ed and
of the "corp.Etio..
be' or th6 corpoE on) and the Euffocari"s effeci t.llialsal ol Jalan's role tn the xorld in13 Joctlre tn d*tunr.s thai the Et])er rrllal b€havlor or ihe Jalan
ls the ic anar_ysts ylth ErliBl b6ckcoutly to ude ake ba.efooted a!Ea16a1s of "Hh1the. JaFn?, The resntts of 6uch studtes, {hl.b ale prollferafl"s at a 1e:tc.r of srEteel. s@1ye1s. jlLbn_lauerrdse lndlcatea that ,!u and siEnarly .ke!tlc.1 about the lrodEts of botl ,h1ch Ie rc.seuhg on o.e 1evel JGt sn€re tle selloE lons-terb lool qt Jap€n 1n 1andglobaIlDtern.tlonal (Lde€d r hov of !1sce. Dsrtlcllote 1n) mcb of,hat rs occurns 1n and scholars
ree56ued.
I
s111
b: bri.fly
lD I,reEXlnEion on Apr1l 27 ahd
,ho x11I be rcllachg Jobn.
,,*t ' /.Zr'""--P.o?essor,
Poliiical
Ouant 1
ey try to
io
ne?
arrange a chat
!
OTANCTNC
TX!RIC'd\
nI'
IlD
IN TSIA: Jr?^'{ESE SECT'R1TI ROIES
ECOXOlllc ftPlrc'.{Troxs
DONA],D
NI\IIRSI?Y
C. NEIL\IA\N OT
IIASH
CTON
PRESER!
NIOII
COPY'
L.i of the Nlrcn Do.*iie
und th€
^..o.
Tne
ear"s'
o'
relotcc,rves tovard a.certina the llollcis
Relubllc or Ch1na, sirnal a fudanentul chancc ln amrican loricy t@srd
centuy. In the rrture, ihe Dllltary role v111 !E!osefu11y
greeuy redu.e.,
reMin
defense reslons1-
bt11t1es ,111 lncreasllgly d€vorve to the
untt€d
Unlted states
&st
Aslah
resron, fio Datter rhat tts ultlMie form,
state6
challen8$ the very foudatlon of JaF€n'!s lEstla! secutty loIlcy, rhlch bas de!.nded
to an
on tlre A)Elcan
aulance. Balrlng
tbe .udde. eGlse.ce of s stable nev !e61oia1 pder t616hce or the out-
pollcy vt1I uliltleak of ler]]@ert leace, tbese chaqes @te1y force the Jalan.e to confront the internalty dlvlstve lssEs of broadened
secuiiy
Eoars and e&a.ded derense
telds to te a d1lect
capab1l1tles. Slnce there
t)re natue of the aIllarce relaiion,
6d ihe structue of the inter.atloml econoqr, hos ihe ivo nst$ns rcve tds re, strategt. ls rnlortet Doi only to the creatton of a stable xast Elt of vtabl. ne, f.icr.atloral slonal and slob3l 1eve13. Ii is on thls 16tter poi.t, the e.ononic trpli6h1!s arcng states
catloDs or the secu.lty drleimas raclna ashinaion a.d Tokyo, ihat ihrs
Pati..n .f se.u.1ty
can bc hoie
clcarly &der. shirts th s.crriv
f, I ho consic$cd: (1) tre ilki pollcy ed ihe rou',! 4 br
Jalahese_M.ric.n
nrtul secutiy ?reatyj (r) the lrnlat! erlncrce oi' Jalu od ih. n.litlcel rtul ln East Asia dutng the past tso dd (l) ibe role of Jala.ese hsr.ess ih srraPln. natlonal f..eis eoal6. One benefli in takhg txls a!!!o&h is to
decadcsi eo11cv
the 11bls betyeen the econoElc and lo1ittca1 dirc.3io.6 of rorel8n po1lcy
in East As1a. In f6h16.tng btlateral and lesional foreiE! !o11.i.s, ihe leadâ‚Źrs of boih
rltnh the alliance
and 1n 1Dtâ‚Źrnatlonat relations
a.d polittcal-mttttary poucles, tne.eby
lDte8ral ites servlng, as ii rc.e when
to a n6ked e6pe!or.
serlos tt1ateru1
{t the rcrent
Even Dov,
or laralents lrobleis have derelolta
vhen a .ev
be1rg, econoElc by the eover.rents as ,e11 as
tslne6s s,oups ln
@ch
natlo!.
conthuec
h11y the dlrect rcletlonshlp bet{eer econooic
r 1 thlede efforts to bu11d a nc, gtllece
dnd
suited to lhe
se.utiy alns o. Ja!a! .av. pori.y and eaJcctively ertabltshcd by the roots or "h1s sFctal ales and lcrrod (1orLr_ t2) md the EcneFl ..rort siDcc 19!t, the baslc
-:r-
th.oudout ]!it
hensivs
proYtded &
sinnulorlv ravo.able
the .tdcals on ,htch Jalanis :orelrn poii.v
pla.e
Ja!.. f:s
sti11 rcsis. irltl,
broDarrt
inio
lhe grobol sc.uity b1.ck and thc inls.national
uder Arerican leadershtl to
cctulst chauenae.
rt b.md
lreface to uderstandine the chars.d natue of the or ])fl3teral econorlc co._ cuEnt sirateeic 5erve6 as a he1!fu1
JsDa.er.-Arcrican Sec!:lty Felations
llre occulailon lrre ihttlaI e:lorts by ihe Are.tcan occuaii.n authorities io aentl-
to tnrluencc prof.udlv ,tdl@ &d d*Ddatize Japents allloach io seculty. not only ret the Jslaese rilita.y lorces of the n.f, ,nerlca completely d1s,snt1ed, bu! ait1.le 'rar as tte sovereian.iEht of ihe nation disPlies." lhis poclrlsft, ,as g1vl.e upreccdcnte, lc.al sanctiiy !.d Douglas rEcArthu,
ihoroughly
3s
keeplnJ
'rth
or lha c3.1v r€ats of ihe
trc
sltlon or the
Tnus
fron the te€in.rhEi the JaFnese-
slven a lecuttorly later.a11stlc and mr61 cast to ullted Japrn- a posltio. not
ulrke that nhi.h.h6racterized r{,Yrtcan rerations cbina 1n tle yea.s p.io. to the trlmlh or th€ colrllcts rrth the J.Fnese,i1} be colored by ihis lo.turer ,tth lts
riih rttn
lnhe.€ot potenttal
fo, risidiiy
and
.ectlEonlous overreacilon that h3s on
rtcan colrl rar @1tc1e3. r,krreorer, ihe
!:cfist
tdea]lsb of Alticle
force ln Jalanese 9.11t1cs a;d pi11 arfect any effo* hy Jslan to plav an erlalded seculty lole i! asia. arthouSh tt ts slns!16rly doubifut that the Ja!3lege peopte have becore rcsocialtzed as perm.ent
iDuclea!
lsctllsts or
peace clouse has becore tbe
deeeloped a
nost drsmtic
syotol ot the lostsa. constttutlon, and the lert-eins concrete
polltlcal red.ins to thls lssue ty
lsnlrene Cotrand sectrons, rblitlcal
(lllsiliEioi D.c.: u.s. cove.nlcnr
18err-r!ao (seaiilc:
_I.r*"-iy
@ktne
19!i - !e!te.n.. ranl. r']r9) p.76r.
- rhr;ili-.n_6-:-:ltnrf, t-_i:
-r-
t^r r:,i.. mr. or nenlpoliiik voufit l.terna1 srruaqLc
!,ledltunts
The
io
1.t
Pralnattc dscislon
had
scd.elv d.red or a sloba1 cold xat'
of the reformist.policies of the earrv occu'atlon !e!iod. specific ,tncrican secultv ar.a.genelts recaidini Japan 'erc 'rob
trtu-ih or the codursts 1ed ally--not a prtEry lhreat ta
xosan nar
1n
chlns and the ouibleax o! the
6!an 3s 6 @Jo' .e€rord1 peac€. lE'ause
of out suddellv
exp6nd€d secu.ltY
tLated, one ni1ltary,
of a s,811 "Polrce resene (lat'r the self-D.fense Forccs). At
tle sare !tre' a @Jor effort pararlelins
t]le }rrrsharl Plsn
l ratton,
The
.r-a,ir! i"n Jsp8nasc
e.oioii. _c.,. /.
-6-
Jsp.i s.3 .cnc.!l .Ljc.rivc c!.
c
xirh rajai :o.rLe.rt
co,$trjs r.eaty (and rrre the 6pread oa
thc axpri.an JeIoo.r:j. ac.:::r:/ c Asrerc.i),
felt vould 'contribute to ard seculiy t. the Far rrst.' Thu, tlco totarry cmitted to l{ashlhgion
Jalan
rtrned unlted siates.
nevlslon of the secElty Tready tn 19(o oc.uied befors the stno-
soviei s!l1r and !3s aaarn Fcdicated on col.i lsi assmptions that the co@1st no.olith posed in AsIa and rhar the uniies
siater bore the rnl1 reslo.siblllty of heeiine a.d contarnlbg that hrcat,
D.sllte sore bastc concessions, e6lecta1ly the sEreerent ro.'prior c.nsultatlon" {1th Tokyo reaardi.s combar deptorx..i of Jalsn--based Arerican ir@ps, Jalan remi.cd a illltary lrotectorare or the United stites s cllttclI cog i! the sereral tue.ican millt t@;Yer, ralld A61a
reallr,tes i. rasr
ln the 196o's--chan.es.entellis on;hina,s
development
the ,latnon vs.--rec the
ho:e ge.e.ar leveI, Drod Jaran
and
of
nuclear
lhlled .Laic5 to
lntcYational into a l.arc.sirip .olc
poliiical aar.lrs u.icr a oie_
engaecd
ooth on ruclcar
ni1ifirt1y
ldc'tlty
"
Jr!!n'r' tn!
or loricy could be efr.c!,iY.1v seljrat.d
tc
subiectec Tne
sar
var in vreinar u1lirat
testc Policic.
the
ror1d.
i'us
'hair'n.es' chanie ln Aft'tcais si:r_
1te
ext.slon of cold,a! sloballst, created the htnd of inpbuslbrv ercrbltant the 196ors. T.is lrolo.Eed the JaFnese
viti'ra,a1 rron all
coDcerns
'r
iealpolttik a.d a114ed the heasued bui st.adv exp,nsion of thei' ovn conventtonal fo..€s to o..u free fton sv tansrtk secultv inleats' Tnc st!1eMte in the,a, de@nstrated that the u"iled states 1a.ked the cala'itv effectrwly io control
rectoni sl€tie.€d
intelneilonalist consants on Merican fore venires 1n xas! asta i! the.ea, aulure strErldrlv 1ryroba!1e. 1'l s, ie.r su.cess of united siates !o1i'v vletDsr at once oni t'r0 .r easrojl.
lda.d Jsrs, and
E1i J r1:cn nlo.c. 3 PoI ':1n'
ntcts
1n
6bl
the rericn.
states ln Lt.!
r
i. r.!
s, JJ .nis selr'rlv
.re5.; v jnc ie.f lr.rirl
;lic:r
srnanra.ly fiplausLlc sincc enrrv
rtr0's. AlprolrirLlons css.nltxlrr tY tudacta.Y c.it.ri,
obje.liles. o.e per cent .f C P, trre leadtnE
tf
l.1c!.over, ihe 1ev.I
ol .!c'.itue,
lest t.an
xcrs. Itthouslr the Jllanese hale econodlc force in East Asra and h3ve hiab1J
hlnerable shi!!in5 ftnes to critt.al resouces, rcfused to dislatch
acln4ledee the nced fo.
torces
an
ovelseas econofr1.
o! @te!ta1 boriers â‚Źxist to the develolxent of a Eilltary force (hc1udr.C nuclear arDs) adequate to defend txelr
htelnational tradinE coilany not that
t ter@iloral a.tlvlties cent..cd *Dbelns, bui all @tters of !Ne. lol1tics have teen scrupulously avoldsd, ID vler of the scole and i,tercity of ale.lcan rtlttary iDvolverent ir Enst Ja!.nese
asla and ure slnEukrry saluta.y tnte.nailo.al econonlc relatlons vhi.h hsvc ,{esie.n lndustrisl
ras hiahly allroprinre. lnternatlonal tbe rirerlcoh rccomitlon or
! rcdtlrol8. xo.ll, llcl1trco1
-9-
f.mla aprro!::ar. o'bo.r '_Lc.10
o-. Y. i ro .!lml-..
plici.s:
(1)
bale haJor
for.i..-rolicr
entrar lnd (r)
eflectrne econooic foisisn lolicy, the Jaleese havc llsy.d a lasslve role tD hter.ational
conflici
lolitics
and
sertos dorestl. polltlcal
has ac.dip.nted those lev decisions
aorehrent to nake (e.e., norEauzation of
ed co@!1st c Pa*ry this
souix xorâ‚Ź
".eaty).
the sovt.t unror,
of the lrerlca, seculty rrasftnted stluctae of the rulina
ab5ence
of a national
consensus
(lncludlns ure oslosltio, poatles) a5 io the beslc E@ls of t)re coutryrs
forele! lollcy.
,
the essehtlally imoblllst character .l the JaFoese
lorelen lollcy-@ktne lroce3s vlu iDle'ie thc fonnnation oa ey rev siE-
teslc loltcy and lcave substanttul latitude for .rrerican influe.ce ln slaplle the dl:ectton of
th.latt'natc,.or tror elobor.ttoh
sce crnsld c.
orr.r. (x.v York:
cllmnn, JaFn ann ri.rt Asi!: llr rtâ‚Źi j.: tu-br;:ia;:l;o-ajai;a-:.
4rra1 3ldir.
a':rr..ts rnd lirll.ll'-ik
polltrcs a.. sceh as
i
.rc li.i':i
c:it1.s1 i.r'cdien.s inrer.eilonal lrade
lrina.y aoa.t..
o:
peace. !i,e 3ub3tlirti.n o
of the l9th ce.tuf
economt.
lrberars, ctne.izrly
..d staler oc' 'oortoh'.7 1 , no Biter hoy corperlr,e the externsr event. (e.e., ,lre.rcan pressue, coi!€ilti.n yrth chlna) for Jalanese rearnarent .hdlor lsrtlclla on in -oesl
;.orckd
lrtenatioml pollt1.s, there vi1I
be
lorerant resistulce lrol ithin Ja:En
to any chanse. Js!€lese adoltlon of sharlly
erpan'ied
tlvolve rot only a shitt 1! cu.eDt rollctes' but a challenee to thc basic lieblses of the mtlon's sene.al lostue torard the lnierrctional systeE.
celtatntles llvolved
abandonrnJ the values
of
one
@ilc trsdttlon d.d establishinE a radically ncv foreisn lolicy As tbe leanrns
or the Nircn Doct.iiie has ufolded
the seeDtne i):lerative
ilita.y .ole
the v16io. or a comFeititve iuttilolar v3.ld c)E1len3e
6sn"
tht tbe
, ro,
Jap€nes
the lbrttrcs"*.rt., of 10tcrn8ri.n.1 (sD.inr, 19i2), Dr. r2i 1ro. 7o"tr,.,^n, on.
ahd
over
dlllo-
consensu..
Thc
h.irinc an,i J.Mi
Iiei
tr. rirc I mjor !o!ers'
htshly wc.riah
}les irit1.I1v
)rieh
!.lliics
arc llmttatlon "lth the Soviei Unlo., the olenlng or chsnEls of .olM16tlon elth t}te ?eoplers Fe!,utlic or chlns, anc Isyl.s the basis for leduced Arerican rllttary lnvolvemnt in the thlrd vo!1d have vlstblâ‚Ź and to! prrorlty tie6 tn ostue sulied io tf.e needs or a ftdtl!.le} 'o.rd. ?.ogress 1! strotesic
e.onoDl. loltc, lhlcl1 1s esse.tiat to its snccessrul lbpleftntatlon. uD11ke the late r/drots rheh the contsln@nt strate as lnlitated, tne u.s. today faces an uce.taln and hislrly Ilovever, ihere
ts
an
vlth a lrost or lroblens tncIudl.e thc rcnetary systen, balance of payrents dericlts, 6nd
seent.ely ch.on1.
lressues (esFcially trade polici.s.
f,on labo.) for rcilonauy asscftive 1f not J.pah rras eftrsed as the plifrary
tslset
u.s. econonicarly in !.y5 ihat lievltabu t.!.h the se.uity reratioi. let,een tt,. te. o.!tons. Indc.dj Asta rn
tlf
blkteral
yesrs
e.onomtc
lhJ str&tecic
Jalan Br.
lrelt in l,..;pr
-72'
fton par! pollcy
stte
N)r6t
,111 shalc
EtrItilolr' slobl
hui the 5hor'! icrn .xtscncles.
oder re!16clns th. bipolar o!.,
the
'.coniaincoofui.|i, slso tude cles!
l.vo1aâ‚Źd
i' the orld
be'anse ve havc 8
co@l#nts) iailrer the tbe other 'sr aroud'" r'us
ure
reltsced bv co'dltlons of rhat
celiltu& of ihe altry bbeled irlE
9
ede! the ne' co'celt deterEnce. there ls d .otable shirt rrcr the elobalis! ldes.1s of cola rs! !o11.v io an â‚Źepbasis on mre natoqlv derhe'i natloEl Bst r51e @tlons Becuity hteresis ed a concoEltet
has been
Secordlv,
c4 aril ,11t adse fu.Iler reslo.sililttv fo! ihelr om defense. Finallv, thele 1s a cleai exPectailon ihai a stable, ne{ internatlonsr order (a "senerstion or
Fac.l)
r1r.1
ie deated
tnrcush !o1lc!es
6tresslns d1!1o@ilc @neuYe. ,1th tlre oiber ereat po'ers '6tner than ts-flus alus.es ald dlrect AE.l.u r ita
conflohiation,noge.dins.
-11-
t.*r.t Jr!!.j li5!rny: rray ihc plvotsl
thls ch!.ac is dorestlc econo,ic and
lorliical
lndusrries, to the mstrrcrion of
of the !.oblefrE ol ueiairft.r ed thar haae been e!ve. draMtic loutftar,i€anhg tn .ecent yearsr nr adoptlng a rore natto.allst econonlc
!o1rcy!
51trD1y
doEestic de@!ds. Beyond the s1rercd
reslondlng to
sriurlon ,ritrlh the rr.s.,
ure
the resouces
1, the wcstern r6r1d--Just 6s rh€ calsr1lriies io play s1obal
gendame no
exlst. llrereas boslcaDy the V.S. sa, econonic retailons vrih Jare Etil trre late 19&,s h terDs or lrovtdins ald 6te.sthen & a1u ahd hrirc her into the .1nb of hdusr.1sllzed no._ co@lst nailols, Dof ile imee 1s that or a @jo! ecohor asatnst rboh pressues msr be blotEht .o recilfy sertous b atercl (and gr;bal) tlade tud nonersry lbbalances. rh6, the u.s. co4.tltlve €conoric Fsltlob vis a v1s Jalq at the 6are tlre tbat Torvo ls erp€cted to rake lntcrnattoml !ol1t!ca] postue I@ger
beflttr"8 a "gr.ea! po,cr.,. Irllereniaiion tut severely lest rhe Ja!
!.rc!t
by eEnlnind
ts re.dily aF of iecent bllererar c.ono5i. probler3
the
r'tollonr
beIrcen
Lqioric
^.r.'tlojt:r!.r
s.rtu6 ol tlc Lroader nltrn..
sc.,!r rt
bct!.cn
chanae
milmar e6ntc p.ncy (lncrudrnt dcverurron tbe
tn lnrcr-
rr,. co1l.r) .t.nrl.d rirat
oa
lntt.d srrres .ould no lonser
rc.urrry qucstlons. tnpor!,n.r for
rrnlr! or dr.re
Jaran.se-h
economlc
vlsir
!.ry nm.nr Uhen r c^Iculaeed ot riLc cold lLr (ros! nor'blv dr Ar tnc
u. s. ch.l1cnEe to thc aLraLeqic ro
ch.n3es
"su:r!ton.
P.l:inq)
a rcsul! of a hosr
râ‚ŹIatlons dcrerloratcd llth licxrr.cr
o! r!ob14s assocl,ted ,tt
defrclt ,ltd JaDan. Ih. cotn.ldcncc ol of btratcrnl tctitlo...
f.r rdahed rn the lrachsround, iic rc.nrrlns ratcn on & lncre.sinsr:r D each nstlon l$vc n:de conD rn rhr.h rhe alllance rtsclf n* sâ‚Źqucntly! econontcs,n.l lorirlcs hivo
ltnked rl)c no1!tic.1
lhus
drrflcult 'nJ Lccn
rcl.rt.;
as a resurt
or rca.lcrs 1i so ruci'
v!Il f orcc .cconsl.lcrirlon
!l lci
crflicul!, f
,1rov.
irr,
locty diirlnrnisLrnr"
ol . rorelgn lorlcy and fruldlry of romarton of such
thc n.u in.ernarionil sclrrrr. nar.e
for.lln lolictF -r-o1r r.a:'rt' i- ...'. J r_v rl.r -r:h (ne ru.Ln. ,
rcrld, th. .rlhc rhrs.cr do.s nd! tn tact of sEctflc lnCustllcs lnto llno vlth polltrcar
rn br1!'1n:- nollcrrs
Thls var fir.nn1.:11-, l11usrlar.d 1.
ljhl.n Prtre illnlsrer snro unsre36ful1y
t.arl1. personally nlcdsod condltlons for !e1.tlonshr:.lrcadv sh.er aon1n.n.. lrna1t"onn,
nn.
l2scc :!tro.ht lilt:iur., (canrrrlds., rrss.r, irv.rr !1!911
rne
proc.ss of
ror s-\(lc dl-tor-Lrc ranc
Jalirne6e
clfrlcLlrr
r5c
r.shlcrrvc (uotr
!t thc confcrcn.c vhlch of olrniva. dacrr.a
forclrn Dollcv.
-1it-
r5_!'ra ol orr rirr'1'5
ol Lilir"rl
r
_ori
crade balancc
stnn or r:'itr';' dccaCc
vhc'
so'i'tI
rlte
rorcc in esLabllsilni ' vliblc
a;no ui1! hc b1t,iera1 rclatlonslrtP is b *sur &rv
PoIlrlc.! svs.e. 1n one
lrhlla deri3tlnx
are
funri'i'nQ1
sirii'lnl oarallcrs
rn
the clrcnnsLnnccs
for csrabltsh
unllli. Ja'n, 1n: a !o,er
for'c'
6a1.n..
and rs
sott of larLicr'rlron ln i:c'r'ori!i( i' t)rs rc:ron Cofteaad h'crlal f:'tor ro r'liodir lnn1tc1!1v seen
gpoldtnnly, Ja..n 1s
.s wlth lhe
Jaasnese'
1' A51: Le'oil ba3lc Jare, and ilre rcsulltnl lndetenin'cv reSirdrne
for al1 'ou'rrres (arbelt a srronler
anLr
no.c lDdcn'nd'n' onc)
rie u. s. l!:5 uren !ic s.curltY to adlNL .rr
xod
nosture
i5
a
Mldr c'u'c
t7-
lnr.rD]ij.n
L,
inil thc scqirlfl\'
Jiisn rcnatns
lir .ore
hc.v11-\'
&lmrlent m thce rdd,
toLL,lnr' of r.1!:ttcan
for th. raran.se as tcxtllc dlcpri. ve1l tllustratcd. thus t;c f1lcrmrions ol tlrc acodon.v arl tlre .rtendinr ,o1rEic.r ih.y !1II s.rvc !o lnhll)ft rhc flciibrltlv of ln dtrloEtrc n.ncuv.rs sltir Totro.nd th.y sttl rnsurc !l,ar thc status of relstlons rir11 5c afr.cted Ly Unilcd 5r're3 doh.strc rolltrcs oorc tl.n an:r rr.a slncc 1945. w'rrch curr'nrlv B1la.cral ..onon1c re1..lons ber'ccn rcrat'd ro ri:' ric cacacrtles of iovcrip.urrc"i-"."..1cy doD.c.s or tne h:!c bcâ‚Źn linllcd dcal d!i' !h. bccause ti,cae na!tcts h.v. Ucconc rolt!1ct:cc and bcc.u.c borh narlons l,vc a.r .erlous nnd dranaric
!o cst.6ltsl,.on3cosus on ro.crin rollc\ loi1s inrroFrlstc
ordcr. unllk. lon .r llnoi. !o,,.v.r, tl,. insn.r
-r!' rclat s to t],c
nccds
1J-i:'-:r9l':,eLl:rq r]1l:r Jalan is a. sbst
.. lro3iiic.r
llhlrrll rf l:i-!
ond To)'vo.
r 1a
ihan conJecture about the
ri$l 1cd t.
vlrtE1ly liritless is nore lnsl.uc;ive
11o Lp',og" asian leace th a nnntl!.lar
escherlns
vorld.
futm lrssulloses a Dilitary estab
an
p1!1mtlc
'rtrair.E corFn/r loricv or xlstorically u!.ral}eIed situaiton. In her econonic cBp€bllrties
of nati6.a1 t€f1iorra1 defe'se ehrle Jalan is, lD ti€ hrds of tre lr?1
s.d nerrorly d€ltnbg }er .xlandtns her
jo'
latertal
! !99!, enEased 1a a cbdl1.n.tne er-Erlmni lnpiecedented ln heen prlrer y vorld htstory."13 the success of this exFerlrcnt
E1N
of lesionar lnternational laltttc6 ,l11ch develoled itui.s ar essentially tlpolar vor1d. A no.e .orylex @ftiFola. ,orrd lss loe .ore
s. lntejatlobal incuhator, insulatinE
ple;enstre alllarce vii)1 Are
Ja!a, froo the va.
ylll
Dste
secobdly,
and upheaval
adJusire.t the
that
have coharsed
decade's ho.sh (and
Japa..
lorrtlcal)
past tro 'iecades have becn
lr,or
lealities dirricurt lor
clltrcally
delendeht on the
O:chrne
!f :oreis, Afral.s,
:or r9I, (t.kyo: I9E),
ttve, the formura o. of
JDFnesc aorelEn
5i!uot]!,1 ,11) F.or I9r8 txroleh ltLiJ, Lie J,;,rEsc rlom 9
to
27.u
ml.r natio. i. thd re[i.n (ex.elt1.8 3outh victnar) ,nd m.3r JaFncs. !.oie.tio.r
larlelv JalaD has taken a leadlne
role
1n the
sce
bv the
lsiEely
eco.oE
ttre rep6.6tions 6hd ibe oveehelrl.E lrolortion of tts roreign ard arc co.câ‚Źn_ trated !n the legton. Al.eady Jsp. ertends ccnsiderabty 6re ald to xsst Aslan coutrle6 ouislde of vletnar than
does the
ljnlted states and th15 ts ex!.cted
to ai least double nilhin the,eft sev.rar yea.s. Ercert in souur Xorca Indo.esis, Jap:n h8s
ana
ln Asla, but tie
t.ade sultses and ihe Easslve
flor of lnvestne.t rDds that J.p.. ,111 floE no, on. !!on aiy vteupointr
du.ed, assue ihai tlEre rl11 te 3 srestly au:hented
lnto the reGlon
Ulder these clrcastanccs, hop .an To(yo
tntcrnattonal Folitics s.r tl,c
'"nc 'dt ',c Blnk ior Ir..insrir.ri.n
:, ,,
,i'
ell cconohlc 10.sc5
1n
,) th.rc ! r rr. an
I'ia qh..cvcr
4rat F.qe.s; l) .eijionslly ccnrercd J.!or.34 aid !!ogrdn. r,i
luite i.de!.n.3nt .rian I pe. can!
oa
Asia.
No
sincrc
o, io leave Toj:yo elde rm5 for p.llcy m.euv3r. Ibrcover, by cuLrivarjne mrirlIe sou.ccs of.dv mterials on a vo.ld,vidc .educed the lo1lttca1 PlessEes thar mlahl frd '-ob ot c rr is rNrn6 capaci,y -o
ledln ecohoricau/ lncelondenr fror nast Asla tlons on the eirenr
Jalan, mlrte the Usited
soviet Uhlon, is bâ‚Źcause
of altusi rotar
eccnomic su!er-!ove.
deFehde.ce on a
hwb{ or iav râ‚Źr*lals G.e., orl,
lron ore, llcl<e1 and-oaurta) that are absorutely essentiar for ano aor uhlc\ lhere are 10 ready sib".!-[-,. If
;ar mterials replaces tne balan.e of lar'e.ts Fiobler a6 cllsis tn lntemattonar of suuly ,111 ratie ror J3!ar to becore lnvolved nillra.
that ary lbr$ro
lovers rhor youtd lievitably flo, aroh mjor urheayal in rhe io star out of lortiics vitl !o1rcy-iskerE 1n,lbkyo.
on
searly
y tn !!sr Asia, r! 1s a1t but torally aloof froh .r1
lolltlcal plessucs
lreva 1.e hores
a
sysrer a5
,.It
as thc
the
eEE_
It ts sinNIsrIY ulilcry
"hc
conrlicis ol ttr"e:r
1Ep.sslbl1ity of a "!orc! bata.ce' gtvcn th. lermeabtlitv ol stdle5 to '!eo 1.is
of chlna t. anv atterrt !!9j the failue of both sule.Foters to articulate tnelr short-terh obJectlves tn Asla, fa! 16s to blild elfectlve allrdnce systers or 1av tle fou'iations for .eutraltzation or the reEton; and the rivalry (curentlv ruted) tetxeen the cooMists. It ts quirctic in tre stotus qM orientcd Jalane extrc@ to solYc the probler of
dlsallear.
Japatr ca@ot bope
to re@in a traahs
suiienly itlsaFF8r frot ile ]rsran
!.s1c to Jalan',s
cohrEnv because
scene.
ile
econotic cast of Jaroni
vo.ds of PrlD lhniste. !6l1ttcar confllct tu tnc nas! asian sat6! iry sisbrllzinf, a coutry econonically, a,ay to coprosFlltv and cexlstence
{I1I !e oF.ed, Tnls 10 the ray to abide thoroushly ny peacc. mae fo ald alono this couse."lt uoxevcr, ti:erc ls ho con.l$ive econoBi. develo!rent P3accrul po:iern .l Llorertic loliltcll |a]ro.y.Tlre si.ltrliy of a ray lencflt tha rrYomlu.i :ihiilu, [.v.nbc: ?r], f i9
ri.'!lo!-
txe traditional
Fotltt.a1 stabilitv .n e..nonic
tia) &sut
oa
Dolitic.l cooler&tloxt]11f,iti-
lf noi clidinate rmctions, lstlon-centered lorltlca1 rivalries. lhe .cole ulithatcly bc ihe or E8st Asian econo,ic gate
noElc.ationaltty lro0 o resion ride wl.flotht rerresent only
one constaelaiton.
rn ltser bri.â&#x201A;Ź Japa! basc for colhs dipro@t16Uy vltn inteEatioel halmny or e alit! atrd lnvestEert have of 1s6!es rhlch vtll dEm Ja!6n deelly and lnextric6bly into Asia, bui lhey .amot ofte. an tmdtate as constltuted
at
11nk1ns
sotutlon to lolit1.ar
FEobIâ&#x201A;ŹDs.
me le.ullar lrlsD rn nhich Jara. sees the ,orld tn larsely econonrc
hri &d to a EsJor DisEplehe..io. recardi.e t Japan attai.ed !1. pleeolnence bec,use of the Drlitary-lolriicar states tn !5st Asla. to suplose that role in thc rcCion ecosomi
or ersdual llerlcan reclonal econo-
cEtailEnt the vcid is to iFrorc F.rtti.ol ani seculrJ d the
, for ephlle,
!!9'!!{
!llj!!rr. rc(ul (ix.cb ltar),
hues
r.!,.
sr a rE-:tabt1lzln: rorcc!" 5?t-rt
{ ,.r
r.. , ,J , , .:in.
ijally to .uI.irl an!,.nicxi]on,:.J Eent
ln Easi 1s!a.
raranese Eushess .ad secu4ry ror1.j? lihen and ho, Japan
declde8
expanded
securlty porr.y urlt
be 6lrongly lnlruenccd by
bual.ess ,orld
ln the tiase of irJapan, 6u61ness 1o de.lslon-D.ktng r.sardhg foretgn .ffalrr ls mbtcuous and v.ries rldeIy flon lssue leaders are closely tled io the con.ervatlwe pdrly ihrolgh ihelr overt ad coveri fl!,nctal srpport, rhroush a sh.rtnE or balc polltical valu€s, and through.onrlnuous and l!!!h.i€ person.l coata*s. Iles be&een huLes6 ald )rltl (!{1nlsrry of 1n!er!.rloi:l Trade and IndlsLr/) ed ihe other govem.n. aBenclB ihat derclse carefll con!-ro1 ove! rhe dal-roddy coodu.t of Japdrs Inlern.tlonal €conoetc acllvttles are 3irtl}arly close -8@ehaent cotlabor.tlon .onlured up
lnev1rabl, so slvm the oveenehlngl, econontc charact€r of poslra! lo!€tgn
pollcy.
D€sp1te th€se connec!]ons, and despire the
csrshltsni€nt by lhe nadonal
tuelners ors.nrratloft of .omttr.es Lo deal errh speclflc forelsn-affalrs lssu.s
..il .ontltrul's questlons 6sch.s re.Edent, rhere 1s no crear nu.ual undersrancirg resardhs rhe puocedur.s lhroush vhlch bustn€s5 orinron sbo!1d bc brousht rnto rs ihcrc a!.omart. rhe pollcy naklq
r?rq m interc*he
and
p.ltttct in
Tl&snattonai E olonic Fclalions,' Inle:nit:.n.1 lrn), !p. ) - -!1,r.
}tlrtics o. Ew' I (1u, ..
The
n!rronii torcirn r61tcv. rhc conrlcxlty
8.ared tolard
rhai tha and
vill sinrly ra[y
o}irlzlns
busrn.ssnen
rouna rne
fla[.
lndrvldual buslnessnen on najor
pol1.y de.lsrons has varlcd. Regardins dlplonarlc noro:uz.rlon
h 1956 lna .he exlensron ln 1960 (both lssue6 lnvo1vlns Unton
rrons), hurlba*
uas
It plryed ! .om€utrai ln the nornallzaLron ol relatlons !{rh souih xorea dnd !1th r 1n olved, As rhe lrnks resardlnS lne b..vee! pol1ii.E sros (as a cired tesslr of Jap,nrs comerclsl stsle 1n EasL Asla and r])e fftd) ard J.pe Doe* rouard fuII partlclparlon in and .h. Llb.ralihe ielarlonshlp betreen rlE hu8in.6s the polt.y
pro.ess
"orld
Dmocra.lc I,arty
ulll take on .dded lnporlarce and at tbe se. tIDe b€ placed
hcre*tns .tralns--cspecrally re8ardlns securtry pollcy. Iokyo t6 far froE navln8 a. orl€nral equlvaleo. or the m.h-mrlsned and vasu.ly-dcfhea Atr.rtc.. illtrary-tndErrial ceDlex, Needla6s rela!.<t conceds have pr€s th.lr oh proflrE by brtqtns and lImorlns scLr-surflclercy or rhe ov.r-arl slnce 196r. icld,nr.n, the lcadlnq.,don.I buslness una.r
fed.r.!lon, has had a nunbcr of tlLe
sovcrdnent defense
p1aG.
These
role or
buslncss
andr srn.e the
nld_1960is,
navc enomousrv
ofIlcl.ls.rB urrhrn tl,a rrprncsc
sovernhent' thcrc
1'
no
1i uhtch tnc lDrcrcsrs of rh':'tlve 'irlr3rv de!.nsc .siabllshn..r arc fornd 1n povcrful
in barsarnrns for a sllce ol 'hc
lllely ue'k losltlon '1rht
Sorarue!! resardlng defei'.e, lhere are brt!8 dtrect ,rcsrute ro! greaLlv .lEietrred !11t
oncc a
d"lsion
!o qp&d n111..r, expendirnr.s Srealtv l. badc, 3 close buslneet-sovarnienL feed upon 1cself ro Ihe declston !o reaa {iLL nor sro' oui of the n"hlnarions
of a Jspde.e d11ta.y_1naus.rla1 coEplex' bot rrm a loticv-tulhg process doht'ol oPinron ny the rullns party .nd broadly root€d 1n thc Prcvalllng c1ft't'
!5ted
nore voc51 ahout . ,!.1ne$ tead.rs have, 1n retent ,ears! the 6.stc soals of the natlon's seclrttv Po11.v' but optn{on6 n'ee been dlvid€d' lndePendenr and nucrear delense Altholgh 5on€ lndlvtdtals have capacltyr tbe JaFne6e bullnc.s sorld .s a thol€ has 6een r4.rdlns a nore a!!.nmous Ellltarv role. )leccssarlrv, the Lhe 31oba1 econmrc !r. fund enialry &terna!1onar1sts, fr&.!ork and the ac.oryanylns collecttve securltv arranss'nr 'tthln vhrch lncv
13s"" ro. (Dcren.c
o*-or.. lr.ldan.c.' Producrlon
B6c1
FcDort) (ror'vo:
, !9"1
I9l0's, lhe
JdPancse buslness
!h. .r1 pressures
loundnrton
have for.ed a
e*aLrr3hnent srrnds a3 a n4or
of the iasr 'oopefurrve rer'tlonsnlp be!'e'n husrncs6 p.o..ss or bern8 r'fotuurarcd' D6e6!rca1I,' porrtl_
snlft frd
an
tnqu'rtflea
'mDhasl6
on econonl' srovrh
or heretoror' 6vo{ded dd r!€.rcdn drDlomrtlc P;..su!es hav€ folced prcbreB of confltci 6d pollllcs. No neH coo.ensuE on soalr h6s 6ersed' and .me to tnvolve i'Polrlic'Iii coasll!ratlons ard sozlt' lr dII beLone
lntrtnslcally mre dlfflcurt io reacn .sre6en'--Iat!tcularlv 1n vlo' of th€ r.s!!l.!ed nacnre of ifie channels of lnfluence li 1' rndeed tronlc that 't rhe b6ear vh.n Japatr coofronts fsdaEetrral .lDlcas reg'rdins 3e'urrtv po1lcv thrt
cltte S.oup,htch h$ don. the no6r io establtsh Jap'nrs lnlehatlon'I .!.ru.€ should he ln a reratlv.rv !ea]r posltloo ol lnftu'nce' ihe
Th. .€cul.y roles of the u. s. a
Japan
Proccas
of chaqe'
I!,art,!h1.13ar€9!rrofa.a1cu1'tedstraLegy uorld the u. s. 1n ord.r to cop€ nore adequatelv !r!h rhe Plobl€ns ol a Nlilporar Pa!'1v,1t 1s the re'urt h rh. v6ke of th€ doneerl.allv devlslve e of .he collapee ol the Poar,ar r;t.rna!lon!1 f,on'larv sv6!d lhe sPect"uLar
th€ lcy
;o rtrure r.p,n€se
lrsclf ls cur'enrrv
bilitcril ..oionic
^srr
his
reachcd
cspe.lally shce
r.cron.
brlrtaiy order trarnrarncd
on
lhe,hole'
cs!ablts;nent
Ho"ever, lhe .ole
netther s€cur€ nor ueu-altrclrlt€d resartrlns n4or .o1illcar dccrs1ons. Ho!
& iransfomed fron '.radtns cmP.ny tnro a n.tlon-6tate wrll severelv test th. sc.611lr, of the lntenalIon,l e.onmlc svsreu as vell 3s ihe st1ll lncertatn Eultll,o1.r porl.kal order. J.D'D
rhe