oceanarium thesis report

OCEAN WORLD THESIS REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE ANNA UNIVERSITY BY

PRIYANGA.E REG:NO: 211812251043 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF AR. SUNDARAMAN PROFFESOR RAJALAKSHMI SCHOOL OF ARCHITETURE CHENNAI

RAJALAKSHMI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE THANDLAM – 602 105

DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled OCEAN WORLD is the result of my work and prepared by me under the guidance of Ar. SUNDARAMAN, Professor and that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship or fellowship of any other university or institution previously.

Due acknowledgements have been made wherever anything has been borrowed from other sources.

Date:

Signature of the Candidate,

PRIYANGA.E 211811251003

RAJALAKSHMI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE THANDALAM - 602105

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Thesis Report entitled OCEAN WORLD is a bonafide work done by PRIYANGA.E (REG NO: 211812251043 V YR- x SEMESTER) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture by Anna University in the year 2016-17, under my supervision.

Viva Voce Examination held on:

SIGNATURE OF GUIDE AR. SUNDARAMAN PROFESSOR RAJALAKSHMI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL AR. MADHAN RAJA PROFESSOR RAJALAKSHMI SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

THESIS ASSESSMENT DATE :

NAME

: PRIYANGA.E

REG. NO

: 211812251043

YEAR

: V

SEM

: X

THESIS TITLE :

OCEAN WORLD

THESIS GUIDE : AR. SUNDARAMAN

Professor, RSA

VERY GOOD

RESEARCH WORK PRESENTATION ADHERENCE TO TIME SCHEDULE

SIGNATURE OF GUIDE

:

REMARKS IF ANY :

GOOD

FAIR

POOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis guide, Prof.

Sundaraman, for his invaluable inputs and suggestions from time to time and also for his constant support during the thesis.

I would also like to thank the thesis coordinators who put in much thought and effort into the structuring to provide us the opportunity to give our best and also for the lectures organized to help us in the thesis.

I am grateful to the staff of JCB Aquarium Surat, Taraporewala Aquarium Mumbai and Bangalore Aquarium for the co-operation, and also to Ar. Bharat Sheth for his time and inputs. I am also grateful to the scientists at CMFRI, Mumbai for their expertise on the topic.

I thank my classmates, friends and juniors who generously gave me their time, effort and inputs. Without them, my work could not have been completed.

Finally, I would like to thank my family for their encouragement and unconditional support this wouldn’t have been possible.

ii

ABSTRACT Sea World Oceanarium is proposed by the Pondicherry Government through State Fisheries Department to augment the tourism potential of pondicherryand Pondicherry through a state of the art facility for marine life to promote tourism through adventure, recreation, learning and awareness, preservation, and research. An oceanarium comprises of aquatic biomes and exhibit spaces displaying the live specimens as well as static exhibits depicting the underwater world. These exhibit spaces are artificially designed and constructed to mimic the natural habitat of the species and provide a much realistic experience. These exhibit spaces differs from all other media of communication, because it alone can simultaneously transmit information visually, verbally & by touch. The visitor has an underwater experience through these meticulously designed exhibit spaces.

The project has administrative spaces, aquatic biomes and exhibit spaces, temporary exhibit areas, auditorium and immersion tank facility, workshops, public and staff conveniences etc. Being a functional oriented building, functionality and services were of utmost importance to the project along with the aesthetics and design perception.

Throughout the design process, these were the guiding factors in creating the form and layout of the exhibits and location of the service areas along various levels to provide with an integrated design solution.

Key Words: Oceanarium, Sea World, Marine Life, under water Journey, research facility, live

specimen exhibit spaces.

iii

Declaration…………………………………………………………………………….......i Certificate………………………………………………………………………………….i Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………….…….ii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..iii Contents List of figures

1

2

Introduction 1.1

Overview

1.2

Aim

1.3

Objectives

1.4

Need/ justification

1.5

Scope and Limitation

1.6

Methodology

1.7

Project details

1.8

Site Details

Literature study 2.1

Brief description

2.2

Classification of Aquatic Life

2.3

Behavioral patterns of aquatic life

2.4

Exhibit and Display Spaces

2.5

Aquarium Tank Shapes

2.6

Viewing surface

2.7

Structural deterioration of exhibit tanks.

2.8

Aquascape

2.9

Arrangement of Display Exhibits

2.10 Services Design

3

Advanced objective 3.1 Introduction

3.2 Objectives 3.3 Visual Analysis 4

Case Studies 4.1 Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium Surat (Live case study) 4.2 Taraporewala Aquarium, Mumbai (Live case study) 4.3 SeaWorld Sentosa, Singapore (Literature case study) 4.4 Afrykarium, Poland 4.5 National Aquarium Baltimore (Literature Case Study) 4.6 Bangalore Aquarium (Live Case Study) 4.7 Blue resto lounge, Surat.

5 6

4.8 Case-study Inferences Design requirement Design sheets

Figure 2.1 Aquarium (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.2Marine life park(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.3Oceanarium(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.4Classification of Aquatic life(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.5 Coloured fish (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.6Defence and mimicry(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.7 Shark and cleaner fish (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.8Movement in water(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.9Coral reefs Figure 2.10Live Specimen Exhibit Design(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.11Cross Section through Coral reef Tank(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.12 Open shore tank (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.13 Giant Ocean tank (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.14 Shark Tunnel (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.15 Ray touch pool (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.16 Dolphinarium or Seal stadium (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.17Coral reef tank(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.18 Viewing windows in RCC (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.19Aquarium tank types(Author, n.d.)

Figure 2.20 Visual analysis between concave and convex viewing surface(Author, n.d.)

Figure 2.21 Aquascape(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.22Arrangement of exhibit types(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.23 Design of circulation corridor (Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.24 Schematic showing the service areas, and various arrangement of services(TSS, n.d.)

Figure 2.25 Visual perception and perceived environment(Google, n.d.)

Figure 2.26 Water system in oceanarium(TSS, n.d.)

Figure 2.27 Closed water system(TSS, n.d.)

Figure 2.28. Flow in under gravel filters and canister filters (TSS, n.d.)

Figure 2.29. UV Sterilization(Google, n.d.)

Figure 3.1 Horizontal field of view, and view range(EPD, n.d.)

Figure 3.2 Vertical field of view, and view range(EPD, n.d.)

Figure 3.3 Visual field from a distance of a) 1000 mm, b) 2000 mm, and c) 5000 mm(Author, n.d.)

Figure 8.4 Vertical field of view (Author, n.d.)

Figure 3.5 Visual field from a distance of a) 1000 mm, b) 2000 mm Figure 3.6 Sea world Sentosa Circulation Diagram Figure 3.7Afrykarium Poland Circulation Diagram Figure 3.8 Exhibit lighting in rectangular tanks(Author, n.d Figure 3.9Exhibit lighting in Circular tank(Author, n.d.)

Figure 3.10Exhibit lighting inUnderwatertunnel(Author, n.d.)

Figure 3.12 Water filtration system(Author, n.d.)

Figure 3.11 Navigation lighting for visitors

Figure 4.1SIte plan(Google, n.d.)

Figure 4.2 Photos of the site (Author, n.d.)

Figure 4.3Detailed plans, Elevations and Sections(Authority, n.d.)

Figure 4.4Site Plan TaraporewalaAquarium(Authority, n.d.)

Figure 4.5Buildind Section (Author, n.d.)

Figure 4.6 Circulation Plan (Authority, n.d.)

Figure 4.7 Detailed drawings (Authority, n.d.)

Figure 4.8 Main exhibit hallTaraporewala Aquarium (Author, n.d.)

Figure 4.9 Service passage and water circulation (Author, n.d.)

Figure4 .10Water circulation system(Author, n.d.)

Figure4.11 Photos of site (Author, n.d.)

Figure 4.12 Schematic plan(Sentosa, n.d.)

Figure 4.13 Sketches and views of the project Figure 4.14 Plan at level 0(Sentosa, n.d.)

Figure 4.15 Site Plan Figure 4.16 Plan at level +1(Sentosa, n.d.)

Figure 4.17 Plan at level -1(Sentosa, n.d.)

Figure 4.18 Views of the Oceanarium (Sentosa, n.d.)

Figure 4.19 Aerial view Figure 4.20 Cross sectional Plan for National aquarium, Baltimore Figure 4.21 Schematic floor plans(Authority, n.d.)

Figure 4.22 Interior views(Author, n.d.)

Figure 4.23 Schematic Floor plan (Author, n.d.

.

Table 1 Comparative analysis on Shape of Tank(Author, n.d.)

Table 2 Comparative Analysis on viewing surface(Author, n.d.)

Table 3 Types of lighting used for live specimen exhibits(Google, n.d.)

Table 4 Vertical field of view(Author, n.d.)

Table 5 Horizontal field of view (Author, n.d.

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1 Introduction 1.1

Overview

The ocean stirs the heart, inspires the imagination and brings eternal joy to the soul – Wyland.

It is a proven fact that life on earth began from the oceans. The oceans are known to have covered the entire earth. It took centuries of evolution to lead to the formation of land.

Moreover, water now covers 2/3 of earth‘s surface and it is to this, that our planet owes its unique position in the universe. The one thing that, distinguishes our planet from the entire solar system, is the existence of life on it. The first form of life, is said to have been an aquatic environment of unicellular organisms which led to the evolution of the most advanced and complicated living being-the man. Oceans are thus the origin of life.

(Anon., n.d.)

It is indeed a seemingly silent world, enshrouded in mystery, intrigue and beauty beyond description. Tropical reefs offer a submarine panorama of colors that seem to vibrate and sparkle with spectacular beauty. Oceans have countless mystified instances of beauty, of form, gracefulness of courage, lavishness of colors which seems to go hand in hand. Sea is the living infinite. It is rich in all the three kingdoms of nature - minerals, vegetables and animals, the last being well represented by groups of zoophytes, classes of mollusks, fish and mammals. Fishes, are the infinite order of animals, which include more than 13000 species, only 1/10th of which live in fresh water. Sea is a vast reservoir of nature, and a supreme tranquility lies in its vastness.

An Oceanarium can either be a marine mammal park or a large scale aquarium presenting, an ocean habitat with marine animals in their natural biome, for entertainment, conservation and research purpose. Oceanarium is different from

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. aquarium in terms of scale, user experience and the range of specimen, ranging from fresh water to marine.

The Oceanarium and aquariums offer unique experience by showcasing various types of exhibit and display spaces for the live aquatic specimens. For example, display tanks aquarium alley, deep-sea tunnel, polar pavilion, shark tank, touch tank and other entertainment facilities. These spaces are designed considering the behavioral patterns of aquatic species, their ecology and allow the visitors to have a sense of recreation, entertainment and adventure. It should serve as a habitat to revive the spirit of man. And the whole experience should also instill a sense of awareness so that visitors have a better understanding of the marine life. Historically, the viewing of marine life has almost been exclusively confined to aquariums, in which viewers circulate around the edges of the tank looking through windows. The Oceanarium concept proposed renders this style of viewing marine life as very basic. This attraction mentally and visually removes the viewing public from their everyday environment and transports them to the bottom of the ocean.

1.2

Aim

To generate the knowledge and interest about Oceanarium as one of the concepts of marine conservation and to design the same.

1.3

Objectives 

To study the behavioural patterns of aquatic life



To identify and study the various types of exhibit and display spaces used in an Oceanarium



Studying their shapes, viewing surfaces and construction materials



To understand the aquascape related to aquatic life



Study of allied services like water systems, filtration, lighting and plumbing



Arrangement of display spaces

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.

1.4

Need/ justification



India is surrounded by sea at three sides and has one of the largest coastlines in the world.



th

Rich in marine life- over 24,000 marine species and 1/4 of world marine mammal population found in the Indian ocean



Marine life is one of the most important resource of the country and there is an increasing demand for the development and conservation of our marine wealth



There is no state of the art facility available in the country for the appropriate scientific research and awareness.



It will help in promoting tourism, and awareness about marine biodiversity.

The idea of designing a space for thousands of live specimens belonging to various marine species in artificially created natural environment, to get closer to look at the mysteries in depths of sea, The project is not only meant for tourism and entertainment, but also aims at providing conservation and research facilities for marine ecology.

1.5

Scope and Limitation



To create awareness about marine and aquatic life, promote tourism, Marine biology research works along with other institutions in India and abroad.



Convention centre for seminar and symposia and other social and commercial functions.



As the site being located in the seashore, the CRZ1 area of 7 acres can also be used for adventure sports.

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.

1.6

Methodology

Selecting

Studying

Implementing and Designing

Designing

1.7

•Thesis topic •Case-studies and Site for project

•Literature survey and live case study •Technical details

•Building norms,bye-laws and standards from literature survey and practical usage of building from case-study •Finalizing requirements and details from previous projects.

•Site planning according to usage •Designing as per the requirements

Project details

The project comes under Tourism/Education/Special Building Category being an ―Ocean Park‖ that requires Ocean front and seashore facilities. The Government of Pondicherry, in an effort to augment the Tourism potential has embarked on a unique and novel concept of developing a state of the art Oceanarium near Pondicherry. Apart from promoting tourism, the proposed project is envisaged to provide facilities for propagating awareness about marine environment and biodiversity. The proposal is to establish an Oceanarium in the 35 acres nominated site at Pondicherry. The meticulously created Oceanarium will have thousands of marine species, collected from the Ocean, moving amidst corals and reef just like they live in Ocean for all to see.

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.

1.8

Site Details



The land sea facing and is owned by the Pondicherry tourism department and is empty and there are no resettlement issue involved in the land as it has been well protected and maintained by Government.



There are no plantations and deforestation issues involved in this piece of land as its fully clean and a virgin land.



Total 35 acres of land, from which we could use only 28 acres for construction and rest of the 7 acres land, we may use for the purpose for which no construction is required. As per Costal Regulation Zone Act, we cannot do any civil construction up to 200m from HTL of Ocean and so we may use the 7 acres that falls in CRZ1 Zone (200m from HTL of Ocean) only for fish stocking, game fishing, laser show, Amphitheatre, Turtle Park etc that do not require civil construction above the ground.



The 28 acre land falls under CRZIII Category and over here, the permanent structure allowed



Permissible FAR is 0.33



Front Setback is 7 metre, and 6 metre in other directions

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2 Literature study 2.1

Brief description

Water is an element whose qualities have entranced and inspired culture for millennia. Drawing on its spiritual and purifying power, builders throughout the ages have used water‘s elusive and reflective properties to create places of magical beauty where mind, heart and body concentrate in tranquility. The waterside buildings capture and enhance life in many extraordinary ways. Water exercises a

Figure 2.1 Aquarium (Google, n.d.)

magnetic spell. Its spell is constantly changing, calm at one moment and still, reflecting the sky, sun and the waterside trees and plants, like a mirror, the next ruffled by the wind. Reeds growing near, the margins bend and sway, while the small brightly colored fish dart among the underwater vegetation, providing a living interest. Not only is there movement, there is sound of water lapping and splashing over the rocks and tumbling over, waterfall of the poolside reeds and grasses rustling in the breeze but above all, of the birds and other creatures lured into the area because of the presence of water.. The main elements, which cause this emotional reaction, are the substantial nature of water and the interrelationship between water and space. Another characteristic of water is that it links two different spaces, unites several components into one, divides a single space into sections- the interrelationship between water and space.

Water inspires people. Water gives immense pleasure if it flows into the sound of music or better when it itself makes music. When colorful lamps, water jumps, leaps and dances light it as if alive and lead people into a world of fantasy. Musical water is now a means of enhancement of the urban environment. And if we add the marine ecology to the equation, this scenario becomes priceless. There are three kinds of spaces where the marine ecology is displayed to the public, namely aquariums, marine life parks and oceanariums.

.

2.1.1 Kinds of spaces where marine ecology is displayed 2.1.1.1 Aquariums The word aquarium has a Latin base. The aquarium is artificially constructed and seems to have been invented by Gosse, who needed a term to describe a vessel in which aquatic organisms could be kept alive for observation. A traditionally public aquarium consists essentially of a building containing a number of separate tanks in which aquatic plants and animals are made available to the public for observation at close quarters. Because of separate tanks, it is easy to segregate the species and provide labels for their identification. It is also easy to provide varied settings appropriate to the species displayed.

Many people visit the aquarium only for entertainment or curiosity and leave with a sense of knowledge they had never expected. An aquarium can enable people to think of aquatic life as more than just fish and grow awareness about the marine life through comparatively more intimate experience.

2.1.1.2 Marine National Parks The marine- life park consists of a natural ecosystem conserved in its natural form with no artificial ingredients. The aesthetic and scientific aspects of marine life will easily become noticeable. There are certain pockets, which show the presence of luxuriant growth of unique flora and fauna. These constitute of an important part of natural heritage and provide opportunities for recreation education and research.

A marine life park needs unpolluted area with clear and calm water with a transparency of 7 ft.

Aquatic flora and fauna have to be observed in

Figure 2.2Marine life park(Google, n.d.)

their natural form by means of boats with transparent acrylic bottom or under-water observation tower. A marine life park is equivalent to a wild life sanctuary.

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.

A marine life park may have a number of species of marine biota but since the species are not captive, the probability of viewing all the species, or for that matter only some species, is less.

2.1.1.3 Oceanariums: An Oceanarium is an aquarium at a bigger scale. It is often more spectacular and dynamic but does not provide the same facilities for intimate study as in aquariums.

An Oceanarium consists of large tanks with different species of huge fish housed in artificially created natural environment. It may consist of whale pools and dolphinarium

Figure 2.3Oceanarium(Google, n.d.)

for entertainment purpose. Touch tanks are provided for special study purpose where the students or learners would like to touch the fish and study more about them.

Considering all these factors, a good combination of an aquarium and an Oceanarium would be the best to suite the purpose of conservation and study, harmoniously. The Oceanarium spans the realism of space, the atmosphere, the ocean, the sea floor, and deep within the area as efforts are made to understand the structure of the ocean life. Every drop of seawater reminds us that it is part of an ongoing cycle of global change, belonging to a specific time and space.

2.2

Classification of Aquatic Life

The aquatic biome can be broken down into two basic regions, freshwater (i.e., ponds and rivers) and marine (i.e., oceans and estuaries), and there is an intermediary category of brackish water.

Figure 2.4Classification of Aquatic life(Google, n.d.)

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2.2.1 Freshwater Regions The freshwater region includes inland bodies of water called ponds, lakes, wetlands, rivers and streams. Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration—usually less than 1%. Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e. ocean). Freshwater regions are also categorized as tropical and cold climate. It can be further subdivided into two categories 2.2.1.1 Coldwater Coldwater fish are fish such as goldfish, koi, and other members of the carp family that are able to survive in cold water temperatures.

2.2.1.2 Tropical Tropical species include Bichirs and reedfish, Catfish, Cichlids, Cyprinids, Gobies, Killifish, Labyrinth fish, Loaches and related cypriniformes, Neotropical electric fish, Puffer fish, Rainbow fish, Spiny eels, Sunfish etc.

2.2.1.3 Saltwater Regions Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth‘s surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries. They have salt concentration of ~3%. Marine algae supply much of the world‘s oxygen supply and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for the land.

It can be further divided into 5 general zones: 

intertidal zone



neritic zone



oceanic pelagic zone



benthic zone



abyssal zone

Saltwater includes species of Angelfish, Anthias, Batfish, Blennies, Boxfish and blowfish, Cardinal fish, Clownfish, Dart fish,

Dragonets, Eels, Flatfish, Frogfish, Page 10

.

Lionfish, Parrotfish, Pseudochromis, Rabbit fish, Rays, Scorpion fish, Seahorse, Squirrelfish, Sharks, whales, Snappers, Triggerfish etc.

2.2.1.4 Brackish water or briny water Water that has more salinity than fresh water, but not as much as seawater. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers.

2.3

Behavioral patterns of aquatic life

2.3.1 School of Fish This is an important aspect, which regulates the designing aspect of size and functioning of the tanks. There are fish with distinct territorial habits which lead to a particular life along with their fellows; these gregarious qualities are developed right from the start.

Schools, which are the expression of this social existence, involve in some species with a considerable number of individuals. Therefore, it is essential to know which of these fish have gregarious traits so that the tank is in accordance with it. A school of fish is not a casual notion, but a collection of initials which observe strict rules and where instinctive and sensory perception of the fish plays an important part. The design aspects the design will not have to cater to fish but to a particular group of fish, which act as one.

2.3.2 Coloration and Fish If one observes the scales of a colored fish, it will be seen that for example the green color is made by a number of blue and yellow dots. The blackish brown, yellow and red pageantry colors of the fish are distributed among thousands of color cells or chromatophores. When for

Figure 2.5 Coloured fish (Google, n.d.)

instance, the black figment granules in the chromatophores are released the cells will be black, but when these granules are gathered into a tiny pint of the cell, they will not appear black. By this kind of mechanisms the color can be made to change from time to time. Many bottom living fish, such as flat fish, Page 11

. camouflage themselves by taking the color and the pattern of the substrate. The color change is under the control of the hormones and the nervous system. This color depends on the reflection of light from the colorless microscopic crystals that are deposited in the chromatophores of the dermis. These crystals contain guanine a by-product of metabolism. Deep-sea fish are dark while those living among the seaweeds have grown green or brown protective coloration. Finally many attain nuptial coloration during the breeding period and this may serve to attract a partner or to drive away rivals.

2.3.3 Mimicry and Defense Some species of fish have a considerable case to adapt color to their environment. The color can vary in a very simple way. It is contained in the chromatophores, which are the cells under the skin and the change in the stimuli that the animal receives. Many colors are obtained by varying the inclination of the crystal of guanine in special

Figure 2.6Defence and mimicry(Google, n.d.)

color cells called bridocytes. This acts as prisms, breaking the light into colors of the rainbow.

2.3.4 Symbiosis and Survival One way of surviving in a hostile environment is to seek protection near another huge animal or one endowed with means of defense. Usually the protection is reciprocated with services of various kinds in return as in the case of cleaner fish, labroids.

Figure 2.7 Shark and cleaner fish (Google, n.d.)

One of the best symbioses between fish and vertebrates is seen between clownfish and anemones. In return for a safe and protective home, the clownfish benefits the anemone in several important ways. These include cleaning the anemone, providing nutrients in the form of waste, and scaring away predatory fish such as the butterfly fish.

Sea world Oceanarium, Pondicherry

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2.3.5 Sound and Fish From an acoustic point of view, water has outstanding characteristics such as a better diffusion of sounds and noise than in air. Fish are able to utilize this property of water to catch the vibrations emitted by the other fish and to distinguish predators from harmless fish. A jack listening to the noise made by a shoal of small fish, feeding normally will get agitated and go towards the noise. A shoal at rest makes very little noise, but if suddenly disturbed, it makes continuously loud noise as it begins to move. Having reached a cruising speed, the noise becomes rhythmic, which suggests that it may be made by the mechanism of swimming.

2.3.6 Movement in Water Water is 790 times more viscous, and provides twelve times the resistance than air. Anyone who has tried to run in the water or to move an object in a liquid knows how tiring it is. The streamlined shape of the fish and their way of moving allows maximum efficiency with minimum efforts,

moreover the solution of the problem of

Figure 2.8Movement in water(Google, n.d.)

movement are bound up with lives and the habits of different species.

All fish can move in water but not all moves in the same manner. Their shape is important for swimming purpose but their internal structure is even more important. This is what limits them to a particular movement. Fish also need to maneuver in their surroundings to be able to perform turns and stops and to make certain movements in the reverse.

2.3.7 Coral Reefs Coral reef is an organically constructed wave

F

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. resistant rock structure created by carbonate secreting animals and plants. The biodiversity and tropical dynamics of a reef ecosystem are so unique and spectacular that they require serious consideration.

These are intimately connected complementary communities in which every function required to create, maintain, and control a self- contained ecosystem in the shallows, virtually barren tropical seas is satisfied by some organism or the other, but it is not critical which organism fulfils which role. Thus coral reefs are almost infinitely variable, complete self-contained, self-supporting ecosystems.

2.4

Exhibit and Display Spaces The dictionary defines ―exhibit spaces‟ as a showing area, and in this sense all

the world is an exhibit of one sort or another. The natural shows of sunrise and sunset, a flower in a bloom or an animal prancing has fascinated man from the earliest times. However, in the context of my topic ―Exhibit Spaces‖ should be defined as ―showing for a purpose‟.

Purpose being to effect the viewer in some predetermined way. An exhibition or exposition is thus an organized display of works of art, science or any other products for a specific purpose of stimulating public interest. From the public point of view, exhibition space offers the opportunity to see, enjoy and learn something beyond ordinary

& usual. For an exhibition space to achieve its objectives, it should be properly thought out & designed to suit the purpose of the exhibitors and to create the desire effect. People go to exhibitions to see things, not to read about them. Of course, captions and photographs are important but in a secondary role.

2.4.1 Static exhibit spaces All the non-living exhibits like art, painting, sculptures, models, visuals, samples, etc.

They lack the dynamicity of the live exhibit spaces. A visitor has to read, and absorb the art or specimen on display.

2.4.2 Live exhibit spaces

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In these exhibit spaces, living species are displayed and is the most effective way to communicate animal behaviour to visitors. Unlike models, videos and preserved specimens; a live animal can demonstrate exactly how it feeds, seeks shelter, and regulates its body‘s temperature and other biological processes. Live exhibits have a high ―holding power‖. People tend to spend much longer in front of live displays than those without. Live animals capture the curiosity and attention of the visitors.

2.4.2.1 Live specimen Exhibit Design: Tanks for the display of aquatic specimens are expensive.

Materials in tanks for seawater must be more carefully chosen than for fresh water. Nevertheless, all tanks should be made of inert material to the greatest extent possible.

Ideal tanks are those that are least costly, light in weight, readily altered or drilled, inert in seawater, with hard and smooth interiors, among other things. No currently available materials from which tanks may be produced have quite all the foregoing desirable features. For smaller

Figure 2.10Live Specimen Exhibit Design(Google, n.d.)

tanks (up to about 2,000 gal), fiber glass or plasticimpregnated plywood appear to be quite satisfactory. Fiber glass is completely inert, is light in weight, and can be readily altered and drilled.

Some experience by aquarium personnel will permit them to make repairs. It is quite possible, with an experienced technician, for an aquarium to fabricate its own tanks of reinforced fiber glass. For larger tanks, reinforced concrete, steel plate, or some other substantial and suitable material will be required. Concrete tanks should never be poured as an integral part of the building. Each such tank should be an independent unit, capable of being broken up and removed without damage to the building. The design of tanks should consider the problems of drainage, cleaning, viewing, etc. Some tanks, because of the specimens to be held therein, may require special features, e.g, scuppers at the surface to remove oily film produced by some foods. Rapid drainage is desirable. It is preferable

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. that gravel or sand not touch the viewing glass. Disappearing side walls may be desired All concrete and metal surfaces should be coated with an epoxy sealer.

This will continue to seal the inevitable hairline cracks in concrete, and thus prevent

seawater

(particularly)

from

attacking the reinforcing iron. The seal also inhibits the growth of algae. Color may be added to the epoxy. Epoxy may also be used with sand to provide skid proofing for wet floors, ramps, etc.

Careful application of epoxy paints over concrete will prevent blistering.

Figure 2.11Cross Section through Coral reef Tank(Google, n.d.)

2.4.3 Types of Exhibit Tanks 2.4.3.1

Tanks with dioramic background

The word ‗dioramic‘ means with scenery. A dry diorama i.e. a lighted scene is created behind the wet tank. The light also is carefully selected to avoid the noticeable transition from wet tank to the dry tank diorama. It is usually noted that when tanks are decorated with corals, it becomes difficult to clean the corals regularly. Without regular cleaning the corals tend to grow algae on them giving them a dirty look.

2.4.3.2 Ocean shore tank This is a tank that replicates the ocean shore, complete with sand, waves and the shoe animal life.

Figure 2.12 Open shore tank (Google, n.d.)

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.

Wave machines are utilized here to produce waves so as to create a natural effect.

2.4.3.3

Giant ocean tank

It is generally a free standing cylindrical tank, and can be explained better using the

example of New England Aquarium. The Giant Ocean Tank features a brand new coral reef, large windows and hundreds of Caribbean reef animals, including sea turtles, stingrays, eels and fish. It is 50 feet in diameter and around four stories high with all windows all the way up and down.

It has a depth of 25 feet of water. Its capacity is of 20,000 gallons of water. The giant ocean tank is a

Figure 2.13 Giant Ocean tank (Google, n.d.)

large basket of glass and concrete. Compression rings to support the outward pressure of 22 feet of water tie down its precast concrete columns together. The glass windows surrounding the sand are 54 inches wide and 74 inches high. At the bottom of the tank where the pressure on each panel is approximately 15 tones, the glass is 3 1/2 inches thick and is made of four laminations. The sand is piled up in a slope, then the rocks are buried deep into the slope of the piled up sand, which hold the bank in its place and prevent it from collapsing. Rocks or its compositions are used as a focal point for the fish to rest.

2.4.3.4

Shark channel or tunnel

The shark tunnel or channel should be steroidal in shape or circular ended to allow for the large turning radius of the sharks. The minimum width should be 24 ft. and a depth of 7 ft.

Figure 2.14 Shark Tunnel (Google, n.d.)

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2.4.3.5

Quarantine tank

Tank with no acrylic/glass walls, normally located in the quarantine or holding area of the

public aquarium although still in public view.

2.4.3.6 Ray pool Relatively big tank (bigger in surface than in height), less than two meters deep and with a pentagonal or similar shape normally used to display rays and/or small sharks.

2.4.3.7

Touch pools

Figure 2.15 Ray touch pool (Google, n.d.)

They are shallow depth pools, where people can Physically touch the marine specimens.

2.4.3.8

Immersion tanks

Visitors can immerse themselves inside exhibit behind spherical acrylic/glass or in a cage with scuba diving gear for first hand underwater experience.

2.4.3.9 Dolphinarium A dolphinarium is an aquarium for dolphins.

Figure 2.16 Dolphinarium or Seal stadium (Google,

The dolphins are usually kept in a large pool,

n.d.)

though occasionally they may be kept in pens in the open sea, either for research or for public performances.

2.4.3.10 Coral reef tank These tanks represent the tidal zone of the oceans. They can go higher to depict the mid and the bottom zone. Though the coral reef tank can be constructed fully in glass the Page 18

. technical and the constructional aspect need to be detailed out precisely. A full glass coral tank requires specific maintenance. To avoid this, R.C.C. tanks can be used such that it is punctured at different levels thus providing the view of the different strata of the coral reefs.

Designed to give the visitors an experiential feeling

Figure 2.17Coral reef tank(Google, n.d.)

of being under water and observing the corals closely. A tunnel could be created so as to enable the visitors to have a deeper look at the coral formations. Minimum depth required in the tank is 15ft. (4.5mts).

2.4.3.11 Viewing Windows in the R.C.C. Aquarium Tanks: In case of large tanks, which are also deep enough, such as the dolphin ponds and the seal or penguin ponds, observation windows in the form of portholes

Figure 2.18 Viewing windows in RCC (Google, n.d.)

can be provided. The container of these tanks is exposed on the outside to the public view. between

These windows must be provided

two lighting positions.

The size of these windows can vary according to the size of the exhibits of the tank or the desired ones. These windows are finished flush with the internal of the tank surface. They should be constructed with toughened safety glass, fixed in corrosion resistant frames.

The necessary openings in the pool tanks must be carefully detailed so as to ensure complete tightness. The wall containing the observation windows is exposed to the view of the public and must thus be completely watertight. Seepage, however slight, is usually unacceptable and special precautions should be taken.

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2.5

Aquarium Tank Shapes

The aquarium display tanks can have different shapes according to the requirements.

Figure 2.19Aquarium tank types(Author, n.d.)

Table 2 Comparative analysis on Shape of Tank(Author, n.d.)

Exhibit

Pros

Cons

space Shape Rectangu



Rigid,

easier to •

Tends to be repetitive

lar Block

form

sequential

and monotonous and

Tanks

arrangement

leads



Economical

fatigue



Easy

•

maintenance

to

museum

The wall effect (in the back wall)

•

Maintenance

in the

corners are a concern •

May cause

confuse

and

physical Page 20

. damage to species



Sloping

It facilitates better

•

Sidewall

viewing

of

Tanks

aquatic

species

layout

the tank,

shape

inside

the

Requires more area due to

the angular of the tank

species remain in vision.  Rounded

•

Rigid Better resistance to •

Tends to be repetitive

Side

force

and monotonous and

Tanks

water

leads

Easy cleaning and

fatigue

•

exerted

by

to

museum

maintenance •

Less wall effect

•

Break the concrete rigidity

generally

associated

with

rectangular tanks

Page 21

.

Cylindric

•

As aquatic

fishes

•

Expensive

al/Elliptic

Tend

go in

•

Maintenance

al Tanks

circles, this type of

to

tanks The

minimizes chance

difficult •

of

•

Facilitates

better

The viewing surface has to be designed

damage to the fins •

is

and procured.

•

Requires more area

viewing

for arrangement in a

Better resistance to

row form.

force

exerted by

water •

Easy cleaning and maintenance

•

No wall effect.

•

Ideal for jellyfish tank

2.6

Viewing surface

The exhibits are displayed through a viewing surface or a display surface made of transparent material to enable the visitor to look inside the exhibit tank. This viewing surface is subjected to water pressure, scratches and dents, should be easy to maintain and assemble, and inert with the salt and fresh water in the long run.

It can have various surface types for example normal, concave and convex and is made up of acrylic, multi layered tempered glass, plexi glass, etc.

Viewing surface shape - Comparative analysis

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.

Table 3 Comparative Analysis on viewing surface(Author, n.d.)

Viewing Surface Normal

Convex

Concave

Pros

Cons

•

Can be acrylic or toughened glass

•

Needs maintenance.

•

Economical

•

Waterproofing easier.

•

Easier assembling.

•

Only acrylic panels or plexiglass can be used.

•

Enlarges the view of the exhibits, preferable for exhibits containing less than 5000 gallons litre of water

•

Visitor must stand infront of the exhibit to have the complete view

•

Narrowed field of Vision

•

Have to be designed accordingly, and are expensive to acquire.

•

Assembling is difficult, requires professional inputs.

•

Wider Vision

•

Have to be designed accordingly, and are expensive to acquire.

•

Assembling is difficult, requires professional inputs.

is

Facilitates better viewing of species comparatively smaller scale, with a smaller exhibit tank.

E.g., cylindrical tanks.

•

Diminishes the view of the exhibits, preferable for exhibit spaces more than 5000 gallons of water.

•

Static

less

•

•

•

Only acrylic panels or plexiglass can be used.

Facilitates better viewing of species comparatively of

field

of

Page 23

. larger scale, and with a larger exhibit tank.

Eg., Eco system tanks.

Figure 2.20 Visual analysis between concave and convex viewing surface(Author, n.d.)

2.6.1 Construction materials for viewing surface of exhibit tanks.

Ideal tanks are those that are least costly, light in weight, readily altered or moved, inert in the seawater, with hard and smooth materials among other things.

Though there are many materials available for tank construction. The different construction materials are as follows:

2.6.1.1

Fiberglass:

For small tanks containing about 2000 gallons of water fiberglass or plastic, impregnated plywood seems to be a good choice. Fiberglass is completely inert, light weight and can be readily altered or diluted. Fiberglass is probably the most practical supporting material for all but the largest tanks since it is lightweight, strong, does not deteriorate and can be easily fabricated into any shape. Adhesives for sealing the tank include epoxy resins, polyvinyl chloride, and silicone rubber and neoprene.

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2.6.1.2

Glass:

Sheets of polished plate glass up to 6 m in length can be used. As a thumb rule ¼ inches or 6mm thickness of the glass for 12 inches or 30 cm. Of depth could be allowed.

Therefore water that is 24 inches deeper requires ½ inches thick glass and 36 inches deep requires ¾ inches thick glass. For every 24 inches extra safety margin ½ inches should be increased.

2.6.1.3

Acrylic:

Acrylic is the very versatile, can be shaped into dome, and can be shaped into dome and cylindrical sections. Dome windows that project into the tank can provide an intimate fish eye view of the aquarium. Cylindrical tanks made form acrylic can provide attractive features and tunnel forms provide a unique underwater experience. Acrylic is a good insulator to cope with temperature differences. Acrylic can be assembled with mullions, sealant joints or with bonded joints. The latter can create an almost invisible joint, but due to lack of structural mullions would require the panels to be designed to a higher degree of safety. Panel sizes range from window panels 24ft long x 8ft high and 8 inches thick to tunnels 65ft long 5ft radius.

2.7

Structural deterioration of exhibit tanks.

The majority of materials are subjected to corrosion with time as explained in the following points: 

Marine atmosphere contains salt, which increases the rate of corrosion of the marine structures.



The deterioration of structures in the sea has most notable effects, which include corrosion of metals, palling and degradation of concrete attack of timber by marine organisms.



Frost damage cycles of freezing which lead to the disruption of the cement paste by the expansion of the absorbed water on freezing. However this effect is hardly effective in a tropical climate.

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. 

Chemical attack: the sulphate ions present in the sea water reacts with the hydrate of the tri calcium aluminates present in the cement. The steel in the concrete is protected from corrosion by the highly alkaline atmosphere of the hydrated cement paste. This however may be broken by the chlorides present in the seawater leading to the rusting and the exfoliation, which if progressive may create a bursting pressure sufficient to cause spilling of the concrete cover.

The performance of the structures has been in the marine environment has been extensively surveyed and reported by several authors. Accordingly, they suffer in general limited or no degradation. Severe corrosion occurs only in the ‗splash zone‘ and in particular effects rectangular deck beams, piles and cross bracing pieces.

2.8

Aquascape

A proper and balanced use of the following will ensure the correct ambience for the tank inmates.

Figure 2.21 Aquascape(Google, n.d.)

2.8.1.1 Sand: This should be fine enough for the fish to pick up their mouth, toss around, to forage in to, to rub against, and to lay eggs in, but not as small as to mall down. Even though only 1 Page 26

. inch – 2 inch layer provides a base for the plants to grow, but it is needed more to create banks and terraces. Colors of the tank floor should be composed of non- toxic material.

2.8.1.2 Rocks/stones: Hard stones, which are devoid of lime, should be used. Other substitutes for rock are color crystal lamps, which may be translucent or opaque. The advantage of using rock is that if the rock is coated with the disinfectant then the circulating water is kept sterilized.

2.8.1.3 Substrate and Marine Floor: The covering of the aquarium base forms two important functions. Primarily, it is used as a part of a biological filtrated system; it forms a large surface area upon which nitrifying bacteria scan thrives and carry out their purifying activities. Secondly it is used by the fishes that can bury themselves in the substrate at night, burrow into it by the day, or swim through it in the search of food.

Coral sand and courser crushed coral are the ideal materials for this purpose. Use the coarser material to form the lower layers of plastic or nylon netting. The netting will prevent the burrowing fishes from exposing the sub gravel filter plate. The substrate should be sufficiently deep to allow efficient bio-filtration to occur. A depth of at least 5 to 7.5 cms is recommended, and the substrate can be sloped from the front to the rear of the aquarium to an even greater depth. All the viewpoints must be considered while selecting different plant species which will be planted. All chosen plants, possible, should represent the bio top and natural home of the marine species. At the same, allowance for the plants survival should be kept as several fishes eat pinnate leaves of many under water plants.

2.9

Arrangement of Display Exhibits 

An exhibit should be able to catch the eye of the viewer and hold his attention, but when we are dealing with ‗n‘ number of exhibits it tends to monotonous, boring and loss in interest.

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. 

Generally, the display exhibits are arranged in a similar manner, for example, in fig A, all the ‗a‘type tanks are arranged together, and so are the ‗b‘type tanks together. This arrangement tends to get monotonous after a while and the interest of the visitor is lost.  To overcome this,

Figure 2.23 Design of circulation corridor (Google, n.d.)

mixed type arrangements are used where ‗a‘, and

‗b‘-type tanks are combined together to overcome this monotony. 

Another way is to have dynamic display spaces,

Figure 2.22Arrangement of exhibit types(Google, n.d.)

which use a dynamic aisle system and different tank on its either side. It removes the monotony and adds an element of surprise. 

Also to keep the visitor experience from getting monotonous, or prone to museum fatigue and circulation corridors shouldbe designed keeping an ‗element of surprise‘. This can be achieved using staggered corridors which blocks complete view to the visitor and allowing only partial views to keep him inquisitive about the next exhibit.

2.10 Services Design 2.10.1 Operation Areas Aquariums designers often consider the facility only from the visitor's viewpoint. They do not realize that the welfare and attractiveness of the specimen‘s and minimum costs for operation and maintenance depend upon the attention given to behind-the-scenes design.

The immediate work area behind the display tanks may be considered first. The workPage 28

. area floor should be about 3 ft higher than the public area floor.

This is dictated by the height of the average visitor looking into the approximate center of the viewing glass of the average large display tank. Most display tanks are placed on the floor of the work area. Obviously, very small and very large tanks will have to be placed differently.

Tanks should be placed to

Figure 2.24 Schematic showing the service areas, and various arrangement of services(TSS, n.d.)

permit ease of cleaning by aquarists. Holding tanks to receive new specimens for quarantine and space to hold surplus or sick specimens should be placed along the rear wall of the work area or in any other convenient locations. Each of these holding tanks should have its own recirculating system. The total holding capacity should be equal to about one third of the display volume but may vary considerably, depending upon the sizes of display tanks and specimens as well as the mortality rate and replacement need.

All quarantine tanks should be provided with drain valves to permit rapid drainage after treatment procedures. All tanks should have removable pump screens.

Many aquarist feel that practically all healthy specimens ought to be on display since they use space when held in reserve and require the same care as specimens on display. The various main supply pipes from the reservoirs should extend around the aquarium over the display tanks. These should be a minimum of 7 ft above the work-area floor and should have frequent tap valves from which, by flexible hose, replacement water or a continuous flow may be fed to the tanks, depending upon the system. It is important to have shutoff valves conveniently located along the major supply lines to facilitate plumbing repairs. To reduce the possibility of accidental flooding to a minimum, automatic cut-off switches, built-in overflow drains, and failsafe devices should be Page 29

. planned in connection with tank sand reservoirs that are periodically drawn down and refilled .All electrical appliances and equipment, including connector boxes, must be grounded .Outlets should not be located near the floor. Fixtures over the tanks should be protected to avoid breakage and possible danger to personnel working in water. Poles attached to brushes or other cleaning devices should be of wood or other nonmetallic material 2.10.2 Lighting in Exhibit Spaces Lighting constitutes a highly important and a highly sophisticated part of an aquarium.

For keeping the aquarium healthy, well balanced and flourishing, it is essential for the aquarist to take proper notice of the lighting in the aquarium. A perfect aquarium should have electrical lighting supplementing the natural lighting. In an aquarium it is necessary to provide the proper lighting. Some lights can stimulate groups of brown algae as natural light does, but in a fresh water system plants thrive best in little sunlight than in electrical light plants are very demanding in their light preference hence it is necessary to provide the correct type and intensity of lighting required. The entire inhabitant fishes as well as plants have specific requirements of light. Although they may survive in not so ideal conditions but they may not necessarily flourish.

When daylight is introduced in a space, interior finishes can create more reflective surfaces and cause a negative effect. Materials and finishes that are too shiny or reflective create glare. If there is glare or too much reflective light, guests may experience discomfort while interacting in the museum, and their experience will be greatly altered.

Lighting design needs to encompass the dynamics of daylight and use light properly to assist in creating an interactive and comfortable museum experience.As Natural light promotes algae growth on interiors of tanks. A flexible lighting system over each tank should include the capability of being lifted out of the way when cleaning tanks or feeding specimens. The lighting requirements are classified by different aquatic zones, followed by individual requirement of the species.

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2.10.2.1 Lighting requirements a. Freshwater Freshwater aquarium lighting is commonly provided by screw-in incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes and LED lamps. Incandescent lighting is becoming less popular because it uses much more energy and produces more heat than the other lighting types. Compact fluorescent lighting with a compatible screw-in base is frequently used as a direct replacement for incandescent bulbs.

Freshwater planted aquariums require more specialized light sources. High intensity compact fluorescent bulbs, high output fluorescent bulbs or metal halide lamps are often used over such aquariums to encourage plant growth. b. Brackish Brackish aquarium lighting is similar to freshwater and planted tank lighting, depending on the species included. Brackish aquariums may also include infrared or UV bulbs (or both types) for basking animals such as turtles.

c. Marine i. Fish In fish-only marine aquariums, lighting is intended only for illumination. Lighting is chosen primarily with aesthetic considerations for optimal viewing of the fish. The lighting is generally of much lower intensity than is used in reef aquariums to limit algae growth. ii. Reef The lighting used for reef aquariums is the highest intensity of all aquarium types. Typical light sources types include LED, fluorescent, metal halide, and sometimes plasma lamps.

Simple lighting setups use a single lamp or multiple lamps of a single type. More advanced setups can include several lamp types and can also include lamps of different colours.

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2.10.2.2 Types of lighting Lighting manufacturers have responded to the different needs of the aquarists by providing a range of bulb type and qualities. In general the human eye responds to the aquaria lit with yellow green light because it appears warmer and more appealing. Plants however prefer red/blue ends of the spectrum. Although some light is absorbed in the water, the average aquarium is not deep enough or normally not cloudy enough, for these to make an appreciable difference.

Table 4 Types of lighting used for live specimen exhibits(Google, n.d.)

1

Natural Lighting

This is a correct spectrum range for all animals and plants. This encourages algal growth. But this is quite unpredictable and uncontrollable.

Excess of sunlight would cause excessive growth of algae, which would suffocate the aquarium.

2

Tungsten lighting

These are extremely unsuitable as a form of illumination for any type of modern Aquarium.

They do not give an optimum light spectrum for good plant growth and are non-efficient, converting most of the energy into heat, rather than into useful light output. They are therefore no longer recommended as they have nothing to offer to the aquarist.

3

Fluorescent lighting

Fluorescent tubes are the most suitable form of aquarium lighting. They give a better spread of light and are relatively cheap to run in cool operation.

4

Enhanced red/blue

Output contains the correct spectrum for the plant requirements and is thus good for plant growth. Light output is low, however therefore this type of lighting is generally used in conjunction with full spectrum bulb.

5

Full spectrum

This simulates daylight and is extremely useful where space permits only one bulb.

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.

6

Spot lighting

These are ideal for creating dramatic effect and for emphasizing any surface water movement.

They are particularly useful for punching light down to the relatively deep tanks

7

Mercury Vapour lamps

The point source light produced is bluish white, which gives a sea bed effect will show fishes off in their best colours in the aquarium. These are suitable for large public aquariums

8

High pressure mercury vapour

High power lighting for tanks deeper than 45 cms. It is less costly than metal halide; it has a fairly broad spectrum, but is lacking in blue/green wavelengths

9

Metal halide lamps

Although its lamp has a tungsten filament, it produces a more intense light that an ordinary tungsten lamp. Mounted 30 cms above the tank.

10

LED lamps

Light emitting diodes, they not only use less energy but also provides with better colour index. Lighting can be enhanced using red/blue LEDs.

2.10.2.3 Lighting in static exhibits: Several types of artificial light sources are used in interior applications to provide light for visibility, tasks, accent and decoration. Typical interior artificial light sources include incandescent, fluorescent, HID, fiber optics, cold cathode and 9 LEDs. Incandescent lamps are generally used for ambient and accent lighting with track luminaires. In museums, incandescent, fiber optic and HID are the most common light sources. According to IESNA standards for museums, compact fluorescents, tungsten Halogen, HID and PARs are the most common for general lighting. With indirect lighting, fluorescent lamps are used to diffuse illumination quality. Accent lighting include PARtype incandescent and tungsten halogen. Incandescent, compact fluorescent, tungsten halogen, metal halide and fiber optic are recommended to use in case, cabinet

Page 33

. and under-shelf lighting. Flood lighting typically consists of recessed down lights or track-mounted fixtures with incandescent, tungsten halogen and HID light sources Light levels are based on the visibility as well as the accessibility in the museum space. The quantitative measurements of light in museums are determined by the exhibit type, collection, storage and handling. Luminaires are characterized by the way light is distributed. ―Light fixtures are the luminaires that are permanently attached to the building‖ (Karlen, 13, 2004). There are several other luminaire types including: direct, indirect, diffuse, direct/indirect, asymmetric uprights, downlights and adjustable.

•

Direct luminaires emit light downward. These include most types ofrecessed lighting with downlights and troffers.

•

Indirect luminaires emit light upward that bounces from the ceiling into aspace. Many styles include suspended luminaires, sconces and some portable lamps.

•

Diffuse luminaires emit light in all directions uniformly. These includemost bare lamps, globes and chandeliers.

•

Direct/indirect luminaires emit light upward and downward, but not tothe side. These include many types of suspended luminaires as well as table lamps. Direct/ indirect also can be semi-direct or semi-indirect according to the proportions of up and down light.

•

Asymmetric

luminaires

are

usually

designed

for

special

applications.Asymmetric up lights are indirect luminaires with stronger distribution in one direction, such as away from a wall. Wall washers are form of direct luminaire with stronger distribution to one side so as to illuminate a wall.

•

Adjustable luminaires are generally direct luminaires that can be adjustedto throw light in directions other than down. These include track lights, floodlights and accent lights. (Karlen, 13, 2004).

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When it comes to perceiving our environment vision serves as the dominant sense. The light conditions of the environment play a major part in creating a visual experience of the environment along with aesthetics. The perceived environment is created with inputs from many sources like smell, touch, sounds and memories generated through these indicators. With respect to lighting what we can do is to design the luminous environment to affect the visual perception in positive way.

The luminous environment is composed of the light source and the object or space to be lit. The attributes of the light source are its brightness, colour and the material and shape of the luminaire. The physical space consists of the medium which light transcends through to reach the object or surface; medium could be air, water, smoke, glass etc. The surface attributes of the object also affect the luminous environment as discussed in light and

matter.

Figure 2.25 Visual perception and perceived environment(Google, n.d.)

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2.10.3 Water Quality The chemical condition of the water in which fishes and aquatic animals without backbones (invertebrates) are kept is vital to their health. Anything suspended or dissolved in the water comes into the most intimate contact with these animals, mostly through their gills, and there is little they can do to keep harmful substances from entering their bloodstream or body. For example, only two parts of copper dissolved in a hundred million parts of water can kill some fishes within 24 hours, while acutely toxic concentrations of pesticides like Endrin need have a strength of less than one part per billion. The invertebrates are even more sensitive than fishes. In order to keep animals as sensitive as this alive in captivity, there is only one safe rule to follow: all aquaria and other parts of water systems must be made of chemically inert materials. The source of any water that is to be used in aquariums must be scrutinized to make certain it always has the proper chemical composition and never contains substances harmful to the exhibits. Ordinary standards of water purity are not adequate because perfectly potable fresh water or seawater, perfectly safe for bathing, may be deadly to fishes and aquatic invertebrates. As far as their water supply is concerned, these animals are much more delicate than man. Frequent troublemakers in municipal tap water are chlorine, excessive hardness, and brass or galvanized piping. A single small metallic fixture can quickly bring about the death of fish when the water running through it is soft. As far as the aquarium's visitors are concerned, the only necessary water quality is clarity, so that they can easily see the exhibits.

For large tanks (500 gal or more) the water must be very clear indeed ; the water of some municipalities contains colloidal clay, and although it looks crystal clear in small tanks, Page 36

. its milky appearance in large ones makes viewing through it quite unsatisfactory .

(Animals may live in such cloudy water without any difficulty, but water that is cloudy from the presence of myriads of bacteria is unsatisfactory for both visitor and exhibit animal, although for different reasons.) In some aquarium water systems, the water is used only once and is then discarded.

Sometimes it is necessary to treat the water as soon as it enters the aquarium building, usually by filtering it. Natural seawater should always be filtered before being put into reservoirs or closed systems of any kind in order to remove the tiny animals and plants (plankton) that inhabit it. These floating mites cannot live under the conditions of captivity and when they die, they decompose and temporarily make the seawater toxic to larger forms of marine life. Even filtered seawater "rots" to some extent and may have to be stored in the dark for as long as 6 weeks before becoming fit to use, particularly in small tanks .For the great majority of exhibits, however, fresh, filtered seawater may be used without delay if it has not originated from polluted sources and if each water system contains at least 1,000 gal. On the other hand, untreated natural seawater can be used in open systems provided it is clear enough not to obstruct the view of the exhibits. An important advantage of this kind of arrangement is that it makes easy the exhibition of plankton-feeding animals, which subsist on the small plants and animals they strain out of the water. Unless the aquarium can be built near a dependable source of water of the proper quality and sufficient quantity, closed water systems will be a necessity, but water that is used over and over accumulates waste products from the animals living in it, and as time goes on, the concentration of these substances becomes intolerable . Their removal, however, presents special problems. Aquarium animals, just like terrestrial ones, must consume oxygen to stay alive and at the same time must get rid of the carbon dioxide they produce. If the water in which they find themselves has either too little oxygen or too much carbon dioxide, they will die. Fortunately, the atmosphere provides an unlimited supply of oxygen and can take up unlimited amounts of carbon dioxide--at least the small amounts produced by aquariums. Therefore all that needs to be done is to expose enough of the aquarium water to air above the vessel so that the two gases will be Page 37

. exchanged at a sufficiently rapid rate. This is most easily done by the use of aerators, although circulating the water and otherwise agitating it is also very helpful. The animals' other wastes are not so easily disposed of, however; in fact, no economically feasible way has yet been devised to remove them from aquarium water. Most important of all is ammonia. This is the principal waste product in the urine of fishes, and these animals excrete ammonia through their gills as well. Ammonia is also the principal excretory product of aquatic invertebrates. Other waste products, such as urea, are broken down into ammonia by bacteria in the water. In addition, ammonia is produced when bacteria bring about the decomposition of faecal fish wastes as well as any uneaten food or plants and animals that have died in the tank. It would not be far wrong to state that every bit of food put into an aquarium, except that utilized in the growth of its inhabitants, eventually turns into ammonia.

Ammonia is exceedingly toxic to almost all fishes and invertebrates. For example, trout living in water with as little as six parts per billion of ammonia show abnormal gills. Even freshwater pond fishes, which are much less sensitive to ammonia than trout or coral-reef fishes, should not be exposed to concentrations of more than one part in ten million of water. At the present time, there is only one economical way to avoid ammonia poisoning in closed aquarium systems, and this is by taking advantage of the bacteria that change ammonia into nitrate (by oxidation), a chemical that is much less harmful to aquatic animals . These nitrifying bacteria occur naturally in all aquariums and water systems, but not in large enough numbers to quickly convert the toxic ammonia into relatively harmless nitrate. In a well-managed tank, these bacteria thrive on the walls and other surfaces, but not in the water itself, because they must be attached to some kind of solid material in order to grow and multiply. There are not enough surfaces in an aquarium to provide "homes" for sufficient numbers of nitrifying bacteria to keep the concentration of ammonia as low as it needs to be, that is, virtually zero. One of the principal functions of a filter is to provide living space for nitrifying bacteria, and countless numbers of them cover the grains of sand or gravel of the filter bed. In the future, other ways of eliminating ammonia may be found, but biological filtration is now the only practical way to do so. In Page 38

. addition to the solid surface they require, nitrifying bacteria need oxygen; the water should be aerated both before and after filtration-- afterwards in order to replace the oxygen used up by the filter bacteria. Nitrifying bacteria are slow multipliers (as compared with many other bacteria), and cold temperatures, acid waters, high salinity, and lack of calcium slow them down even more. Whenever an aquarium or a water system is put into operation, the number of animals put into it ought to be limited until the filter has acquired its full complement of nitrifying bacteria. A "healthy" filter is essential to a "healthy" closed aquarium water system and vice versa. The longer the aquarium or water system is in operation, the greater the amount of nitrate that accumulates in the water. Although certain aquatic bacteria (denitrifiers) change nitrates into nitrogen gas and thus eliminate the nitrogen from the system, this process does not take place rapidly enough to prevent the build-up of nitrate in aquarium water. More- over, there are other less well-known substances that accumulate in the water in which animals are living.

None of these is at all as toxic as ammonia, but they do have an inhibitory effect, especially on marine invertebrates. The only practical way to get rid of them, at the present state of aquarium technology, is by replacing part of the water at regular intervals.

This is the procedure used by home aquarists who want their fishes to reproduce. By keeping the concentration of nitrates (and undoubtedly other inhibiting substances that were not measured as well) below 10 parts per million with regular replacements of fresh seawater, the London Aquarium has been able to maintain marine invertebrates it otherwise found impossible to keep alive. Another cumulative change that takes place in aquarium water is an increase in acidity. Oxidation is a process essential to all life, and oxidation is an acid-producing process. Aquatic animals produce carbon dioxide, which becomes carbonic acid in water. All of their other waste products are eventually oxidized by bacterial action, and this, too, produces acid. In order to prevent the aquarium system from suffering from acidosis, it must be alkalized. This is absolutely essential for closed seawater systems and is usually accomplished by keeping the water in very close contact with some form of calcium carbonate (coral sand, calcite, marble chips, and bivalve shells).

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.

Proper aquarium water quality depends primarily on the following factors: •

Chemically inert material

•

Suitable source of water

•

Adequate circulation, aeration, and filtration

•

Cleanliness, achieved mostly by avoiding overcrowding and overfeeding

•

Control of waste end-products by filtration, alkalization, and dilution.

2.10.3.1 Water Systems The water system includes, in whole or part, the incoming line, a clarifying or sterilizing unit if required, storage reservoirs, the pipelines furnishing types and temperatures of water serving the display tanks, the display tanks, inflow and outflow and drainage, and filters. Piping should be of non-metallic materials .Water should come in contact with metal only as absolutely necessary.

Metal or other piping may be used to serve cetaceans, seals, penguins, and aquatic reptiles, but expensive replacement may be necessary because

Figure 2.26 Water system in oceanarium(TSS, n.d.)

of corrosion. There are three basic types of water systems: open, closed and semi-closed. a) Open water systems: This method is the least complicated and least troublesome provided an adequate source of excellent disease-free water is available. The requirement that metal not come in contact with water may not be quite so Page 40

. important here, as the animals are exposed to water that has passed aver the metal only once and as the toxicity potential decreases due to the formation of inert oxides, etc., on the interior of metal pipes, thus forming an insulating barrier, but corrosion is a factor to be considered. Economics must be considered when water is to be discarded after one use. As a general rule of thumb, the average display tank of specimens loaded at the rate of 1 lb. of fish per 100 gal of water should have a turnover or replacement rate of one volume each one to two hours. If the gallon age of all display tanks is 100,000 gal, a flow of 50,000 to 100,000 gal per hour would have to be maintained. Thus1 .2 to 2.4 million gal would be required each 24 hours. An added cost would arise if some waters had to be heated or cooled. When water is used only once and discarded, the rate of turnover usually need not be as great as in closed systems, as waste products from the specimens are continually carried away. It should be noted that the rule of thumb cited above is just that. Many species of fish can be loaded heavier, and some species, particularly invertebrates, may require a more rapid turnover of water.

b) Closed water systems: Water is continuously re-circulated in closed systems and is only

renewed

periodically.

Metabolic wastes must be treated since they are not continuously flushed from important

the system.

problem

is

An that

ammonia must be rapidly removed or transformed

because it

isFigure 2.27 Closed water system(TSS, n.d.)

Page 41

. harmful even at very low concentrations. In the aquarium the bacteria that converts ammonia to nitrite reside primarily in the filter material and a slow sand filter with a large surface area is usually provided to ensure their abundance. Plant growth in the aquarium, especially in marine systems is not usually sufficient to utilize the entire nitrate produced by bacteria from nitrite. Although some aquariums have operated many years with a minimum of water renewal, it is normally necessary to replace from 1 to 10 % of the water per month to maintain a low level of nitrates. c) Semi-closed water systems: Semi closed are the same as closed systems except that there is a constant connection to the water supply and the problem of dissolved wastes is controlled by the regular addition of new water; this system is more economical than the open type in terms of temperature control and pumping.

Systems vary from simple flow through systems to completely automated re-circulating systems with special provisions for monitoring and controlling the physical and chemical characteristics of water, the turnover rate or rate of water replacement of individual aquariums is important and should be not more than two hours. In addition, aeration by means of diffusers should be provided to guard against asphyxia in the event of an unexpected water supply failure.

Freshwater pools for mammals present a special problem. They generally require a higher filtration rate and greater filter capacity because they accumulate large amounts of faecal wastes. Air-breathing animals, however, are not highly sensitive to water quality; thus, chemical treatments, such as chlorination, which could kill fish, can be used to control bacteria and to improve water quality. Seawater formulas are simpler; for e.g. a 2% sodium chloride solution will satisfactorily maintain whales and dolphins. Seals and sea lions have been kept in fresh water, but Page 42

. this may increase their eye problems because of the osmotic effect of the freshwater on the eye tissues.

However, seawater should be replaced at the rate of one-third of the total volume every two weeks, if possible. If this cannot be done, monitoring of nitrite, nitrate, and urea build-up becomes very important. One serious disadvantage in a closed system is the real possibility of disease organisms from one tank being carried to all tanks. Filtration will not remove many of these. Ultraviolet radiation or passage through a reverse osmosis process, however, is effective in removing or destroying organisms both desirable and undesirable. Reverse osmosis cannot be used with salt water.

2.10.4 Filtration Aquariums are confined to a limited quantity of water, as compared to the natural environments. In the wild, fish waste is instantly diluted. While in the aquariums the nitrogenous wastes keeps on building up thus increasing the toxic levels. The waste contains ammonia gases which are very harmful to the fish. More the number of fish, more the wastes and hence more the risk of increase in the ammonia levels. To remove this ammonia formed in the tanks various filtration methods are used. The bacteria feed on the nitrogenous wastes, decompose it and breakdown the ammonia into smaller particles called nitrates, which are less toxic rather than being non-toxic. Fish can tolerate a certain level of nitrate but over a certain period of time these nitrates build up and become harmful, hence they need to be removed from time to time. Since nitrate is a fertilizer excess of nitrate would lead to the growth of algae.

Though there are many ways of filtering water, in case of tanks the best way to remove nitrates is to change the water periodically. The amount of water to be changed every day would depend upon the nitrate level in the tanks. Thus a regular check of the nitrate level is done to decide the water change schedule.

There are various filtration processes available which are listed below:

Sea world Oceanarium, Pondicherry

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1. Biological filtration: It is a term for fostering ammonia-neutralizing bacterial growth. Bacteria decompose ammonia to nitrates which are less toxic. Bio filtration is not quite adequate for large number of fish hence biological filters have been devised which vastly increase the bacteria colony in the aquarium. These filters provide additional surface area for the bacteria to attach themselves and increase the oxygen content of the aquarium.

2. Mechanical filtration: It is the straining of the solid particles from the aquarium water. It does not remove directly the dissolved ammonia nor does it remove the algae or the solid particles trapped in the plants and other objects. Wave makers improve the chances of removing the trapped solids through the mechanical filter. Mechanical filters use filter material such as sponge, paper, phlox, and etc. sponge being the commonest. These filter media have numerous small pores, which trap the particles. These get clogged after some time and need to be cleaned.

3. Chemical filtration: This is the removal of dissolved wastes in the aquarium waters. The dissolved wastes are of two types, polar and non-polar. Chemical filtration in case of non-polar can be actively achieved by filtering the water through gas activated carbon. This works best on nonpolar wastes though it also removes polar wastes. Polar wastes can also be removed by another method called protein skimming, which is very effective in removing dissolved organic wastes. Gas is developed from carbon, which is processed to develop large number of minute holes, which trap non-polar wastes at molecular level by means of ion exchange and absorption, and carries out a process of molecular sieving.

Some common chemical filtration is Activated Carbon - removes dissolved organic substances Zeolite - removes ammonia

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4. Activated Carbon Activated carbon can be compared with a vacuum cleaner, taking in everything that it comes across. It is useful for removing medications from the water after we cure the fish.

Other than removing medications, it is also useful in removing color caused by driftwoods or dried leaves etc.

Zeolite is used to remove ammonia from water but it should not be used as a permanent solution to aquarium filtration even if one replaces the Zeolite regularly when they get 'full'. They should only be used in temporary installations where you don't have biological filtration in place, for example

Figure 2.28. Flow in under gravel filters and canister filters (TSS, n.d.)

temporary feeder fish tanks, quarantine tanks, hospital tanks etc. And being temporary tanks, the bacteria colonies do not have any supply of waste chemicals to sustain the bacteria colonies when their fish are moved into main tanks.

5. Integrated total filtration: Modern advancement in filtration technology has produced total integrated systems. They include some form of mechanical filtration followed by a biological filtration, including a denitrifying filter. For marine tanks, such a setup also has protein skimming. In an integrated system, filter parts are modular and easily serviceable, but the combined bulk of the systems on top of the tank often make special hood and lighting necessary.

6. Sterilization: In especially sensitive aquaria the infections resulting from water borne parasites, fungi, bacterium, and virus can cause serious problems. Water sterilization is most important for breeders, for centralized multi-tank filtration, for delicate and closely spaced setups such as large tanks and reef systems. Healthy aquaria depend upon beneficial bacteria growing on the filter media, which neutralizes ammonia. Total sterilization is not desirable.

Two main types of sterilization are used: Page 45

. i. By ozone: Ozone is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizer of organic pollutants, including live pathogens. It also systematically reduces dissolved organic compounds in the water stream, which increases the reserve capacity of the water to oxidize organic waste through the aquarium. Ozone laden water also improves the ability of protein skimmers to generate foam, which increases their overall performances.

But ozone gas is highly corrosive and is very unsafe for breathing hence is not recommended.

Figure 2.29. UV Sterilization(Google, n.d.)

ii. Ultraviolet sterilization: High intensity ultraviolet light destroys the DNA in the living cells and can be used as an effective means to control living pathogens. The most effective light is the high energy UV light roughly around the wavelength of 250 angstroms. To be effective the UV light should expose the pathogens to a high enough light intensity for a long enough period.

7. Protein Skimming The protein fractionation process increases water clarity and oxygen concentration, and also destroys and removes harmful pathogens. Air (and ozone) is injected into the bottom of the fractionators as tiny bubbles. The dirty water enters the top of the fractionators and exits out the bottom of the tank. As the tiny bubbles rise from the bottom they strip the organic waste and bacteria from the dirty water traveling downwards creating foam on the surface of the water. This foam loaded with unwanted waste is ejected from the cone section of the fractionators.

2.10.5 Plumbing All the piping should be of non-corrosive and chemically inert materials with smooth interiors should be used so that the chances of the marine organisms getting a hold and Page 46

. forming colonies are reduced. Piping should be preferably non-metallic as even lead and steel, which are generally considered safe, are affected by seawater. Where unavoidable metal pipes are used for cetaceans, seals, penguins but this may prove expensive in the long runs, replacements are generally required due to corrosion. The use of copper for piping should be absolutely prohibited.

The materials most commonly used for the pipes are 

Rigid PVC



Vulcanite



Fibre glass



Cement line steel pipes



Cement lined galvanized iron pipes for fresh water.



Thoroughly cured cement concrete pipes

The water is first pumped to a height and then fed to the tanks by gravity. Thus the water in the pipes is under pressure and should be designed with adequate strength to resist it.

The piping should generally be laid under the service passage and neatly stored in drainage gullies with a narrow feed pipe to each tank. Feed pipe should come in through the tank bottom so that the water enters the bottom and overflows to the overflow tank. Or the other solution can be to line up the feed at the top and the return pipe at the bottom thus eliminating any layer of dead water at the bottom and ensuring proper circulation and consistently ample oxygenation and encouraging specimens to occupy the whole tank. i) Reserve water The reserve water is used mostly for routine replacement. Its quantity may equal the capacity of the largest single display tank, if it considerably exceeds that of the others. In such cases the water could be adequate for more contingencies except catastrophic disaster. Reserve water is used to compensate cleaning losses; evaporation losses and to provide fresh water in order to avoid build-up of harmful bacteria

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3 Advanced objective3.1 IntroductionAn oceanarium comprises of aquatic biomes and exhibit spaces displaying the live specimens as well as static exhibits depicting the underwater world. These exhibit spaces are artificially designed and constructed to mimic the natural habitat of the species and provide a much realistic experience. These exhibit spaces differs from all other media of communication, because it alone can simultaneously transmit information visually, verbally & by touch. The interaction between exhibit and visitors is intimate when we compare the scale and proportions of exhibits with humans.

This interaction offers a unique experience through various types of designed exhibits and spaces, thus allowing the visitors to have a sense of adventure, recreation, entertainment, awareness and a better understanding of the marine life. Thus the exhibit spaces form an integral part of an oceanarium. And this paper studies the different types of exhibit spaces and their sizes, their shape and viewing surface. Also how they should be sequenced and visitor navigation design and lighting inside these exhibit spaces. Comparative analysis of various case studies on pre-defined research parameters will result in certain design directives to be incorporated in the thesis.

3.2 Objectives•

To analyze the visual connection and lighting in various types of exhibit spaces through case studies •

3.3

Analyzing the shapes, viewing surfaces, and visitor navigation circulation

Visual Analysis-

During the walking process, one‘s ‗visual field‘ is not limited to any specific line of sight, but rather includes everything that is available to be seen. But individual objects in visual Page 48

. field are seen or perceived depending upon the specific dynamic factors involving line of sight, visual acuity and limitation of peripheral vision and the character of surrounding environment

Figure 3.2 Vertical field of view, and view range(EPD, n.d.)

Figure 3.1 Horizontal field of view, and view range(EPD, n.d.)

3.3.1. VerticalThe optimum vertical eye rotation ranges from 25 degree top of the eye to 30 degrees down and includes the colour discrimination range, and the limit of visual field of view extends from 50 degree top to 70 degree bottom.

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.

Figure 3.3 Visual field from a distance of a) 1000 mm, b) 2000 mm, and c) 5000 mm(Author, n.d.)

Table 3.1Vertical field of view(Author, n.d.)

S.

Distance

No

from

Vertical the

viewing

optimum eye

surface

(in

mm)

rotation (in mm)

1

1000

1200

2

2000

2250

3

5000

3650

Figure 3.4 Vertical field of view (Author, n.d.)

8.3.2. HorizontalThe optimum horizontal eye rotation ranges from 5-

32 degree left of the eye to 5-32 degrees right and includes the colour discrimination range, and the limit of visual field of view extends from 62 degree left to 62 degree right.

Table 3.2 Horizontal field of view (Author, n.d.)

S.

Distance

Horizontal

No

from

Optimum

the

viewing

eye rotation

surface

(in mm)

(in mm)

1

1000

2

2000

1150

2300

Page 50

.

3

5000

5850

Figure 3.5 Visual field from a distance of a) 1000 mm, b) 2000 mm

3.4 Navigation Design – Circulation PatternSan Francisco Museum of Modern ArtEach exhibition space is disconnected, but owns common starting area.Visiting circulation type within exhibition area is annular way back to the origin.This circulation model has centrality of core space.Core space as starting point of visiting process has multiple attainability.

a. Jewish Museum, BerlinThis circulation type has certain directivity for visitors.It is conductive to form intense and specific spatial atmosphere.Owning to its spatial continuity, it is Page 115

. useful to reappearance of historical scenario and the sublimation of visiting emotion for visitors.It is better to combine with exhibition theme and visiting experience in order to reach the purpose of the place implication.

b. Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, DenmarkEach exhibition is relatively independent.Each display area is connected via transitional space in terms of corridor, courtyard or space node. This combination

form

can

leave

certain

reserve

areas

for

the

further

development.Due to the integration of transitional space, it is simple to control the length of visiting movement line, which can ease the tiredness of visit.

c. Sea World Sentosa, Singapore-

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The park contains some of the largest marine aquariums in the world, and

Figure 3.6 Sea world Sentosa Circulation Diagram incorporates the world’s largest acrylic viewing panel. Designed to operate on two levels the park provides two distinctly different and separated visitor experiences.

At

the surface level, interactive encounters are provided for visitor with the parks dolphins, fish, rays and sharks. Comprising 10 different zones with 49 habitats, the aquarium takes guests on an underwater voyage beginning from Southeast Asia, and continues through the Arabian Gulf and the Open Ocean. Along the way, guests can expect to meet majestic manta rays, hammerhead sharks, bottlenose dolphins and other marine creatures.

Afrykarium Aquarium, Wroclaw The building, a black concrete monolith, houses five distinctive halls that each depict aspects of the ecosystems of the rivers, lakes and Oceans around Africa.

Displays in the Afrykarium include a Red Sea coral reef, hippos and freshwater fish of Malawi and Tanganyika lakes. The largest tank shows the depths of the

Page 52 Figure 3.7Afrykarium Poland Circulation Diagram

.

Mozambique Channel, where sharks, rays and other large pelagic fish live. These can be viewed form an 18 m long underwater, acrylic tunnel. An exhibition will also be devoted to the Skeleton Coast in Namibia, with penguins and brown fur seals. A further area shows the jungle surrounding the rivers of the Congo and will be inhabited by crocodiles, and manatees.

3.5

Lighting in tanks-

3.5.1 Rectangular TanksIn rectangular or sloping side wall tanks, the lights are arranged in such a manner that they fulfil the species light requirement, and also don’t directly fall on to the visitor

Figure 3.8 Exhibit lighting in rectangular tanks(Author, n.d.)

Type: LED, Full spectrum, spot lights, metal halides.

3.5.2 Cylindrical or elliptical tanksIn cylindrical and elliptical tanks, the lights are arranged overhead and at the bottom pointing upwards and in a manner that they

Figure 3.9Exhibit lighting in Circular tank(Author, n.d.)

fulfil the species light requirement, don’t directly fall on to the visitor and also act a spot light to the species Type: LED, Full spectrum, spot lights, metal

halides, enhanced

Figure 3.10Exhibit lighting inUnderwater tunnel(Author, n.d.)

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. red/ blue 3.5.3 Underwater tunnelIn underwater tunnel tanks, the lights are arranged overhead replicating sun and spot lighting in a manner that they fulfil the species light requirement, and also don’t directly fall on to the visitor, and enhance the user experience by providing a better view of the species.

Figure 3.11 Navigation lighting for visitors

Type: LED, Full spectrum, spot lights, metal halides, enhanced red/ blue, high pressure mercury vapour, natural 3.5.4 Circulation and navigation lightingAs the circulation corridors are kept dark in oceanarium to prevent reflection on the viewing surface and to facilitate better viewing of the species, track lighting and emergency lighting can be used to navigate the users.

3.6

Water circulation-

Closed water system will be installed in the oceanarium. And following diagram shows the filtration process.

Figure 3.12 Water filtration system(Author, n.d.)

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4 Case Studies 4.1

Jagdishchandra Bose Aquarium Surat (Live case study)

Jagdish Chandra Bose Aquarium, Surat Period of Construction: 2007-2014 Cost: Rs 20 crore Present Status: Open to visitor Location: Pal, Surat.

Site Area: 25,722 sqm (6.35 acres) Owner: Suratmunicipalcorporation Main Consultant: V Create, Surat ,Ar. BharathSheth

4.1.1 Intent of Case study: The Aquarium at Surat is the most recently built aquaria in India and meets the international standards, also it is a third generation aquaria (first in India) and uses modern construction materials and techniques along with innovative display exhibit spaces. The shark tank 12.5x7 meter is a major attraction of the aquarium. The building is located at Jagdish Chandra Udyan which is open to public throughout the year. The aquarium along with the Udyan creates a very strong focal point for the visitors.

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.

Figure 4.1SIte plan(Google, n.d.)

The aquarium is designed as a large whale skeleton which is surrounded by a garden called Jagdish Chandra Udyan. The aquarium has two floors, containing many small tanks and a large 40x30 feet shark tank. the aquarium was conceived and designed by Suratmunicipal corporation with Ar. BharathSheth's V create as the main consultant.

Aquarium houses more than 100 species that includes fresh, brackish, marine water fishes. And exotic species which are displayed in 52 specially designed eco system tanks.

The building has a double facade and has two different concepts: the exterior form is designed in the form of whale, whereas the interiors are designed on the concept sunken ship, where the user feels as if he is walking through a sunken ship which is at the bottom of the ocean.

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Figure 4.2 Photos of the site (Author, n.d.)

Site Services: Parking: 4- wheeler 40 visitor. 12 staff parking bay, 200 stilt car parking bay 2-wheeler 50-visitor parking bay Bus- 6 bus bay

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Services- 4 trucks Water (plumbing) - UG TANK 1 4, 00,000 liters OHT 1, 00,000 x 2 Fire fighting - nil Design issues Aquarium houses more than 100 species that includes fresh, brackish, marine water fishes and exotic species which are displayed in 52 specially designed eco system tanks. i. Types of Display Aquarium has 46 rectangular display tanks(23 FW, 23 MW), 4 eco-system(2 FW. 2MW) tanks, 1 touch pool and 1 shark tank.

Sequence of Display- AAAA B AAAA Shape of Display- Rectangular with dimensions 2.4 x 1.025 x 1.2 m Eco system tank of size 5.8 x 4.4 x 1.2 m Shark Tank of size 12.6 x 7 x 7.5 m Viewing Surface- Flat Acrylic panel thickness- 50, 100 & 200 mm Construction materials- Acrylic panels, RCC, Toughened glass, wooden interiors.

Execution scheme The aquarium has two floors, containing many small tanks and a large 40x30 feet shark tank. the aquarium was conceived and designed by Suratmunicipal corporation with Ar. BharathSheth's v create as the main consultant. ii. Layout of structure The aquarium is designed as a large whale skeleton which is surrounded by a garden called Jagdishchandraudyan. The building has a double facade and has two different concepts: the exterior form is designed in the form of whale, whereas the interiors are designed on the concept sunken ship, where the user feels as if he is walking through a sunken ship which is at the bottom of the ocean.

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Planning- Sound and Visual effects PA system, ambience colour patterns, background music Building Typology :Third generation Aquarium Aquatic Species 240 species (160 fresh water, 80 marine) Illumination- Lighting System Metal Halide and LED, CFL emergency lights.

Aquascaping- high Water circulatory system - Closed Navigation and Circulation. Water flow is unidirectional i.e top to bottom. Plumbing upvc Filtration System Separate for fresh and marine integrated filtration units.

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Page 60

.

Figure 4.3Detailed plans, Elevations and Sections(Authority, n.d.)

4.2

Taraporewala

Aquarium,

Mumbai (Live case study) Project: Taraporewala Aquarium Project

Address:

Charni

Road,

Mumbai, India.

Client: Shri &ShrimatiVicaji

D.B.

Taraporewala Date of Commencement:9th May 1947 Date of Completion:27th May 1951 Renovated : Dec, 2014 4.2.1 Location.

Figure 4.4Site Plan TaraporewalaAquarium(Authority, n.d.)

The aquarium is located on one of Mumbai‘s prestigious locale—The Marine Drive. It faces the sea on the other side of the Marine Drive Road.

The site selected to construct the aquarium at the Queen‘s Necklace—Marine Drive could not have been more appropriate, as the Mumbai of yesterday was a fishing village and the site has a sea- face. The Govt. of erstwhile Mumbai State provided land to construct this educational and recreational center.

4.2.2 Aim The aquarium opened for public in 1947. The ground

Figure 4.5Buildind Section (Author, n.d.)

floor (mainly occupied by the display area for public) with an area of 4260.8sq.m. Was designed with the view of around 800-900 no of visitors per day. Present day 2013 no.

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.

4.2.3 Circulation The 3 storied building has an aquarium and related offices on ground floor. First floor has an administration and research department.

Second floor is occupied entirely by the library.Public

circulation

path

for

the

aquarium is in inverted U- form with entry on the right side and exit on the left side.

Service passage lines peripherally around the display tanks and remains visually and functionally independent.

4.2.4 Structure and Materials R.C.C. beam and

column construction,

galvanized pipes for pipelines, glass for aquarium tanks.

The foundations of the aquarium rests on

Figure 4.6 Circulation Plan (Authority, n.d.)

reinforced concrete piles, mainly of which have been driven to 30ft. deep so that the building may be claimed to be earthquake proof. The building is three storied and 200(61ft) away from the sea wall. It is rectangular in form with it long axis running from west to east.

4.2.5 Exhibition and display spaces 4.2.5.1 Miniature exhibition hall Small fish corals, worms, coelenterates are kept here in about 1-foot deep fish tanks, as these would be lost in large tanks. Also it has a display of shells, cones and other such

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. items. These tanks are held in wooden partition 1m away from the wall for service purpose.

4.2.5.2 Main section

main hall there are 18 tanks for

In the marine/ salt-water specimens arranged in

Figure 4.7 Detailed drawings (Authority, n.d.)

the U shape with 3 tanks in center displaying fresh water specimen. In all there are 66 tanks with glass frontage 1

1/4

inches thick. Capacity of each tank ranges from 1000-5000

gallons. The tank interior is decorated so as to give an effect of natural environment. The tank seems to be literally framed and look like pictures framed in mosaic partitions.

The exterior surface is cladded with marble tiles with timber railing preventing visitors from coming too close to the tanks. Display and information board is on top of each tank

Figure 4.8 Main exhibit hallTaraporewala Aquarium (Author, n.d.)

which provides the visitor with information of the species in the tank. The hall is ventilated by exhaust fans and the lighting is dim in the hall to highlight the specimen and display tanks which are more brightly lit up.

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4.2.6 Special features 4.2.6.1

Illumination

The tanks are illuminated by normal tube lights which are hung about 1‘ to 1 ½‘ above the water level. The sloping roof above has glass skylight to admit natural light. The skylights were originally tinted pale blue (no longer) to prevent excessive growth of algae in the tanks.

4.2.6.2

Aeration

Elaborate arrangements have been have been made to ensure a constant stream of air into all the tanks. The silvery jet of bubbles spiralling to the surface of the water from the bed of the tanks is compressed air released in each tank. Behind the main aquarium section is the pump/machinery room where pumps and compressors operate the circulatory aeration system. Entire machinery operates on electricity and once the main switch is on the water keeps changing day and night.

4.2.6.3 Services: 1. Reserves Below the room containing pumps and compressors are two water reserve tank. The seawater reservoir is 3.3m by 14.0m by 4.5m while the fresh water reservoir 3.3m by 14m by 4.5m The reservoirs receive water from the filtration plant and from here the water is pumped continuously to the respective

overhead

tanks

directly above the pump room.

From here it is conducted to the exhibition tanks by gravitation.

The piping used here is HDP (high density polymer) type.

Figure 4.9 Service passage and water circulation (Author, n.d.)

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.

2. Service passage The service passage behind the display tanks is about 1.2m higher than the public area. It is 1.5m wide with a water channel on its one side which takes the water from tank to the settling tank.

3. Purification plant The purification plant consists of the settling tank and the filtration plant. The filtration plant is a structure located in the open space on north side of the aquarium buildings.

Both the seawater and the freshwater systems have separate underground concrete settling tanks and filtering units. The filters have filtering media of pebbles and sand of varying grades arranged in layers. Water first enters the settling tanks and then passes into the filter beds. Then both seawater and fresh water flow into their respective subterranean reservoirs. From here water is pumped to overhead tanks and from there it flows to the display by the gravitation.

Seawater is brought to the aquarium from the sea just off the marine drive road. Earlier a barge was used for providing undiluted

and

unpolluted

seawater from a pond far off from the shore at floor tide.

Now water is directly pumped.

Fresh water is received directly from the connection.

municipal

water Figure 4.10Water circulation system(Author, n.d.)

4. Water circulatory system The circulatory system adopted for changing water in the display tanks is closed system.

The same water is used over and again for a period of 1 month. After which new supply is

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. taken. This helps to maintain the ph and chlorine level in the water and is also less tedious.

The water is taken from the municipal supply or sea, taken into the settling tank, filtered into a reservoir which is then pumped to the overhead tank and then supplied via gravity

Figure 4.11 Photos of site (Author, n.d.)

4.3

SeaWorld Sentosa, Singapore (Literature case study)

Marine Life Park, Sentosa Period of Construction: 2007-2012 Cost: US $ 3.6 billion Present Status: Open to Public Location: Sentosa Island, Singapore Site Area: 20 Acre (81,000 sqm)

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.

Marine Life Park is a part of Resorts World Sentosa, Sentosa, Singapore and houses the second largest oceanarium in the world. The 8-hectare (20-acre) park houses two attractions, the S.E.A Aquarium and the Adventure Cove Waterpark.S.E.A Aquarium, world's second largest aquarium contains a total of 45,000,000 litres of water for more than 100,000 marine animals of over 800 species.The aquarium comprises 10 zones with 49 habitats. The centerpiece of the Aquarium is the Open Ocean tank with more than 18,000,000 l and 50,000 animals. It has the world's largest viewing panel, 36-metre (118 ft) wide and 8.3-metre (27 ft) tall, which is intended to give visitors the feeling of being on the ocean floor.

4.3.1.1 Intent of case study To understand how various display spaces can be interlinked and interconnected together to form a continuous dynamic sequence of exhibit and enhance the user experience. To study the large scale exhibit spaces, their viewing surface, shape.

To understand the potential of large acrylic panels viewing surface. The park contains some of the largest marine aquariums in the world, and incorporates the world‘s largest acrylic viewing panel. Designed to operate on two levels the park provides two distinctly different and separated visitor experiences. At the surface level, interactive encounters are provided for visitor with the parks dolphins, fish, rays and sharks. Comprising 10 different zones with 49 habitats, the aquarium takes guests on an underwater voyage beginning from Southeast Asia, and continues through the Arabian Gulf.

Figure 4.12 Schematic plan(Sentosa, n.d.)

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4.3.1.2 Brief description The centerpiece of the Aquarium is the Open Ocean habitat, seen through the world‘s largest viewing panel, at 36 metres wide by 8.3 metres tall; Guests viewing the habitat could experience the feeling of being on a cavernous ocean floor. The habitat is flanked by an Ocean Dome –an all-round viewing area and the Ocean Restaurant, an outlet propagating sustainable seafood principles. Eleven Ocean Suites occupy the opposite site of the habitat, offering a twist to the proposition of sea-view by providing guests the experience of waking to an under-the-sea vista.

The total running length of the tunnel is 83 meters, and provides the visitors with a 270 degree of view. The tank houses sharks, stingrays and various other species against the backdrop of a sunken ship from the maritime silk route.

Rainbow Reef: Visitors can snorkel in this tank, which houses almost 20,000 of friendly tropical fishes and can witness them in their natural environment along with this there are a number of attractions in like discovery touch pool, lensiest pool, adventure river, etc

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.

Figure 4.13 Sketches and views of the project

4.4

Afrykarium, Poland

Afrykarium - Aquarium, Zoo Wroclaw, Poland Investor: ZOO Wrocław Sp. z oo Location: ZOO Wroclaw, ul.

Project realization: 2008-2009 completion date: 2014 Site area : 4.7 Acres (19,000 sqm) Usable area: 17,500 m2 Cost of Construction : $60 million Prizes: First prize in the competition Afrykarium - Oceanarium, life-giving waters of Africa Architect: Arc2 the Design factory, Poland

The Afrykarium is a three-story building, including one underground level, 160 m long, 54 m wide and 12-15 m high. It was built on an area of nearly 1.9 ha and its total volume equals over 184,000 m3. Usable floor area of the pavilion is about 9,000 m2, utility area equals about 7,000 m2, and outdoor exhibitions occupy the area of nearly 7,500 m2.

Intent of case study: To understand the context in close proximity to an existing UNESCO world heritage site. How simple forms can be achieved. To study the concept, and the various level differences in the project to enhance the user experience.

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.

The building, a black concrete monolith, houses five distinctive halls that each depict aspects of the ecosystems of the rivers, lakes and Oceans around Africa. Displays in the Afrykarium include a Red Sea coral reef, hippos and freshwater fish of Malawi and Tanganyika lakes.

The largest tank shows the depths of the Mozambique Channel, where sharks, rays and other large pelagic fish live. These can be viewed form an 18 m long underwater, acrylic tunnel. An exhibition will also be devoted to the Skeleton Coast in Namibia, with penguins and brown fur seals.

A further area shows the jungle surrounding the rivers of the Congo and will be inhabited by crocodiles, and manatees. In the whole Afrykarium water system, comprising aquarium exhibits, filters, reservoirs and pipelines, there is a total of 15,000,000 liters of water in circulation (15,000 m3). Rate of exchange of the volume of water in each of the aquaria is estimated at about one hour. To ―salt‖ The Red Sea basin and produce sea water, it is estimated about 140 tons of salt is required.

The Afrykarium complex also includes conference hall, education suite, restaurant, observation deck, and souvenir shop.

The volume of each main aquarium or exhibition tank is as follows: The Red Sea pool – c. 900 m3 Shark pool – 3,100 m3 Hippo pool – c. 715 m3 Manatee pool – c. 1250 m3 Crocodile pool – 260 m3 Northern fur seal pool – 3,600 m3 Penguin pool – 2,460 m3

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.

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.

Figure 4.14 Site Plan

Figure 4.15 Plan at level 0(Sent osa, n.d.)

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.

Figure 4.16 Plan at level +1(Sentosa, n.d.)

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.

Figure 4.17 Plan at level -1(Sentosa, n.d.)

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.

Figure 4.18 Views of the Oceanarium (Sentosa, n.d.)

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4.5

National

Aquarium

Baltimore

(Literature Case Study) Project: the national aquarium at Baltimore Project architect: Cambridge Seven Associates Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Date opened: August 8, 1981 Cost: Rs 20 crore Present Status: Open to visitor Location: Figure 4.19 Aerial view Baltimore, Maryland, US Site Area: 23,000 m2 (5.7 acres) Total volume of tanks: 83,00,000 Species: 750

4.5.1 Location: The aquarium is located on Baltimore‘s harbour front as a part of a plan to revive the harbor. The aquarium and the marine mammal pavilion are connected with a bridge.They are placed on two piers. As these piers jut out in the sea it gives an impression of the structure floating on water.

4.5.2 Water capacity: The aquarium holds more than million gallons of salt and fresh water.

4.5.3 Number of specimen: More than 5,000 specimens, representing 750 species of fish, bird, reptiles, amphibians, Invertebrates, and plants and marine mammals.

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.

Figure 4.20 Cross sectional Plan for National aquarium, Baltimore

4.5.4 Aim: The National Aquarium in Baltimore seeks to stimulate interest in, develop knowledge about, and inspire stewardship of aquatic environments. A member of the Baltimore community, Maryland's leading tourist attraction, and an international icon, the Aquarium provides cultural, recreational, and educational experiences that meet the needs of diverse communities.

4.5.5 Structural analysis: The building is a complex mass of the steel and reinforced concrete, build up to seven levels. The building sets an image of a huge sea bird gracefully afloat. The structure is visible from all sides and each view adds to the overall composition. The building is built on a pier and seems perched on it.

Internally the aquarium is designed to have a five level atrium gallery, which at the top is covered by a triangular glass pyramid. This pyramid houses a simulated rain forest. Another major exhibit is the interlocking oval shaped ring tank. On the exterior side of the building are located the smaller areas such as the auditorium and an elevated entrance platform sheltered by a smaller glass pyramid. The building has a total footage of 115,000 sq.ft.

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.

4.5.6 Circulation: The raised platform is covered by a glass pyramid roof which forms the entrance to the visitors. The platform is raised and overlooks the inner and the outer harbours, the city skyline, and the aquarium itself. There‘s an entrance adjacent to the lobby which starts a unidirectional continuous path through the building. The unique circulation pattern is the key of the entire display orientation. The path zigzags up through the central atrium lined by exhibit galleries, and emerges at the roof top where there is situated the rain forest simulation, it then winds down again via zigzag ramps through the centre of the huge ring 4.5.7 Exhibit and display spaces: The aquarium has uses sophisticated theme exhibits areas as under.

4.5.7.1 Wings under waterIt is a ray exhibit. Southern stingrays, cow nose rays and blunt nose rays, etc. 50 rays in all can be seen gliding in this ray exhibit. The visitors learn about these striking, mysterious and misunderstood species of the sea while examining theme in their spectacular 260,000-gallon salt-water pool.

4.5.7.2 Atlantic coral reefContained in a 13 ft deep doughnut shaped tank, this exhibit features dazzling tropical fish swimming throughout fiber glass simulation of the coral reef. It holds 335,000 gallons i.e. 15, 24, 25,000 liters of water.

4.5.7.3 Open oceanAlso called as the shark tank this oval tank houses several species such as sandbars, sand tigers, etc. it holds 222,000 gallons of water.

4.5.7.4 South American rain forest: This steamy foliage laden simulation of the South American jungles reproduces the stratification of plant life in a neo tropical rain forest. Over 700 species of tropical plants thrive in the 64 ft. tall glass pyramid atop the aquarium. It also contains 25 species of fish

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. including tetras and piranhas. It also houses over 30 brightly colored tropical birds such as hawk headed parrots, blue crowned mot-moths and tanagers.

4.5.7.5 Sea pool: 70,000 gallons i.e. 318,500 liters, capacity pool houses numerous harbor seals and a pair of gray seals.

4.5.7.6 Surviving through adaptation: This exhibit consists of 22 galleries. The visitors experience the complex and often beautiful adaptations of various marine animals and to discover how these adaptations help the animal to survive in its environment. These include the following: a. Long fish and their defensive spikes. b. Deep-sea pinecone fish and their bio luminance. c. Sea anemone and their brilliant colours. d. Octopus and squids. e. Electric eel.

4.5.7.7 North Atlantic to pacific gallery-spans planets oceans.

The children cove on this floor allows visitors of all ages to handle inter tidal marine animals. Computerized display depicts effects of human activity on tropical rain forests.

4.5.8 Service areas: Since water borne site precluded placing the aquariums extensive mechanical services and staff areas below grade these occupy the plaza level and one level below. Public places are introduced by a pyramid capped raised platform. Services occupy an area of more than 50% of the total aquarium area.

4.5.9 Special Feature It has an multi layered display system. The design is based on one-way route leading visitors upward into a rooftop green house and then downward within the centre of a two Sea world Oceanarium, Pondicherry

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. level ring tank. Specially designed elevators for handicapped persons allow the visitor to enter the building through various level. To create the moods of the undersea world they used all the tools available for advanced exhibit design like lighting, audio visual communication and taped sound effects.

4.6

Bangalore Aquarium (Live Case Study)

Government Aquarium, Banglore Date opened: 1983 Present Status: Open to visitor Location: Cubbon Park in Bangalore Site Area: 2260 sqm 4.6.1 Intent of case study: To understand the sequence of display spaces and its arrangement along the visitor circulation. And to study the display tank shapes.RCC construction system used in the building.

The Aquarium is a diamond-shaped building. The aquarium has three floors. The first floor has 14 tanks and the second floor has two rows of 61 tanks. Bangalore Aquarium is administered by the State Government.

Figure 4.21 Schematic floor plans(Authority, n.d.)

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4.7

Blue resto lounge, Surat.

Intent of case study: To study the PDR in Sahara and Blue resto lounge which are themed underwater restaurants, their layout, functioning etc Blue resto lounge is a themed underwater restaurant where the interiors and lighting provides with an underwater ambience and the aquarium tanks provides the liveliness the lounge consists of a private room, seating space and kitchen space.

Figure 4.23 Interior views(Author, n.d.)

Figure 4.22 Schematic Floor plan (Author, n.d.)

.

Private Dining Room Sahara Hotel, Mumbai.

The PDR (Private Dining Room), is a unique space covered by our exceptional marine aquarium on three sides. The PDR is ideal for board meetings, private soirees and special celebrations. The aquarium houses 50 species over an area of 410 sq.m the filtration system is located beneath the private dining room which is accessed through service floor, the filtration system consists of protein skimmers and Uv filtration among biological and mechanical filtration equipment‘s.

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4.8

Case-study Inferences

Page 91

REQUIREMENTS ENTRANCE ZONE SN.NO

ZONE

1

TICKET COUNTER

2 3 4

QUANT ITY

SPACE

Z O N E

5

A

AREA (Sq.m)

1

40

INFORMATION KIOSK

1

30

WAITING AREA

1

200

BACK OFFICE

1

40

1

30

BAGGAGE COUNTER

6

TOILET (MALE)

1

50

7

TOILET (FEMALE)

1

50

OCEAN EXIBITS SN.NO

ZONE

1

QUANT ITY

SPACE

AREA (Sq.m)

OCEAN VOYAGE

1

1500

TOUCH POOL

1

150

TURTLE EXHIBIT

1

400

CROCOSAURUS COVE

1

600

CORAL REEF

1

300

6

SEA MONSTER

1

800

7

COLD WATER QUEST

1

600

8

RIVER SCOUT

1

800

1

300

2 3 4 5

9

Z O N E B

SMALL DISPLAY

TANKS

10

JELLY WORLD

1

200

11

SCUBA DIVING & IMMENSION TANK EQUIPED ROOM

1

150

12

SHORE GALLARY

1

300

13

TOILET (MALE)

3

150

14

TOILET (FEMALE)

3

150

15

CIRCULATION (60%)

4000

DOLPHINARIUM SN.NO

ZONE

SPACE

QUANT ITY

MAIN ENTERTAINMENT POOL

1

AREA (Sq.m)

1

1000

HOLDING POOL

2

300

Z O N E

QUARANTINE TANK

2

100

AMPHITHEATRE

200 PEOPLE

400

TRAINER ROOM

2

400

C

FOOD STORAGE

1

40

7

TOILETS(MALE)

1

50

8

TOILETS(FEMALE)

1

50

2 3 4 5 6

DOME OF THE SEA SN.N O 1 2

ZONE

Z O N

SPACE

QUANT ITY

AREA (Sq.m)

ENTRANCE FOYER

1

60

TICKET COUNTER

1

25

3 4

E

WAITING AREA

D

1 50 PERSON

SEATING PROJECTION ROOM

5 6

50

1

AQUA PARK

170 20

1

7

ADMINISTRATION OFFICE

1

30

8

STORE ROOM

1

20

9

TOILET (MALE)

1

50

10

TOILET (FEMAIL)

1

50

ADMINISTRATION SN.NO

ZONE

1

QUANT ITY

SPACE DIRECTOR’S CABIN

2

EXECUTIVE MANAGER’S CABIN

3

CONFERENCE ROOM

4

GENERAL MANAGER

5 6

Z O N E

7

E 8

ACCOUNTANT CHIEF CABIN

ENGINEERS

ASSISTANT ENGINEER PUBLIC OFFICE

RELATION

AREA (Sq.m)

1

30

1

25

15 PERSON

40

1

30

1

20

1

25

1

25

1

20

9

STORE ROOM

1

40

10

LOCKER ROOM

2

30

11

TOILETS (MALE)

1

50

12

TOILETS (FEMALE)

1

50

EDUCATION SN.NO

ZONE

QUANT ITY

SPACE

AREA (Sq.m)

1

LAB AND SURGICAL ROOM

1

70

2

QUARANTINE TANKS

2

80

3

BREEDING TANKS

2

50

4

AQUARIST

1

30

BIOLOGIST

1

40

2

50

LECTURE ROOM

2

50

SEMINAR ROOM

1

60

2

35

1

150

Z O N E

5 6 7

F

8

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT

AND

CONFERENCE ROOM

9 10

LIBRARY

CURATORIAL SN.NO

ZONE

SPACE

QUANT ITY

AREA (Sq.m)

PATHOLOGICAL LAB

1

30

FISH HOSPITAL

1

40

FISH KITCHEN

1

20

FOOD STORAGE

1

15

5

COLD STORAGE

1

10

6

BREEDING TANKS

4

50

1 2 3 4

Z O N E G

7

QUARANTINE

4

60

8

STORAGE ROOM

2

30

9

MEETING AREA

1

40

RESTAURANT SN.NO

ZONE

1

Z O N E

2 3 4 5

QUANT ITY

AREA (Sq.m)

100 PEOPLE

350

50 PEOPLE

150

1

200

KITCHEN

1

150

STORAGE

1

70

SPACE

H

THEMED RESTAURANT CAFE RESTAURENT WATER EXIBIT

FRESH

OUTDOOR SN.NO 1 2 3 4

ZONE

Z O N E

QUANT ITY

SPACE PARKING 200 CARS

AREA (Sq.m) 4000

LASER SHOW AMPHITHEATRE

300

SOUVENIER SHOP

50

I

Sculpture,

100

ZONE

SPACE

SERVICES SN.NO

QUANT ITY

1

OCEAN VOYAGE LIFE SUPPORT

1

2

CROCOSAURUS COVE LIFE SUPPORT

1

3

CORAL SUPPORT

REEF

LIFE

1

AREA (Sq.m)

4

SEA MONSTER LIFE SUPPORT

1

5

COLD WATER QUEST LIFE SUPPORT

1

6

RIVER SCOUT SUPPORT

1

7

SMALL TANKS DISPLAY LIFE SUPPORT

1

8

JELLY WORLD LIFE SUPPORT

1

9

TOUCH SUPPORT

1

10

LIFE

LIFE

TURTLE LIFE SUPPORT

1

9 Bibliography Anon., n.d. [Art].

Anon., n.d.s.l.

Anon., n.d.Exobiology. [Online] Available at: http://people.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/Exobiology/sites.html Anon., n.d.TSS. s.l.:s.n.

Authority, n.d.Bangalore aquarium. s.l.:s.n.

Authority, n.d.Jagdishchandrabose aquarium surat. s.l.:s.n.

Authority, n.d.Taraporewala aquarium mumbai. s.l.:s.n.

Author, n.d. [Art].

Author, n.d.s.l. consultant, C., n.d. s.l.:s.n.

EPD, n.d. [Online] Available at: http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1252006/html/eiareport/Part3/Sec tion11/sec3_11.htm Google, n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Aquarium&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Ln9 XVeG6Ccu2uATJmIDACw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=631 Google, n.d. [Online] Available at: https://www.google.co.in/search?q=Aquarium&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=Ln9 XVeG6Ccu2uATJmIDACw&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=631 Google, n.d. [Online] Available at: