Africa Tries Free Trade

By Alexander C.R. Hammond

ECONOMIC NATIONALISM HAS PLAGUED

AFRICA since decolonization. In 2021, that is set to change.

On January 1, the long-awaited African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) came into eff ect. Aside from the economic benefi ts that the arrangement will bring to the continent, Africa's newfound support for free trade and liberalization marks a clear rejection of the socialist ideology that has tormented African politics for decades.

As it stands, 36 of the 55 African Union (A.U.) nations, including the regional economic powerhouses of Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt (which together make up a third of the continent's economy), have ratifi ed the free trade area. Another 18 nations have indicated their support by signing the trade agreement and are expected to become full members soon. So strong is the appetite for free trade in Africa that Eritrea—often dubbed "Africa's Hermit Kingdom"—is the only nation on the continent that remains reluctant to support the agreement.

Eritrea may eventually reconsider. Within 5–10 years, the AfCFTA will ensure that 90% of tariff s on goods traded between member states will be abolished. Within 13 years, 97% of all tariff s will be removed. By 2035, the World Bank has predicted, this enormous liberalization eff ort will boost Africa's gross domestic product by $450 billion, increase wages for both skilled and unskilled workers by 10%, and lift more than 30 million people out of extreme poverty, defi ned as living on less than $1.90 per day. According to the same estimates, by 2035, the AfCFTA will see more than 68 million people rise out of moderate poverty, defi ned as living on $1.90–$5.50 per day. The "countries with the highest initial poverty rates," the World Bank says, will see the "biggest improvements."

The likely economic benefi ts of the AfCFTA are impressive. These rapid gains are ultimately a consequence of diverging from the economic nationalism that has kept much of the continent impoverished.

Africa's turbulent relationship with socialism began in the late 1950s and early 1960s, when a plethora of newly independent states rejected the capitalist model. Many of the new leaders viewed

AfCFTA from page 11

capitalism and colonialism as synonymous. "In rejecting the capitalist attitude of mind which colonialism brought into Africa," Julius Nyerere, the fi rst president of Tanzania, said in 1963, "we must reject also the capitalist methods which go with it."

In 1957, Ghana became the fi rst African

nation to achieve independence. Its leader, Kwame Nkrumah, a self-proclaimed "Marxian socialist," suggested that only a "socialist transformation would eradicate the colonial

structure of Ghana's economy." Before long, Nkrumah was encouraging other African states to seek independence so that they, too, could pursue the "complete ownership of the economy by the state."

Many African leaders followed Ghana's example. Sékou Touré of Guinea pursued "Marxism in African clothes," banning all commercial activities not approved by the government. In Tanzania, the new constitution established the nation as a "socialist state" and pledged to "prevent the accumulation of wealth." Léopold Senghor, the fi rst leader of Senegal, said that after independence, Senegal would be guided "by Marx and Engels."

The infatuation with socialism among Africa's intelligentsia has meant that much of the continent's economy has been mangled by central planning. For decades, debilitating policies such as price and wage controls, expropriation of private property, and ineffi cient state-owned enterprises were ubiquitous. The devastating human and economic costs imposed by these policies have fi lled the pages of many books.

As Free Africa Foundation President George Ayittey notes, the continent's continuous love aff air with socialism led to nothing but "economic ruin, oppression, and dictatorship." Thanks to Africa's recent turn toward liberalism, this abusive relationship may fi nally be over.

To highlight just how drastically outlooks have changed on the continent, it is worth comparing the A.U. to its predecessor, the Organization of African Unity (OAU). The OAU was set up in 1963 by Nkrumah, Nyerere, and several other socialist leaders. Nkrumah believed that "a united socialist Africa is a necessary condition for the realization of the African personality." The organization's founding members argued that the continent could prosper only by uniting behind socialism, rejecting the capitalist system, and disconnecting from the global economy. The OAU therefore was guided by a philosophy of "African socialism."

By contrast, the A.U. has just implemented the world's largest free trade area. In 2018, when the AfCFTA was introduced, Rwandan President Paul Kagame, then the union's chairperson, described himself as an avid free-trader and an ideological disciple of Lee Kuan Yew, the fi rst prime minister of free-trading Singapore. Similarly, the A.U.'s current chairperson, South African

President Cyril Ramaphosa, has proclaimed that free trade will "unleash Africa's economic potential."

While there's little doubt that socialism will continue to haunt some parts of the continent, it's clear that, with the AfCFTA supported by 54 of the 55 A.U. member states, liberal ideas are beginning to gain traction on the world's poorest continent. As African countries begin to embrace free trade, we can expect tens, if not hundreds, of millions of Africans to rise out of poverty in the coming years.

https://reason.com/2021/03/30/africa-tries-freetrade

Image credit: Illustration: Joanna Andreasson, Source image: DreamArchitect/Shutterstock, This Day

Twitter Makes Ghana its Africa Operations Hub

By Myjoyonline.com

TWITTER CEO, JACK PATRICK DORSEY has offi cially announced the presence of a Twitter Headquarters on the African continent by launching in Ghana.

Breaking the news on Twitter, the Twitter CEO thanked President Nana Akufo-Addo for opening the doors for the billion-dollar company.

Why Ghana?

As a champion for democracy, Ghana is a supporter of free speech, online freedom, and the Open Internet, of which Twitter is also an advocate. Furthermore, Ghana’s recent appointment to host

The Secretariat of the African Continental Free

Trade Area aligns with our overarching goal to establish a presence in the region that will support our eff orts to improve and tailor our service across Africa.

Whenever we enter new markets, we work hard to ensure that we are not just investing in the talent that we hire, but also investing in local communities and the social fabric that supports them. We have already laid foundations through partnerships with Amref Health Africa in Kenya, Afrochella in Ghana, Mentally Aware Nigeria Initiative (MANI) in Nigeria, and The HackLab Foundation in Ghana.

As part of our long-term commitment to the region, we’ll continue to explore compelling ways we can use the positive power of Twitter to strengthen our communities through employee engagement, platform activation, and corporate giving.

We still have much to learn but we are excited to listen, learn, and engage. Public conversation is essential to solving problems, building shared ideas, and pushing us all forward together. We can’t wait for the next step on that journey. www.myjoyonline.com/news/national/twittermakes-ghana-its-africa-operations-hub/ Image credit: Twitter