Compatible urban legacies, an olympic stadium for hamburg city by Rigoberto Pinto

Compatible Urban Legacies: An Olympic Stadium for Hamburg City

Thesis Double Degree Program in Costruzione Citaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Academic year 2014-2015

UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE VENEZUELA

Tutor Prof. Subhash Mukerjee

Co-Tutor Prof. Maria Del Socorro Escalona

Candidate: Luis A. Aleixo Vieira S202961 Rigoberto A. Pinto Moncada S203017 1

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, we like to thank God, for always being there for us and for give us our parents, for their love and support given all this years to help us in our life. To our sisters and brothers, who have helped and given us advice from the very beginning. Thank to my beloved wife for her support during this stage of our lives that is already at its end. We would like to thank to our alma mater FAU-UCV and the politcnico di Torino for hosting us during these last years, especially to our supervisor, Prof. Mukerjee, for his guidance and support through this study. To all our friends, thank you for your understanding and encouragement in many moments of crisis, especially Desiree,Romina and Liczara. This thesis is only the beginning of our journey. Muchas Gracias/ Thank you!!! 2

Abstract

Since last century the world of entertainment have gained an important weight in modern life and from the creation of large events that recall ancient traditions to create interest like the Olympic Games; and this events needed infrastructure and venues where to be held. This venues created in the last decades have developed a negative reaction in cities, where this venues were supposed to be a legacy and instead are great abandon buildings to be used only for 1 or 2 months. The proposal of this project was to create an Olympic Stadium that could create a positive legacy to Hamburg, that continue a process of requalification in the centre of the city were the harbour was located. The first study was made in mega-events to justify the election of Olympics and its legacies; then a process of selection of the city, using as based the reports of the IOC (International Olympic Committee) and the cities that had already made a step forward to held the Olympics in the year 2024. In the third chapter we analyse the infrastructure and history of the city of Hamburg and the harbour. Then the study of stadiums, the process of design and the requirements of International Associations to create a stadium capable of held the most competition possible. The final chapter is the project and drawings of the decisions took to realized it.

Summary Introduciton ................................................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1: The Olympics Why the Olympic Games....................................................................................................10 Comparison..........................................................................................................................12 Ancient Olympics................................................................................................................20 Modern Olympics................................................................................................................21 Symbols..................................................................................................................................23 Evolution................................................................................................................................23 Olympic program................................................................................................................27

Chapter 2: Host City How to bid........................................................................................................................... 32 City Selection.......................................................................................................................39 Comparison..........................................................................................................................54

Chapter 3: City of Hamburg German Experience............................................................................................................58 Past of Hamburg...................................................................................................................62 Present of Hamburg.............................................................................................................64 Future of Hamburg.............................................................................................................66 Port of Hamburg.................................................................................................................68 Hamburg for the Olympics...............................................................................................70 State of the Art....................................................................................................................72

Chapter 4: The Stadium History...................................................................................................................................76 Case Studios.........................................................................................................................79 Design Strategies.................................................................................................................98

Chapter 5: The Project Design Strategies.................................................................................................................104 Urban Connection..............................................................................................................108 Urban Dynamic....................................................................................................................116 Urban Image..........................................................................................................................124 Urban Scale...........................................................................................................................128 Main Features.......................................................................................................................130 Stadium 3D sections............................................................................................................132

Conclusion

................................................................................................................................................134

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................135 Plans

Introduction The realization of a mega event is associated to the generation of benefits or legacies to the host city. Mega events such as Summer Olympic Games guarantee almost in every occasion profits to the host city such as the monetary income originated by ticket sales, tourism and media publicity for the urban territory. Unfortunately in most occasions people and most importantly designers focus in the above mention benefits and forget to think about the integration of all the infrastructures to the life of the city host citizens. Society intent to look at legacy of a mega event as an architectonical monumental symbol (such as the Eiffel Tower for the Universal Expo of 1889) to attract tourist visits and to make a mark on the landscape of the city which is good but forget about the big picture. All the structures created for a mega event should be beneficiary to its community and designed not only thinking about the games that they are going to host but also be conceived for and from the citizens. The concept of legacy for all the stadiums and other constructions should include the integration of them to the normal living of the citizens and make it a living and sharing place to develop their lives and to bring many sources of economical profits to the city. In the following thesis we would take the reader through a journey that introduces the concept of a mega event, our own created criteria gather to be considered as a mega event to our own comparison method to select the Summer Olympics Games as the most equilibrated mega event and for us the most accurate one to develop a useful design project. From this start point we did a historical investigation to get more acquainted to the history of the Summer Olympics Games, its current committed performance and most important host city selection process. In addition to it, we studied the most highlighted proposal for the last years and for the next 2024 city host selection and thanks to a formal calcification study we decided to work with the city of Hamburg. To develop our creational design proposal for the structures of a possible Summer Olympics games in Hamburg we started by studying the city’s history and also taking a close look to the new design philosophy that Hamburg is implementing in its re-birth. It is possible to consider Hamburg as a “new” city when taking into consideration that it’s most significant growth comes after 1990 and the reintegration of Germany.They are working now with the urban regeneration of old buildings inspired in the concept of an urban horizontal and vertical mix of uses and flexible basic framework that serves as a good point of departure for development of old port sites of the city center. It stands out the great presence of the public spaces related with the water of river Elbe and finally using spaces not only as an economical source but also as a quality public place for relax and gathering. We took this principles to inspire us and the conceiving of our design proposal from the image and utility of our stadium. We take the cranes of the port as heritage and use it for the roof structure, and even working as a crane itself, allowing the roof to adapt after the Olympics to a reduced stadium. The implementation of horizontal a vertical mix of uses comes also to our project, generating not only a sport venue but adding activities that will attract people to visit it every day, with or without a sport event, the principal plan, the ground floor is the one with more mixture of functions, to make it more accessible to the citizens. The project will integrate plans during the Games and some changes after the games to have an adaptive stadium depending on the needs of the moment using elements already existing in the city and in the port. 7

Why the Olympic Games Concept The leisure and free time have acquired a major role within today’s society, as one of the sectors until the point of gaining a large economic, social and cultural importance. In this way, events, especially mega-events as Expos, political summits, conventions or festivals, are associated with the generation of benefits for those territories that host it. The events in general may be defined as: Why the Olympic Games The phenomena arising from routine occasions and having goals leisure, cultural, personal and organizational set separately from normal daily activity, whose purpose is celebrated, entertain or challenge the experience of a group of people “.

“

The phenomena arising from routine occasions and having goals leisure, cultural, personal and organizational set separately from normal daily activity, whose purpose is celebrated, entertain or challenge the experience of a Group of people “. Shone and Parry, 2001.

The events generate in the host city positive and negative legacies, among the beneficial aspects for territories are increasing revenues, new building facilities and improving the image of the town. Thus, this kind of events attract visitors to the town that involves new revenue and media attention for the host city increasing the promotion of the town. At the same time, to organize such activities are needed adequate infrastructure and construction, that can assist in urban regeneration in marginal areas, in the aesthetic and economic development, in a social level, encouraging participation of society and healthy lifestyle practices adding in the last years a good environmental impact.

“

large-scale cultural (including commercial and sporting) events, which have a dramatic character, mass popular appeal and international significance” Roche 2000.

Mega-events have often been described as one of the primary expressions of globalization, especially regarding to their social and cultural significance and role in global society, this significance and the legacies had increased the promotion of mega-event and the “Eventism”.

opening ceremony in Sochi for the Winter Olympic Games 2014

The “Eventism” is a tendency implemented by local governments as an advantaged strategy, aiming to develop urban marketing operations, to market the city at an international scale, to justify large–scale urban regeneration projects. But what turns an event into a mega-event? The difference between an event and a mega-event is basically the size that will vary depending on the focus, technically mega-events have different dimensions in which they can be ‘mega’, and not all mega-events are ‘mega’ in the same dimensions and to the same degree. On the basis of a review of existing definitions of Mega-events, there are 3 concepts: Mega-events … are short-term events with long-term consequences for the cities that stage them. They are associated with the creation of infrastructure and event facilities often carrying long-term debts and always requiring long-term use-programming. … they project a new (or renewed) and perhaps persistent and positive image and identity for the host city through national and international media, particularly TV, coverage. Roche 1994.

“ “ “

A one-time major event that is generally of an international scale. [A major event is] a large-scale special event that is high in status or prestige and attracts a large crowd and wide media attention. … They are expensive to stage, attract funds to the region, lead to demand for associated services, and leave behind legacies. Jago and Shaw 1998. Significant national or global competitions that produce extensive levels of participation and media coverage and that often require large public investments into both event infrastructure, for example stadiums to hold the events, and general infrastructure, such as roadways, housing, or mass transit systems. Mills and Rosentraub 2013.

There is a considerable ambiguity about what makes an event a mega-event, but we can find some recurring topics like tourism, scale, media attention, economic impact, transformative and legacies. In that way we can create our own definition: A mega-event is an itinerant international scale event promoted by the media and attract mass tourism, with consequences for the host city, associated with the creation of infrastructure and event facilities that will remain as a legacy and had a transformative impact to the zone, and they are expensive to stage but often with a good economic influence. Now, we have a concept but how many mega events exist ?, This concept, determinated 5 criteria to choose some events to compare and select one as a mega event to develop, this 5 criteria are: •Criterion 1: event of an exceptional nature. •Criterion 2: attracting a large number of visitors. •Criterion 3: giving rise to large investments. •Criterion 4: involving lasting transformations in the city. •Criterion 5: receiving international media coverage. 11

Comparison First to analyze each of our five mega-event criteria, we are going to select the most important mega-events to be compared. The nature of the event determines the profile of those taking part and the degree of public involvement, among the events studied there is a distinction to be made between the cultural gatherings and the sports competitions, the first are based on encounter and exchange in the biggest sense, including the economic, social and religious aspects (Universal Exhibitions, international forums, Carnival, festival), the second are based on friendly competition between countries or professionals (Olympic Games, World Championships and Cups),this competitions also have a cultural dimension and usually host artistic events (parades, exhibitions, concerts, carnivals) to go with them (Sport are generally the most popular). The duration of the events varies from few days (three for the Rio Carnival) or weeks, to about a month (Shenyang, Football World Cup) or several (six months Expo) even a year (European capital of culture).

Selection To select a Mega-event to work as catalyze for a city, we compare the next seven events through named criteria, this events are: Universal Exhibitions, International Exhibitions, European Capital of Culture, Summer Olympic Games, Winter Olymoic Games, FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro Cup, this events were chosen since they fulfill the criteria and their characteristics of world events are: European Capital of Culture Is a city designated by the European Union which organizes a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension. Created in 1985 with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values, preparing a European Capital of Culture is an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural, social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration, change the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale for a period of one calendar year during. Universal Exhibitions Created in London 1851 and the convention (Bureau international des Expositions) in 1928, held every five year because they are expensive, and require total design of pavilion buildings from the ground up. As a result, nations compete for the most outstanding or memorable structure, encompass universal themes and the participants are required to adhere to the theme, in the past, universal exhibitions were showcases for avant-garde technology and architectural prowess -Eiffel Tower (Paris), Atomium (Brussels) but in the last years the themes of the exhibitions turned towards more humanistic, ecological and sustainable development issues, their duration may be between 6 weeks and 6 months and the size of the site is unlimited. International Exhibitions Can be held between two universal exhibitions, are usually smaller in scale and cheaper to run for the host committee and participants because they only have to rent the space from the host committee, usually with prefabricated structure already completed and the countries have the option of adding their own design to the outside and filling in the inside with their own content (pavilions may not exceed 1,000 m2), must have a single, specialized theme narrower than the wider scope of universal expositions, generally shorter in duration; between three weeks and three months.Their total surface area must not exceed 25 ha. 12

Logo of the Marseille-Provence European capital of culture2013

Logo of the Shangai World Expo 2010

Logo of the Yeosu International Expo 2012

Panoramic of the Milan EXPO 2015

FIFA World Cup The FIFA World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior men’s national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport’s global governing body.The championship has been awarded every four years since 1930, organized by one or more governments and take place in several cities, using a large number of stadiums. The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase(around the world), which currently takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase, 32 countries, including the automatically qualification host nation(s) and compete during about a month.

Logo of the Brazil FIFA World Cup 2014

Summer Olympic Games Created in 1896, organized by the International Olympic Committee, the Games are held every four years in a different place, it is a planetary sports event, and they include 28 sports and over 300 events with over 10,000 competitors from 205 nations. The Games are organized by a city and the competitions involve dozens venues like Olympic village, velodrome, aquatic center and an Olympic stadium and require a lot of organization and personal because all the events have to unfold in two weeks. UEFA European Championship Created in 1960, it was originally called the UEFA European Nations Cup, changed in 1968 held every four year, between World Cup tournaments, is the primary international football competition of the members of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA), determining the continental champion of Europe, are organized by one or more governments and take place in several cities, using a large number of stadiums.The competition involves a qualification phase, to determine 16 teams for the tournament phase, including the automatically qualification host nation(s), during almost a month. Winter Olympic Games The Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years since 1924, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate fouryear cycle and having a 2 years of difference, they include 15 sports and over 98 events with over 2800competitors from 88 nations. The host city must have very particular conditions to host the games, limiting the participation of cities and countries.

Logo of London Summer Olympic Games 2012

Logo of Poland-Ukraine UEFA Euro cup 2012

Logo of the Sochi Winter Olympic Games 2014

First Criterion: event of an exceptional nature The first criterion eliminate a lot of local events, that can be a very important to the host city but always are at the same city, this criteria eliminate events like: Rio de Janeiro and Venice carnivals, Oktoberfest (Munich), Magh Mela Festival (India), Mardi Gras (New Orleans), The Battle of the Oranges (Ivrea), Calle Ocho (Miami), Koninginnendag (Netherlands), Glastonbury Music Festival, San Fermin Festival (Pamplona), La Tomatina (BuĂąol), Lollapalooza (Chicago), Macyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Thanksgiving Day Parade (New York), Burning Man at Black Rock Desert (Nevada), Festival of Lights (Lyon) and others.

Roaming UEFA Championship

14 editions 14 differents countries European Capital of Culture

30 editions 26 differents countries Specializated Exposition

34 editions 18 differents countries Universal Exposition

34 editions 13 differents countries Summer Olympic Games

30 editions 23 differents countries Winter Olympic Games

22 editions 19 differents countries FIFA World Cup

20 editions 16 differents countries 14

Tree of life in construction, Milan Expo 2015

Criterion 2: attracting a large number of visitors The second criterion, one of the most important aspects of a mega-event is its role as mega-onslaught of visitors, the weight accorded to mega-events rooted in tourism and leisure studies, with this focus, scholars examined visitor numbers and some have suggested a minimum of one million visitors to make an event qualify as a mega-event (Marris, 1987). Measuring the number of visitors directly is difficult, because the absence of primary surveys or the reliability of then, the number of tickets sold can be a proxy for estimating attendance for ticketed events; however, this is an overestimation of the number of unique visitors, because many visitors can go to more than 1 competition. Despite these shortcomings, the number of tickets sold is the best proxy variable for visitor attractiveness for which data are available across a large number of events. UEFA Euro

European Capital of Culture

Specialized exposition

Universal exposition

Olympic Summer Games

Olympic Winter Games

FIFA world cup

Ukraine / Poland 2012

MarseilleProvence 2013

Yeosu 2012

Shanghai 2010

London 2012

Sochi 2014

Brazil 2014

1,440,896

15.400.000

8,203,956

73.000.000

8.200.000

1.100.000

2.961.911

356

183

60.037,3

42.191,8

44.830,4

398.907,1

512.500

68.750

95.545,6

Event

Case Tickets Duration Tickets/day

Table1, Tourism attraction

This demonstrates that even these largest of events differ substantially in the number of tickets sold. Expo 2010 in Shanghai is far ahead of the other events, this is due to its long duration of six months and the absence of a limited amount of seats, but when we compare the tickets for day, the Olympic summer games hand more than a half of million per day.

Tourism

UEFA Eurocup European Capital Of Culture Especialized Exposition Universal Exposition Summer Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games FIFA World Cup

The Olympic Stadium of London during the 7 day of the 2012 games

Criterion 3: giving rise to large investments The third criterion (economic impact) mega events also have an important input side: their costs. Mega-events are expensive to stage and require large public investments, even can carry long-term debts, typically cost hundreds of millions if not billions of US dollars, but the definitions also make clear that cost cannot be the only defining element for mega events, also this investment goes into infrastructure required for hosting the event (transport or venues), as well as the cost of organizing the event itself, (salaries, temporary overlays or security). A multitude of factors become dependent on each other, the organizational challenge is the time pressure and the close integration of projects, where if one deadline is missed, this has knock-on effects on several other projects. Thus, mega-events are prone to cost overruns.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

The more expensive an event, the more stakeholders with diverse demands and subcontractors with parallel projects across different sectors, from catering to IT and security, need to be coordinated Jennings, 2012.

It is important to point out that costs for the same event fluctuate between host cities and countries more than visitor numbers or the value of broadcasting rights, for example: The costs for the Winter Games increased from USD 7 billion in Vancouver in 2010 to USD 55 billion in Sochi 2014, almost eight times. Despite this fluctuation, costs differ widely between events in the sample, but none is below USD 1 billion.

UEFA Euro

European Capital of Culture

Specialized exposition

Universal exposition

Olympic Summer Games

Olympic Winter Games

FIFA world cup

Ukraine / Poland 2012

MarseilleProvence 2013

Yeosu 2012

Shanghai 2010

London 2012

Sochi 2014

Brazil 2014

Total cost

48 Billions

7 Billions

2 Billions

55 Billions

14 Billions

51 Billions

14 Billions

Infrastructure costs

33.5 Billions

5.6 Billions

1.5 Billions

45 Billions

11 Billions

3.6 Billions

4.9 Billions

Event

Case

FIFA President Blatter, the 64th FIFA Congress convened in Sao Paulo talking about budget

Table 2, Costs of the events

Costs

Billions Dollar

UEFA Euro Cup

European Specialized Universal Capital of ExhibiExhibiCulture tions tions,

Summer Olympic Games

Winter Olympic Games

FIFA World Cup

Infrastructure Costs Operational Costs

Criterion 4: involving lasting transformations in the city The fourth criterion (legacies) governing bodies such as the IOC (International Olympics committee) or FIFA encourage long-lasting transformative impacts under the label of ‘legacy’, to justify the multi-billion dollar spent on mega-events, this high outlays has an immediate impact on host cities and countries, as on the population as on the environment, upgrading sport and accommodation facilities, roads railway, metro lines even power station. Furthermore, most cities and countries aim to make strategic use of mega-events to develop infrastructure and push urban renewal, often through leveraging funds that would not be available otherwise

“

Those impacts, however, have often been negative, resulting, among other things, in the displacement of people, gentrification, the commercialisation of public space or environmental damage”. Gaffney, 2010.

One way to classify the transformative dimension of mega-events is to look at the construction costs in relation of the total costs. The infrastructure costs, includes infrastructure (transport, energy, ICT, accommodation, etc.) and the construction of venues and ancillary buildings (e.g. media centres, etc.), excluding operating costs (e.g. overlays, administration, security and technology). In all cases, capital investments surpass operating costs. In almost all the cases, construction costs are more than 70% of total cost. This is a clear indication of the transformative impact, to confront the events, we took the percentage of the construction cost in relation of the total costs, since a high total costs are often but not always associated with a high percentage of the transformative dimension. UEFA Euro

European Capital of Culture

Specialized exposition

Universal exposition

Olympic Summer Games

Olympic Winter Games

FIFA world cup

Ukraine / Poland 2012

MarseilleProvence 2013

Yeosu 2012

Shanghai 2010

London 2012

Sochi 2014

Brazil 2014

Event

Case

Total cost

48 Billions

7 Billions

2 Billions

55 Billions

14 Billions

51 Billions

14 Billions

Infrastructure

33.5 Billions

5.6 Billions

1.5 Billions

45 Billions

11 Billions

36 Billions

9 Billions

% of the total cost

78.5

Costs

Eiffel Tower legacy of the Universal Expo 1889

Table 3,Legacies

UEFA Eurocup European Capital Of Culture Especialized Exposition Universal Exposition Summer Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games FIFA World Cup

Criterion 5: receiving international media coverage In order to consume a mega-event, it is not essential to travel and live the experience, in fact, the wide-spread broadcasting of events since the 1980s, has meant that the vast majority of those who watch an event do so in front of a screen, becoming more salient in the 1990s, this increase make that large events are nowadays mediated rather than directly experienced, particularly TV, coverage and wide media attention are now considered central. Media coverage also plays a crucial role in forming place images, more than transmitting information, the media are instrumental for creating a celebratory atmosphere and emotional attachment to mega-events, turning them into the spectacles they are, also improve the event and build a city brand is one of the central goals of many mega-event hosts today, this is striking testimony to the evolution of the global attention economy, but also to the commercialization of large events. To evaluate this criterion, we took the media reach and the value of broadcasting rights, the mediated reach of mega-events partly correlates with the number of participants, also shows how the tracing of the event and the value of broadcasting rights can function as an alternative proxy for measuring the importance of broad casting, because anticipated global reach puts a price tag on viewerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention, thus reflecting the mediated commercial value of the event. UEFA Euro

European Capital of Culture

Specialized exposition

Universal exposition

Olympic Summer Games

Olympic Winter Games

FIFA world cup

Ukraine / Poland 2012

MarseilleProvence 2013

Yeosu 2012

Shanghai 2010

London 2012

Sochi 2014

Brazil 2014

51 countries

28 countries

106 countries

192 countries

204 countries

88 countries

204 countries

1.076

48,1

-----*

------*

2.569

1.280

1.700

Event

Case Participation Broadcast right millions

A Camera woman during the London Olympic Games

Table 4, Media coverage * The Bureau International des Expositions, does not market broadcasting rights. of Expos

Media

UEFA Eurocup European Capital Of Culture Especialized Exposition Universal Exposition Summer Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games FIFA World Cup

UEFA Eurocup

Synthesis Having plotted each of the criteria, they are unified in a pentagonal graph to see the balance as a mega - event and compare them across the area that they occupy. To compare graphically the 5 criteria were transformed them into a percentage where; itinerancy value pulled 70% depending on the event with the greatest variety of host countries and the remaining 30 % divided by 5% for each continent that the event has taken place (dividing America in north and south). Tourism calculated 100% depending on the event with the largest number of entries per day , 100 % of the cost was calculated by placing a limit of 100 billion ( been this 0% ) , legacy and media were already expressed on a 100 %. This shows that between the 7 events compared that better meets the 5 conditions is primarily the Olympics summer games, followed by the Universal Exhibition, FIFA World Cup , Winter Olympic Games, UEFA Euro cup and European Capital Of Culture. That is indeed the reason why we decided chose to work with the mega event: Summer Olympics. UEFA Euro

European Capital of Culture

Specialized exposition

Universal exposition

Olympic Summer Games

Olympic Winter Games

FIFA world cup

Ukraine / Poland 2012

MarseilleProvence 2013

Yeosu 2012

Shanghai 2010

London 2012

Sochi 2014

Brazil 2014

Roaming

48%

84%

70%

65%

95%

19%

16%

Tourism

12%

78%

100%

13%

19%

Costs

52%

93%

98%

45%

86%

49%

86%

Legacies

70%

85%

75%

82%

78.5%

70%

64%

Media

24%

07%

26%

47%

100%

43%

94%

Event

Case

European Capital Of Culture

Especialized Exposition

Universal Exposition

Table 5 Media coverage

Mega-Event criterion Summer Olympic Games

Roaming

Winter Olympic Games

Media

Tourism

FIFA World Cup

Legacies

Costs

Ancient Olympics History

The modern Olympic Games are not only a mere sports celebration; they have developed an inclusive set of ideas, known as Olympism, inherited from a cultural and spiritual legacy by their Greek ancestors. Olympia was the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games in 776 BC, they continued to be celebrated when Greece came under Roman rule, until Emperor Theodosius I decreed in 393 AD in which all such â&#x20AC;&#x153;pagan cultsâ&#x20AC;? be banned, to impose Christianity as the state religion of Rome. The O.G were closely linked to the religious festivals of cult to Zeus, that according to myths, Zeus, fought and defeated Cronus in a struggle for the throne of the gods. Finally, the demigod Herakles is mentioned who staged sport games in Olympia in honour of Zeus, because the latter had helped him conquer Elis when he went to war against Augeas. The games became a political tool used by city-states to assert dominance over their rivals and aimed to show the physical qualities and evolution of the performances accomplished by young people, as well as encouraging good relations between the cities of Greece, announce political alliances, and in times of war as a parenthesis.

Discus throw: Bronze disk was launched, whose weight varied according to the athleteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age.

Greco-Roman wrestling whose aim was to overthrow the opponent by grabbing him.

Through the 12 centuries of the Olympic Games, many free male Greek athletes competed, their Olympic victories immortalised them, some surpassed all limits and became legends by winning in successive Olympic Games and remaining at the forefront of their sport for more than a decade. In the course of the Ancient O.G. the city was combined in a site of unique natural and mystical beauty with imposing temples, votive buildings, elaborate shrines and ancient sporting facilities, even the statue of Zeus at Olympia was built and counted as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Olympic Games were a series of athletic competitions included running, long jump, shot put, javelin, boxing, pankration (combining wrestling and boxing) and equestrian events, among representatives of city-states and one of Ancient Greece, were initially a one-day event until 684 BC, when they were extended to three days. In the 5th century B.C., the Games were extended again to cover five days. The Games were celebrated every four years, or olympiad, which became a unit of time in historical chronologies.

Sprint: The more simlple race, , consisted in 192m in a sandy soil.

Long jump: The athletes taking momentum and jumped, sometimes with weights in their hands, the winner was who go further.

On the III century the Games suffered a progressive decline, with Greece under the Roman rule and the Christianity adoption as official religion of the empire, the Games existed until Teodosio I who declared the prohibition in 393AC naming them pagans games.

Javelin throw: where is valuted the arrival distance.

Chariot race was once of the most dangereous and important games, where the charioteer was stood up on the cart with the reins in the left hand and the whip in the right

Modern Olympics At the present time

The modern Olympic Games are the most important international sport event feature in summer and winter competitions where thousands of athletes from around the world participate with more than 200 nations. The Summer and Winter Olympic Games are held every four years, alternated for two years apart.Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games in XIX century, when Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894. The purpose of the Olympic Movement is to promote the practice of sport all over the world and disseminate the Olympic values. The Olympic Games have had a great development during the XX and XXI centuries resulting in several changes to them. Some of these include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for ice and winter sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with disability, and the Youth Olympic Games for teenage athletes. Women made their Olympic debut at the 1900 Games in Paris (France), in tennis and golf. Subsequently, over the course of the century, they gained access to more and more sports. The Olympics started as an amateurism competition in line with Pierre de Coubertinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wishes until 1984 when the IOC abolished this rule and now have several requirements on sport improvement allowing just professional athletes to participate. Due to World wars the Olympic Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944, were cancelled and it has suffered large boycotts during the Cold War limiting participation in the 1980 and 1984 Games. The decision-making body is the IOC (International Olympic Committee) responsible for choosing the host city and organizing each Games. They also determine the Olympic program, consisting of the sports to be contested at the Games. The symbols and rituals of the Olympics consists on the Olympic Flag and the Olympic Torch as well as the opening and closing ceremonies. More than 13,000 athletes compete at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games in 33 different sports and nearly 400 events. The first, second, and third-place finishers in each event receive Olympic medals: gold, silver, and bronze, respectively.

The oppening ceremony torchs from London 2012, with a torch for each country that partipate on the games

Nearly every country is now represented in the Games thanks to the development had in the passed years. The Games are also an opportunity for the host city and country to show themselves to the world. For the first time certain community services were provided: a hospital, a fire station and a post office. In the early days women stayed in hotels, not the Olympic Village. It was not until the 1956 Games in Melbourne that the Olympic Village was open to both sexes. WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES The Olympic Games trough time has also developed different versions, the most important is the Summer Olympic Games, been held for the first time in Athens in 1.896, then in Paris 1.900 and Saint Louis in 1.904. The winter games held snow and ice sports and were created in 1.921 in an Olympic Council at Lausanne, and the first games were held in Chamonix, France, at the same year than the Summer Olympics and the same country, an idea that was quickly abandoned. The year 1.992 was the first in organized only the Summer Games, separating the Winter Games by a period of 2 years, with the same 4 years between each Winter Games.

Alpean skiing Women in Sochi for Winter Olympic Games 2014

PARALYMPIC GAMES In 1.948 Sir Ludwig Guttmann determined a rehabilitation program for soldiers after the World War, organizing a competition between hospitals to coincide with the Olympic Games in London, after known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, which continue for 12 years, when in 1.960 the same Guttmann took more than 400 soldiers to the Olympics in Rome where a Parallel Games had been organized, becoming the first Paralympic Games. Since that event, the Paralympic occurred every Olympic year, hosted by the same city which organized the Summer Games till 1.988 with the Seoul Games. In 2.001 the IOC (International Olympic Committee) and the IPC (International Paralympic Committee) signed an agreement guaranteeing the cooperation between the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games being organized in the same city. The agreement became effective for the first time in 2.008 in the Summer Games at Beijing and the Winter Games at Vancouver.

The London 2012 Paralympic Games

Symbols

Evolution

The symbols used by the Olympics Games were created to transmit the meaning and the values of Olympism in a simple and direct manner, giving to the Games and the Olympic Movement an identity, reinforcing the idea that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join. Among these symbols are the rings, the motto and the flame. The Olympic rings The primary symbol of the Olympic Games is composed of five rings that represent the five continents colored blue, yellow, black, green, and red. They are interlaced to show the universality of Olympism and the meeting of the athletes of the world during the Olympic Games. The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, according to him, the ring colors with the white background stand for those colors that appeared on all the national flags that competed in the Olympic games at that time. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium in 1920. where the Olympic flag represents the union of the five regions of the world after the war and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, it is a misconception, therefore, to believe that each of the colours corresponds to a certain continent. The Olympic motto A motto is a phrase which sums up a life philosophy or a code of conduct to follow. The Olympic motto is made up of three Latin words: Citius, Altius, Fortius, (faster, higher, stronger). These three words will encourage the athlete to give his or her best during competition and affirm that the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but to have fought well. The motto was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin on the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894, representing his ideal and promoted as an important life lesson that could be gained from participation in sport and the Olympic Games and introduced in 1924 during the Olympic Games in Paris.

General view of the Official Olympic Flag

CITIUS ALTIUS FORTIUS

The Olympic flame The tradition of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936, the ritual start with the lighting in memory of the ancient origins, the flame is lit in Olympia (Greece) some months before the opening of the Games with the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rays. The relay route, a new torch is created for each edition of the Games. The torch is then taken out of Greece and taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people, each relay runner carries his or her own torch: it is the flame which is passed from runner to runner and which cannot be extinguished. Some unusual times the flame being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976, or submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000, or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014. On the final day of the torch relay, the day of the Opening Ceremony, the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games. Maria Sharapova with the Sochi olympic torch

1896 ATHENS, Greece

1912 STOCKHOLM, Sweden

1928 AMSTERDAM, The Netherlands

Dates: from 6 to 15 April 1896. Events: 43 Countries: 14 Participants: 241 athletes (men only)

Dates: from 5 May to 27 July 1912 Events: 102 Countries: 28 Participants: 2,407 athletes (2,359 men, 48 women)

Dates: from 17 May to 12 August 1928 Events: 109 Countries: 46 Participants: 2,883 Athletes (2,606 men, 277 women)

Inspired by the ruins of Olympia the first Games of the Olympiad took place in its ancient birthplace of Athens where were financed by donations and by the sale of souvenir stamps and medals.

For the first time, competitors in the Games came from all five continents. The Swedish hosts introduced the first Olympic use of automatic timing devices for the track events, the photo finish, a public address system(loudspeaker system) and module-based artificial turf: Sweden had the longest race of any kind in Olympic history for the cycling road, race was 320km and refused to allow boxing tournaments to take place within its territory. As a result the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided, after the Games, to limit the power of the host city insofar concerning the choose of the Olympic program.

For the first time, the Olympic flame was lit at the top of a tower within the stadium. It remained lit throughout the Games. At this stage, the Olympic Torch Relay had not yet been invented, at the Opening Ceremony; the team from Greece led the Parade of Nations, with the host Dutch team marching in last. Greece-first, hosts-last had been the Olympic protocol since the first Olympics. They had the first permanent giant scoreboard erected in order to publish the results more quickly and the presentation of medals took place on the final day of the Games for the last time.

Did not take place because of WWII. Planned location: London (Great Britain), Other candidate cities: Detroit (USA), Lausanne (Switzerland) and Rome (Italy).

1904 ST. LOUIS, USA

1920 ANTWERP, Belgium

1936 BERLIN, Germany

Dates: from 1 July to 23 November 1904 Events: 91 Countries: 12 Participants: 651 athletes (645 men, 6 women)

Dates: from 20 April to 12 September 1920 Events: 154 Countries: 29 Participants: 2,626 athletes (2,561 men, 65 women)

Dates: from 1 to 16 August 1936 Events: 129 Countries: 49 Participants: 3,963 athletes (3,632 - 331 women)

Dates: from 19 July to 3 August 1952 Events: 149 Countries: 69 Participants: 4,955 athletes (4,436 men, 519 women)

Chicago was initially chosen to host the Games of the III Olympiad but the IOC decided to transfer the Games to St. Louis in 1902 because it was also hosting the Universal Exhibition. Unfortunately the Games repeated all the mistakes of 1900, lasted almost five months, numerous events were not labeled “Olympic“ and the athletes often competed as individuals who were not really linked to an international team.After 1904, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, Pierre de Coubertin, swore never again to organize the Olympic Games alongside a fair. This Games were the first at which gold, silver and bronze medals were awarded for first, second and third place.

The 1920 Games were awarded to Antwerp to honor the suffering that had been inflicted on the Belgian people during the war.The Opening Ceremony stood out for various reasons: first use at an Olympic Games of the Olympic flag with the five entwined rings, created by Baron de Coubertin; first time that a competitor took the Olympic oath and also the Olympic motto `Citius, Altius, Fortius’ (Swifter, Higher, Stronger); for the first time doves were released as a symbol of peace, and for the first time, only the National Olympic Committees could enroll participants.

The 1936 Games in Berlin had an unwelcome political dimension driven by Hitler, to prove his theories on the superiority of the Aryan race. Much new construction were involved in the process of preparation, leaving a much wider impact on the urban fabric than previous Games; the Berlin Games were large-scale, sumptuous and spectacular, selling more than four million tickets. These Games also witnessed the introduction of the Olympic Torch Relay. The flame is carried from Olympia to the site of the Games, and as well the first to be broadcast on television.

The 1952 Games in Helsinki had the first Olympic “theme park”, foreshadowing the rise of the Olympic tourist industry, a change in the rules for equestrian competitions allowed women not only to enter, but also mixed and replacing the art competition by exhibitions. Were also regarded as the last Games conducted by the original Olympic ideas, where amateurism and chauvinism had not been disturbed by professionalism, commercialism and political antagonism.

1900 PARIS, France

GAMES OF THE VI OLYMPIAD

Dates: from 14 May to 28 October 1900 Events: 95 Countries: 24 Participants: 997 athletes (975 men, 22 women)

1932 LOS ANGELES, USA

Paris also hosted the International Universal Exhibition, and the Games became part of the World’s Fair. The Games were spread over five months and there were no real opening and closing ceremonies, the chaos reign during the games, even one point athletes from different nations competed on the same team. In other hand the Women made their Olympic debut in tennis and golf.

Did not take place because of WWI. The city of Berlin was awarded to host the next edition of the Games, although World War I made it impossible for plans to proceed. The Games proved their resilience. The 1916 celebration remained in Olympic history as the Games of the VI Olympiad

Dates: from 30 July to 14 August 1932 Events: 117 Countries: 37 Participants: 1,332 athletes (1,206 - 126 women) Despite the Depression and the geographical isolation of California (participation in the Games was the lowest since 1904) Los Angeles Games of 1932 continued the trend of expansion in developing Olympic venues: not only with the 105,000-seat Memorial Coliseum, but also in the birth of the first communal facilities for athletes: male athletes were accommodated in a single Olympic village (the women were staying in hotels). At the medal presentation ceremonies, the winners stepped onto podiums and their countries’ flags were raised and Los Angeles also modified the competition program to 16 days, which has remained the approximate duration to the present day.

1908 LONDON, Great Britain

1924 PARIS, France

GAMES OF THE XII OLYMPIAD

Dates: from 27 April to 31 October Events: 110 Countries: 22 Participants: 2,008 athletes (1,971 men, 37 women)

Dates: from 4 May to 27 July 1924. Events: 126 Countries: 44 Participants: 3,089 athletes (2,954 men, 135 women)

Were originally awarded to Rome, but were reassigned to London when it became apparent that Rome would not be ready due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1906, despite the change, the Olympic Games was one of the best organized to date, for the first time, a sports venue was created especially for the Olympics: the White City Stadium, and swimming events did not take place in the open water, the stadium was widely criticized for its over-inclusive configuration but marked the start of Olympic design and development, this Games were starting to become known around the globe and athletes all over the world wanted to compete.

This Games signaled the acceptance of the Games as a major event with widespread appeal, thanks to the appearance of radio broadcasting, which subsequently attracted 1,000 journalists and more than 625,000 spectators and the big participation of 44 countries. On this Games tennis appeared last time until 1988 and the first attempt of an Olympic village. Also at the Closing Ceremony, the practice of raising three flags (one for the IOC, one for the host country and one for the host country of the next edition of the Games) was introduced.

GAMES OF THE XIII OLYMPIAD

1952 HELSINKI, Finland

1948 LONDON, Great Britain Dates: from 29 July to 14 August 1948 Events: 136 Countries: 59 Participants: 4,104 athletes (3,714 men, 390 women) The London Games broke 12-years of absence, characterized by war austerity, the London Games were the first to be shown on home television, although very few people in Great Britain actually owned sets. Many countries, including Burma, Ceylon, Lebanon, Puerto Rico, Syria and Venezuela, were represented for the first time. On the other hand, there were no athletes from Japan, Germany or the USSR. Starting blocks for athletes in sprint races were introduced and the Empire Pool was the first covered Olympic pool to be used at the Games.

1956 MELBOURNE, Australia Dates: from 22 November to 8 December 1956 Events: 145 Countries: 67 Participants: 3,155 athletes (2,791 men, 364 women)

Did not take place because of WWII. Planned location: initially Tokyo (Japan) but, because of the Sino-Japanese conflict, the Games were reassigned to Helsinki (Finland).

The first in the southern hemisphere; they were also the only Summer Games staged in two different countries; because the equine quarantine law was too strict to allow the entry of foreign horses into Australia, in that way the equestrian events took place in Stockholm, also had the first Games boycott provoked by the invasion on Hungary by the USSR and the Suez Crisis caused several nations to withdraw. During the Closing Ceremony the athletes entered the stadium together instead of in alphabetical order, as a symbol of global unity and the two Germanys (West and East) took part as a combined team.

1972 MUNICH, Germany

1988 SEOUL, Republic of Korea

2004 ATHENS, Greece

Dates: 26 August to 11 September 1972 Events: 195 Countries: 121 Participants: 7,134 athletes (6,075 - 1,059)

Dates: from 17 September to 2 October 1988 Events: 237 Countries: 159 Participants: 8,391 athletes (6,197 - 2,194) Mascot: Hodori (a tiger). Despite a boycott by North Korea (joined by Cuba, Ethiopia and Nicaragua) which had wanted to co-host the Games, this edition had the most participants in Olympic history. The 1988 Games in Seoul focused on urban transformation of the Chamsil area. Here developments emphasized the improvement of urban environment quality, especially the remediation of neglected areas rather than promotion of new Greenfield development.

Dates: from 12 to 28 August 2004 Events: 301 Countries: 201 Participants: 10,625 athletes (6,296 - 4,329) Mascots: Phevos and his sister, Athena. The Games returned to its birthplace, using the ancient stadium in Olympia, the Panathenaic Stadium that was used for the 1896 while the marathon was staged on the historic route. The Olympic Torch Relay was the first relay in the history of the Games to cross the five continents,. These games represented the end of the evolutionary cycle of the modern Olympic Movement. Compared to 108 years earlier, the nature and magnitude of the Olympic Games had dramatically changed, becoming too large and too expensive to be staged in cities of moderate size such as Athens; further, the security costs have increased since the terrorist attack of 09/11.

The 11 days of these Games were perhaps the greatest Olympic festival ever, on the morning of 5 September, the Games were interrupted when eight Palestinian terrorists, representing the militant group Black September, broke into the Olympic Village, taking as hostages, then killing, 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team.The Olympic Games were suspended for 34 hours and a memorial service for the victims held in the main stadium. The flags of all the nations flew at half-staff.

1964 TOKYO, Japan Dates: from 10 to 24 October 1964 Events: 163 Countries: 93 Participants: 5,151 athletes (4,473 - 678) The 1964 Tokyo Games were the first organized in Asia. The Japanese highlighted their success in reconstructing their country after WWII by choosing as the last torchbearer Yashinori Sakai, who was born in Hiroshima on the same day that the city was destroyed by an atomic bomb, as a call for world peace. The Tokyo Games saw worldwide satellite broadcasts and the utilization of the recently invented computer in the Games management system. Furthermore a cinder running track was used for the last time in the athletics events besides the first appearance of a team sport for women- volleyball

1980 MOSCOW, USSR

1996 ATLANTA, USA

Dates: from 19 July to 3 August 1980 Events: 203 Countries: 80 Participants: 5,179 athletes (4,064 - 1,115) Mascot: Misha (a bear). The Olympic Games came to be viewed as major investments with considerable risks. Although the scale was still increasing, Moscow was the only candidate, the Olympic Games are held in a socialist country for the first time ever. They were disrupted by another boycott, led by U.S. to protest the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Only 80 countries (the fewest since 1956) took part in it, some governments, like those of Great Britain and Australia, supported the boycott but allowed the athletes to decide for themselves whether to go, instead U.S. athletes, were threatened to have their passport revoket.

Dates: from 19 July to 4 August 1996 Events: 271 Countries: 197 Participants: 10,318 athletes (6,806 - 3,512) Mascot: Izzy (original name “Whatizit”) The Centennial Games of 1996 should have been a celebrated anniversary for the modern Olympic Movement, however, on 27 July tragedy struck when a terrorist bomb exploded, killing 2 people and 110 were injured, as well as the lack of major investment in Atlanta’s infrastructure, partly as a result of financial regulations, resulted in criticism of the transportation, logistics and security arrangements, ended in some disappointment. Also it was the first to eliminate the demonstration sports from the Games. On the other hand for the first time, all the recognized National Olympic Committees were at the Games and launched an appeal for the observance of the Olympic Truce.

2020 TOKYO, Japan Dates: from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Countries: Participants: Events:

2012 LONDON, Great Britain Dates: from 27 July to 12 August 2012 Events: 302 Countries: 204 Participants: 10,568 athletes (5,892 - 4,675) Mascot: Wenlock The 2012 Games came to London for the third time, with high expectations for exploitation of the sustainability agenda and a focus on legacy impacts (the main focus was a new 200-hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London). The Games received widespread acclaim for their organization, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. The opening ceremony, received widespread acclaim throughout the world and for the first time, so that every country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games.

1968 MEXICO CITY, Mexico

1984 LOS ANGELES, USA

2000 SYDNEY, Australia

2016 RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil

Dates: from 12 to 27 October 1968 Events: 172 Countries: 112 Participants: 5,516 athletes (4,735 men, 781 women) The City altitude (2,300m) proved an advantage in explosive events and disastrous in endurance events and for the civic opposition, during the medal presentation ceremony black American athletes in an act of racial protest, raised a black-gloved fist when their country’s national anthem was played, they were firsts the first Games held in Latin America; a woman lit the Olympic flame; winners underwent doping controls; and the synthetic material Tartan was used for the athletics track.

Dates: from 28 July to 12 August 1984 Events: 221 Countries: 140 Participants: 6,829 athletes (5,263 - 1,566) Mascot: Sam (an eagle). After the terrorist attack in 1972 and the financial disaster of 1976, Los Angeles had emerged as the only viable location for 1984, allowing a more flexible operational strategy, increasing of television rights revenue, establishing of the Olympic Programs, which guaranteed exclusive worldwide advertising/marketing opportunities. The use of existing facilities avoided great capital expenditure and the creation of the Olympic volunteers, were the first since 1896 to be staged without government financing, becoming a model for future Games. Although a revenge boycott led by the Soviet Union, 140 Nations took part, producing a profit of millions, inspiring many potential host cities.

Dates: from 15 September to 1 October 2000 Events: 300 Countries: 199 Participants: 10,651 athletes (6,582 - 4,069) Mascots: Syd, Millie and Olly The last Games of the twentieth century was prominently featured concerns for environmental sustainability issues. Under the influence of the IOC’s new policy, Sydney had developed a set of ‘green’ guidelines, to govern the development of Olympic facilities, as the Olympic precinct at Homebush Bay was intended to act as a benchmark for eco-sensitive design. In this opportunity four athletes from East Timor took part under the Olympic flag and north and South Korea paraded together under the same flag and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), an independent body, was at the Games to monitor all the procedures followed by the International Olympic Committee.

Dates: from 05 to 21 August 2016 Events: 306 Countries: 70 qualified (205+ expected) Participants: Mascot:Vinicius (mixture of the different animals)

1960 ROME, Italy Dates: from 25 August to 11 September 1960 Events: 150 Countries: 83 Participants: 5,338 athletes, (4,727 - 611 women) From the 1960s forward, Olympic urban development extended far from the provision of sports facilities to more comprehensive urban schemes, joining sport, culture, history and great investment made in upgrading public transportation systems, water supply infrastructure, urban road networks and street aesthetics. Was the first to play the official Olympic Anthem and sold for the first time the television rights (becoming the principal income source for the IOC and the LOC). They broadcast live in 18 European countries and delay with few hours in the USA, Canada and Japan.

1976 MONTREAL, Canada Dates: from 17 July to 1 August 1976 Events: 198 Countries: 92 Participants: 6,084 athletes (4,824 - 1,260) Mascot: Amik (a beaver) There were 2 negative effect of this games, the first was an African boycott involving 22 countries, organized by Tanzania to protest the fact that the New Zealand rugby team had toured apartheid South Africa and the country was scheduled to compete in the Olympic Games. The second, the Games had a poor economic outcome, resulting from over-ambitious construction plans and resulted in an exceptional debt, therefore, Montreal prompted economic reforms in later Games, such as the introduction of a global sponsorship program and public—private-sector partnerships

1992 BARCELONA, Spain Dates: from 25 July to 9 August 1992 Events: 257 Countries: 169 Participants: 9,356 athletes (6,652 - 2,704) Mascot: Cobi (a dog). For the first time since 1972, the Games were boycott-free, due to important global political changes. Apartheid was abolished in South Africa, and then there was the fall of the Berlin wall and the reunification of West and East Germany, as well as North and South Yemen. Communism was wiped out in the Soviet Union and the USSR was divided into 15 separate countries, also Yugoslavia was divided into several republics. The 1992 Games focused on urban transformation of the seafront of Poblenou in Barcelona. This areas were transformed from declining neighborhoods to thriving Olympic parklands and residential quarters and capitalized on the Olympics to showcase their culture and identity.

2008 BEIJING, China Dates: from 8 to 24 August 2008 Events: 302 Countries: 204 Participants: 10,942 athletes, (6,305 - 4,637) Mascot: Huanhuan the Olympic flame. Beijing marked a further highpoint in terms of size and impact.The Opening Ceremony was unforgettable; the athletes’ achievements were astonishing, the organization was excellent; several hundred million watched worldwide on TV as more than 40 world records and over 130 Olympic records were broken by the 204 countries athletes that took part in the Beijing Olympic Games, as well as the National Stadium “Bird’s Nest”, and the National Swimming Centre “Water Cube”, were avant-garde models of sports architecture and the symbols of the new Beijing. Six of the sports facilities located on the city’s university campuses will be used by students after the Games.

Location of the games

This map shows the countries where the Summer Olympic Games have been staged, (in dark green) and in light green the countries that have been staged more than 1

World map with the countries that have been hosted a summer olympic games

Location of the games

This map is showing the countries that boycotted the 1976 (Dark green), 1980 (light green), and 1984 (acquamarine) and in grey the countries that had participated from 1976 to 1980.

Olympic Program The Olympic Games are seen as an assemblage of many individual sport champion-ships attracting many competitors and fans, but the development and content of the Olympic program has in fact changed many times since 1896 to the present day. Initially, Olympic host cities provided sports premises to satisfy the basic requirements of competitions where the venues were simple, small in number, often without formal settings and provided temporary accommodation for the delegations, with the passing of the years, the quantity and quality of sports and other supporting facilities increased, affecting the scale and structure of Olympic architecture from basic surroundings of simple sport fields, to high-specification and energy-intensive complexes, because the shift of many sports from natural, outdoor settings into artificial, indoor environments or the specification of sports facility types so that more and more special arenas were added to the Olympic architectural family, encouraging development of more expensively constructed, energy-intensive and operationally complicated sports halls.

“

Currently, the IOC deals with at least 31 different types of venues in accommodating the 28 main types of sport (35 including sub-categories) and 300 events composing a Summer Olympic Games (IOC, 2004).

These main 28 Olympic sports can be classified into three groups: • Basic physical exertions: are the oldest sport disciplines tracing back to the early ages of human civilization such as running, swimming, throwing, jumping, weightlifting, canoeing, rowing and sailing. • Physical exercise related to military or fighting activities: most of these sports have ancient military origins but adapted to new competitive rules including archery, shooting, fencing, equestrianism, boxing, wrestling, judo and taek won do. • Modern sports related to public amusement and sport spectacle: most of these games are mainly ball games and played by teams rather than individual players like football, basketball, baseball, softball, handball, volleyball, hockey, badminton, lawn tennis and table tennis. Accommodation facilities Venue type Olympic Village Other Villages Olympic Family Youth camp Total Total

Accommodation Architectural area (m²) 300.000 200.000 10.000 10.000 700.000

Services Architectural Estimated (ha) Venue type area (m²) 60 IBC 50.000 25 MPC 40.000 5 OCOG 40.000 7 Other services 50.000 97 Total 180.000 Units 40-41, land 386 ha min

Estimated (ha) 3 2 2 2 9

Table 6, Accommodation facilities taken from COI

Competition facilities Venue type

Indoor No. of Estimatunits ed (ha)

Badminton Basketball Boxing

1 1 1

3 4 1.5

Cycling velodrome Fencing Gymnastic

1 1

1.5 3

Gymnastic rhythmic Handball Judo/Wrestling Swimming Table tennis Tae kwon do Weightlifting Volleyball Total

Training facilities

Outdoor Venue type No. of units Archery field 1 Athletics 1 Baseball 2(1 main) Canoeing/Rowing 1 Canoeing slalom Equestrian complex Football

2 6 Hockey complex 1 1.5 Shooting range 1 or 2 5 Sailing port 1 1.5 Softball 1 1.5 Tennis complex 1 1.5 Volleyball beach 1 4 15 or 41 Total 16 Units 80, land 20 ha min

Estimated (ha) 5 8 5+4 75

1 1

15 2

4(1 main) 1 1 1 1 1 1

8+4+ 4+4 10 30 15 3 4 3

217

Table 7, Competitions facilities taken from COI

Certain sustainability issues are investigated with a focus on the function, structure and environmental impacts. Overall it is possible to identify four main driving factors behind the evolution of venues: • the development of the sports •

improvement in venues’ required service level

•

marketing and economic interests

•

Environmental imperatives.

The range of sports included depends on several factors and there is always pressure for wider coverage, this main 28 summer Olympic sports and the Games at which they were included as men’s and/or women’s events. A number of other sports were staged only at early Summer Olympic Games (pre 1936), such as cricket, croquet, golf and lacrosse.

Symbol of the Olympic Sports for the 2016 Olympic Games

Sport

Competition Venue no. 1

Training site no.

Minimun Capacity 4.000

Olympic Days no. 6

60.000

8-10

5.000

8 Varies

Archery Athetics (Ceremony) Marathon R ace walking

2 (1 warn- up) 1 Urban course 1 Urban course

3-6

Badminton

1 (8 courts)

1(2 rings) 1

1(12 talls) 1

8.000 P: 8.000 F:12.000 6.000 8.000

1 regatta course

10.000

1 1 circuit 1 natural course

1 2 -

5.000 1.000 2.000

6 2-3 2

Basketball Boxing Canoeing Slalom Canoeing Flat-water Cycling Track Cycling Road Cycling Mountain Equestrian

Venue spetial feature Track surface is synthetic, warn-up venue is close to main stadium Wood flooring h:(>12m), lx:(>1.200lux) Ref. Badminton

Track surface (smooth)

16 15 5

11 areas

12.000

Fencing

1 2(1 warn- up) (4 pistes each)

1 24 pistes

P:2.000 F:4.000

9-11

Football

P:20.000 F:50.000

Men:18 Women:14

Gymnastic Artistic Gymnastic Rhythmic Gymnastic trampoline

1 1 1

13 6 2

12.000 5.000 5.000

8 4 2

Handball

P:5.000 F:8.000

Hockey

1(2 fields)

2 fields

1st 8.000 2nd 5.000

16 mats

Temp: 18-20 ยบC

Modern Pentathlon

1 1 Shooting/fencing 1swimming 1Ride/run

Rowing Shooting Sailing Softball Swimming Diving Water Polo Synchronised

1 Regatta course 1 1(5 areas) 1 10 lanes 1 pool 2 pools 1 pool

1min 1 2 fields 32 lanes 1 pool 4 pools 4 pools

Table Tennis

1(2 fieds)

Tennis

Triathlon Volleyball indoor Volleyball beach Weightlifting Wrestling

1 1 1 1 1

1 4 2 2 2

Judo

Tae Kwon Do

Close warn-up venue h:(>)15m, lx:(>1.100lux)

15 6.000 3.000 12.000 10.000

lx: (>15.000lux) Strict dimensions Water temp: 26 ยบC lx: >1.500lux

20.000-30.000 3.000 0 8.000 12.000 5.000 5.000 5.000

8 9 11 9 16

wooden flooring Temp: <25 ยบC lx:>1.500lux

5.000

10-12

5.000

2.000 12.000 12.000 5.000 6.000

2 16 1 10 16

Court surface approved lx: >1.000lux Ref. Badminton

Table 8, Competitions requirements taken from COI

How to bid

Host the Olympic Games is a unique and complex project that also offers diverse benefits and opportunities, for the city and the community, but also requires many years of careful and precise planning, with all of the relevant organizations, authorities and stakeholders working together. The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the Games, for this reason one of the most important decisions is “the election of the host city for the Olympic Games” in line with the requirements of the Olympic Charter.

“

The national government of the country of any applicant city must submit to the IOC a legally binding instrument by which the said government undertakes and guarantees that the country and its public authorities will comply with and respect the Olympic Charter” (33.3Olympic Charter)

The processes are complicated, every set of Games is different, but in general each bidding host city must describe how it will provide the necessary infrastructure as part of the process to win the bid. The host city election

IOC session

The host city election takes place seven years before the Games, but the actual bid process is launched 10 years before and lasts for a period of three years, split into three phases (each lasting approximately one year) and is governed by the Olympic Charter. 1. Phase I: Invitation Phase 2.

Phase II : Applicant Phase

Phase III: Candidature Phase

Then, the phase III finish with the election of the host city and start the 7 years to build the plan created during the 3 years before, this 7 years of preparation, the host city enters in the Management stage, that is only to supervise the build venues for the Games, when the Olympics games starts, the city enter in the evaluation stage to watch the development of the games and learn to the future games. 4. Election of the Host City 5.

The management stage

The evaluation stage

IOC invites National Olympic Committees (NOCs) to declare interest in bidding 10 years before the Olympic Games

Acceptance of Candidate Cities By IOC Executive Board

Cities put forward by respective NOCs asApplicant Cities 9 years before Olympic Games

Applicant Phase

Invitation Phase IOC provides individual workshops to potencial bidders

Cities

submit

IOC information nar for Applicant

application semiCities

Candidate Vities Submit Candidature file to IOC

IOC Evaluatio Commission visits Candidate Cities

Candidature Phase file

IOC

Candidate City workshops held by IOC Cities participate in the Observer Programme during the Olympic Games depending on timing this can be in either the Applicant or Candidature phase Election of host city BY IOC members

Publication of IOC Evaluation Commission report

Olympic Games 7 years

3 years

Final presentation by candidate Cities

Candidate City Briefing for IOC members

From candidate to host city, process, to be apply for the first time for 2024 Olympic

Phase I: Invitation Phase The IOC has introduced the Invitation Phase where NOCs are invited to declare their interest in bidding to the IOC, this phase is created for the potential applicant city to explore the viability of a bid before official submission. For any city, a good introduction to the process comes from the many published Olympic documents; fortunately, the IOC provides a range of services to NOCs and cities which are interested in bidding. Such as provision of materials sharing of best practices, individual workshops and assisting the cities in understanding Games’ needs to put together a solid project that best meets the city’s long-term development needs. 1.2 Any application to host Olympic Games must be submitted to the IOC by the competent public authorities of the applicant city together with the approval of the NOC of the country. Such authorities and the NOC must guarantee that the Olympic Games will be organised to the satisfaction of and under the conditions required by the IOC. (35.1.2 Olympic Charter

“

This ensures that the Olympic Games will have the infrastructure and logistical support required to guarantee the Games act as a catalyst for positive development of tangible and intangible legacies for the city and the region. At the end of the invitation phase, NOCs and cities are invited to commit to the bid process and a city becomes an official Applicant City. Phase II: Applicant Phase In this phase, cities develop their vision and concept, focusing on sustainability and legacy through the maximum use of existing, temporary and demountable facilities where no long-term legacy need exists. Each Applicant City and its NOC are given the Olympic Charter and the Host City Contract, also the full package of bid documentation including a full list of the Olympic Games “detailed obligations” as well as the Applicant and Candidate City Procedures and Questionnaires. The core of the applicant phase is the questionnaire, consisting into over 200 compulsory questions in approximately 17 themes.These include requirements for the general urban infrastructure, sport venues, transportation network, accommodation facilities, urban environment, etc. When this Application File is filled, is studied by an IOC-appointed Working Group, which includes representatives of various Olympic stakeholders such as the National Olympic Committees and the IOC Athletes’ Commission, the International Federations (IFs), producing a risk and opportunity assessment and resuming in a detailed report to the IOC Executive Board, which is then responsible for selecting the cities that will advance to Phase III. The cities selected become Candidate Cities.

“

• 2.3 Each Evaluation Commission shall study the candidatures of all candidate cities, inspect the sites and submit to all IOC members a written report on all candidatures, not later than one month before the opening date of the Session which shall elect the host city of the Olympic Games. Such report shall include an assessment of the opportunities and risks of each candidature, as well as of sustainability and legacy (33.2.3 Olympic Charter)

Phase III: Candidature Phase The Candidate Cities are requested to answer the third-phase IOC questionnaire and submit more detailed plans to the IOC and is accompanied by legally binding guarantees, these documents also are analysed by an IOC Evaluation Commissiom. Then, the Candidate Cities are invited to make technical presentations to the Commission as well as offer first-hand site analyses of proposed venues. This technical information allows the Evaluation Commission one-on-one interaction with the Bid Committee and greatly aids the Commission in creating their report. The IOC also, since 1993 conducts an independent evaluation in each city. That consists of sending out one integrated expert team (the Evaluation Commission) to visit each city for an on-site inspection. Election of the Host City Following a final report by the Evaluation Commission Chair, the member of the IOC start to vote by secret ballot and elect the host city. The election of the host city takes place after the Session has considered the report by the Evaluation Commission, and then the newly elected host city signs the Host City Contract with the IOC.

“

• 2. The executive body of the OCOG shall include: – the IOC member or members in the country referred to in Rule 16.1.1.1; – the President and Secretary General of the NOC; – at least one member representing, and designated by, the host city. The executive body of the OCOG may also include representatives of the public authorities and other leading figures.. 35.2 Olympic Charter

Formerly, the selection of the host city and the establishment of the Local Organising Committee, the Games enter into the ¨management¨ stage.

Japanese Olympic committee celebrating the announcement of Tokyo 2020

The management stage For the period of this stage, the IOC oversees the Olympic preparations mainly an organising committee has a significant independence to implement its urban and other plans, but any deviation from previous commitments in its bidding files is subject to the approval of the IOC administration. • 1.6 to ensure that all IFs and NOCs are kept informed, either through the OCOG or by the IOC at the Coordination Commission’s own initiative, of the progress of the organisation of the Olympic Games. 35.2 Olympic Charter The IOC oversees comprises: the regular debriefing and inspection of the ongoing projects, and provision of expertise to the front-line organisers from IOC departments such as the OGKS (Olympic Games Knowledge Services) and the Games Study Commission.

“

The evaluation stage As soon as the Games start, IOC Observers at each Olympic site collect any relevant experiences and lessons that could be learned for the future. A few months after the Games, there is a debriefing by the IOC to examine all key aspects for strengths and weaknesses. In recent times, the ‘Olympic Games Global Impact’ (OGGI) programme has also been enacted to study the Games at a wider scale.These practices and the post-Games official report, impact the Olympic rules and consequently the next preparations to the Olympic Games. The Olympic Bidding Manual (Candidate Procedure Questionnaire) The manual for cities bidding for the Olympic Games started with a modest pamphlet published in the 1950s and grew up as the Olympic Rules Book published in the 1970s. After the commercial success from Los Angeles Games in 1984, the IOC launched the first version of the current Bidding Manual in 1992 (for the 2000 Games) to the aim to standardize the city selection process, which has retained its basic framework and content since, albeit with some updating. The most important part of the Bidding Manual is the Host City Application Questionnaire, which aims to collect the blueprint for each candidate city in planning the Olympic event. In the version of the 2012 Games’ Bidding Manual, there were 17 themes: Theme I Olympic Games concept and legacy Theme 2 Political and economic climate and structure Theme 3 Legal aspects Theme 4 Customs and immigration formalities Theme 5 Environment and meteorology Theme 6 Finance Theme 7 Marketing Theme 8 Sport and venues Theme 9 Paralympic Games Theme 10 Olympic Village Theme 11 Medical service Theme 12 Security Theme 13 Accommodation Theme 14 Transport Theme 15 Technology Theme 16 Media operations Theme 17 Olympism and culture (IOC, 2003)

•urban and sustainable development issues: (theme I, 5, 8 and 10), •infrastructures for the city (themes 13, 14, 15 and 16) •economic aspects (themes 2, 3, 6 y7) •Olympics requirements (themes4, 9, 11, 12 and 17)

Each theme comprises an overview and a question section, first provides a specification of the host city’s obligation in the field concerned and has a twofold function: •To collect the information that most concerns the IOC for analysis and inter-city comparison; •To guide the Games’ preparation by highlighting the emphases identified from previous experience. Infrastructural requirements and obligations of a host city The modern Olympic is a complicated urban development, though systematic, engineering process and a formidable task for any host city, this is the reason why the Olympic Charter appears, to explain the infrastructural obligation for the host city, the city has a responsibility to provide the essential approved facilities for the sports included in the Olympic program and an Olympic Village for the delegates, also the Olympic development should leave positive legacies to the host city, which can be for the city infrastructure or for the ambient. To resume all the infrastructure for hosting a Summer Games, a city needs to prepare: 31 to 38 competition venues and 80 to 90 training sites for the 28 Summer Olympic Sports; one or more Olympic Village complexes housing up to 15,000 athletes and NOC officials; MPC and IBC facilities; accommodation for more than 15,000 media representatives; at least 40,000 hotel rooms of 3-star standard and above; and supportive infrastructure such as transport, logistics, telecommunications and cultural Despite this, the development should follow these characteristics: • take place within the boundary of the host city • comply with the technical rules and specifications laid down by the IFs and the IOC • conform to the city’s long-term masterplans and sustainability principles • be well balanced with versatile building, temporary overlays and post-Games adaptation in design • have reasonable scale and expenditure cost • be convenient for access and in suitable proximity •Show case the environment-friendly technology at large.

Japanese Olympic committee during a COI reunion

The IOC Evaluation system Since the commercialization of Los Angeles in the 1980s has stimulated an Olympic bidding frenzy, and also the expansion of the voting power of the IOC members, however with this agitation, allegations of corruption placed the whole Olympic selection process under suspicion, causing an important update to the bidding procedure with the introduction of the Host City Application Questionnaire in 1993, as a mechanism of technical evaluation of each candidate city to create a more transparent process to ¨publicly rank cities according to strict, unambiguous criteria¨ Despite of this, in the late 1990s new alleged bribery scandals occasioned a reform of the candidature process, dividing the evaluation into two phases. In the first phase, all the cities interested in hosting the Games are ¨pre-evaluated¨ by a Working Group in terms of their potential organisational feasibility given the time and resources available. Only some of the applicant cities may then be confirmed as formal candidate cities; avoiding for those cities that do not go forward the expenditure of a candidature bid, and the second phase remains like the earlier evaluation framework from 1993 but at a smaller scale, because some issues have been tackled in the previous round. Resulting two reports; the Evaluation Commission Report (E-report) for the second step, while the Working Group Report (W-report) for the ¨pre-evaluated¨ phase, these methods of these two evaluations vary according to their different purposes and both evaluations have strong impacts on the host city selection. The `three-step’ principle of the venue selection has also been confirmed by the evaluation reports. for the good use of old facilities and the development of new sports legacies, to reduce the number of venues and hence unnecessary costs, to ensure older venues comply with the Olympic standards and the importance of environmental with the inclusion of an `environmental impact’ component in the evaluation task. The E-report examines the identical themes of the Bidding Manual one by one and produces a comment-based checklist for the IOC members as a voting aid, and can be used to analyse the IOC’s policy and judgement benchmarks. The W-report focuses more on the infrastructure and urban development plans and adopts a credit-based ranking system in order to rule out unqualified applicant cities, this system helps to rank a large number of applicant cities on the basis of wide-ranging criteria, cities that gained high credits on ‘environmental impact’ shared a common characteristic in that Olympic projects supported urban regeneration schemes centred on the reclamation of problematic urban land. In the Table shows that the IOC takes in consideration the overall planning concept, which includes the determination of the complete development objectives and strategies, the existing urban conditions of an applicant city, which may be have advantages in the bid the cities with superior infrastructure and environmental foundations, the location and the legacy that includes evaluation of the post-event viability of Olympic facilities. The environmental impact is partly independent but also interwoven with many other criteria in the whole evaluation system. Moreover, demonstrate the importance of each issue viewed by the IOC from the assigned weighting factors, highlighting the whole set of sports venues and the single Olympic Village are equally weighted in the evaluation. More interestingly, the supporting facilities (general infrastructure + accommodation) are more highly rated in total than the Olympic venues.

O C weighting 2.0

5.0*

4.0* 4.0* 2.0* 5.0* 3.0* 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0*

Main theme

Subdivided issues

Government support and commitment 70 Legal aspects 15 Public opinion 15 Existing transport infrastructure 51 Planned transport infrastructure 34 General infrastructure Airport 5 IBC/MPC (location and legacy) 10 Existing venues 35 Sports venues Planned and additional venues 35 Sports concept/legacy 30 Location 50 Olympic Village Design concept 30 Legacy 20 Current environmental conditions 40 Environmental conditions and impact Environmental impact 60 Existing capacity 50 Accommodation Planned capacity 50 Distance and travel times 50 Transport organisation and traffic man- 50 Transport concept agement at Games time Safety and security 100 Number of international events organ- 60 Experience from past sports events ised Quality of the events 40 Finance 100 How Olympic needs fit into the city 50 Overall project and legacy Post-Games legacy 25 Overall athlete experience 25

Government support, legal issues and public opinion

O v e r a l l weighting 1.4 0.3 0.3 2.55 1.7 0.25 0.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 3.0 1.2 0.8 3.0 1.5 0.75 0.75 IOC evaluation system

I O C Main theme weighting 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

5.0

5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Subdivided issues

How Olympic needs fit into the city Post-Games legacy Existing venues Concept Planned and additional venues Location environmental Requalification Social Current environmental conditions Environmental conditions and impact Environmental impact Government support and commitment Support Public opinion Existing transport infrastructure Planned transport infrastructure Airport Transport concept Transport organisation and traffic management at Games time Times from the village to the furthest venue Travel times Times from the village to the furthest service Location Olympic Village Legacy Accommodation Existing capacity Planned capacity Safety and security Terrorism risks General security Vision

60 40 40 30 30 50 50 40 60 70 30 40 25 10

O v e r a l l weighting 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 1.5 2.0 1.25 0.5

1.25

2.5

60 40 50 50 50 50

3.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Method system for select the city

City selection The importance of hosting the Olympic Games for a country is such that the highest levels of government are ready to lend their support to a bid. The presence and commitment of government, the private sector and sports authorities demonstrates the importance of the Games on a local, regional and national level, that is why the selection of the city cannot be arbitrary and capricious, the city that would host the Games has to be prepare and guarantee a level stability. Even in the context of the current global economy, organizing the Games represents a catalyst for change and an opportunity for social, economic and environmental development. It is also a testimony to the fact that bidding for the Games presents an opportunity to renew part of the city that has been forgotten or ignored by the growing city. The selection for the host city which will begin the development of the entire master plan for an Olympic games, consist in the group of cities that want to host the XXXIII Olympic games, focusing only in the applicant cities (Boston, Hamburg and Rome) and the potential bids whether they were part of the competition in years before like New York (2012), Paris (2012), Istanbul (2020) and Madrid (2020). Then, in each city there have been explained 10 points corresponding to the vision, concept and legacy, environmental plan, requalification area, community support, transport plan, travel times, Olympic Village, accommodation capacity and security plan for the Olympic Games, focused on these topics for the reason that they can be controllable, changeable and upgradeable on project.

New Yorck

Paris

Istanbul

Madrid

Boston

Hamburg

Rome

New York City

Candidate for Olympic Games 2012

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS New York is the most populous city in the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world with 8,405,837 habitants distributed over a land area of just 790 km2. Situated on the east coast of USA and on one of the world’s largest natural harbours. Founded in 1624 by colonists of the Dutch Republic, named New Amsterdam until British control in 1664. Served as capital since 1785 until 1790. New York is a global city describe as the cultural and financial capital of the world, significant impact upon diplomacy, media, art, research, technology and entertainment. VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY New York proposes inner-city Games in the interest of enhancing the athlete experience, with the core of major venues to be build in the city centre, including the existing venues.

Location

The concept is referred as the “Olympic X” in which the intersection will be the Olympic village surrounding by the clusters and creating two intersecting transport routes running east-west across the city and north-south along the East River. The Olympic Games would act as a catalyst to accelerate the redevelopment of degenerated river front areas, upgrade existing venues and building of new facilities which would ensure a legacy providing housing, employment and sports facilities the residents. OLYMPIC VILLAGE The Olympic Village would be built on the banks of the East River in Queens, from 6 km to the Olympic stadium, will accommodate all the athletes without the football and equestrian athletes located in hotels. The Olympic Village would be a compact waterfront settlement with apartments leased or sold in the private market with a surface area of 25 hectares, of which 10 hectares still need to be acquired, it would consist mainly of apartment buildings ranging in height from 8 to 15 levels and two 40-storey buildings to provide in total 17,100 beds for athletes and officials and the furthest walking distance would be 440 meters between athlete residences. ACCOMMODATION The current hotel capacity from 3 to 5 stars in New York is approximately 123,000 hotel rooms within a 50 km radius of the city Centre. TRANSPORT The city of New York has a complete metropolitan transport network moving nearly 9 million people and for the last two decades the city have been investing to modernize and expand rail and road systems. New York has three airports with some of the world’s highest capacity (JFK, Newark Liberty and La Guardia ). However, the principal transport projects planned for the Olympic Games are a 2 km subway extension, a 4 km suburban rail link, a new ferry landing and an expanded intelligent transport system centre. To overcome road congestion with regard to access to the city centre, a 260 km Olympic Priority Network would improve travel times, would also propose in all Olympic venues a rail station, enabling spectators, workers, volunteers to use New York’s public transport system to travel to Olympic venues. ENVIRONMENT An USD 176.3 million budget is allocated to environmental planning, there would be a strong emphasis on innovation and environmental technology, the 40

Official logo,fromNew York City as a candidate city

use of public transport systems and clean or low-emission vehicles and Olympic venues would be subjected to impact studies and would be certified under the LEED classification standards. Olympic Games would accelerate many actions and leave additional positive environmental and sustainable development legacies for the city. Even so, there is preoccupation to the fact of the USA government has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. SAFETY AND SECURITY The Olympic Games will be considered as a National Special Security Event by the USA government, with USD 101 million, whilst most of the personnel required for Games security would be drawn from the NYPD and private security. Law enforcement personnel are well trained, technologically advanced and would be capable of providing the necessary response to ensure safe and peaceful Games. SPORT AND COMPETITION VENUES The concept of the “Olympic X” connected with the Olympic Priority Route to the 3 principal clusters – Olympic Square, Olympic Riverfront and Olympic Park.Using existing venues, creating 9 new permanent venues and 5 temporary. The Olympic Square, (5-6 km from the Olympic village, with 9 sports). Located on west Manhattan will be the centre of the transformation with the new West Side Stadium but also will contain the International Broadcasting Centre and Main Press Centre, Madison Square Garden and Central Park. The Olympic Park (13-16 km from the Olympic village, 6 sports/disciplines). New York World’s Fair land in Queens would include the Olympic Stadium, National Tennis Centre, water polo, archery and the regatta centre in which 2 lake will be reclaim restoring water life, being part of the environmental plan of transformation creating 300h of natural land. The Olympic Riverfront (13-14 km from the Olympic village, 19 sports/disciplines). Located in Bronx will comprise the armoury, Yankee Stadium, Baker Field at Columbia University, Pelham Bay Shooting and a new permanent the Athletic Centre.

City of New York City, proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2012. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Paris

Candidate for Olympic Games 2012

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Paris is the Capital and the most populous city of France, with more than 2 million in the city and 11.1 millions on the region ﾃ四e-de-France, situated on the north of the country, on the Seine River. Paris is the most populous city in the European Union and third in Europe after Moscow and Istanbul. Paris was founded in the 3rd century BC and by the 12th century was already the largest city in the western world, a prosperous trading centre. Since the 18th century Paris became an important centre of finance, fashion, science, and arts, a position it still retains today. VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY Paris has based its vision on the longstanding relationship between Olympism and France and has planned athlete-centred Games, with significant athlete involvement in the candidature phase.

Location

The Games concept consists of two major clusters close to the Olympic Village, encompassing 17 competition venues, including the Olympic stadium, as well as the planned IBC/MPC. As a consequence, approximately 77% of athletes would compete at venues within 10 minutes of the Olympic Village. The Olympic Village would provide a significant new housing opportunity for Paris through the regeneration of a partly disused rail yard and the desire to build a model sustainable urban district which would set a new standard for urban development in France. OLYMPIC VILLAGE The Olympic Village would be situated to the north-west of the city, less than 10 km from the Olympic stadium and the two main competition clusters, most of the accommodation would consist of new buildings, are planned 5,600 double and 5,900 single rooms with a total 17,100 beds. The Olympic Village would cover 45 hectares.The furthest walking distance within the village would be 800 metres. The Olympic Village would become a revitalized quarter of Paris providing a new residential district, office, leisure, commercial, community and educational facilities. ACCOMMODATION The current hotel capacity from 3 to 5 stars is approximately 52,190 rooms within a radius of 50 kilometres from the city centre. TRANSPORT The Northern cluster is already served by two express RER lines and three metro lines and it will also benefit from the extension of a metro line and the construction of two new tramway lines, one from the north and the other from the east. The Western cluster is already served by four metro lines, two RER lines and one tramway and it will also benefit from the extension of a new tramway line. Paris Charles de Gaulle airport will be the main airport for the Olympic Games. Its capacity will increase by 35% by 2012 and is already connected to the centre of Paris by rail. Orly airport, which will supplement the main gateway airport, will be renovated and expanded. Concentration of Olympic travel demands, in two main Olympic clusters, with 67% of all competition and non-competition venues located to less than 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. Transport during the Games will be fa42

Official logo,from Paris as a candidate city

cilitated by an Olympic lane network allowing fast and reliable travel and the use of rail public transport and supplementary shuttle buses from rail stations serving all the Olympic venues. ENVIRONMENT There is a strong emphasis on energy conservation, with actions like major solar power projects at venues and low and clean energy for public transport systems, as well as a detailed eco-design plan for the Olympic Village. The environmental actions are comprehensive, innovative and integrated throughout planning and operations. SAFETY AND SECURITY An Olympic Security Organisation responsible for strategic planning and operations would be formed to represent the interests of all parties. It would be the single management structure for the Olympic Games. SPORT AND COMPETITION VENUES Paris proposes Games with 21 competition venues within 10 minutes travel time of the Olympic Village providing minimum travel times for approximately 77% of all athletes. The concept is based on two major competition clusters (Northern and Western) with 50% of competition venues needed for the Games already exist, are under construction or are planned irrespective of the Games. The Northern cluster (9 competition venues and 16 sports/disciplines) includes the existing Stade de France which would be the 71,000-seat Olympic stadium, and is located adjacent to the Paris ring road less than 10 minutes from the Olympic Village using Olympic lanes. The Western cluster (8 competition venues / 9 sports) includes three of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s well-known sports facilities for football, hockey and tennis. It is also adjacent to the ring road, 10 minutes from the Olympic Village. The furthest venues from the Olympic Village are rowing and canoe kayak (47 km/43 minutes from the Olympic Village).

City of Paris proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2012. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Istanbul

Candidate for Olympic Games 2020

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Istanbul is a transcontinental city in Eurasia and the largest city in Turkey with a population of 14.4 million people, which is expected to reach 16 million by 2020, is the country’s economic, cultural, and historical heart. Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium, the city was capital for the Roman, Latin, Byzantine, Ottoman empires, and established Republic in 1923, actually is the largest and fastest growing metropolitan area in South-East Europe, thanks to it’s strategic location, rail networks to Europe and the Middle East, and the Bosphorus strait in northwestern Turkey. VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY Istanbul expects to host the Games as an opportunity to improve a modern and cultural city, under the slogan of “Bridge Together”. With the Bosphorus as a key element, aspiring to foster global understanding and inclusiveness by being the first secular Muslim country and a two continents city to host the Games.

Location

Istanbul seeks to join long-term government strategies of transformation with the “2023 Master Plan for Turkey” including the “National Sports Plan” and using the Olympic plan into these developments, as an opportunity to accelerate the investment, to improve health and social cohesion throw sport, cultural and business opportunities in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The most important legacy of its plan will be the industrial port on the Asian side, creating a new recreational area by relocating the port, allowing the city to have access to the Bosphorus waterfront. OLYMPIC VILLAGE All athletes would live in the Olympic Village on a 72 hectare site owned by the Government, including a 28 hectare residential area with 32 buildings of ten floors, with 17,500 beds and high performance elevators (For the Paralympic Games, only need the 50% of the rooms using only the lower floors) and would include an 18 hectare athlete training area, an Athlete Recovery Centre in a hospital adjacent to the Village less than 500m to the transport mall and a 18,500m2 dining hall with 5,000 seats and 1,200 spaces for parking. When the games end the Olympic Village would be transformed into a residential community for social and market rental housing with high demand in Istanbul. The Athlete Recovery Centre would become part of a new health facility and the training area would remain as part of the National Sports Plan. ACCOMMODATION Istanbul offer a good variety of hotels from 3 and 5 stars within 50 km, from the center of the city there are approximately 55,000 existing hotel rooms. TRANSPORT To cope the transport issues Istanbul invested USD 1.2 billion in an “Integrated Urban Transport Master Plan 2009-2023”. This includes 18 transport projects for road, expressways, the new Eurasia road tunnel, the new rail systems that links metro, suburban and national rail lines and upgrades for two international airports: “Atatürk” (45 million passengers/year) and Sabiha Gökcen (32 million passengers/year). With the expansions made to the metro and rail network, 34 of 38 Olympic venues would be in a walking distance; with no public parking at venues, expecting to increase from 20% to 50% the use of public transport. According to Istanbul all athletes would be within 35 minutes of their venue (the Commission believes that the risk of road congestion during the Games remains high). 44

Official logo,from Istanbul as a candidate city

ENVIRONMENT Istanbul 2020 aims to deliver a Zero Waste Games, all new permanent venues would be built according to BREEAM and would be a strong focus on carbon management aiming to increase new approaches and standards across the construction industry and the Games could be the catalyst, extending environmental initiatives to cover accessibility, social inclusion, healthy lifestyles and legacy. SAFETY AND SECURITY The Security personnel would be drawn from a combination of government agencies and private organizations and are estimated at 43,000 oficials for ensure safe and secure Games, the activities of the PKK (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan), the border to Syria and seismic activity represent the security risks. SPORT AND COMPETITION VENUES All events would be held in Istanbul, divided in four zones, selected on the basis of existing and future urban development and existing venues. These zones will be: The Olympic City Zone: is the largest zone located in the north-west of the city, would include the Olympic Village, the IBC/MPC and a media village, and will become in a new urban development and the sport facilities. The Forest Zone Situated in the north of the city is a major remediation program to return green space to the Belgrad Forest, this precinct would has Belgrad Forest Cycle Park, Olympic Whitewater Stadium and the National Shooting Centre and the Seyrantepe Stadium. The Bosphorus Zone provides the stage for the Opening and Closing ceremonies, generating significant public space on the waterfront, includes the Bosphorus Stadium, Bosphorus Rowing Centre, Bosphorus Beach Volleyball Centre, National Volleyball Centre and Bosphorus Archery Park, the Kadıköy Stadium, the redeveloped Haydarpaşa Port, Inönü Stadium and Congress Valley Auditorium. The Coastal Zone in the south west place of regeneration and restoration programs. This zone includes the Old City Cluster incorporates three venues (Golden Gate Park, Golden Gate Marina and Golden Gate Arena).

City of Paris proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2012. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Madrid

Candidate for Olympic Games 2020

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Madrid is the Capital and largest city of Spain, with 3.2 millions of people, being the third largest city in Europe after London and Berlin, and the metropolitan area of Madrid with 6.4 millions, is the third largest in Europa, just after the metropolitan areas of Paris and London. The city is located in the Manzanares river, in the center of Spain. Madrid tried to host the Olympic Games for 2012, 2016 and 2020, but it was never selected. VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY The vision is to established Madrid as a hub for international and national sport, an increased focus on sustainable transport and using sports as social inclusion plan and improved health; the cultural program would focus on reinforcing the city’s multi-cultural roots, encouraging inclusion, respect and diversity.

Location

The concept for the Olympic Games 2020 was based on using a large number of existing venues with easy access to public transport, the city proposal was having a very compact Games with all venues to be located in Madrid. The “Campo de las Naciones” Zone in the east of the city would include the Olympic Village, the IBC (International Broadcasting Center) and MPC buildings (Main Press Center) and a media village. The after game plan includes the four permanent venues that would provide national training and competition facilities to Spanish athletes in sports where there are currently no facilities or where these are not ideally located. OLYMPIC VILLAGE Madrid proposes a single Olympic Village on a site close to the Olympic Park to be used for the Olympic Village and for sports facilities and lake/parkland. The Village would comprise 19 apartment blocks ranging from 3-10 floors (average 8 floors), and for Paralympic Games, only the first 5 floors would be used, providing 17,800 beds. The distance from any residential building to the main dining hall and transport mall would be less than 300m. All athletes would live in the Olympic Village with the exception of sailing and football competitors. Madrid 2020 states that all athletes would be within 20 minutes of their competition venue. The land for the Olympic Village is owned by Madrid City Council. Due to the proximity of a major road next to the Olympic Village, Madrid 2020 confirmed that appropriate acoustic measures would be provided. ACCOMMODATION The current hotel capacity from 3 to 5 stars within a 50 km radius of Madrid is approximately 45,000 existing hotel rooms. TRANSPORT Madrid won’t have to invest on major transport infrastructure to host the Olympic Games. The compact Campo de las Naciones Zone would be served by a combination of metro and suburban rail services. The Manzanares Zone extends along the river close to the city center; 4 venues in the Club de Campo cluster would be served by shuttle bus, and 2 venues in the Casa de Campo cluster would be served by metro and shuttle buses. An extensive Olympic lane network (267 km) would be established, mostly on urban motorways. Madrid is served by Barajas International Airport, with 49 million passengers passing through the airport in 2011, its current capacity is 70 million passengers per year which is ample to accommodate Olympic Summer Games needs. All four terminals are connected by subway or rail, facilitating access to the City. In 46

Official logo,from Madrid as a candidate city

addition the Olympic Village would be 10 km from the airport. ENVIRONMENT As said before, a strong feature of the bid is the use of existing venues, with only four new venues to be built. These venues would be certified according to internationally recognized sustainable construction standards and the Village would be developed on a site which forms part of a wider environmental regeneration program in the eastern part of Madrid. The compact clustering of venues and the good public transport network would help minimize transport related impacts. SAFETY AND SECURITY Games security personnel would be drawn from a combination of different government agencies and private security companies (over 79,000). All agencies have already experience in the operation of major public sports events. SPORTS AND COMPETITION VENUES The plan maximizes the use of 28 existing competition venues, with 7 venues to be constructed, 4 permanent and 3 temporary buildings. Madrid presents a very compact project, all venues located in Madrid would be within a 10 km radius of the city center. Athletes would be able to reach all competition and training venues within approximately 20-25 minutes. The Campo de las Naciones Zone: Located at the east of Madrid would have 14 competition venues and the Opening and Closing Ceremonies would be held at the existing Madrid Stadium in the Olympic Park currently under reconstruction and being upgraded to increase capacity to 65,000 seats. The Manzanares Zone: Located at the west of Madrid would have 8 competition venues, with the archery camp, mountain bicycle track and all the big space requirements .

City of Madrid, proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2020. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Boston

Candidate for Olympic Games 2024

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Boston is a compact geography of 48 square miles of land and the youngest major city in America accommodating 4.5 million of people, with a hub of international colleges and universities, and a home to the world’s most innovative companies , and institutions, attracting more than 250,000 students from around the world each year and their energy and new ideas reinvigorate the city, resulting in more innovation per capita than any city in the world. Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the birthplace of the United States and the scene of key events such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence ,is also home to world-renowned academic and medical institutions, a hub of innovation and invention, and a vibrant, expansive economy and America’s cleanest urban harbor with a 47 miles of accessible waterfront.

Location

VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY Boston views to host the Games as catalyst to propel Boston forward, to a compact development and walkable city ,in which the “Olympic Park” will be all the city , With waterfront and universities as heart of the games. The planning concepts for the 2024 Games are shaped by a shared vision for Boston 2030 (the 400th anniversary of the city’s founding) building 50,000 new residences for the next 20 years in Boston and the creation of 100,000 new jobs, and the strategic selection of sites for venues offers opportunities to unlock areas with multiple objectives for the next generations. The city would provide a wonderful opportunity to build legacies not only for the city, but also for Olympic society, connecting Paralympic Athletes with science and medical communities to enhance their performance and their quality of life, taking advantage of their renowned medical institutions, improving transport and the plans of the public university campus to become a first-class research university, reclaiming lands at Midtown, at Columbia Point and at Beacon Yards, transforming it into new links between institutions. OLYMPIC VILLAGE The Village will have access to the South Boston Waterfront, a 100-acre compound, adjacent to the core of the UMass Boston campus, 6,000 to 10,000 will be constructed prior to the Games within one mile of the Olympic Stadium and other venues, after the games, it will transform in a student residence to accommodate the vision for Boston’s only public university. ACCOMMODATION Boston offers a good variety of hotels from 2 and 5 star within 50 km from the Olympic village, approximately 48.000 existing hotel rooms increasing to 52.503 for 2024, providing sufficient choice to accommodated visitors. TRANSPORT Boston will invest USD 7 billion in a long-range transportation plan, that includes the renewal of transit services, the expansion of the south Station, Green Line Extension, new interchange station, develop the bicycle network and Boston Harbor dredging to incorporate cruise activity. Als, has the fifth largest public transportation agency in the country, serving more than 1.3 million customers each day, it has a bicycle network of 120 mile and is America’s third most-walkable city; served by six international airports, including Boston-Logan International Airport (45 million passengers annually) and an excellent highway access (I-93/I-90) as well as the port city. 48

Official logo,from Boston as a candidate city

ENVIRONMENT Boston 2024 will undertake environmental impact analyses with several institutions, such as the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to determine and to plan the impact of the Games, Building a world-class regional “smart planning model” that informs urban planning and promotes sustainability, resiliency and durability on city and regional scale with the goal of leaving new venue sites in better environmental condition. SAFETY AND SECURITY SPORT AND COMPETITION VENUES The Boston 2024 Games will be compact and walkable, the City of Boston will be an “Olympic Park”, where 28 of the 33 venues are within 10 kilometers, and deliver their most precious physical assets to the Games like waterfront, parks and university campuses, establishing two major clusters, the Waterfront Cluster and the University Cluster and ten precincts. The Waterfront Cluster is divided in 3 precincts: • UMass Boston / Columbia Point: Located in the south of the waterfront precinct, will be ”the Olympic village”, 10,000 beds will be constructed and then transformed for the UMass as a student housing, using the Boston harbor waterfront as a recreational space. •Midtown: Located at the geographic heart of the urban core with unparalleled access, transforming an urban scar into a platform for entertainment (Olympic Stadium) with temporary 60,000 seat use. •South Boston Waterfront Precinct: The Innovation District, with the International Broadcast Centre and Main Press Center, the expansion of Boston Convention and Exhibition Centre and new adaptable constructions, will host Rhythmic Gymnastics, Indoor Volleyball, Taekwondo, Judo, Wrestling and Table Tennis. University Cluster: is located on the Charles River at the nexus of Harvard University, Boston University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, using the rail lines to create a new connection between these major universities and a long term development for research and technology campus, hosting Water Polo and Aquatics as temporary venues, Tennis, Fencing and Hockey, Archery) And Badminton.

City of Boston, proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2024. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Hamburg

Candidate for Olympic Games 2024

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Officially Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. Its population is over 1.8 million people and the Hamburg Metropolitan Region has more than 5 million people. The port of Hamburg, on the river Elbe, is the second largest port in Europe (after the Port of Rotterdam) and tenth largest worldwide. Hamburg is a major transport hub and one of the most affluent cities on Europe. Thanks to its principal economical activity it has become an important media, industrial and financial centre, it is northern Germany’s commercial and cultural centre. VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY Hamburg’s concept is particularly sustainable, compact and close to the public; For Hamburg, the Olympic Games are a prime urban development project and a stimulus, and for the city the games would be a big step forward when it comes southwards to develop the city along its waterways and eastward across the Elbe. The concept of “games on the waterfront in the heart of the city”

Location

A recent poll commissioned by the committee had 64% of Hamburg residents backing an Olympic bid, while only 55% of citizens of the capital supported a candidacy, even when Hamburg will need to build more facilities than the capital, which hosted the 1936 Olympics. Officials unveiled a concept that also includes the opening ceremony held in the city and the water rather than in the Olympic stadium. After the Olympic Games, the quarter will be converted into an inner-city residential area with 3,000 apartments, the Olympic Hall will be transformed into a cruise terminal, and the Olympic Stadium will be largely retained for subsequent use. OLYMPIC VILLAGE The Games would be held in the Kleiner Grasbrook area, 10-minute walk from the city centre in the immediate vicinity of the HafenCity Hamburg District, an industrial site in the port will be the Olympic City, which will host the Olympic Park and the Olympic Village. The Olympic Village will be an attractive place to live after the Olympic and Paralympic Games -about 3,000 homes- with at least one third of the apartments -as in the eastern HafenCity- as social housing. Short distances will be a principal characteristic with all venues accessible on foot or by bicycle. ACCOMODATION The current hotel capacity from 3 to 5 stars in Hamburg is approximately 35.000 hotel rooms within a 50 km radius of the city Centre. TRANSPORT Hamburg has an important plan for 2034, with the idea of removing all private transportation from the city, to build bicycle roads starting from a green ring around the city and green corridors going to the centre of the city, which accentuated the vision of compact and accessible Olympics by walk or bicycles. On an interview to the Senator for Interior and Sports of Germany he declared that “each Olympian will receive a “Hamburg Olympic Bike”, so that the bicycle is the defining transport for urban Olympic traffic”.

Official logo,from Hamburg as a candidate city

ENVIRONMENT Hamburg has already demonstrated some strategies for reducing their carbon footprint with the Climate Action Plan, showing the preferential care to the environment and the possibility to develop a sustainable Olympics. Careful use of natural resources is respected at all levels, applied both to sustainable land management, as well as a supply of renewable energies, for the use of environmentally friendly construction materials and sanitary or for the purchase of supplies. SPORTS AND COMPETITION VENUES The planning of the Olympic and Paralympic Centre is in line with the objectives of urban development in Hamburg: Indoor before external development, use of brownfield sites, and no use of sensitive landscape areas. It can be assumed that the Olympic Park, the reduced Olympic Stadium, the cruise terminal converted Olympia hall and the swimming pool remain in public ownership.

City of Hamburg, proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2024. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Rome

Candidate for Olympic Games 2024

GENERAL Rome is the capital city of Italy and the region of Lazio.With 4.3 million residents as Metropolitan City, and the fourth-most populous city in the European Union, located in the central-western Italian Peninsula, along the shores of Tiber river, is regarded as one of the birthplaces of Western civilization. Romeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history spans more than two and a half thousand years (around 753 BC), being one of the oldest continuously occupied cities. Eventually, the city became the capital of the Roman Kingdom, Republic, Empire and the Papal States,then one of the major centers of the Italian Renaissance and the birthplace of the Baroque style. The Eternal City has the status of a global city. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Coliseum are among the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year.

Location

VISION, CONCEPT AND LEGACY Rome vision was environmental sustainability through efficient use of energy and the optimization of existing facilities to join with the sesquicentennial (150th) anniversary of the declaration of Rome as the capital of united Italy and renew the city. The concept relied mostly on existing venues, much of which were used when Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. The bid consists of two poles: the Olympic Park in the north and the Fiera di Roma in the south west. The Olympic village will be located near downtown The Olympic Games would act as a catalyst to accelerate urban renewal in the Tiber River Park (Parco Fluviale del Tevere), the construction of Tor Vergata Sports City, and the upgrade of transport infrastructure in the city, including the airport, would lead to the upgrading of existing venues and the construction of new facilities which would ensure a legacy providing more employment and sports facilities for the residents the Tiber River Park OLYMPIC VILLAGE The 2020 Olympic Village will incorporate the 1960 Olympic village into the venues being used, but will be renovated completely and will build new venues for complete the Olympic requirements. The site selected for the 1960 Olympics was a strategic location along the ancient Via Flaminia, this area along the flood plain of the Tiber is easy accessible to Foro Italico across the river to the west. The apartments were to be used after the games as dwellings for 6500 people but never happened, is a more-orless complete community including shopping, schools, and a church. ACCOMMODATION The current hotel 3 and 5 star capacity in Rome is approximately 96,000 hotel rooms within a 50 km radius of the city Centre TRANSPORT The city of Rome has a complete transport network moving nearly 3 million people a day, the transport has grown exponentially through the past year thanks to the tourism subways, trams, buses, taxis, even by walk you can connect with the venues. Rome has 2 airports, the Fiumicino (35 million passenger annual) and Ciampino both well-connected with the city. However, the principal transport projects planned for the Olympic Games are the upgrade for the airports. 52

Official logo,from Rome as a candidate city

ENVIRONMENT The environmental sustainability through efficient use of energy and the optimization of existing facilities is the most important concern for the Romans but not the only way to arrive to their ideal, strong emphasis on innovation and environmental technology, the use of public transport systems and clean or low-emission vehicles and all Olympic venues would be subjected to environmental impact studies. Olympic Games in Rome would accelerate many actions and leave additional positive environmental and sustainable development legacies for the city, one of them will be the creation of the Tiber River Park a big section of the Tiber river that will renovate the zone in a social and environmental level SAFETY AND SECURITY Rome seeks to provide a safe and secure environment, utilizing innovative technologies to permit flow of movement. Their security preparations are fully integrated into site selection and planning. SPORT AND COMPETITION VENUES Using the existing venues, much of which were used when Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. The plan consists of two poles: the Olympic Park in the north and the Fiera di Roma in the south west. The Olympic village will be located near downtown. The Olympic Park would have consisted of the Foro Italico which would have consisted of the centerpiece Stadio Olimpico, a newly built 10,500seat tennis stadium, and the outdoor aquatics venues used for the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, the Stadio Flaminio. Other existing venues included the Piazza di Siena, the Circus Maximus, the Acqua Acetosa, the Olgiata for golf, and the Settebagni. The Tor di Quinto area will house the IBC and MPC. After the games, the reconstructed area will be known as the Tiber River Park, which will include 40 hectares of green space along the Tiber. The Fiera di Roma would have hosted badminton, cycling, gymnastics, judo, wrestling, handball, boxing, fencing, weightlifting, taekwondo, and table tennis. The Tor Vergata, located in the outskirts, would have consisted of two newly constructed venues which will host volleyball, gymnastics, trampoline, and basketball finals.

City of Rome, proposal for hosting the Olympic Games 2024. Source: Official Report of the International Olympic Committee.

Vision

Concept

Requalification

Environment

New York City Paris Istanbul Madrid Boston Hamburg Roma

For the selection process we implemented a system of points from 1 to 5, being the 1 the lower value applied to the non-fulfillment of the minimum requirements according to the International Olympic Committee, and 5 being the highest to the city that fulfills all the requirements on a satisfactory or better way. Vision this first point refers to the coherence between the future city that wants to be made, the conception of the Olympic Games and the legacy those will leave to the city. Concept the distribution between the Olympic Clusters, the relation, the closeness and communication, not only between them but also with the center of the city and the most important nodes of mobilization. Urban Requalification based on the impact of the Olympic Games, recovery of dismissed zones and the creation of new spaces with urban quality that allows them to be use as an example for the rest of the city, increasing the standards of urban design. Environment The strategies planned by the cities, in urban context, for parks, waterfront and new developed areas, and on local context, on buildings, saving energy, water and waste control. Transport Available transportation, new investments to the transport system even if it is with or without the organization of the Olympic Games, and action plans to be realized during the Games.

Support

Transport

Travel Times

Village

Accommodation

Security

SCORE

40 34 37 33 39 43 37

Travel Times Walk times from the Olympic Village based on estimations of the paths between the Village and the furthest venue or services. Support Based on local and national polls organized by the Olympic committee for some cases and for the other, due to the recent opening of the candidature phase, organized by local and national newspapers, knowing that these doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have an statistic value, but are cities that have just launch their candidature. Olympic Village Based on walking distances between the residential buildings and services and transportation, if all the lands needed to the Village belong to the state, heights of buildings according to the urban context, the number of beds needed to cover all athletes with a media of 17,500 beds and the closeness to the train venues during the Games. Accommodation Hotels capacity in the city with a range of 50 kilometers from de city centre, with a minimum of 40,000 hotel rooms organized on different economical categories. Security Capacity on local forces to guarantee a high level of vigilance during the games and implementing prevention methods to avoid terrorism on the venues, and the vulnerability to natural disasters. 55

German Experience Summer Olympic Games Berlin 1936 The Olympics of Berlin at 1936 are always associated to the National Socialism (Nazism) and with the Third Reich even when the Bid for hosting the Games was in 1931 in an Olympic Session at Barcelona. Berlin was already been nominated to host the Games in 1916 but because of the irruption of the first World War the games were cancelled. The sports facilities in Germany were always together with the idea of hosting the Olympics at the start of the (XX) twentieth century and the formation of the German Olympic Movement. The sports venues of the 1936 Olympic Games left Berlin a significant but difficult legacy being important reminders of the history of the city and Germany, showing us that sports cannot be separated from politic.

Opening ceremony, Berlin summer Games 1936

The official hid for the 1936 was announced at the 29th in 1930 and in 1931 at Barcelona, Berlin was chosen as host city for 1936. On January 1933, the Organizing Committee held their founding meeting,Theodor Lewald was voted president and the following committee’s goals were presented: conversion of DeutschesStadion and the composition of an Olympic anthem. Six days later, Adolf Hitler was appointed Reichskanzler and the National-Socialist dictatorship began in Germany. THE OLYMPIC PARK The location of the Olympic Stadium and the sports facilities is located in the western part of the city in a hilly and wooded area that had been used for military purposes. At the beginning of the twentieth century the Kaiser already intended to turn this area for public recreation and leisure and the horse Federation was able to build a horse racecourse in 1906 and in 1934 the racecourse was demolished for the construction of the new Reichssportfeld, the Olympic cluster, and even if it’s location was peripheral was always been well connected with two commuter routes (S-bahn) and the underground (U-bahn). The map of the area in 1936 revealed a monumental site with an interior field of honour referring to an oversized hail of pillars. Meanwhile, the stadium was to be adapted for the latest hygienic standards and expanded for an audience of 80.000. The design proposed by March was presented to the IOC at its 1930 Berlin session.The swimming pool would also be relocated to the narrow eastern end of the stadium where it would be accessed from a prominent plaza. When the approval was given for hosting the 1936 Olympic Games, March was commissioned to plan the stadium. One week before the arrival of Hitler, the National Socialists didn’t approve this plan and persuaded the plans in favour of a new stadium and in 1934 the existing was demolished. Hitler demands were an assembly field for 500,000 people and an open-air theatre for 200,000 spectators. On December 1933 in a meeting with Hitler, March presented a solution using plans and a scale-model showing the double-axis that was finally implemented: an east-west axis which emerged from the Schwarzbergallee containing the sequence of Olympic Plaza (Olympischer Platz), the stadium, the Maifeld and the Fuehrer Tower (Führerturm); and a north-south axis that integrated Rennbahnstrasse and led to the central stadium. This proposal had an assembly field of 107,000 square metres and was estimated to hold 150,000 people. The plan was approved to start constructions and the estimated costs increased from the starter 2.6 million Reichsmarks to more than 36 million.” Hitler during the opening ceremony

With the Reichssportfeld, March had designed the first Olympic park complex in history. It contained the central complex of the Olympic Stadium, Maifeld and swimming stadium, as well as the riding arena, the hockey stadium, the Sportforum with a number of sports and training areas, the open-air theatre, a tennis stadium with various courts, a dance space, a firing range, residence halls, parking lots and areas for small businesses. March proposed an oval stadium, with the longitudinal axis from east to west with a sunken area. The tiers of seating towards the west were non-continuous so that the marathon gate opened to a view of the bell tower on the Maifeld and created a monumental entry into the stadium. After Hitler visited the stadium grounds and viewed a section of the facade on October 1934, he expressed his irritation about the thin abutments and the missing stone coverings. The contrasts between Marchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architectural perception and Speerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s power could not longer coexist and in February 1935 March was relieved from his obligations.

lighting of the torch during the opening ceremony

The Maifeld was west of the Olympic Stadium and was laid out as an assembly field, measuring 395 metres by 295 metres, that could accommodate 180,000 people. A set of stairs separated the lower field from the level of the stadium with four towers and four large sculptures emphasizing the spatial differentiation. On the west side, the monumental east-west axis of the Reichssportfeld reached its end point at the stands with the Fuhrer and speaker stand and the bell tower. The open-air theatre, represented an instrument for cultural duties of the people and mental and political promotion to the nation. Schmidt, 1992.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

In the final designs, the swimming stadium was along the cross axis on the north side of the stadium. Two grandstands, facing one another with a total capacity of 17,000 for swimming and diving. In contrast to the Olympic stadium, the swimming stadium remained largely free of interference from Hitler. Unusually, there was no Fuhrer or speaker podium in this stadium.

Berlin Summer Games 1936 Masterplan

Summer Olympic Games Munich 1972 The ability of the Olympics to polarize opinion would escalate steadily over the next decade. In their different ways, Munich 1972 and Montreal 1976 created crises for the Olympic movement: the former due to problems over security and the latter finance. Initial planning for both events, however, proceeded without complications with an upbeat view that emphasized the Olympics’ apparently risk-free character; seemingly guaranteeing host cities advantageous international attention and endless prospects for undertaking urban development. Partly because of this mood, the 1970s Games were lavish affairs, with huge expenditure on iconic facilities and distinctive urban quarters. The return of the Olympics to Germany in 1972 inevitably raised the spectre of 1936. The powerful militaristic and nationalist images still associated with that Olympics encouraged the Munich organizers to stage a ‘Carefree Games. Munich was selected Olympic city on April, 1966, at the 64th IOC Session at Rome, Italy, over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal.

RoofMunich OlimpiaPark

Olympiapark After the International Olympic Committee in 1966 awarded Munich the Olympic Games, plans were solidified for the urban redevelopment of the Oberwiesenfeld area. Up until 1939, Oberwiesenfeld had largely been used as an airfield; however, the then-recently-opened Munich-Riem airport left the Oberwiesenfeld area largely idle. Under Nazi plans for the development of Munich into the “Capital of the Movement,” this area was supposed to have served as the central slaughterhouse and marketplace. After the Second World War, Oberwiesenfeld remained largely vacant, and as such was an ideal place for the construction of the Olympic Stadium. The concept of a “green Olympic Games” was chosen, and so too was the orientation toward the ideals of democracy. The architectural firm of Günther Behnisch and its partners developed a comprehensive masterplan for the sports and recreation area, which was under construction from 1968 until 1972. The landscape layout was designed by landscape architect Günther Grzimek. The eye-catching tensile structure that covers much of the park was designed by German architect and engineer Frei Otto with Günther Behnisch. In all, the project spent 1.35 billion German Marks to complete.

Masterplan Munich summer Games 1972

The name “Olympiapark” itself arose from the city’s administrative commission for the naming of Bahn stations along the U- and S-Bahn routes in the city area, which on November 3, 1969 had chosen the name “Olympiapark” for the name of the Olympic station’s stop along the U3 line of the Munich U-Bahn.This naming decision was based on the idea that the name “Olympiapark” related well to the central theme of a “green Olympic Games” and also to the central function of the U-Bahn station, which, in conjunction with the bus station, serviced all sports venues and important sectors of the area.

Munich OlimpiaPark

Munich Massacre The Games will always be remembered by a terrorist attack that has come to be known as the “Munich massacre”. On September 5, a group of eight members of the Black September Palestinian terrorist organization broke into the Olympic Village and took nine Israeli athletes, coaches and officials hostage in their apartments. Two of the hostages were killed in the first moments of the break-in. Late in the evening of September 5, the terrorists and their hostages were transferred by helicopter to the military airport of Fürstenfeldbruck, ostensibly to board a plane bound for an undetermined Arab country. During a botched rescue attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. All but three of the terrorists were killed as well. The Olympic events were suspended several hours after the initial attack, but once the incident was concluded, Avery Brundage, the International Olympic Committee president, declared that “the Games must go on”. A memorial ceremony was then held in the Olympic stadium, and the competitions were resumed after a stoppage of 24 hours. The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the 1976 Winter Olympics. Security at Olympics was heightened further beginning with the 2002 Winter Olympics, as they were the first to take place since September 11, 2001. The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies, which at the time were dominated by a pacifist approach adopted after World War II.

lA terrorist of the Munich Mascre

Munich Summer Games 1972

The Past of Hamburg The city’s official name is Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg (Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg), is the second largest city in Germany and the ninth largest city in the European Union. Its population is over 1.8 million people, and the Hamburg Metropolitan Region has more than 5 million inhabitants. It’s principal economic activity is the port on the river Elbe being the second largest port in Europe (after the Port of Rotterdam) and tenth largest worldwide. Hamburg is a major transport hub and is one of the most affluent cities in Europe. It has been an important financial centre for centuries and reciently, it has become in a media and industrial centre with a growing tourism industry for both domestic and overseas visitors; it ranked 17th in the world for livability in 2012. Origin and history In 808 AD the Emperor Charlemagne ordered the construction of a defensive castle named Hammaburg (the meaning of Hamma is unknown and burg means fortress) against Slavic and Viking intrusions. At it’s origins Hamburg was attacked and destroyed several times. In 847, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen. In 1050 Hamburg consisted of four castles, the bishopric castle also known as Bischofsturm, the Wiedenburg, the Alsterburg and a new castle was built. In 1189 Frederick I, Roman Emperor granted Hamburg the status of an Imperial Free City and tax-free access up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea, the right to fish and cut trees. On 5 August 1284 a great fire destroyed all but one residential house in Hamburg. In 1350 the Black Death, one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, struck in Hamburg killing more than 6,000 people, half of the city’s population. Two contract with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. The first contract stated that both cities would defend their freedom and their privileges together. The second contract stated that the road between the two cities will be secured against bandits . In 1264 the East-west route for commerce was cobbled in Hamburg. It was the third cobbled road in northern Europe and called Steinstraße, which is still the name of a street in Hamburg.

Hamburg on 16 century

On 8 November 1266 a contract between Henry III and Hamburg’s traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London. Hamburg’s most important export article was beer. At this time Hamburg’s population was 14,000. The third–largest city in the Hanseatic League (after Lübeck and Cologne). When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the city’s fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a “New Town” (Neustadt). In the late 80s of the 16th century, the first Sephardi Jews arrived—fleeing from Portugal—and built a Jewish community in Hamburg. During Napoleon I from 1810 to 14, Hamburg was the capital of the department Bouches-de-l’Elbe; and from 1814 to 1866 Hamburg was a member of the 39-state German Confederation and enjoyed full sovereignty. In 1860 the self-ruling city-state adopted a democratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation from 1866 to 71 and the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 and was to maintain its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic until the arrived of the Third Reich in 1933).

Hamburg Postal Card 1910

Hamburg experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century, when its population quadrupled to 800,000 and the growth of the city’s Atlantic trade helped to make Europe’s third-largest port. On the first years of the 20th century Hamburg became a cosmopolitan metropolis based on worldwide trade. Hamburg was the port for most Germans and Eastern Europeans to leave for the New World and became home to trading communities from all over the world. During World War II Hamburg suffered a series of devastating air raids which killed 42,000 German civilians. Bombings continued with British and Americans bombers and people started moving out from the city, being more than half million people (35%) by the end of the war. From 1938 until 1945 a concentration camp was established in the Neuengamme quarter of Hamburg, more than 500,000 people were forced to work. Then Hamburg was occupied by the British from 1945 to 1949. Through this, and the new zoning guidelines of the 1960s, the inner city lost much of its architectural past. After German reunification in 1990, and the accession of some Eastern European and Baltic States into the EU in 2004, the city Hamburg wanted to regain their position as the region’s largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.

Speicherstädt of Hamburg

The Present of Hamburg HafenCity. HafenCity Hamburg is a project of urban regeneration of the old port warehouses, being replaced with offices, hotels, shops, and residential areas.The project is one of the largest makeover project in Europe in scope of landmass (approximately 2,2 km²). The area of the HafenCity used to be part of the free port, but with the decreased economic importance of free ports in an era of European Union free trade, large container ships and increased border security, the Hamburg free port was reduced in size, removing the current HafenCity area from its restrictions.When completely developed, it will be home to about 12,000 people and the workplace of 40,000 people mostly in office complexes. The prospect for completion is not very clear, but will probably be around 2020-2030.

aereal view of HafenCity

Urban Plan. The city of Hamburg is rising the standards on the development of a new district at least in Europe. It covers an area of 157 hectares next to the city centre like an expansion of it because of it’s location. Hafencity will have a mixed environment composed of office buildings, residential, commercial, restaurants, cultural centres and green areas, including innovation and sustainability. Development of HafenCity is essentially based on a Masterplan which has a concept of an urban horizontal and vertical mix of uses and a flexible basic framework that serves as a good point of departure for development of old port sites south of the city center. The great presence of the public spaces will be related with the water of river Elbe, recovering the city waterfronts using them not only as an economical source with the port but also as quality public spaces for relax. All the area will be located 7,5 metres from the river level for protection against flood. The main objective of the project was to increased the area of the city centre of 40%. The total of the area is approximately 2 million sqm of construction, with 5,500 apartments for 12,000 people and 40,000 jobs. HafenCity will keep it’s history with the port, specially with the Speicherstadt, identity of the area for more than 100 years. The projects attracts inversion from private expecting to rise the quality of the city. HafenCity is already regarded as a showcase for major international urban development projects, though its development timeframe extends to 2025. Green Spaces and Sustainability (ecology, economy and social). Sustainability is being initiated at a range of levels, for example for buildings, supply of energy and mobility. This will enable HafenCity in the medium and long term to make a significant contribution to fulfilling Hamburg’s climate goal of a 40 percent cut in CO2emissions by 2020 compared with 1990. In fact,

HafenCity MasterPlan

through innovative supply of power and heat, for example, it should be possible to cut pollution by 50 per cent. The total area of public space in HafenCity increases from 24 to 28 hectares and the public waterfront extends from nearly 10 to 10.5km. Squares will be linked between them to improve urban spatial integration. Lohsepark, the “Central Park” of HafenCity, is now to be extended down to the River Elbe. The high standards of sustainability include an innovative heat supply concept as well as the planned high proportion of new buildings qualifying for the gold HafenCity Ecolabel. Here residential buildings will only be realized if they match the criteria for the gold Ecolabel. The new U4 subway line, to be extended to Elbbrücken station (eastern part of HafenCity), makes another important contribution to environmental quality. In addition, all developers have to meet obligatory criteria for sustainable mobility. Mobility. On foot, everything is close at hand in HafenCity, distances are short, even to the nearby current city center, and can often be covered quickly and easily by bicycle or on foot despite this, it requires a complex transport system to integrate it into Hamburg’s wider transport structure, having to create external and internal links, of 25 renovated or newly built bridges.The road system was also reconceived from scratch. The flood-protected bases present an advantage: their basements provide a total 26,000 underground parking slots. This means that almost all stationary traffic disappears from the cityscape and under the buildings. Although 90,000 car journeys are expected in the district. Bus services offer particular advantages during the construction phase with flexible routes, a ferry line serving Dalmannkai, with further stops to come. Development of the transport system. A new tunnel will connect Oberhafenquartier and Am Lohsepark neighborhood. Protection from flood. Another important aspect of sustainability is fulfillment of long-term flood protection. This is achieved by constructing buildings on compacted plinths 8 to 9m above sea level. The basements inside them provide flood-secure underground parking for cars. In some places, two paths at different levels run in parallel. Although HafenCity’s roads, like the buildings and many cycling and footpaths, are laid out on flood-protected bases between 7.5 and 8 meters above sea-level, quay promenades and some of the squares remain at the historically low level of 4 to 5.5 meters above sea-level.

Hamburg Flood Protection

The Future of Hamburg The Green Network Plan: a free-car City. The city of Hamburg decided to unite public spaces through pedestrian and cycle routes with a plan call “Green Network Plan”, to have the possibility of eliminate the need for vehicles over the next 20 years. More than 40% of the area of the city is made up of green areas, cemeteries, sports facilities, gardens, parks and squares. The project consist in not only having green rings around the city, something already done by other cities, what makes Hamburg’s plan innovative is in taking those rings to the city centre from the outskirts, allowing to explore the city only by walk or on bicycle exclusively in a period of 15 or 20 years. Hamburg has two large green nuclei, one on the north and one on the south, uniting them green corridors.The city will integrate people of each of the seven municipalities of the metropolitan region to ensure the plan in all the city and that all residents can access to a sustainable travel.

Grüne Netz Hamburg symbol

The city is aiming to absorb the CO2 in the environment with this green corridors and new green spaces helping to regulate the climate (Hamburg’s average temperature has risen about 1.2ºC in the last 60 years). Those new spaces will also prevent flooding: in the same 60 year time period, Hamburg’s sea level has risen about 20 centimeters and is expected to rise another 30 centimeters by 2100. With this network, Hamburg will be following a trend, perhaps best exemplified by Copenhagen, of cities constructing cycle paths in order to link outlying areas to city centers. And, importantly, the plan will make the car – currently the only transportation option to get from one part of the city to another – essentially unnecessary.

Current Land Use of the port and the expantion

Green areas on top of the Autobahn. The famous Autobahn freeway is getting a green upgrade, as Hamburg just announced plans to build three new public parks on top of it.The 8,000-mile road network runs through Hamburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s city centre, dividing the east and west with noisy traffic. The plan, developed by the Ministry of Urban Development and Environment, will see sections of the highway line topped with green roofs that welcome locals to enjoy the new lush landscapes.

Car free Hamburg Plan

Aside from breaking up the continuity of Hamburg, vehicles on the Autobahn tear through the city, kicking up dust, dirt, pollution and noise in neighborhoods surrounding it. As part of the forthcoming green network, which will create more parks and trails in the city, the government will build covers on three separate sections of the Autobahn that will turn the roads below into tunnels topped by three lush parks. The projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first steps will create a network of meadows, bike paths and community gardens accessible to the public. The redesign will cover 2 miles of the Autobahn, giving 60 acres of new green space back to the people of Hamburg. The project is set to be completed on 2022.

The Port of Hamburg History of the Port The port is almost as old as Hamburg itself. Founded on 7 May 1189 by Frederick I for its strategic location, it has been Central Europe’s main port for centuries and enabled Hamburg to develop early into a leading city of trade. During the age of the Hanseatic League from the 13th to 17th century, Hamburg was considered second only after the port and city of Lübeck in terms of its position as a central trading node for sea-borne trade. During the second half of the 19th century, Hamburg became Central Europe’s main hub for transatlantic passenger and freight travel, and from 1871 onward it was Germany’s principal port of trade. The Free Port, established on 15 October 1888, enabled traders to ship and store goods without going through customs and improved Hamburg’s position in sea trade with neighboring countries. The Speicherstadt, one of Hamburg’s architectural icons today, is a large wharf area of 350,000 m² on the northern shore of the river, built in the 1880s as part of the free port and to cope with the growing quantity of goods stored in the port. Hamburg shipyards lost fleets twice after WWI and WWII, and during the partition of Germany between 1945 and 1990, the Port of Hamburg lost much of its hinterland and consequently many of its trading connections. However, since German reunification, the fall of the Iron Curtain and European enlargement, Hamburg has made substantial ground as one of Europe’s prime logistics centres and as one of the world’s largest and busiest sea ports.

Port Plan 1865

Port Plan1885

Port Plan1905

Right now , it is named Germany’s “Gateway to the World” and is the largest port in Germany. In terms of TEU (Twenty-Foot equivalent unit) throughput, the port of Hamburg is the second-busiest port in Europe and 15th-largest worldwide. In 2011, 9 million TEUs (20-foot standard container equivalents) were handled in Hamburg. The harbour is located 110 kilometres from the mouth of the Elbe into the North Sea. The harbour covers an area of 73.99 km² (64.80 km² usable), of which 43.31 km² (34.12 km²) are land areas. The location is naturally advantaged by a branching Elbe, creating an ideal place for a port complex with warehousing and transshipment facilities.

Port Plan1925

Hamburg - port

Economical Influence of the Port

The Port of Hamburg is conveniently located between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. It can be accessed from the North Sea through the Elbe River, about 115 kilometres separate the city from the river mouth. The Kiel Canal connects the port to Scandinavia and the whole Baltic Sea region. The Elbeseitenkanal and the Midland Canal provide connections to the hinterland. Furthermore, the Elbe-LĂźbeck Canal provides an inland waterway from Hamburg to the Baltic Sea. Economical influence The port is the supporting pillar of Hamburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy. In the city, around 133,000 people are employed directly in and around the port, which accounts for 155,000 jobs in the whole metropolitan area.

Current Land Use of the port and the expantion

Hamburg for the Olympics The expansion of the Port of Hamburg to the west of the city has opened a requalification of the industrial site since the end of 20th and beginnings of the 21st century. The first example is the creation of the HafenCity quarter, changing the primary function of this part of the city, inserting residential, offices and public functions near the city centre allowing the densification on a modern and sustainable way. To follow the idea of requalification of industrial sites east of the port, just south of the HafenCity and the river Elbe, in an area called Kleiner Grasbrook, an island in the river is been selected by the Olimpic committee to host the pricipal venues for their candidature for the summer olympic games 2024. Its location near the city centre gives possibility of requalification of an industrial site, because is already an area of interest and easy to ensure for the security potential.

Leap Across the Elbe - Grasbrook Area 3

This area is near to the city centre even including the river, a distance of something more than 2 kilometres from the centre of the island until the Rathaus (the Municipality) of the city passing through HafenCity. It will return an important area to the city to be profitable for it. The area is also closed to the Wilhelmsburg zone, a green area south of the city. The site of Kleiner Grasbrook has showed interest for architects and the University of HafenCity, proposing some residential projects as HafenCity or residential projects for students. This only reaffirmed the importance and needs of the area.The first approach of the Deutsch Olympian Committee for the 2024 Summer Olympic Games were also made in this area, proposing in all the alternatives for the Olympic Stadium and then from the Olympic

University of HavenCity in Kleiner Grasbrook

Kleiner Grasbrook for the Olympic Games

Since the Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund announced the bid for part of the city, the first images of how it could be the Olympic Games or were could be the Olympic Park for the city were released. These first attempts were located the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic Village in one of the islands of the zone, only two kilometers away from the city centre, having the Stadium as the icon in the opposite side of the Elbe Philharmonic Hall built in HafenCity. The second proposal was having in this island all the sport venues and a more dense Olympic Village. What the city had decided is to build only 5 new sport venues, the Olympic Stadium, the Olympian Halle, the Swimming Hall, this three located on Kleiner Grasbrook area, and a rugby stadium and a Canoe Slalom Whitewater Course. The temporary venues will also be 5, archery, Modern Pentathlon, BMX, volleyball and Shooting in the City Park. For the rest of buildings they would need to brought up to Olympic standards.

hamburgs-plaene-citynahe

This two projects, are not the only proposals for realize the olympic games but, the common factor between all the projects is always the island of Kleiner Grasbrook.

first render of te olympic

Hamburg Olympic Masterplan 3

State of the art

Kleiner Grasbrook

Stage Theater an der Elbe

MichelPark

elbphilharmonie

Kuhne logistic university

HafenCity university

Internationales Maritimes Museum Hafenmuseum

As mentioned before, this part of town is not only near to the city center , also connected by one of the main roads on the Elb river , in addition to has a comprehensive educational infrastructure , a variety of recreational and cultural spaces, highlights the lack of presence of hotels, sports and hospital spaces within the perimeter studied . Inside the Kleiner Grasbrook island it is now part of the port of Hamburg , which is in the process of relocation as explained above , leaving it almost completely empty , except for large storage sheds.

Obehafen

Elbpark entenwerde

Schule auf der veddel

BallinStadt

History A stadium is essentially a huge theatre for the presentation of outdoor sports, concerts, or other events, made to be comfortable and safe, and offer their users an enjoyable entertainment, subduing the rows of seating, the ramps or stairs, and the immense roof structures into a single harmonious and delightful architectural ideal, creating one of the most powerful civic architecture. The stadia are one of the great historic building types, represented by some of the very earliest works of architecture (Greek stadia), some of the most pivotal (Roman amphitheatres and thermae), and some of the most beautiful (the Colosseum in Rome). Therefore we will start with a brief historic review.

Epidaurus Theater, Greece

History

The ancestral prototypes for modern sports facilities are the stadia and hippodromes of ancient Greece. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in Greece, where the Olympic Games of antiquity were created in 776 BC. Greek stadia were built in all cities where games were played with a U-shape, straight end and varied in leight . Some of them, following the pattern of Greek theatres, were cut out of a hillside so that banks of seats with good sightlines could be formed naturally, while others were constructed on flat ground. The ancient city of Olympia demonstrated the civic importance of sporting facilities in Greek life, where the site contained a great complex of temples and altars and adjacent to an enclosed training gymnasium for the athletes, and along the edge of the field, space to accommodate the spectators made with stone steppings.The stadium consisted of a track 192m long and 32m wide with rising tiers of seats to accommodate up to 45 000 spectators.

Panathenaic Stadium, Athens

Adjacent to the stadium at Olympia was a much longer hippodrome for horse and chariot races, were roughly 198m to 228m long and 37m wide and were laid out in a U-shape showing the embryonic forms of modern athletic stadia and racing circuits. The hippodrome has not survived, but from them the Romans developed the circuses (more elongated and much narrower), These circuses were U-shaped equestrian racecourses where the starting and return courses were separated by a low wall decorated with carvings and statues (spina), with seats rose in tiers along the straight sides of the U and round the curved end, the lower seats being in stone and reserved for members of the upper classes and the upper seats made of wood. A famous example was the Circus Maximus in Rome (fourth century BC), this was possibly the largest stadium ever built. It was about 660m long and 210m wide and offered all-seating accommodation for spectators in three tiers parallel to the track. As the Greek hippodrome led to the Roman circus, so the Greek theatre led to the Roman amphitheatre, the Romans were more fascinated in mortal combat than in others events, and they developed the Â¨arenaÂ¨ to house this kind of spectacle. The arena had an amphitheatrical form, like two Greek theatres joined together to form an ellipse, enclosed on all sides by high rising tiers of seats allowing the maximum number of spectators, first build in timber (these have not survived) and then, in stone and concrete. Used for contests and other entertainments and could be flooded with water for naval and aquatic displays. Under the arena usually was a warren of chambers and passageways to accommodate performers, gladiators and animals.

Vissualization of the Circus Maximus in Rome

The Flavian Amphitheatre in Rome, better known as the Colosseum, is the greatest exemplar of this building type and has rarely been beaded to this day as a rational fusion of engineering, theatre and art. Its Construction began in AD 70 and finished 12 years later. The structure formed a giant ellipse of 189m by 155m and rose to a height of four storeys, accommodating 48 000 people, it could be roofed by stretching canvas awnings across the open top, the structure had 80 arched openings to each of the lower three storeys with ornamentation, the openings at ground level giving entrance to the tiers of seats. This arch structure solved three problems at one stroke: When the Roman Empire fell and the Christianity swept through Europe, the â&#x20AC;˘ First, it formed the artificial hillside required from the theatrical point of view . â&#x20AC;˘ Second, it formed a stable structure. â&#x20AC;˘ Third it matched the volume of internal space to the numbers of people circulating at each level emphasis of society changed to religious salvation more than entertainment, and architectural effort was turned to build churches rather than places of recreation and entertainment. No major new sports stadia or amphitheatres would be built for the next fifteen centuries. Sports buildings inherited from the Roman era became neglected. Some were converted to new uses as marketplaces or residence dwellings and many others were simply destroyed. During the Rennaisance and after, competitions were held in open fields or town squares, sometimes with temporary stages, but no permanent buildings were established even though deep interest was taken in classicism for the architecture of stadia and amphitheatres. In the course of the nineteenth century there was a growing demand for mass spectator events and new structural technologies were create to facilitate the construction of stadia or enclosed halls. More important changes came from the revival of the Olympic tradition because for this purpose the ancient stadium were studied and the stadium as a building type saw a revival. The White City stadium was built for the 1908 games, it was a functional building accommodating over 80 000 spectators, had a steel frame, and was the first multipurpose Olympic stadium designed, accommodating a multitude of individual sports and surrounded by a cycle track creating a gigantic arena becoming increasingly neglected and was finally demolished in the 1980s White City stadium, London

In 1936 the city of Berlin, like the theatres and stadia of ancient Greece, the stadium shaped out of the earth, blending quietly into the surrounding landscape and making no monumental gestures. the Berlin stadium with its rational planning and powerful columniated faĂ§ade is a highly impressive design, with a great oval structure that accommodate 110 000 spectators including 35000 standees in 71 rows, unfortunately, it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t used only for sporting functions but also for mass political demonstrations by the Nazis. The 1960 Olympiad in Rome marked a new departure. Instead of staging all events on a single site as before, a decentralized plan was decided upon, with the athletics stadium in one part of the city and other facilities away, creating a tendency for decades. The main stadium was an uncovered three-storey structure similar to the Berlin stadium. It has an orderly limestone-clad faĂ§ade wrapped round its oval shape, (roof was added in 1990 for the Soccer World Cup) Two smaller halls from 1960 are architecturally significant: the 16 000 capacity Palazzo dello Sport and the 5000 capacity Palazzetto dello Sport. Both are circular, columnfree halls which combine great visual elegance with functional efficiency. In 1964 the Olympics were held in Tokyo, here, 4000 spectators could sit under one of the most theatrical roof structures ever devised: steel cables were draped from a single tall mast on the perimeter of the circular plan, and concrete panels hung from the cables to form a semi-rigid roof structure in the Swimming Arena. In 1972 the Olympics returned to Germany specifically in Munich, the site was converted with exemplary skill, expensive, but elegant lightweight roof, thrown over one side of the stadium and extended to several other facilities which create a wonderful landscape of green hills, hollows, meadows and watercourses, and an existing heap of rubble became a small green hill. The roof consists of transparent acrylic panels on a steel net hung from a series of tapered masts, floating above the parkland with undulations mirroring those of the landscape below. It must be said that environmental problems have been experienced and that a parasol was suspended under the arena to shade the area below from the sun. However the roof remains an outstanding achievement and to being the largest to date, covering 21 acres. The long-term viability of huge stadia built just for Olympic athletics events brings a notably concerns in the case of the Montreal in 1976, later the other host cities have constructed stadia with their post-Olympic life in mind, as example the 1996 Games stadium at Atlanta was designed to be converted into a baseball stadium, and the Sydney Olympics in 2000 was designed with 30 000 temporary seats to host an annual programme of games of rugby and Australian rules football that requires less seats during the season. Right now, Olympic stadia are being ambitious facilities and explored every avenue , like huge seating capacities, multi-use functions, adaptability of seating configurations, total enclosure to ensure comfort, retractable roofing to allow different weather conditions and yet profitability to be financially viable without some degree of subsidy. Centennial Olympic Stadium, Atlanta

Case studies

To make a study of the different possibilities for a stadium, and generate a set of strategies as tools at the time of designing, we proceed with the analysis of projects built to serve as references. Mainly new projects were sought and increased capacity of 60,000 spectators, except olimpiastadia of Berlin -for its historical relevance and the Juventus Stadium -for being a modern stadium in the city where this project- is done, Among estaio are analyzed; the Allianz Arena (Munich), birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nest (Beijing), Millennium Stadium (Wales), The National staium of Warsaw, 2012. Olympic stadium (London), Telstra Stadium (Sydney) and Staiun Wembley (London). To this end synthesize each of the projects: overview, main floor features location security ring analysis section and an exploded view of its main features.

All the stadiums to be analyze

Allians Arena, Munich The Allianz Arena is in Munich, Germany, was designed by Herzog & De Meuron. The stadium has a capacity of 60 000-seat, it is the third largest arena in Germany and was completed in 2005.The naming rights were purchased by large financial services provider Allianz for 30 years. However this name cannot be used when hosting FIFA and UEFA events, it is known as Football Arena Munich

The stadium is distinguished, above all, by the skin, that is a translucent luminous large shimmering white, diamond-shaped ETFE cushions, each of which can be illuminated separately and controlled digitally, it is the first stadium in the world with a full color-changing exterior. The changing appearance of the stadium enhances its attraction as an urban monument even for people who are not interested in football. Inside includes a wide choice of catering, entertainment and leisure, Halls of Fame, childcare services and kindergarten, big shops for fans, offices and conference rooms. Not least of which, 6,500 square meters are intended for restaurants and bars, also the museum of Bayern Munich is located inside the Allianz Arena.

Allians Arena in Munich ocation plan

Allians Arena in Munich Rings scheme on the 3th floor Plan

Skin The skin is constructed of 2,874 ETFE-foil air panels, shimmering, diamond-shaped that are kept in-flated with dry air with little dots on the foil to appear white from the distance, each of which can be illu-minated separately , digitally controlled and composing a luminous body.

The structure It is composed by 48 radial main Beams approximately 65m long, join by the secondary cross beans forming a rhomboidal steel net that support the air panels, arriving up to 50m high.

The top grandstands The lower tier can seat up to 20,000, the middle tier up to 24,000, and the upper tier up to 22,000. 10,400 of the seats in the lower tier corners can be converted to standing room to allow an additional 3,120 spectators.The total capacity includes 2,000 business seats, 400 seats for the press, 106 luxury boxes with seating for up to 174, and 165 berths for wheelchairs, both are made of concrete.

The esplanade An esplanade rises gradually from ground level to the entrance level of the stadium, building the parking garageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cover, creating an artificial landscape for the arrival and departure of the fans, with vegetation of the surrounding FrĂśttmaning Heath. Meandering asphalt paths determine and shape the rhythm.

Allians Arena in Munich section Plan

Birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nest, Beijing The Beijing National Stadium is located at the south of the centrepiece Olympic Green, is a stunning landmark building design by the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron, which staged the 2008 Olympic Games and will host the Winter Olympic Games 2022. The design, which originated from the study of Chinese ceramics, implemented steel beams in order to hide supports for the retractable roof (the retractable roof was later removed from the design); giving the stadium the appearance of a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nest, giving it this nickname. The 91,000-seat stadium was designed to incorporate elements of Chinese art and culture with 11,000 demountable seats and officially opened on 28 June 2008, in recent years, there are planning to build a shopping mall and a hotel, to increase use of the stadium which has had trouble attracting events.

Beijing bird;s nest stadium location plan

Beijing bird;s nest stadium Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

Retractable roof The geometry is complex. The “nest” structure, however random it might look, follows the rules of geometry and contains 36km of unwrapped steel, a software was needed to make sure that the web of twisting steel sections fitted together, as they have to twist and bend to follow the surface accurately. The stadium’s roof The roof is covered with a double-layer membrane structure, with a transparent ETFE, membrane fixed on the upper part and a translucent PTFE membrane fixed on its lower part. A PTFE acoustic ceiling is also attached to the side walls of the inner ring. The stadium structure Main body is composed of 24 columns of trusses, surrounding the bowl-shaped stands supporting each other and converge into a grid formation. The top grandstands is an independent concrete structure that ensure comfortable seats and optimum view for all spectators, creating a red seating bowl, however the upper part of the stand is a steel structure that is actually separated from the other, but both of these are based on a joint foundation. The bottom grandstands The spaces in the structure of the stadium are filled with inflated ETFE cushions. On the façade, the inflated cushions are mounted on the inside of the structure where necessary, to provide wind protection. The pitch The football field of the stadium with an area of 8,000m² provided enough space for the underground pipes of the geothermal heat pump (GHP) system, through which ground-source energy is collected. In winter, the system absorbs the heat from the soil and helps heating the stadium, while in summer the coldness from the soil is stored coooling the stadium.

Beijing bird;s nest stadium Rings section Plan

Juventus Stadium, Torino The Juventus Stadium is a football stadium in the Vallette borough of Torino, Italy, has a capacity of just over 41,000 spectators and it was opened at the start of the 2011. The stadium was built on the site of the Stadio delle Alpi, to home the Serie A club Juventus Football Club (one of only three club-owned football stadiums in Serie A). The architects decided to remove the running track to make room for stands ,executive boxes and other modern improvements. Reducing distance between the stands and the pitch is only 7.5 m-and the distance between the last row of the grand stand and the pitch is 49 m. The stadium also offers parking space for 4.000 vehicles, a shopping complex of 34.000 m2 and a museum dedicated to this famous serie A club.The project was based on a modern approach, the methods used in building the new stadium combine ecological and environmental processes to reduce the impact on the construction site, all this being successfully done with the help of high advanced technologies. Juventus Stadiumlocation plan

Juventus StadiumRings scheme on the

Floor Plan

Suspended structural roof Is composed by reticular trusses suspended by the four intersection joints by cables that go to the heads of two main columns to ensure the stability of the roof by the uplifting and dragging wind action, the 4 main nodes are anchored to the ground and to the main grand stands with a vertical restraint stay. The structure Between the secondary trusses is placed the steel sheeting composing a pattern of cellular boxes, finally, a composite membrane is placed over the discontinuous sheeting layer. The roof structure Between the main trusses and the outer edge, are placed the secondary trusses that has a span of about 40m with straight bottom and curved top internal height at mid span is about 2.60m and connected at mid span by a reticular transverse to ensure lateral stability and a quick mounting procedure. The stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s faĂ§ade Is formed by rectangular plates that are made of a highly technological aluminum material, in three different shades of grey, have been organized in a precise order. The top grandstands Higher level steel grand stands have columns and beams with box section made by welded plates to avoid annoying vibrations for human comfort. The bottom grandstands Lower level grand stands have concrete frames connected by rigid slabs and separated by seismic and thermic joints. The elevated square Located between the stadium and the fundation of the stadium delle Alpi, it rise a elevated square that works as a safe space for emergencies, surrounded by wide ramps that lead with the ground floor and the grandstands are accessible via 16 suspended passages that offer fascinating views of the stands.

Juventus Stadium Rings section Plan

Millenium Stadium of Wales The Millennium Stadium its located in the capital city, Cardiff, was designed by a team led by architects Bligh Lobb Sports Architecture, opened in June 1999 is the first to be built in the UK with an acoustically insulated retractable roof, has a seating capacity of 73 000. The stadium was a catalyst for the regeneration of Cardiff city centre, its accommodates all types of sports, leisure and cultural events. It has a three-tiered profile, the middle of which club and corporate seating, with boxes, is arranged over six levels and includes food and beverage concessions, from fast food to reserved table restaurants, merchandising franchises and retail outlets, a museum of sports and childcare facilities, also allows pedestrian links with existing transport terminals.

Millennium Stadium location plan

Millennium Stadium Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

The structure The four pylons have 93m-tall, comprised of two 220m main steel trusses crossed over by five lateral trusses on each section of the retractable roof.

The roof The cladding consists of aluminium sheets covered with a layer of plaster, forming an interlocking system.The flashing allows movement between the roofs.

The stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s faĂ§ade The fixed roof placed underneath the retractable roof comprises galvanised steel purlins that surround the entire perimeter. The purlins form the second supporting layer, forms the diaphragm on which the fixed roof is placed.

The grandstands The stadium has three tiers of seating with the exception of the North Stand, which has two tiers. The lower tier holds 23,500 spectators, the middle tier holding 18,000 and the upper tier hold approximately 33,000 spectators.

The pitch The pitch itself made of 7,412 pallets which can be moved for concerts, exhibitions and other events. The natural grass turf is made of a modular system installed by GreenTech ITM.I for concerts, exhibitions and other events.

Millennium Stadium Rings section Plan

National Stadium of Warsaw The National Stadium is located in Warsaw, Poland. It is used mostly for football matches and it is the home stadium of Poland national football team. The National Stadium is a multi-sports facility that allows for the organization of sporting events, concerts and cultural events. In addition, has the largest conference center in Warsaw with a capacity of 1600 people including 25,000 mÂ˛ of commercial office space. The stadium contains restaurants, a fitness club, a pub, 69 luxury skyboxes, it will also serve as an office, market place, hotel, gastronomic point and underground parking for 1765 cars is located beneath the pitch. As a result, it is expected that about 2000 to 3000 people will visit the stadium every single day The stadium has a capacity of 58,145 seats for spectators during football matches and up to 72,900 during concerts and other events, the total area is 204,000 mÂ˛, the central spire stands at a height of 124 metres above the River Vistula and 100 m above the pitch and the total length of the lower promenade is 924 meters. National Stadium of Warsaw location plan

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

Retractable roof Partially transparent, made of fibreglass covered with teflon, is resistant to weather factors, with a steel-cables structure and total weight is 1,200 tons. The process of opening or closing takes about 20 minutes and use a drive system for stretch the membrane, during this process , cover not only the stands, but also the pitch. The structure façade This pipe structure is completely independent from the concrete tiers and it is fundamental to the retractable stadium’s roof. The stadium’s façade Resembling a waving Flag of Poland and using the Polish national colors, it consists of silver and red painted mesh that covers the inner aluminum and glass elevation. It is not a closed facade for natural ventilation of rooms placed under the stands and access to natural light. The top grandstands Under the tiers, there is a building with 130 000 m² and eight stories for changing rooms, conference halls and living areas. The highest point at the stands, is located 41 meters from the pitch, while the highest point of the steel roof structure is 70 meters above that level. The bottom grandstands The concrete structure is composed of two-level stands, with a capacity for 58,145 spectators, there are 900 seats for media and press, more than 4,600 premium seats, 106 seats for disabled people and more than 800 seats in the VIP lodges. The pitch The stadium is equipped with a heated pitch with a lawn of Dutch grass, under the pitch is located a parking for 1765 cars. During the organization of events such as concerts, the pitch will be covered with special panel.

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings section Plan

Olympiastadion Berlin The Olympiastadion is a sports stadium in Berlin, Germany. Originally, built for the 1936 Summer Olympics. Today the stadium is part of the Olympiapark Berlin. In 2004 the Olympiastadion was renovated offering a permanent capacity of 74,475 seats and is the largest stadium in Germany and is a UEFA category four stadium and one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most prestigious sporting and entertainment events venues. Since 1963 it has been the home ground of Hertha BSC football team and was used in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. and 2006 FIFA World Cup, also host for the 2011 FIFA Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s World Cup as well as the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final, also each year is used for the German Cup.

Olympiastadion Berlin location plan

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

traslucent roof The roof rises 68 metres over the seats and is made up of transparent panels to allow sunlight during the day, equipped with the latest technology in artificial illumination and sound equipment.

The roof structure The roof was extended to cover a total of 37,000 square metres, with 20 roof-supporting columns carrying a weight of 3,500 tonnes of steel, and is open in the western portion to reveal the Bell Tower to the spectators.

The stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s faĂ§ade The facade consist of a colonnade, where the walls were built with sturdy stone from the area of the Lower Alps, its considered a historical monument.

The grandstands The upper tier has 31 seating rows with a inclination of 23 degrees and houses 36,455 seats and the lower tier has 42 seating rows with an angle of 25,4 degrees and houses 38,020 seats, in total the stadium has 68.342regular seats, 290 are seats on the press stand and 693 are seats in skyboxes, 563 are lounge seats (expandable to 743, adding a mobile grandstand over the Marathon Arch), 4,413 are business seats and 174 for wheelchair spaces. The bottom grandstands The playing field was excavated and lowered by 2.65 metres and the lower tier of seating in the stadium was demolished and rebuilt at a completely different angle of inclination to create a more intimate atmosphere for football games.

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings section Plan

Olympic Stadium of London Olympic Stadium, is located in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford,England. where it hosted the track and field events and the opening and closing ceremonies for the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The Stadium was designed by Sir Robert McAlpine and Populousand the construction started in 2008, had a capacity of 80,000, making it the third-largest stadium in England, it was thinking to be removable, adding a demountable lightweight steel and pre-cast concrete upper tier is built up from this â&#x20AC;&#x153;bowlâ&#x20AC;? to accommodate a further 55,000 spectators. The stadium is currently under renovation, closed since 2013 for transformation works, finished the renewal will have a standard capacity of 54,000 and will be the longterm home of West Ham United Football Club and British Athletics.

The Olimpic stadium of London location plan

The Olimpic stadium of London Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

Retractable roof The roof is made from a phthalate-free polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fabric to keep costs down. Which was thinking to be reused and recycled after the games, for some football stadiums for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Floodlight Towers The stadium roof held 14 lighting towers, or paddles,. Each tower weighed approximately 35 tones and reach 70m above the field, contained an average of 35 lamps each.The floodlights were removed in opposite pairs to prevent the roof structure from buckling. The stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure Consist of two compression ring-truss and roof column connections were bolted, this will allow for fast on-site assembly and disassembling of the roof structure after the closing ceremonies. The grandstands The base tier, which allows for 25,000 seats, is a depressed elliptical bowl that is made up of low-carbon-dioxide concrete, the second tier, which holds 55,000 seats, is 315 metres long, 256 metres wide, and 60 metres high, made of the steel, to be removable. The faĂ§ade The wrap is made from polyester and polyethylene, is printed using UV curable inks and encircles the stadium and was made of pieces of material of 2.5 m-wide fabric panels, twisted at 90-degree angles to allow entry to the stadium at the bottom of the structure, and held in place with tensioned cables. The pitch is excavated on the site, around which is permanent seating for 25,000, built using the natural slope of the land, with warm-up and changing areas dug into a semi-basement position at the lower end.

The Olimpic stadium of London section Plan

Telstra Stadium Sidney Initially named Stadium Australia, later Telstra Stadium and right now known for sponsorship reasons as ANZ Stadium, was the centerpiece of the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, projected by the company Bligh Lobb Sports Architecture, inspired by â&#x20AC;&#x153;akubraâ&#x20AC;? which is a typical Australian soft hat.

It was the largest stadium ever used for the Olympics with a capacity of 110 000 and completed in 1999, but dropped to 83 500 after renovation works in 2003. This renovation added awnings over the north and south stands, to increase seats undercover and moveable to adapt the field to the different pitches. The stadium is the home of the New South Wales rugby league, also host rugby events as well as international soccer matches. It is also use for concerts, exhibitions and public gatherings to provide a flexible, multifunctional and economically viable venue with widespread appeal. The stadium is environmentally sustainable. Passive design measures include ventilation, natural cooling and heating. Rainwater is recycled from the roof and use to irrigate the pitch.

National Stadium of Warsaw location plan

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

The roof structure The roof is suspended from a huge arch structure, composed by two trusses of 295 metre long. Notwithstanding its immense dimension, the roof offers a sense of lightness. Roof The roof is 58 meters above the arena. It is a hyperbolic parabolid and sloped down towards the pitch and covering the two main tribunes constructed by translucent polycarbonate, to enhance the intense atmosphere and optimizing stadium acoustics, also allows rainwater to be siphoned off into tanks to irrigate the pitch.

Removable grandstands These two stands that were 15 meters higher than the main tribunes and were not covered by a roof, were removed to reduce the size and convert the playing field into an oval shape. The top grandstands The stadium have a concrete stands that are closer to the pitch with better uninterrupted views with moveable seating tiers were a further innovation to allow for maximum flexibility. The stadium can be easily transformed from athletics to rugby, cricket, soccer and AFL, its capacity is 110,000 seats spread over four tiers: lower, middle, upper and the removable part Circulation Spectators have access to the stands via 4-helical ramps, escalators and lifts, also the routes for spectators, athletes and services personnel were designed to never cross for reasons of security, convenience and efficiency.

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings section Plan

Wembley Stadium, London Wembley Stadium is in London, England, on the site of the original Wembley Stadium which was demolished in 2003. The new stadium was designed by architects Foster + Partners and opened in 2007, and has the largest roof-covered seating capacity in the world hosting 90 000seat all protected from the elements by a sliding roof that does not completely enclose it.

The stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s signature feature is an archway and is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s longest unsupported roof structure. The roof has retractable panels to allow light and air onto the pitch, maintaining the quality turf. Also, the roof can be left open, but can be moved to cover all the seats within 50 minutes, ensuring fans are sheltered during an event. Built to become the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most dynamic stadium. Designed to the highest specifications, using the latest technology , can be adapted as an athletic stadium by erecting a temporary platform, designed to convert the stadium decreasing the capacity to approximately 60,000 because cover the lowest tier of seating of pounds. National Stadium of Warsaw location plan

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings scheme on the Floor Plan

The Roof structure is 133 metre tall arch that sits above the north stand, with a span of 315 metres, the arch is the longest single span roof structure in the world and is visible right across London, the arch inner diameter is 7.4 m and supports all of the weight of the north roof and 60 per cent of the weight of the southern side.

The retractable roof The stadium roof rises to 52 metres above the pitch, is over 11 acres, of which four of the acres are retractable design, which allows the pitch to be exposed to direct sunlight and ventilation whilst ensuring that spectators are covered.

The top grandstands The stadium have stands that are higher and closer to the pitch than the original stadium and with better uninterrupted views with 90,000 seats spread over three tiers: lower 34,303, middle 16,532 and upper 39,165, 310 wheelchair spaces and 400 press seats.

The stadiumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s faĂ§ade The orientation of the stadium remains east-west, with the main faĂ§ade with louvered windows and smoke control ventilation pointing north way and an external concourse all around the stadium to make much easier, and safer, to enter and leave the stadium. The pitch The new pitch is 4 m lower than the previous pitch.The pitch size, as lined for association football, is 105 m long by 69 m wide, slightly narrower than the old Wembley, as required by the UEFA stadium categories for a category four stadium, the top category.

National Stadium of Warsaw Rings section Plan

Design Strategies Orientation Pitch orientation of the playing field must be appropriate for the uses to which it will be put and the events tomb staged because from this, the masterplan must be structured. This factor will depend on the hemisphere in which the stadium is located, the time of the year and the time of the day in which the sports will be played, also the specific local environmental conditions. Sometimes the orientation demands may conflict with the requirements for wind direction or the sun necessities of the pitch turf.

Best common axis of operation for many sports Range acceptable for football and rugby Best range of track and field pitch games Recommended pitch orientations in northern Europe for principal sports.

Zoning Having set the orientation the next main concern is to plan the five security zones which make up the safety plan position of the stadium, the size and location of these zones are essential to the performance of the stadium in an emergency. The purpose of zoning the stadium is to allow spectators to escape from their seats, in an emergency, creating safety zones from the pitch at the center leading ultimately to a place of permanent outside. Zone 1 The activity area (the central area or pitch on which the games take place). Zone 2 The spectator terraces. Zone 3 The concourses surrounding the activity area. Zone 4 The circulation area surrounding the stadium structure and separating it from the perimeter fence. Zone 5 The open space outside the perimeter fence and separating it from the car parks. Zone one: The playing field.

It provides a clear and helpful framework for design not only for new stadia but also for the refurbishment of existing facilities, Also disabled spectators, particularly those in wheelchairs, are enabled to make their way to this area, and be safely accommodated within it, need particularly careful thought.

Zone two: The spectator seating and standing areas. Zone three: The internal concourses, restaurants, bars, and other social areas. Zone four: The circulation area between the stadiumstructure and the perimeter fence. Zone five: The open space outside the perimeter fence Zoning diagram showing the five â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;safety zonesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Roof Protection The spectators are increasingly demanding protection specially in countries where sporting events take place in winter roofs are becoming a standard requirement. To create a more comfortable conditions for spectators and performers, the stadium tend to close all in a continuous shape, but close forms reduce the airflow drying the grass pitch after rains, also, the shadow must be studied to protect the occupants from the sun, ensure the sunlight for the pitch at different times of the day and year.Thus, for the roof is important to study the wind directions, velocities, air temperatures, air turbulence and whether winds at match times are likely to contain rain or snow.

Protection offered by a Roof

Crowd Control The managing of people must be considered from the beginning of a stadium project, a ‘crowd’ and must be carefully managed from the moment they enter to the area, because is very easy for that crowd to become a ‘mob’ and eventually that mob to become a ‘riot’ only is needed a little encouragement. The crowd control try to minimized this encouragement and protect then and the player for then, but if the public misbehave the management of the venue need to intervene quickly to ensure that a small incident does not become a large one.in this point, the building will assist the management in this task if firstly it does not provide opportunities for misbehaviour, and perhaps even encourages people to behave well. One of the primary problems, is the spectators entering the field of play when not wanted. There are three commonly-used design techniques for separating the activity area from the spectators: perimeter fences, moats, and changes of level. Perimeter fences A fence between spectators and pitch protect the players and officials from hostile spectators also the natural grass pitch surface from compaction of the spectators’ feet, but are an obstruction to proper viewing of the game and is not to safety in cases of mass panic Moats The moat is easy to design unclimbable and to control a crowd invation,also provide a circulation route around the stadium for officials and security staff needing to gain quick and easy access to some part of the viewing stands, ambulances and emergency vehicles and the media. The problem to use a moat is that will increase the distance between the playing field and the spectators. Changes of level Is the combination of a depression, less deep than the moats, and a barrier, not as high as the fences, gives quite an effective deterrent to crowd invasion of the pitch while still providing good access around the perimeter of the pitch for official making the pitch invasion difficult, though not impossible.

The cat’s cradle fence

The ‘bullring’ solution

A ‘half moat’

An accessible moat

An inaccessible moat.

Viewing The calculation sets the preferred viewing distance at no more than 150 m between the extreme corner of the field and spectator’s eye, with an absolute maximum of 190 m. Average configuration suggests a circle struck from the centre spot on the field, generally referred to as the ‘optimum viewing circle’. This circle in the case of football and rugby would have a radius of 90m.

Maximum viewing distance 190m Assumed optimum viewing distance 90m ]

The simple circular plan areas developed above are only a starting point: First, the spectators are not sitting at ground level but are raised above the ground by as much as 20 or 30 m in a large stadium. Second, spectators have preferred viewing locations for each particular sport, so that seats in some areas of the optimum viewing circle would be less satisfactory than others at the same distance from the game.

Tiers

Relationship between playing field, optimum and maximum viewing distances and a deduced ‘optimum viewing circle’. For the optimum viewing circle would have a radius of 90m from the centre spot.

It is necessary to guarantee a satisfactory ‘sightlines’. The term ‘sightline’ refers to the spectator’s ability to see the nearest point of interest on the playing field. The angle must be calculated many times over for each individual row in a stadium because the optimum viewing angle varies with both the height of the spectator’s eye above pitch level and its distance from the pitch. The method for carrying out such a calculation is deciding the ‘point of focus’ on the playing field, a suitable ‘C’ value (150mm an excellent design value, 120mm very good, and 90mm reasonable), the distance between the front row of seats and the point of focus. and the level of the front row of seats relative to the playing field. Not exiding 34 degrees of rake, because starts to be uncomfortable and induces a sense of vertigo.

Quality of vision is improved by increasing the heights of seats above pitch level;

N= (R+C) x (D+T) – R D

N _ riser height; R _ height between eye on ‘point of focus’ on the playing field; D _ distance from eye to ‘point of focus’ on the playing field; C _ ‘C’ value;1 T _ depth of seating row.

Emergency Time The escape time from any seat, change by each country with their own national or local regulation, in many cases such rules will specify evacuation of a stadium simply in terms of a number of minutes, but this is not a completely adequate yardstick for safety. The true requirement is that spectators must be able to move from their seats to a temporary safety zone, and thence to the permanent safety zone in a specified time (tipically within 8 minutes). Always taking the worst case in each subdivision of the stadium, calculating the distance from the vomitory to the permanent safety zone, assuming that spectators move along the level floors and ramps at 150m per minute, and down stairways at 30m per minute. Also assume that 40 people per minute can pass through (0.60m) for corridors and also for doorways, gates, etc, and then, check that the total number of spectators seated or standing in a particular section can actually exit in the time calculated above, and if they cannot then widths must be increased. 100

150 m per minute. Average unobstructed walking velocity is 150 m per minute. A person exits every second or every 2.5 metres. (9 km/h)

30 m per minute Average unobstructed walking on staircase 30 m per minute (1.8 km/h). Spacing between people is 0.75 m.

Circulation and Flows

Stadium

Spectators

VIPs Sponsors

Players Athletes

Officials Referees

Media

Management servicing

Event Organization

seven main user groups.

Circulation planning in a stadium should be focus on the comfort, where people should be able to move with pleasure without overcrowded spaces or excessive steep stair to find their way to their seats, also without getting lost or confused and safety, securing the live spectators in panic condition, fulfilling the safety requires, even better, preventive measures to minimize the risk by skilful design. A strategy to do that, is subdividing the total ground capacity into smaller units for easier crowd control and for a more even distribution of toilets, bars and restaurants, with their own independent circulation routes as well as its share of ancillary facilities. Also, this separation help to the segregation of fans from opposing clubs.the actual division can sometimes be achieved simply by barriers or changes of height, completely independent or with the tier organization if the stadium has upper tiers.

Spectator flow from gate to seat

101

102

103

Design Strategies Orientation For the Olympic Games that are principally field and track sports, typically in Europe take place during the summer and autumn months. Technically the ideal orientation in this part of the world is for the longitudinal axis of the track to run 15 degrees west of north, to avoid the sun in the athletes eyes and nor, ideally, should spectators. After the Olympic Games, the stadium is thought to be used for football games, this sport in Europe are played during the autumn and winter months, in the early afternoon. The ideal orientation for the field is to have its longitudinal axis running north–south, or perhaps northwest– southeast, because the sun is low in the sky and moving from south-south-west to west.

Stadium pitch orientations Best common axis of operation for many sports Range acceptable for football and rugby Best range of track and field pitch games

Zoning Safety zones of the stadium were made by the recommendations gived before, where: Zone 5 correspond to the Olympic Park Zone 4 was generated in an elevated square which can contain all the spectators with a density of 4 person by square metre Zone 3 is smaller than zone 4 but in can also guarantee safety of spectators with a higher density and it contain the services for the stadium like restaurants, bars and other social areas. Zone 2 correspond to the tiers, in our case it will hold almost 75 thousand spectators during the Olympic Games and 60 thousand after the Games. Zone 1 are the track and the field that can be accessible for safety reasons when its need it.

Zone one: The playing field. Zone two: The spectator seating and standing areas. Zone three: The internal concourses, restaurants, bars, and other social areas. Zone four: The circulation area between the stadiumstructure and the perimeter fence. Zone five: The open space outside the perimeter fence Zoning diagram showing the five ‘safety zones’

104

Crowd Control For the crowds control itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use an accessible moat that can be use also by ambulances, a demand from the FIFA. The moat guarantees physical protection, ensuring the integrity to the spectators but more important to athletes. It is accessible to allow the spectators to run into the field in a moment of emergency so the field could be used as a protection space even when the zone 4 is design to contain all the spectators during emergencies.

An accessible moat

Roof Protection The roof protects from light rain and snow approximately 80% of spectators and 50% is protected against stormy rains, a high value if we consider that the roof doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cover all the stadium in plan. The rain water goes throw the roof surface until the beam, and from the beam it goes to the cranes.

Emergency Time Following the requirements about emergency exits, were calculated two forms of evacuation, the most efficient are the stairs with 96 seconds and the ramps with 146 seconds, always taking as reference the far spectator seat. At evacuation moment, the limit is the vomitory entrances and emergency exits doors that restring the passage due to its dimensions of 3 metres wide, increasing the evacuation time to 5 minutes.

24m= 48s

20m = 8s 20m = 40s

the worst case from the tier to the safe zone taking emergency stairs 96s

24m= 48s

50m = 20s

120m = 48 s the worst case from the tier to the safe zone taking the ramps 146s

105

Viewing The form use in this stadium, located inside the parameters explained before, leave out of the acceptable range of view less of 10 % of the spectators, an acceptable range if compared with other stadium, that even without the track leave spectators out of range.

Maximum viewing distance 190m

Assumed optimum viewing distance 90m

After the removal of the tiers, all the 60000 spectators are in the acceptable range of view in the stadium.

Relationship of optimum and maximum viewing distances apll

Tiers The roof protects from light rain and snow approximately 80% of spectators and 50% is protected against stormy rains, a high value if we consider that the roof doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cover all the stadium in plan. The rain water goes throw the roof surface until the beam, and from the beam it goes to the cranes.

Quality of vision is improved by increasing the heights of seats above pitch level;

Roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Distribution Inside the stadium there is two principal kind of rooms, the first one, is the space that is open to the pitch, that is principally the VIP boxes, media and restaurants, these uses have always a space for the view, then use of the space that have a visual connection and finally the services. The second category are the spaces who serves for the stadium population, bathrooms, restaurants and stores, these places are located under the tiers and using the junk space for storage, then the kitchen with a mechanics ventilation and finally the space for the public attention.

Access

Kitchen

Private box

Viewing

Public Serving Cooking Storage Schematic section of a typical food kiosk located under a seating tier.

106

Program

Stadium

Spectators

VIPs Sponsors

Players Athletes

Officials Referees

Media

Management servicing

Event Organization

Hotel Guest

Other Visitors

seven main user groups.

Administration • Director’s Office • Secretariat • Staff members • Public Relation’s office • Marketing’s Office • Event Organization’s Office Athlete • Reception • Changing Room • Toilets and showers • Physomassage • Sauna • Gym • Waiting room for relative • Laundry room • Storage • Kit room • Boot room • Player bar-restaurant Medical facilities • First aid • Doping control • Waiting room • Medical examination room • Xray room • Recidnt doctor’s room • Physiotherapy rooms • Hydrotherapy room • Compress room • Electrotherapy room Media • Reception • Lounge bar • Restaurant • Press conference Room • Press Work Room • Media Interview Room • Newspaper report room • Radio cabin • T.V plataform

Officials • Changing room • Toilets and showers • FIFA delegates room • Report writing room • Appeals room Team management • Reception • General’s office • Secretariat • Executives’s office • Meeting room • Bar • Team manager’s office • Assistant manager’s office • Coach’s office • President’s office VIP visitor • Reception • Box • Restaurant Stewards • Briefing room • Steward’s cloakroom • Storage room • Kitchen • Refreshment area Security • Control room • Detention room • Refreshment room • Restroom • Waiting room • Information room • Mass arrest facilities • Screen control room • Computer equipment room

Commerce • Reception • Parking • Club dining • Stepped restaurant • Fast food kiosks • Self-service cafeterias • Luxury restaurants • Food courts • Restaurants • Snack bar kiosks • Drinks bar • Confectionery stall • Mobile stall • Hawkers Visitors • Nursery • Restroom Association of Olympic sports Offices • Offices • Gym Cruise port • offices • Storage Hotel • Guest rooms • Service • Administration • Pool • Restaurant • Gyym • Spa • Conference rooms • Port

107

Urban Connection Visual connection

Hafencity

Hamburg Port

108

The Kleiner Grasbrook Island where is located the Olympic Park has an important geographical point in the city of Hamburg, is located in the middle of the city, a position unusual to design an Olympic Stadium in our times that usually are built on the periphery. At this location allows the stadium to enjoy of incredible views from the city and from the city to the stadium, especially with the Elbphilarmonie and the new quartier Havencity, allowing us to create an important image of Hamburg as Olympic city, on the contrary site of the Elbe River.

Olimpic Park

109

River Connection

Landungsbrücken Brücke Theater im Hafen

A ferry at Strandperle along the river Elbe

Speicherstadt Elbphilharmonie

Hafencity Elbe Arcade Cruise center of Hafencity

Norderelbstr. Argentinienbrücke

Arningstraße

Olimpiapark

Cruise port

Helbe island Wilhemsburg

110

Harbor Mueseum Hamburg

One of the most important aspects of the stadium Is the possibility of arriving from the river with boat. The city already enjoys from multiple boats stops and transport lines, also near the Olympic island. The roof of the stadium is open at this front of the island, giving dynamism to the plan and to answer in a different form to the conditions of the site.

Mueseum BalliStadt

111

Train Connection

An underground HVV train on one of the exterior section

Baumwall

Rรถdingsmarkt

ร berseequartier

Olympiapark Tran station

112

The city also enjoys of an excellent train service, even at the south of the city thanks to the transport of the harbour, and particularly in the south island of the stadium is located a train station, that has been included into the proposals of the Olympic Committee to transform it into a public train station to the Olympic park. On the other hand, there are in construction the subway line that finishes on Haven city. We also include the possibility of having another subway stop at the south-east site of the island because the infrastructure is already there and will only be needed a station.

Obehafen Hafencity universit채t

Baakenallee

Olympiapark

113

Road Network

A HVV bus on the Koehlbrand Bridge

114

Bus service in Hamburg is also of good quality, connecting all parts of the city, specially on the historical centre and Havencity. The island is well connected from all points and with different types of vehicles, which guarantees an excellent service during the Olympics and more important after the Games, remaining connected to the city.

115

Urban Dynamic

All the ground floor will adapt to the flows and citiy needs

116

The idea of the project is to adapt the stadium during the Games, but specially after them, because it is the legacy of the Olympics to Hamburg, so the real proposal are the ring of functions in the ground floor capable of integrate the stadium to the dynamics of the city and with this avoid the abandon of it after the Games. Apart from enclosed spaces with functions, the idea is to create an interest public space that can be reach not only by foot or public transport on earth, but also on boat, integrating the river to the project and giving a different project answer at faĂ§ade northwest, adding a hotel and a pier. The function ring includes a shopping mall, offices for the administration of the stadium at the internal ring at north, at south west we have offices for sport associations and offices for cruise companies and customs, a physiotherapy centre connected with a specialized gym, where we can find areas for training outside sports when whether doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow it.

117

Inside Flows and Uses

118

Hotel Commerce Media Entry Phisiotherapy Association Cruise offices Administration

Hotel guests General public Staff Players and Referees Administration

Ground Floor 0.00 m Uses and flows

Hotel Media Services Entry

Hotel guests Staff Spectator

Square Floor +4.50 m Uses and flows

119

Hotel

Hotel Floor +7.10 m Uses and flows

Hotel Commerce Media VIP boxes

Hotel guests VIP and Sponsors

VIP Floor +10.30 m Uses and flows

120

Hotel Commerce Media

Hotel guests Staff Spectator

Second tier Floor +15.00 m Uses and flows

Time

A ssociation of Olympic sports Bar Commerce Cruise port Gym Hotel Offices Physiotherapy Center Pool Restaurants Conference rooms Spa Stadium

121

During the Olympic Games The dynamics of the Olympic Park during the games are guaranteed, the quantity on persons that go to the competition, with more than 8 million tickets during the Games, even when not all the competitions are held in the Olympic Stadium.

After the Olympic Games during a game Spectators coming to the stadium during a sport event is also guaranteed, having 60000 places after the games will invite people to come even with much less people, integrated with other functions.

After the Olympic Games in the afternoon The stadium integrates a set of functions during the day, to maintain a range of activities specially during the work journey, some related with sports and some not and having a site for cruisers next to the stadium.

After the Olympic Games at night The hotel at the waterfront, the commerce and its vicinity to the city centre guarantee a certain level of activity during the night.

122

Possible situation during a day in Summer Olympic Games

Possible situation during a Game day

Possible situation during work day

123

Urban Image The image of the stadium are the great cranes used to support the roof, are elements taken from the city itself where the harbour is the principal activity, and the cranes are already a landscape of the city, in this form we take the heritage of the zone where the stadium would be located and all the south part of the city, that can be saw from the centre of Hamburg and from Havencity, been an important part and the identity of this place. This fact, together with the location of the hypothetical Olympic Park give us the opportunity to create a new image of the existing landscape creating a new icon that could be important in the transformation of the city already in progress.

section plan

124

Port cranes

View from Hafencity

View from the olimpic park

View from freihafenelbbrucke bridge

125

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

127

128

Section 1 after Olympic

Section 2 after Olympic

Section 3 after Olympic

Section 4 after Olympic

Section 5 after Olympic

129

Urban Scale Adaptability For the reduction of places in the stadium, a section of the upper part of the second tier will be removed, descending from 75000 places to 60000 places to adapt the building not only to the city need, although to reduce its height. To make this operation, the cranes and the roof have to adapt to the new level of the tiers. Each sector of the roof will descend individually with a crane, decreasing the high of the cranes with a system used in harbours and port cranes depending on the high of the vessel arriving; and decided to adapt to our project, taking advantage of the great port in the city that allows also to increase it again if a competition requires it. The first section shows the stadium during the olympic games,the second image illustrate part of the tier and the section of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;craneâ&#x20AC;&#x153; that will be removed after game and finally, the last one is the final shape of the stadium.

section of the stadium during the olimpics

Removable parts of the stadium

Section of the stadium after the olympic

130

single elements that conforms the entire roof

During the Olympic games

start to reduce the height

After the Olympic games

Reducing the other half

131

Stadium Main Features 405 1

Hotel rooms, distribuited in 3 floors, with 30 rooms with view to the pitch

Almost 300 m of boat parking and a a local ferry stop.

2 private gym for athletes, a general gym, a phisiotherapy gym and athletic sports under roof .

9 Mainly nursing and a physiotherapy center for recovering from injuries.

88 Between restaurants, fastfoot, self service, etc. with only 3 that work inside the hotel and for the general public. 132

Sea (35 wit

74.258

ats distribuited in te first tier 5.722) and the second tiers (35.536) th 13.960 seatsremovable

That includes T.V plataforms,Radio cabins and media boxes

278 Wheelchair places

Private boxes in a private floor inside the stadium.

180 Stores arround the stadium with a mall

1435 1730 Parking places, reduced to 1027 after the Olympics

bathrooms within the stadium, only 1099serve the entire bolw. 133

Stadium 3D Section

Transverse Section of the stadium after the olympic

tiers section after the olympic

134

Longitudinal Section of the stadium after the olympic

Hotel section after the olympic

135

Conclusion The project is presented as an innovative proposal, that on contrary with the â&#x20AC;&#x153;traditionalâ&#x20AC;?, integrates fundamental variables like the location of the project, the mixture of functions and the mixture of different flows around the project. The recognition of industrial areas next to the city centre with an opportunity of development in modern city, to generate great buildings capable of create public spaces around them and the image of a new icon in the city plays an important role on the site selection. Based on the idea of the actual landscape of the city that is in continue transformation with the recession of the harbour to the south west of the city, leaving extensive areas in the centre present us an important strategy incorporating an Olympic Stadium, an large building that creates social impact for all the citizens which allows to transform it in an effective, evolutionary and durable process. After the study of different stadiums, specially Olympic and football stadium world wide, and the analysis of the different requirements and guide lines to create a database of possible strategies that can be applied in all the ambits of the project. From this point the idea of the project was to create an Olympic Stadium capable of been used not only during the Games but also after them, that is what should matter to all architects at the moment of designing because it should remain for at least 50 years and the objective is to integrate it to the dynamics of the city. The project combines different functions in the ground floor with the idea of attracting people, not only tourists, but the citizens of the city, Hamburg in this case. The election of the site plays an important role in this matter, because depends on the proximity and arrival time from the principal areas of the city if it will be accepted. The project is divided in two different phases were the first is during the Game and the second is the legacy of the Olympics, where a ring of functions is integrated with the stadium. We believed that this functions used in the projection of this stadium will allow an important flow around it, in different schedules, when there will be an important sport event or at contrary if its only of quotidian life. This project can be used as the start point to develop a new typology of stadium where is not longer used only as a sport venue but in the present are use also to host other type of events with different functions that allow the stadium to have activities during all year and not only during sport events or concerts.

136

Bibliography Bassignana, Pier Luigi; Il sogno dell’olimpiade; Torino; Torino Incontra; 2006. Beijing Institute of Architectural design editor; Olympic Architecture: Beijing 2008; Basel; Boston; Berlin; Birkhäuser; Beijing: China architecture & building press; 2008. Caporilli, Memmo; Il Foro Italico e lo Stadio Olimpico: Immagini della storia; Roma; TOMO; 1990. Caudill Rowlett Scott Studio; Stadium Site utilization study: University of Cincinnati; New York: Educational Facilities Laboratories; 1967. Cunazza, Antonio; rel.: Annalisa Dameri; correl.: Maurizio Lucat; Lo stadio del Novecento: architettura e forma; Torino; Politecnico di Torino; July 2013. Eva Kassens-Noor; Planning Olympic legacies: transport dreams and urban realities; London, New York; Routledge; 2012. Gold, John; Gold, Margaret; Olympic Cities: City agendas, planning and the world games; London, New York; Routledge; 2006. Gordon, Barcley F., Olympic architecture : building for the Summer Games, New York, Wiley and Sons, 1983. Jaeger, Falk; 3 Stadia 2010: architecture for an American dream; Berlin; Jovis; 2010. Jaeger, Falk; Next 3 Stadia: Warsaw, Bucharest, Kiev; Berlin; Jovis; 2012. John, Geraint; Sheaard, Rod;Vickery, Ben; Stadia: a design and development guide; Brulington; Architectural Press; 2007. Mellano, Cristina; Ponato, Carolina; Tavella, Marta; rel.: Mellano Paolo; Legado Rio 2016: un progetto per gli spazi pubblici del parco olimpico;Torino; Politecnico di Torino; September 2014. Pitts, Adrian, Susteinable Olympic design and urban development, London, New York, Routledge, 2009. Poynter, Gavin; Macrury, Iain; Olympic Cities: 2012 and the remaking of London; Burlington; Ashgate; 2009. Pratelli, Alberto, Abitare Olimpia: l’architettura dei villaggi per le Olimpiade, Bologna, Bolonia University Press, 2011. Provoost, Michelle; The Stadium: the architecture of mass sport; Rotterdam; NAi; 2000. Rolle, Andrea; rel.: Giuseppe Ferro; Gli stadi di quarta generazione: studio del processo di costruzione del “Nuovo stadio delle Alpi”; Torino; Politecnico di Torino; December 2011. Romagni, Ludovico; Lo Stadio nella città; Firenze; Alinea; 2010. Sermisoni, Silvana; San Siro: storia di uno stadio; Milano; Electa; 1989. Sybille, Frank; Steets, Silke; Stadium Worlds: football, space and the built environment; London; New York; Routledge; 2010. Vila Rodriguez, Rafael; Arquitecturas olímpicas : detalles de las construcciones deportivas para Barcelona ’92 : el anillo olímpico, el estadio olímpico, el Palau Sant Jordi, el Instituto Nacional de educacion fisica de Cataluña, las piscinas olímpicas Bernat Picorell; Castellon de la Plana; Faenza editrice iberica; 1992. Witherspoon, Kevin B.; Before the eyes of the world: Mexico and the 1968 Olympic Games; DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press; 2008.

137