SPACE SYNTAX: Dissertation report |B.Arch| NIT Hamirpur by Riya Singh Bhimta

SPACE SYNTAX

B.Arch Dissertation

BY RIYA SINGH (ROLL NO. 16602)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR(H.P) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 177005, INDIA May 2020

SPACE SYNTAX DISSERTATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE By

RIYA SINGH (ROLL NO. 16602) Under the guidance Of DR. ANIKET SHARMA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 177005, INDIA May 2020

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P) DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation report entitles “SPACE SYNTAX” has been submitted by Ms. Riya Singh (Roll No. 16602) in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor’s degree in Architecture for the session 20162021.

RECOMMENDED BY-

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: ACCEPTED BY-

Dissertation guide DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

Head of Department

DATE:

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE DATE:

DISSERTATION REPORT

(2019-20)

SPACE SYNTAX

DISSERTATION GUIDE:

SUBMITTED BY:

DR. ANIKET SHARMA

RIYA SINGH

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HAMIRPUR (H.P) CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is presented in the project titled “SPACE SYNTAX”, in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the DEGREE OF BACHELOR in ARCHITECTURE and submitted in Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, in an authentic record of my work carried out during a period from January 2020 to May 2020 under the guidance of DR. ANIKET SHARMA, Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur. The matter presented in this project report has not been submitted by me for the reward of any other degree of this or any other Institute/University. RIYA SINGH This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Date:

DR. ANIKET SHARMA

Assistant Professor Department of Architecture NIT Hamirpur The

Project

Viva

Voce

Examination

RIYA

SINGH

has

been

on………………………

Signature of Supervisor(s)

Signature of External Examiner

held

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the very beginning of this report, I might want to broaden my earnest and sincere commitment towards all personages who have helped me in this undertaking. Without their dynamic direction, help, collaboration, and support, I would not have made progress in the dissertation. I am obliged to my guide, Dr. Aniket Sharma for his steady supervision and for giving vital data for the undertaking and for their help in finishing the task. I am exceedingly thankful to Ar. Gaurav Thapak, who introduced me to this exciting topic and always took out time to guide and encourage me with uttermost enthusiasm and patience. I am also grateful and pay my appreciation to my Head of Department, Dr. IP Singh, Dissertation Coordinator Dr. Aniket Sharma and DUGC Dr. Rashmi Kumari for their backing in finishing of this exploration in its by and by. I stretch out my appreciation to NIT HAMIRPUR(H.P.) for giving me this opportunity. Lastly, I likewise recognize with a profound feeling of respect, my appreciation towards my folks and individuals from my family who have constantly bolstered me ethically and also financially.

ABSTRACT In architecture, design begins by generating ideas and continues by transforming them int concrete spatial formations. Architects learn about the design problems by creating alternatives and testing them to gain desired spatial formations. A comprehensive architectural knowledge helps architects in this process. This knowledge is a synthesis of practise and theory, in other words; mystery and certainty, intuition and science, experience and research. Architects must proceed in two ways and bring all components together in a creative way. This dissertation aims to explore the contribution of a scientific, and research-based approach, namely Space Syntax, in the design process. Space syntax is based on the configurational theory of space and attempts to decode spatial formations and their impacts on human activity (Bafna, 2003). By the development of new techniques for representation and analysing space, space syntax appears as a tool for architects to explore their design ideas and understand the possible effects of their proposals. This dissertation will focus on understanding space syntax and its measures and methods to perform studies in architecture and urban design. The campus of the National Institute of Technology was picked up studying its practical implications and verifying observations. Space syntax is used to derive the correlation between the morphological properties of the college road network and observed movement patterns of the students. Placements of canteens with context to hostels and departments and of hostels to departments have been studied; emphasis on how the placement of these effects the movements of students and faculty around the campus.

TABLE OF CONTENT

A) TABLE OF FIGURES B) LIST OF TABLES 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 6 1.1

Aim ................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2

Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.3

Scopes ............................................................................................................................... 7

1.4

Limitations........................................................................................................................ 7

LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8

2.1 2.1.1

Graph Theory: The basis of space syntax ................................................................. 9

2.1.2

Space Syntax Software ........................................................................................... 11 Analysis Method............................................................................................................. 12

2.2 2.2.1

Convex space Analysis ........................................................................................... 13

2.2.2

Axial line Analysis ................................................................................................. 14

2.2.3

Visibility Graph Analysis/ Isovist .......................................................................... 16 Accessibility Measure .................................................................................................... 17

2.3 2.3.1

Connectivity ........................................................................................................... 17

2.3.2

Depth ...................................................................................................................... 18

2.3.3

Control Value ......................................................................................................... 19

2.3.4

Integration............................................................................................................... 20

2.3.5

Intelligibility ........................................................................................................... 21

2.3.6

Synergy value ......................................................................................................... 22 Criticism ......................................................................................................................... 23

2.4 3

METHODOLGY .................................................................................................................. 24

CASE STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 25 4.1

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 25

4.2

Study Area ...................................................................................................................... 25

4.3

Methodology of Analysis ............................................................................................... 26

4.3.1

Drawing the Axial Maps......................................................................................... 26

4.3.2

Processing the Axial Maps ..................................................................................... 27 Data Analysis.................................................................................................................. 27

4.4 4.4.1

Pedestrian Analysis ................................................................................................ 27 1

Vehicular Analysis ................................................................................................. 32

4.4.2

Observations ................................................................................................................... 37

4.5 4.5.1

Pedestrian Movement ............................................................................................. 37

4.5.2

Vehicular Movement .............................................................................................. 40 Survey ............................................................................................................................. 42

4.6 4.6.1

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 42

4.6.2

Methodology........................................................................................................... 43

4.6.3

Sample size ............................................................................................................. 45

4.6.4

Analysis and observations ...................................................................................... 46

CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 49

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 51

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................... 53

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1:1: Space Syntax discoveries Source: UCL website, spacesyntax.net ................. 9 Figure 2.1:2: Graphs of different plans justified to reflect alternative spatial positions: (left) visitor, (center) occupant in a more public space, (right) occupant in a more private space... Source: Dawes, Michael J.; Ostwald, Michael J.(2013) ..................................... 11 Figure 2.1:3: Depthmap interface ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 2.2:1 Axial Line ...................................................................................................... 12 Figure 2.2:2 Convex space ................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2.2:3 Isovist ............................................................................................................ 12 Figure 2.2:4 Convex map. Source: Hillier et al. 1983 ...................................................... 13 Figure 2.2:5 Difference between convex and concave space Source: Hillier et al. 1983 .. 13 Figure 2.2:6:Convex map of three different plans and their representation of graphs to an external carrier. .................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 2.2:7 : Axial Line Source: Hiller et al, 1983 .......................................................... 14 Figure 2.2:8Figure 2.2 7 : Axial Map Source: Hiller et al, 1983 ....................................... 14 Figure 2.2:9. It presents: (a) ďŹ ctive urban system; (b) axial map; (c) connectivity graph; (d) justiďŹ ed graph. Source: Jiang and Claramunt, 2002..................................................... 14 Figure 2.2:10 Axial Map of three different plans and their graph representations Source: Dawes, Michael J.; Ostwald, Michael J.(2013) ................................................................ 15 Figure 2.2:11: Regular grid locating observation positions ............................................... 16 Figure 2.2:12: Graph edges to other visible observation positions or the three selected positions ............................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 2.2:13: Grid squares shaded for integration values ................................................ 16 Figure 2.2:14: Isovists at the three selected positions........................................................ 16 Figure 2.3:1 An axis map and connectivity graph demonstrating the connectivity of axis 8 and 10. ................................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 2.3:2 An axis map and connectivity graph demonstrating the connectivity of axis 8 and 10. ................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 2.3:31An axial map with each axis line named by a number. ................................ 19 Figure 2.3:4 Relation between integration and depth. Source: Hillier et al. 1983 ............. 20 Figure 2.3:5 (a) Global integration axial map (R=n), (b) Local Integration axial map (R=3) .................................................................................................................................. 21 3

Figure 2.3:6 Example of intelligible and unintelligible patterns ....................................... 22 Figure 2.3:7 Intelligibility graphs of a) and b) ................................................................... 22 Figure 4.2:1 NITH marked in Hamirpur Distt. map(left), Hamirpur Distt. marked in HP map(right), HP marked in map of India (bottom right) ..................................................... 25 Figure 4.2:2 Plan of NIT Hamirpur with boundary ........................................................... 26 Figure 4.4:1Axial map showing connectivity of pedestrian movement ............................ 28 Figure 4.4:2Axial map showing global integration of pedestrian movement .................... 29 Figure 4.4:3Axial map showing Local integration R3 of pedestrian movement ............... 30 Figure 4.4:4Axial map showing Depth of pedestrian movement ...................................... 31 Figure 4.5:1Axial map showing Connectivity of vehicular movement ............................. 33 Figure 4.5:2 Axial map showing global integration of vehicular movement .................... 34 Figure 4.5:3 Axial map showing local integration of vehicular movement ...................... 35 Figure 4.5:4 Axial map showing depth of vehicular movement ........................................ 36 Figure 4.4:5 Scattergram of Pedestrian Intelligibility........................................................ 39 Figure 3.3-4 Scattergram of Pedestrian Synergy ............................................................... 40 Figure 4.5:5 Scattergram of Vehicular Intelligibility ........................................................ 41 Figure 3.5-2 Scattergram of Vehicular Synergy ................................................................ 42 Figure 4.6:1 Map I- Numbering of routes .......................................................................... 43 Figure 4.6:2 Map II- Numbering of routes ........................................................................ 44 Figure 4.6:3 Gradient map showing the appearance of routes in mental maps. ................ 47

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Sample distribultion .............................................................................................. 45 Table 2 Detail of the participants ....................................................................................... 46 Table 3 Appearance of routes of each subject in their respective mental maps; Greenabove 70%, Yellow- Above 30% & Red-below 30%........................................................ 47 Table 4 Comparison of Intelligibility and Synergy ........................................................... 49 Table 5 Comparison of the configurational values of Connectivity .................................. 49 Table 6 Comparison of the configurational values of Global Integration ......................... 49 Table 7 Comparison of the configurational values of Local Integration ........................... 50 Table 8 Comparison of the configurational values of Depth ............................................. 50

CHAPTER I 1

INTRODUCTION

Architecture is a synthesis of practice and theory, intuition and science, experience, and research. The process of design is commenced by the generation of ideas and is continued by its transformation into concrete spatial formations. To solve a design problem, several alternatives are proposed until the desired spatial formation is achieved. The success of the design is denoted by the degree of inclusiveness offered to the users. A tool like space syntax comes in handy to test such factors and hence, the impact of the design on the users. This approach comes with new techniques for representing and analysing space which lets the architect explore their design ideas and understand the possible effects of their proposals. This is possible as space syntax is a configurational theory of space that attempts to decode spatial formations and their impact on human activity at both an urban and building level. Some examples of projects which took the assistance of space syntax; â&#x20AC;˘

Urban-scale: Trafalgar Square appeared to be cut off from its surrounding by dense traffic. Londoners avoided the centre of Trafalgar Square and was visited only by tourists. With virtually, no movement across the heart of the people moved around the outside pavements, and visitors chose to meander slowly within the square. Space syntax analyses generated several key design ideas for Trafalgar Square. These included a new staircase, selective pedestrianization of the public realm, and the re-connection of Parliament Square to the wider area (Space Syntax Laboratory, 2004).

â&#x20AC;˘

Building Context: The administration department of Tate Britain decided to improve museum layout by providing new exhibition spaces. The idea was to design a new wing with a sculpture courtyard as an extension to the existing gallery. (Space Syntax Laboratory, 2002) contributed to the design process both by illuminating the social culture in the museum which was conveyed through the spatial configuration itself and helping architects, to evaluate their three proposals. With the help of visibility graph analyses, one of the three proposals was proved the most intelligible 6

layout by making the new temporary exhibition space well integrated and well connected to the core of the building (Space Syntax Laboratory, 2002) .

Space Syntax helps us make data-supported objective decisions which are mathematically and logically reasoned, giving the client assurance of a successful project. By doing so the ideology illustrates a link between design and research, hence opening new horizons for the professionals in architectural practice. Thereby, this dissertation focuses on getting acquainted with Space syntax and the software used to implement its ideologies. Space Syntax can prove as an advantageous asset to have up the sleeve as it is applicable on every project whether it is from the field of urban planning, architecture or even interior designing.

1.1

Aim

The aim is to study Space Syntax and its application in the field of architecture.

1.2

Objectives •

Learn how to calculate different syntactic measures.

•

To study the uses of different methods and analyses of space syntax and their relevant measures.

•

To study its applications and outcomes at an urban level.

•

To study an existing campus for understanding the outcomes of space syntax.

•

To compare the findings of space syntax with sample survey.

1.3

Scopes •

NIT Hamirpur campus will be studied due to availability and easy association by larger public of the institute.

•

1.4

DepthmapX 0.30 will be used as a space syntax software for the analyses. Limitations

•

Participation in the surveys was conducted via online means and the participants were few due to the Covid-19 lockdown.

•

Topography of the campus can cause limitations. 7

CHAPTER II 2 2.1

LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction

Space syntax is a science-based, human-focused approach that investigates relationships between spatial layout and aa range of social, economic, and environmental phenomenon. A major virtue of this approach is that it is supported by a powerful social theory of space. Founded in the 1970s and 1980s by Bill Hillier and his colleagues (Hillier and Hanson 1984; Hillier et al. 1987), and developed further in the following decades, space syntax theory describes the logic of society through its manifestation in spatial systems: how the way spaces are put together â&#x20AC;&#x2019; or the configuration of space â&#x20AC;&#x2019; relates directly with how people perceive, move through and use spatial systems of any kind, ranging from small domestic spaces to large-scale cities (Penn, 1998) These phenomena include patterns of movement, awareness, and interaction; density, land use, and land value; urban growth and societal differentiation; safety and crime distribution. Today, space syntax is used and developed in hundreds of universities and educational institutions as well as professional practices worldwide. Built on quantitative analysis and geospatial computer technology, space syntax provides a set of theories and methods for the analysis of spatial configurations of all kinds and at all scales. (Stonor, 2011) The International Space Syntax Symposia is held every alternate year for researchers and practitioners to present and discuss new work.

Space Syntax research has made five key discoveries that demonstrate how spatial layout directly affects:

•

Carbon emissions, highlighting the contribution of spatial planning and design to environmental impact.

•

Land value, demonstrating the influence of

spatial

networks

property

economics •

Safety, allowing risk to be identified and safer places to be created.

•

Land

use,

showing

how

land

use

performance is deeply influenced by spatial location. •

Movement, such that Space Syntax models can be used as strategic traffic

Figure 2.1:1: Space Syntax discoveries Source: UCL website, spacesyntax.net

modeling tools for vehicular, pedestrian and cycling movement.

2.1.1 Graph Theory: The basis of space syntax The

basis

for

graph

theory

architecture is similar to that in mathematics,

architects

developed

several methods for mapping nodes and edges to various spatial and formal features (Michael j Dawes, 2013). These maps can be interpreted through a combination of mathematical analysis and observations of social structure, building types, and human behavior. A common linguistic for the same was drawn upon, the study of the arrangement of space is defined as, “space syntax”. The term is justified because the “grammar” of architecture is the set of rules that govern form generation, and thus, the pattern of arrangement of spaces could be rightly thought of as the “syntax” of architecture. Graph theory broadly is the study of graphs. These are some basic types: •

Undirected Graph: Graph in which the edges have no directions allocated. These are the graphs usually used for depicting spaces in building interiors and urban

environments where the movement between the spaces isn’t restricted in a particular direction. •

Directed Graph: Graph in which the edges have directions associated with them. These graphs are used for depicting spaces in building interiors and urban environments where the movement is restricted in a particular direction. Example: Hospitals, Museums, or uni-directional traffic lanes.

•

Weighted Graph: Graph in which the edges have a particular numeric attached to them. They can denote several things. For example, the footfall from one space to another, the number of cars, etc.

To understand how a graph is mapped out for an arrangement of space, let us take an example of a residence plan. The underlying spatial configuration of the residence plan below can be conceptualized topologically as a graph of rooms, denoted at nodes and doors between them, denoted as edges. The exterior space is also allocated an additional node, signified by a crossed circle. Through this mapping, we can visualize the spatial relationship embodied in the plan. “Spatial layout not only looks but is different when seen from different points of view in the layout” (Michael J. Dawes, 2018). The plan can be represented in different ways depending on (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018) where the viewer is standing. In the first figure, the person is assumed to be standing at the exterior, in a public antechamber to the right of the entry hall in the second figure and the most isolated and private space in the rear,

the

last

figure.

Figure 2.1:2: Graphs of different plans justified to reflect alternative spatial positions: (left) visitor, (center) occupant in a more public space, (right) occupant in a more private space... Source: Dawes, Michael J.; Ostwald, Michael J.(2013)

Redrawing and justifying the map with different perspectives gives us alternative intuitive readings of the spatial properties of the plan. The centrality/closeness of each graph node with relation to other nodes gives us the basis for comparison for space syntax analyses. For bigger plans, the graph size consequently increases and it becomes impossible to ascertain useful information using only visual analysis, and that is why mathematical analysis is used with the help of space syntax software (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018).

2.1.2 Space Syntax Software

Spatial network analysis software packages are computer tools used to prepare various graph-based analyses of spatial networks. They stem from various research fields in transportation, architecture, and urban planning. Various fields of study have developed specific spatial analysis software to suit their needs, including TransCAD among transportation researchers, GIS among planners and geographers, Axman among Space Syntax researchers, and various plugins for other software platforms. (Chenghu Zhou, 2018) For space syntax, there are a large number of spatial network analysis software available on the market and online. Some of the widely used software for space syntax related research are UCL Depthmap, Axman, Axwomen, Mindwalk, and Spatial. For this dissertation, we have used UCL DepthmapX, version 0.3 for studying. DepthmapX was developed by Alasdair Turner of UCL, this software was first developed to generate isovists and perform visibility graph analysis of buildings system on computers running Windows, but now includes the automatic generation of axial line networks and analysis of axial nice network and road segment line networks of architectural and urban systems.

Figure 2.1:3: Depthmap interface

2.2

Analysis Method

The general idea of Space Syntax is that spaces can be, •

Broken down into components

•

Analyzes as network of choices

•

Represented as maps and graphs that describe the relative connectivity and integration of those spaces.

It rests on three basic conceptions of space:

Figure 2.2:2 Convex space

Space where no line between any two of its points crosses the perimeter

Figure 2.2:1 Axial Line

Axial line is shortest distance between two points

Figure 2.2:3 Isovist

Total area that can be viewed from a point Source: Dawes, Michael J.; Ostwald, Michael J. (2013)

2.2.1 Convex space Analysis

Figure 2.2:5 Difference between convex and concave space Source: Hillier et al. 1983

•

Figure 2.2:4 Convex map. Source: Hillier et al. 1983

A psychologically self-contained unit of space where every point of the perimeter is visible from every point within (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018).

•

A convex map consists of the largest and fattest convex spaces that cover the area.

•

It provides a localized perspective as any selected point within a convex space is visible and directly accessible to every other point in the same space.

•

“No line drawn between any two points in the space goes outside the space” –Hillier

•

Used to discuss the arrangement of spaces and interaction.

•

Architectural interiors are the most common subjects of convex space analysis, as these environments tend to contain defined two-dimensional spaces, as opposed to the urban scale (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018).

Figure 2.2:6:Convex map of three different plans and their representation of graphs to an external carrier.

On drawing a graph, each convex space becomes a graph node having connections to other convex spaces, demonstrated with an edge. Drawing a graph is a simple measure to calculate measures manually. The shape of the graph is dominated by the particular topological relationship of the rooms resulting in a linear, branching, or looping structure. Structure shapes symbolize different things; a linear graph exhibits a high level of control over the users’ spatial experience, branching graph show hierarchy while looping graphs show that there are multiple alternate routes and that the environment is flexible. 2.2.2 Axial line Analysis

Figure 2.2:7 : Axial Line Source: Hiller et al, 1983

Figure 2.2:8Figure 2.2 7 : Axial Map Source: Hiller et al, 1983

Figure 2.2:9. It presents: (a) ﬁctive urban system; (b) axial map; (c) connectivity graph; (d) justiﬁed graph. Source: Jiang and Claramunt, 2002

•

An axial map is a set of fewest and longest lines that can get everywhere and see everything. An axial line is a straight line of movement and/or sight (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018).

•

Unlike metric distance, axial distance is about changes in direction.

•

Axial lines are used when studying movement.

•

Provides the most globalizing perspective.

•

Ideally suited to the analysis of urban environments where long, straight, movement-oriented, streets dominate the spatial structure.

Figure 2.2:10 Axial Map of three different plans and their graph representations Source: Dawes, Michael J.; Ostwald, Michael J.(2013)

The axial map is the primary representation of this type of analysis; its node and edge are rarely depicted. However, when drawn, the graph for axial analysis is different from the graph drawn for a convex map for the same spaces. Analyzing an urban scale environment is highly complex as it yields hundreds of axial lines, hence the primary form of analysis for this is mathematical. Challenges faced in axial line analysis: •

Axial mapping abstraction procedure needs to undergo refinement in an attempt to homogenize their generation.

•

Edge effect- A demarcation at the edge of the study area is required for an axial line analysis. This does not serve a problem for the analysis of an enclosed building or site, but at an urban scale level, defined demarcation is difficult. They lead to the omission of topological links tat fall beyond the study area. Even though in 1996, developments adjusted the mathematical formulas to minimize the impact of edge effect, it needs to be kept in mind.

•

Ambiguity in the extraction of axial lines is not flexible. There are only two variations feasible for the abstraction procedure; 1. Whether the axial line represents a line of movement or sight; it impacts the inclusion or exclusion of a barrier. 15

2. Including or excluding a particular space as for the focus of the study. • 2.2.3 Visibility Graph Analysis/ Isovist

Figure 2.2:11: Regular grid locating observation positions

Figure 2.2:14: Isovists at the three selected positions

Figure 2.2:12: Graph edges to other visible observation positions or the three selected positions.

Figure 2.2:13: Grid squares shaded for integration values

Source: Dawes, Michael J.; Ostwald, Michael J.(2013)

•

Isovist: the set of all points visible from a single vantage point in space concerning an environment. (Benedikt, 1979)

•

Isovist Field: A regular grid is superimposed on an environment plan and an isovist is generated at the center of each grid square, showing the measures of each isovist on a scalar field. (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018) 16

•

Visibility graph analysis abstracts the environment into a series of polygons representing the space visible from a series of defined observation locations. These polygons are called isovists.

•

It gives us the Visibility Graph Analysis in the end.

•

Visibility graph analysis is less reliant on the shape of spaces than either convex space or axial line analyses, and potentially provides useful insights into the analysis of both architectural interiors and urban environments.

•

“They describe the space ‘from inside’, from the point of view of individuals, as they perceive it, interact with it, and move through it” (Alasdair Turner, 2001)

•

Spaces that are more or less central and hence cab be used to predict rates of spatial occupation and social encounters etc.

•

According to (Michael J. Ostwald M. J., 2018) the major strength of the visibility graph method is its stability and repeatability as an analytical procedure; however, this stability does not eliminate flexibility from the method. There are two sources of flexibility 1. Altering the height of the isovist plane 2. Altering the size of the grid used to locate isovist observation points.

2.3

Accessibility Measure

2.3.1 Connectivity It refers to the number of the lines directly connected with the given line. In a general way, lines with high connectivity values are believed to be more popular than other lines and suppose to attract more traffic.

Figure 2.3:1 An axis map and connectivity graph demonstrating the connectivity of axis 8 and 10.

2.3.2 Depth

It is defined as the smallest number of syntactic steps that are needed to reach one space from another (Dettlaff, 2014). Depth is counted in a graph and is determined by parameter k. Parameter connectivity considers immediate neighbors and depth considers the neighbors of the k-th degree. (Dettlaff, 2014) Connectivity and depth measures can be written as a sum:

Figure 2.3:2 An axis map and connectivity graph demonstrating the connectivity of axis 8 and 10.

m<=3 for local integration m>3 for global integration

Local depth R2= (1x4)+(2x5)=14

â&#x2C6;&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; â&#x2C6;&#x2014; đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018; =

S=degree of the nodes

Global depth Rn=(1x4)+(2x5)+(3x3)=23

đ?&#x2018; =1

Ns= no of nodes in the degree

đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

2.3.3 Control Value

It measures the degree to which a given space controls access to all immediate neighbours of the axis line. It takes into account all the alternative connections which these neighbours have (Dettlaff, 2014). This is a dynamic local measure. Control is defined as “the degree of choice that each space represents for its immediate neighbours as a space to move to” (Hillier et al., 1983: 237) (Mohammed, 2010). It is the sum of the reciprocal of the connectivity of its neighbours. How is it calculated? It has been determined that each line starts with a control value of 1. Each line will distribute its initial value of 1 equally to lines with which it interacts. Each line will give and take control values depending on the number of lines that intersect with it, thee control values reflect the influence of each line over those intersected with it.

Figure 2.3:31An axial map with each axis line named by a number.

Control Value for 2 Control by 1:- ¼=0.25 Control by 6:- ¼=0.25 Total=0.25+0.25=0.5

Control Value for 1 Control by 2:- ½ =0.5 Control by 3:- 1/3 =0.33 Control by 4:- 1/5 =0.2 Control by 5:- 1/4 =0.25 Total=0.5+ 0.33+ 0.2+ 0.25= 1.28 19

2.3.4 Integration

Integration or accessibility is a variable that refers to how space ais connected with other spaces in its surroundings. It is the key parameter leading to the understanding of the relationship that exists between users and the urban space. It is a global measure.

Figure 2.3:4 Relation between integration and depth. Source: Hillier et al. 1983

GLOBAL AND LOCAL INTEGRATION The integration value of a line changes according to the number of levels that have been considered in measure; if we count how deep or shallow each line in is from all other lines, we call this global integration, whereas counting how deep or shallow each line in is from all lines up to three levels away is called radius-3 integration (Mohammed, 2010) (local integration). So, specifying the type of integration depends upon radius-n integration. Integration R-3 -Pedestrian movement Integration R-10 -Vehicular movement

Figure 2.3:5 (a) Global integration axial map (R=n), (b) Local Integration axial map (R=3)

2.3.5 Intelligibility

•

Intelligibility is related to the capacity of space to give clues to the understanding of the whole system.

•

Hillier develops a metric for intelligibility by correlating a local measure of spatial configuration with a global measure. (connectivity and integration)

•

He defines intelligibility as the relationship between these two such that where you are locally in a system may provide you with sufficient clues as to where you are globally in the whole. Thus, it may be possible to predict the spatial structure of a whole settlement, if it has high intelligibility, from spatial relations held in local parts.

•

Hillier (1996) notes that the degree of intelligibility can be predicted by looking at the form of the scatter. If the points form a straight line rising at 45 degrees from bottom left to top right, then this implies a good correlation between local and global integration. Consequently, the system would be highly intelligible (Hillier, 1996).

•

For example, in figure 2.3-7 the points form a tighter and linear scatter which indicates a perfect correlation , and therefore greater intelligibility. On the contrary, 21

the figure on the right depicts that the scatters is diffused indicating that the correlation is poor. This means, that the area is unintelligible.

Figure 2.3:6 Example of intelligible and unintelligible patterns

Figure 2.3:7 Intelligibility graphs of a) and b)

2.3.6 Synergy value Synergy is simply the correlation between local(radius 3) and global integrations. It is a different kind of intelligibility, as it is about the relationship between the local and global structure. Radius 3 is not as local as connectivity, but it is the best correlate, for example, of pedestrian movement rates, and seems to give a good indication of the local pedestrian 22

scale structure of urban areas. Its correlation with the global integration measure is, therefore, perhaps an indication of the relationship between the local economy of neighborhoods and the whole city economy. (Mohammed, 2010) An example illustrated by (Mohammed, 2010) in his thesis on understanding synergy: Do the routes which connect the whole pass through the same spaces as those which form the heart of the neighborhood? In the modern city one of the effects of zonal planning and traffic engineering has been to separate the global route structure form the local neighborhood (to speed car traffic), and we would expect this to be shown by reduction of synergy. We would also expect a reduction of intelligibility, but this would be shown in the scatter gram as a small number of the most integrates spaces (the main traffic routes) also being poorly locally connected.

2.4

Criticism

•

A single line does not denote the width of the route. It is hard to differentiate between a pedestrian pavement and an urban highway when counting on an axial map.

•

Space syntax is not three dimensional and hence, the visual quality is ignored.

•

Space syntax is not enough for social behavior interpretation, as it has nothing to say about pedestrian choice make, so it needs to cooperate with other suitable variables to do so- (Hillie, 2004)

•

Aesthetic qualities of color, texture, and pattern are also overlooked.

•

The space syntax technique is inadequate in protecting society's norms- Lawrence (1990).

•

Historic facts, attractions, landmarks, and distractions that may impact the use of the space aren’t accounted for in the software.

•

Misunderstanding the outcomes of space syntax can turn out to be a dangerous distraction from other important design elements.

CHAPTER III 3

METHODOLGY

CHAPTER IV 4

CASE STUDY

4.1 Introduction To understand the analysis of spatial configuration according to Space Syntax technique the campus of the National Institute of Technology has been taken up. Analysis of control, depth, connectivity, integration values, and intelligibility will be studied to give an objective perspective. This chapter will also discuss the impact of certain elements on the campus concerning the measures of space syntax.

4.2 Study Area The National Institute of Technology Hamirpur (abbreviated as NIT Hamirpur or NITH) is a public technical university located in Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh, India. It is one of the thirty-one National Institute of Technology established, administered, and funded by the MHRD (Ministry of Human Resource Department). It geographically lies between 31042’54’’N 76031’E to 31041’53’’N 76032’E. The study area is in seismic zone-IV.

Figure 4.2:1 NITH marked in Hamirpur Distt. map(left), Hamirpur Distt. marked in HP map(right), HP marked in map of India (bottom right)

Hamirpur has a sub-tropical climate with an average annual rainfall of 140 centimeters and an elevation of 738 meters above mean sea level. The town is situated in lower Himalayas and hence, is hilly terrain. The climate of Hamirpur is quite pleasing and tolerable, other than the occasional extremity of temperature in summer and winters. The 25

temperature is average throughout the year, except in months of December, January, May, and June where it ranges between 12-300C. The campus has three gates; gate no. 1 is the main gate for the premises, while the other two gates at the rear are near the hostels. A national highway runs across the campus into two unequal parts. The larger part of campus constitutes of the academic, administrative, and hostel building while the land on the other side of the NH, the smaller one constitutes of faculty buildings and water treatment plants. All the academic and administrative blocks are closely knit together at the top north of the site, the boysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hostels are located at the west while the girls' hostels are located on both east and west. The campus is in close vicinity to the Hamirpur market and bus stand.

Figure 4.2:2 Plan of NIT Hamirpur with boundary

4.3 Methodology of Analysis 4.3.1 Drawing the Axial Maps

An axial map of an area consists of the fewest and longest sets of lines till all the routes are covered. After the axial map of an area is obtained, it is used to obtain various values of properties of the geometry of the area. The axial map can be obtained by two means: 26

1. Importing a pre-drawn map in DXF format into DepthmapX software. In this, a DXF which is just a line drawing is imported and then converted into an axial map. It can be edited if need be. 2. Automatically generating an axial map. In this, a DXF file with a map of the open space of the system is imported. The map with a closed border and the defined area will flood fill the open space to give us an ‘all-line map.’ This can be reduced to a ‘fewest-line map’ to give us a typical axial line map. The second method has been used for the case study. 4.3.2 Processing the Axial Maps

To process the generated axial maps, the area runs on the UCL Depthmap software. We obtain values of integration (with different radii), control, connectivity, mwan depth, and intelligibility. The definitions and symbolism of these terms have been discussed in Chapter 2.

4.4 Data Analysis 4.4.1 Pedestrian Analysis Movement within the campus for students is primarily walking. A few students use cycle, but 97% of students walk to the destination. In a campus as humongous as NIT Hamirpur, where the chief source of movement is walking, convenience and approachability are important. Other than vehicular roads the pedestrian map is inclusive of all, pavements, shortcuts, stairways, and other routes that aren’t accessible by a four-wheeler. By using space syntax we can study how the location of the built mass in the campus impacts the convenience of the students daily. The pedestrian map of the campus is composed of 226 axial lines represented from red to blue in terms of their degrees of integration, connectivity and depth.

28 Figure 4.4:1Axial map showing connectivity of pedestrian movement

Figure 4.4:2Axial map showing global integration of pedestrian movement

Figure 4.4:3Axial map showing Local integration R3 of pedestrian movement

Figure 4.4:4Axial map showing Depth of pedestrian movement

4.4.2 Vehicular Analysis The same roads are used by different sections of the college differently. Students do not use vehicular modes for transportation. Vehicle are used only by faculty and guests of the college. Other than that college buses and service vehicles also use the roads. The map consists of all the basic roads that run along the campus. The vehicular map of the campus is composed of 135 axial lines represented from red to blue in terms of their degrees of integration, connectivity and depth. Following are the observations noted for the same with the assistance of space syntax.

33 Figure 4.4:5Axial map showing Connectivity of vehicular movement

34 Figure 4.4:6 Axial map showing global integration of vehicular movement

Figure 4.4:7 Axial map showing local integration of vehicular movement

Figure 4.4:8 Axial map showing depth of vehicular movement

4.5 Observations 4.5.1 Pedestrian Movement Following are the observations noted purely on the basis of Space syntax analysis; 1. Connectivity •

The roads at Gate 1 and Gate 2 are very well connected and are branch out to several focal locations of the college. The road at Gate 1 is the primary entrance of NITH and hence, rightly well connected. Its initial connectivity is with the Shiv temple, staff quarters on both sides of the road and, Ambika and Parvati Girls Hostels. Further, it leads to other parts of the college. Gate 2 is the campus’ secondary road and is at the backside of the college. Its surrounded by student hostels; the road there, which is highlighted in red leads to the Dhauladhar Boys Hostel, Manimahesh Girls Hostel, Aravalli Hostel, and Kailash Boys hostel.

•

The NH crossing above the campus is expectedly not well connected, it currently lies out of the college boundary and is the entry point for Gate 2 and 3.

2. Global Integration •

For the integration values, the red lines means the most integrated (have the fewest changes of direction from others on average); the blue ones mean the most segregated.

•

The hierarchy of global integration on the campus is ideal as per the functions of the areas. The staff quarters area and water treatment plant are the least integrated followed by the hostels being averagely integrated. The core area of the college consisting of the academic and administrative buildings is the most well integrated with the rest of the campus.

•

The NH on the outskirts of the college is poorly integrated with college.

3. Local Integration (R3)

•

Local integration can give us a deeper insight into the several connectivity issues such as hostel-department, department-canteens, canteen-hostel, etc.

•

Hostel-Department o Ambika Girls Hostel and Parvati Girls Hostel are well integrated into the area with departments. However, because space syntax takes into account the number of turns of connectivity of the roads, the metric distance between the areas goes unaccounted for. In simple words, the route from girls hostel to their department is rather convenient to approach, but the physical distance is large. o Dhauladhar, Manimahesh, and Aravalli Hostel are also fairly well integrated into the departmental area. The metric distance is also comparatively convenient. o Neelkanth is comparatively less integrated than the above but is more than Himgiri and Himadri Boys Hostels. o Kailash boys Hostel lies right in the vicinity of the academic area and is the closest.

•

Department-Canteens o There are total of 7 canteens/food joints on the campus. Juice bar, Nescafe, DBH Nescafe, Amul, Verka, HPMC, Food plaza, and 4H. o

Of these 7 canteens, Nescafe, Amul, Verka, HPMC and 4H fall in the zone of the academic buildings and are hence in close integration.

o Juice Bar, DBH Nescafe, Food plaza, and 4H are not closely integrated with the academic /departmental area. •

Canteen-Hostel o The juice bar is near Ambika Girls Hostel and Parvati Girls Hostel; hence closely integrated. o DBH Nescafe is near Dhauladhar Boys Hostel, Manimahesh Girls Hostel, Aravalli Hostel, and Neelkant Boys Hostel. The axial map shows close integration for Dhauladhar Boys Hostel, Manimahesh Girls Hostel, and Aravalli Hostel. Neelkant Boys Hostel shows lesser integration with the same.

o Food Plaza is closely integrated with Himgiri and Himadri Boys Hostel, and 4H is closely integrated with Kailash Boys Hostel as demonstrated with the Local Integration Map.

4. Depth The academic and administrative areas are placed the deepest in the campus, while the hostels and staff quarters are on the outer areas.

5. Intelligibility The correlation between Connectivity and Global Integration for pedestrian movement in terms of R2 is 0.16227. The scatter gram is very diffused and nonlinear, depicting the value to be very low. It could interpret that spatial configuration may cause tourists or outsiders in moderate incident of lostness. (Hillier B. B., 1987)

Figure 4.5:1 Scattergram of Pedestrian Intelligibility

6. Synergy The correlation between Global Integration and Local Integration for pedestrain movement in terms of R2 is 0.338809. Synergy coefficient shows potential of integrated overall urban network to travel through (R2=0.34) due to presence of more than one way to reach a destination.

Thus, this could simply explain that an outsider/visitor may feel confused or lost in the campus as a whole but for a student residing in the campus for a considerable duration, it may feel easy to travel due to various choice of routes.

Figure 4.5-2 Scattergram of Pedestrian Synergy

4.5.2 Vehicular Movement 1. Connectivity â&#x20AC;˘

The road running along the departments is the most well connected. It is used regularly by vehicles.

2. Global Integration â&#x20AC;˘

For the integration values, the red lines means the most integrated (have the fewest changes of direction from others on average); the blue ones mean the most segregated (least integrated).

â&#x20AC;˘

The road running behind the departments, colored in yellow is the longest patch of most integrated road in the map. It has the fewest number of turn and is used immensely by vehicles.

3. Local Integration â&#x20AC;˘

The route near the OAT and Guest house, Dhauladhar Boys hostel and Gate 2, Gate 1, and the one near the Ambika and Parvati Girls Hostel is well integrated.

4. Depth The vehicular roads that run to the administrative building and departmental blocks is at the deepest end of the campus.

5. Intelligibility The correlation between Connectivity and Global Integration for vehicular movement in terms of R2 is 0.0544668. This value is very low hence the campus plan is very unintelligible.

Figure 4.5:3 Scattergram of Vehicular Intelligibility

6. Synergy The correlation between Global Integration and Local integration for vehicular movement in terms of R2 is 0.0763383.

Figure 4.5-4 Scattergram of Vehicular Synergy

4.6 Survey 4.6.1 Introduction A mental map is a unique, personal, and selective representation of reality. A mental map is daily used as a reference for orientation and movement throughout a territory, but also associative processes and judgment (Sulster, 2005). Every person presents a different understanding in a personal, unique mental map; hence, no two mental maps are identical. A mental map not only consists of direct experiences by personal use but also aspects of personal appreciation and personal values, therefore relates to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s individual lives and lifestyle. Mental maps are not as objective and unanimously accepted as a conventional map. The brain creates its version of reality by a selective process of simplification, categorization, deletion, distortion, or generalization. Meaning, despite every participant knowing the surrounding thoroughly, can produce very different maps based on what they deem important and prominent in the area of study (Sulster, 2005). Mental mapping as a research instrument visualizes different maps of individuals within groups with specific characteristics. This gives us an insight into the general functioning of the territory for specific groups. Participants in the research are people, who are related to the area in a specific way. In the study below, the participants are undergraduate students of the college. 42

On detecting resemblances and differences within the series of distinct mental maps collected, explicit characteristics and a collective meaning can be sited. Conclusive maps can be created after analysing each map which focuses on the aim and significance of the study. 4.6.2 Methodology The participants were asked to sketch out a simple mental map of the campus on a piece of paper. They were explained briefly what a mental map is and that their skill of drawing for the task was is insignificant, it is just their understanding of routes that mattered. No further instructions were given; the participants were free to express their creativity. The tasks were submitted by individuals within two days. (See Annexure) The following steps were followed post receiving the raw data from the subjects: 1. The naming of every route in the pedestrian map of the campus.(Fig 3.5-1 & 3.52)

Figure 4.6:1 Map I- Numbering of routes

Figure 4.6:2 Map II- Numbering of routes

2. Creating a table of all the subjects and routes. (Table 3) 3. Noting the presence/absence of each route in every individual mental map and entering it in the table created above. (Table 3) 4. Calculating the percentage of occurrence of each route using the formula: [(đ??´â &#x201E;16)/100] where â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the number of appearances and 16 is the total no of participants. The percentage has then been rounded off to the unit digit. (Table 3) 5. All the routes have been classified into three categorized based on their frequency of appearances; above 70%, above 30%, and below 30%. They have denoted by color code of green, yellow and red respectively. (Table 3) 6. A gradient map ranging from black to grey has been developed based on these percentages drawn from the sketches/mental maps. (Fig 3.5-3) 7. Further, comparisons have been made of the findings of the survey with that of space syntax. (3.5.3)

4.6.3 Sample size All the participants of the survey were students of the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur pursuing B.Tech. The sample size of the survey is 16 for a population size of approximately 3200. As per this, the confidence level of the result is 80% and the margin of error is 16%.

Where, N= Population size (3700) z= constant value set based on confidence level(80%)â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 1.28. p= standard of deviation (0.5) e= margin of error (16%) The subjects were of different genders, years, and branches of engineering. The no of females and males taken up in the study was proportional to the approximate female to male ratio in the college; i.e 1:3.

Table 1 Sample distribultion

SUBJECT SUBJECT 1 SUBJECT 2 SUBJECT 3 SUBJECT 4 SUBJECT 5 SUBJECT 6 SUBJECT 7 SUBJECT 8 SUBJECT 9 SUBJECT 10 SUBJECT 11 SUBJECT 12 SUBJECT 13 SUBJECT 14 SUBJECT 15 SUBJECT 16

SUBJECT INDEX GENDER AGE YEAR HOSTEL G1 FEMALE 19 1 AMBIKA GIRLS HOSTEL G2 FEMALE 20 2 AMBIKA GIRLS HOSTEL G3 PARVATI GIRLS FEMALE 21 3 HOSTEL G4 MANIMAHESH GIRLS FEMALE 23 4 HOSTEL B1.1 MALE 18 1 KAILASH BOYS HOSTEL B1.2 MALE 19 1 KAILASH BOYS HOSTEL B1.3 MALE 19 1 KAILASH BOYS HOSTEL B2.1 HIMADRI BOYS MALE 20 2 HOSTEL B2.2 HIMADRI BOYS MALE 19 2 HOSTEL B2.3 HIMADRI BOYS MALE 21 2 HOSTEL B3.1 NEELKANT BOYS MALE 21 3 HOSTEL B3.2 NEELKANT BOYS MALE 22 3 HOSTEL B3.3 SHIWALIK BOYS MALE 22 3 HOSTEL B4.1 MALE 23 4 HIMGIRI BOYS HOSTEL B4.2 MALE 22 4 HIMGIRI BOYS HOSTEL B4.3 VIDYANCHAL BOYS MALE 22 4 HOSTEL

DEPARTMENT ELECTRICAL ENGG. COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGG. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGG. CIVIL ENGG MECHANICAL ENG MECHANICAL ENG CHEMICAL ENGG ELECTRICAL ENGG. CIVIL ENGG MATERIAL SCIENCE COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGG. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGG. MECHANICAL ENG CIVIL ENGG

Table 2 Detail of the participants

4.6.4 Analysis and observations It must be taken into account that some subjects drew very thorough sketches (B 2.3) of the campus while some were rushed (B1.1) or incomplete (G 3), however, even the map showing the least routes depicts the ones which deem the most important to them

Table 3 Appearance of routes of each subject in their respective mental maps; Green-above 70%, YellowAbove 30% & Red-below 30%

Figure 4.6:3 Gradient map showing the appearance of routes in mental maps.

Following points were observed in general from the analysis: 1. Nearly all the common vehicular/metalled roads (1,6,9,16,21, 23, 24,28) fall in the above 70% category. 1,6,16,19 The meditation centre, Oat + Playground, and the students park also fall in the same category (2,11, 19). We can, therefore, state 47

these three seem to be the most popular landmarks on the campus as per the data received. 2. Since all the participants of the task were students of the college, who travel around the campus on foot, the local integration of the pedestrian map (Fig: 4.4-3) when compared with the outcomes of the survey (Fig: 4.6-3) gives us an overlap. 3. This shows that the outcomes generated from Space Syntax help determine the intelligibility of the place and further, help recognize which routes are most well connected and integrated.

CHAPTER V 5

CONCLUSION

The campus of NIT Hamirpur is located on hilly terrain and hence faces setbacks due to the same when laying the road network of the campus. This impacts the intelligibility and synergy of the area. Although the intelligibility in both the map is very low, the value further reduces by half when the pedestrian routes are removed. In an intelligible world, the correlation between local and global properties of space is perfect, so the whole can be read from the part. Hence intelligibility will be directly proportional to synergy. Synergy too reduces when the pedestrian routes are removed, dipping the value from a 0.338809 in the pedestrian axial map to 0.0763383 in the vehicular axial map. ATTRIBUTE→/ MAP ↓ PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

INTELLIGIBILITY VALUE(R2) 0.16227

SYNERGY VALUE(R2)

0.0544668

0.0763383

0.338809

Table 4 Comparison of Intelligibility and Synergy

Naturally, as the no of routes reduces in the vehicular axial map so does the average connectivity. ATTRIBUTE→ MAP ↓ PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

MINIMUM 1

CONNECTIVITY AVERAGE 4

MAXIMUM 7

Table 5 Comparison of the configurational values of Connectivity

The Global Integration remains the same in both the axial maps as we are counting how deep or shallow each line is from all other lines. ATTRIBUTE→ MAP ↓ PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

MINIMUM 0.268 0.268

GLOBAL INTEGRATION AVERAGE MAXIMUM 0.483 0.697 0.483

0.697

Table 6 Comparison of the configurational values of Global Integration

In Local integration R3 however, the average reduces as we are counting how deep or shallow each line is from all lines up to three levels. ATTRIBUTE→ MAP ↓ PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

MINIMUM 0.333

LOCAL INTEGRATION AVERAGE 1.187

MAXIMUM 2.040

0.333

0.558

0.782

Table 7 Comparison of the configurational values of Local Integration

There is a drastic impact in values of depth when comparing both the axial maps; depth reduces significantly in the vehicular axial map, again due to the reduction of axial lines. ATTRIBUTE→ MAP ↓ PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT VEHICULAR MOVEMENT

MINIMUM 8.375

DEPTH AVERAGE 14.101

MAXIMUM 19.827

9.29

17.57

Table 8 Comparison of the configurational v

References

Alasdair Turner, M. D. (2001). From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for theanalysis of architectural space. nvironment and Planning B: Planning and Design-28, 103. B Hillier, J. H. (1983). Space syntax, a different urban perspective. Architects' Journal, 47-63. Bafna, S. (2003). Space Syntax: A Brief Introduction to its Logic and Analytical Techniques. Environment and Behavior, 17-29. Benedikt, M. L. (1979). To take hold of space: isovists and isovist fields. Environment and Planning B: Planning and design. Bill Hillier, J. H. (1984). The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge University Press. Chenghu Zhou, T. P. (2018). Urban Dynamics and GIScience. Elsevier BV. Dettlaff, W. (2014). Space syntax analysis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Methodology of understanding the space. PhD Interdisciplinary Journal, 283-291. Dursun, P. (2007). SPACE SYNTAX IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN-056. 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, (pp. 01-08). Istanbul. Hillie, A. (2004). Rejoinder to Carlo Ratti. nvironment and Planning B: Planning & Design. Hillier, B. (2007). Space a Living Machine. Space Syntax. Hillier, B. B. (1987). Creating Life: Or, Does Architecture determine anything? . Architecture & Comportement / Architecture & Behaviour, 233-250. Kim, Y. O. (1999). Spatial configuration, spatial cognition and spatial behaviour: The role of architectural intelligibility in shaping spatial experience. University of London: Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Lingzhu ZHANG, A. C. (2013). In The Intelligibility Maze of Space Syntaxâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;a Space Syntax Analysis of Toy Models, Mazes and Labyrinths. (pp. 1-16). Research Gate.

Michael Dawes, M. J. (2013). Precise Locations in Space: An Alternative Approach to Space Syntax Analysis Using Intersection Points . Architecture Research , 1-10. Michael j Dawes, M. J. (2013). Applications of graph theory in architectural analysis: past, present and future research. Orignally published in Graph Theory: New Research. Michael J. Dawes, M. J. (2018). Chapter 61- Space Syntax: Mathematics and Social Logic of Architecture. Springer Nature. Michael J. Ostwald, M. J. (2018). Chapter 2: Space Syntax, Theory and Techniques. Springer Science and Business Media LCC. Michael J. Ostwald, M. J. (2018). The Mathematics of the Modernistic Villa. Springer science and Business Media LCC. Mohammed, A. A. (2010). Spatial Conditions For Sustainable Communities : The Case of Informal Settlements in GCR. Retrieved from CPAS: https://www.cpasegypt.com/ Nattasit Srinuraka, N. M. (2015). Analysis of urban morphology and accessibility character to provide evacuation route in historic area . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 ( 2016 ) 460 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 469 , 460-470. Penn, A. H. (1998). Configurational Modelling of Urban Movement Networks. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 25. Space Syntax Laboratory. (2002). Retrieved from 6th Internatioal Space Syntax Symposium, Istanbul: http://www.spacesyntaxistanbul.itu.edu.tr/ Stonor, T. (2011). The power of the Network. Retrieved from Space Syntax: https://timstonor.wordpress.com/space-syntax-2/ Sulster, W. A. (2005). Mental Mapping: Viewing the Urban Landscapes of mind. Retrieved from WSA: http://www.wsa.nl/ Xia, X. (2013). A Comparison Study on a Set of Space Syntax based Methods: Applying metric, topological and angular analysis to natural streets,. Degree project thesis, Master, Geomatics& Land Management Geomatics .

Appendix

Figure 7: B4.6:1.1

Figure 7: B4.6:2.2

Figure 7: B4.6:3.3

Figure 7: 2.1

Figure 7: 2.2

Figure 7:2.3

Figure 7:3.1

Figure 7:3.2

Figure 7:3.3

Figure 4.6:4.1

Figure 7:4.3 Figure 7:4.2

Figure 7:G1

Figure 7. G2

Figure 7:G1

Figure 7. G2

Figure 7: G3

Figure 7:G4