u™Ã G zxa ^∫v∏zuÆ
Cμı.Q∏Ënâ∫zv
Garnet Publishers, Chennai 2010
ïu¿ £v®¶ & ·⁄-¡-õ Cμshı¡x £v®¶ & |¡Æ-£∫
1978 2010
Eõ¯© B]õØ∏U˜P
¬¯ª : 5 π£ı¥
~ı¿ Q¯hUS™hÆ: Garnet Publishers, 7/1&2, Cauvery Salai, Kalashetra Colony, Besant Nagar, Chennai - 600 090. India.
Printed at: Arunaa Offset Printers, No.7/4, Neeli Veerasamy Street, Triplicane, Chennai - 600 005.
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v∏a] 18.1.1978
Cμı.Q∏Ënâ∫zv
C¢-~ı-¯ª® £ÿ-‘Ø J∏ ]÷ S‘®-¶ As-nı-©-¯ª® £¿-P-¯ªU-P-«-Pz-vfl ˆ©ı-»∞Ø¿ x¯”-∞fl \ı∫-£ıP 1977 BÆ Bsk |h¢u \ï-uıØ ˆ©ı-»-∞-Ø¿ P∏z-u-μ[-Q¿, "u-™Ã G z-xa ^∫-v-∏z-uÆ' Gfl” ˆ£ı-∏“ £ÿ‘ Gfl- ⁄ ı¿ CU- P m- k ¯μ £iU- P ®- £ m- h x. ï®- £ x Bs- k - P - – U- S ® §”- S CU- P m- k - ¯ μ- ∞ fl ©÷- £ - v ®¶ C®- ˆ £ı- x ˆ¡- Œ - ¡ - ∏ - Q - ” x. CUPm- k - ¯ μ- ¯ Ø E∏- ¡ ıU- Q - Ø Pı- - ª Pm- h z- v ¿ Po-¤ ¡» Aa-_U ˜Pı∫U-SÆ P∏-¬-P“ Ps-k-§-iU-P®-£-h-¬¿¯ª. ï®-£x Bs-k-P-–US ïfl u™Ã ˆ©ı» |ı-˜Õ-k-P“ ©m-k-©¿-ªı-©¿, C¢-v-Øı-¬fl §”-ˆ©ı» |ı- ˜ Õ- k - P - – Æ R˜« ˆPı- k U- P ®- £ m- k “Õ Aa- _ U ˜Pı∫U- S Æ ï¯”- ∞ ¿ Huı- ¡ x Jfl¯” £Øfl-£k - z-v⁄ - . 1.
¯P-Øı¿ Aa-_U ˜Pı∫®-£x.
2.
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3.
©ı-˜⁄ı ¯h® Aa_ CØ¢-v-μz-vfl âªÆ Aa-_U ˜Pı∫®-£x. CÆ-ï-¯”-∞¿ ˆ\ıÿ-P¯Õ C¯nzx J˜μ DØz xs-hıP ¡ı∫®-£-uÿ-S £v¿ ˆ\ı¿-ºfl G z-xUP-¯Õ u¤z-u-¤˜Ø E∏-¡ıUQa ˜\∫U-P®-£m-i-∏U-SÆ.
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Cμı.Q∏Ënâ∫zv
uªÌ GÊzxa ^ºv¸zu® u™Ã G zxUPŒfl GsoU¯P ™PU TkuªıP C∏®£x Aa\Pz ˆuı»¯ª, ™PƒÆ £ıvUQ”x. P¿¬ ˆ£∏P® ˆ£∏P, ¶zuP[PŒfl ¬ÿ£¯⁄, £zvõ¯PPŒfl ¬ÿ£¯⁄ £¿Q® ˆ£∏SÆ. 1971 PnUS®£i u™Ã|ımi¿ P¿¬ Pÿ”¡∫P“ GsoU¯P 40% uıfl. Cx Cfl›Æ £zx BskPŒ¿ 60% BQ¬kÆ. ˆuı»ÿ ˆ£∏UPzv⁄ıæÆ, ¡∫zuP® ˆ£∏UQ⁄ıæÆ, ˆ\¥vz ˆuıh∫¶ AvPõUSÆ. CuÿPıP, ˆ£∏©Õ¬¿ u™Ã umˆh zx CØ¢vμ[P–Æ, u™Ã Aa_U˜Pı∫USÆ CØ¢vμ[P–Æ, u™Ã ˆhº§õsh∫ CØ¢vμ[P–Æ ˜u¯¡®£kÆ. u™»¿ ˆhº§õsh∫ CØ¢vμÆ C∏US©ı⁄ı¿, u™»˜ª˜Ø, u™Ã|ımiÿS“ u¢v ˆuıh∫¶ Hÿ£kzvU ˆPı“ÕªıÆ. Qμı©®£SvPŒ¿ B[QªÆ ˆuõØıu ˆ£∏Æ£ıfl¯© ©UP–US, Cx ˆ£õxÆ EuƒÆ. u™Ã ¡Õ∫a]∞¿ Cx J∏ \ıu¯⁄ØıPU P∏uªıÆ. u™Ã G zx ¡i¡[P¯Õ ©ıÿ÷¡uı Gfl÷ ]ª∫ ¬⁄ı G ®£UTkÆ. A¡∫P–US Jfl÷ T” B¯\®£kQ˜”fl. u™Ã G zx ¡i¡[PŒ¿ Ph¢u Cμshı∞μÆ BskPÕıP £ª ©ı÷u¿P“ Hÿ£mi∏UQfl”⁄ Gfl£x Øı∏Æ ©÷UP ïiØıu Es¯©. PıªzvÿS uS¢u£i ©ı‘ ¡¢x“Õ⁄. £¯⁄ K¯ª∞¿ G xƘ£ıx, C¢u ¡i¡[PŒ¿ £ª ©ı÷u¿P“ Hÿ£mh⁄. G zxa ^∫v∏zuz¯u® £ÿ‘ S‘®§kïfl, uÿˆ£ı x“Õ {¯ª¯Ø Bμı¥˜¡ıÆ. ïuº¿ ¯PØı¿ Aa_U ˜Pı∫USÆ ï¯”¯Ø GkzxU ˆPı“˜¡ıÆ. C¢u ﯔ u™Ã|ımi¿, G¿ªı Aa\P[PŒæÆ C∏USÆ ï¯”. ˜©ÿS |ıkPŒ¿ ¯PØı¿ Aa_U ˜Pı∫USÆ ï¯” ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ ¡«UQ¿ C¿¯ª. A[S ¯ª˜⁄ı¯h®, ©ı˜⁄ı¯h® ˜£ıfl” Aa_U˜Pı∫USÆ CØ¢vμ[P¯Õ £Øfl£kzxQ”ı∫P“. C®ˆ£ı x ˜£ım˜hı PƘ£ı][ (Photo Composing) A¿ªx ¶¯P®£h Aa_ ﯔ∞¿ ˆ£∏Æ£ıæÆ Aa_U ˜Pı∫UP®£kQ”x. ¯PØı¿ Aa_U ˜Pı∫USÆ, Aa\P[PŒ¿ Aa_ G zxUP¯Õ §õzx® ˜£ıh Case Gfl÷ B[Qªzv¿ ˆ\ı¿ª®£kÆ, £ª A¯”P“ E“Õ ˆ£mi £Øfl£kzu®£kQ”x. Cv¿ ˜©¿ˆ£mi, RÈ£mi Gfl÷ Cμsk ˆ£miP“ E“Õ⁄. ˜©¿umi¿ 126 S»P“ A¿ªx ]÷ A¯”P–Æ, Rà umi¿ Auı¡x Case&¿ 73 S»P“ E“Õ⁄. BP ˆ©ızuÆ 200 S»P–US J∏ S» S¯”ƒ Auı¡x 199 S»P“ E“Õ⁄. u™Ã G zxUP“ 247 Gfl÷ |ıÆ S‘®§mhıæÆ, C¢u A¯”PŒ¿ C∏USÆ ˆ©ızuÆ u™Ã G zxUP“ 131 uıfl. Qμ¢u G zxUP“ 30 E“Õ⁄.
1
8 A¯”P“ PıºØıP E“Õ⁄. GsP“, ¶“Œ, P©ı ˜£ıfl” G zxUP“ 30 E“Õ⁄. G zx® ˆ£mi∞fl ©ıvõ® £hÆ R˜« ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õx.
LAY-OUT FOR TAMIL TYPE CASE
UPPER CASE (-˜©¿ ˜PÏ)
LOWER CASE (-RÃ ˜PÏ) 2
Akzu®£iØıP, Aa_U ˜Pı∫USÆ CØ¢vμ©ı⁄ ¯ª˜⁄ı¯h® Aa_ A¯©®¯£ Gkzx PnUS® £ı∫zuı¿ Cv¿ 126 G zx ¡i¡[P“ Key board Auı¡x umkÆ ˆ£ı‘∞¿ E“Õ⁄. Cx u¬μ side case A¿ªx Pi characters Gfl÷ ˜¡skƘ£ıx Gkzx £Øfl£kzu G zx ¡i¡[P“ E“Õ⁄. R˜« umk® ˆ£ı‘∞fl ©ıvõ® £hz¯uU ˆPıkzx“˜Õfl.
Akzu®£iØıP u™Ã umˆh zx CØ¢vμz¯u GkzxU ˆPıshı¿ Av¿ 67 G zx ¡i¡[P“ E“Õ⁄. ˆ©ı- » US £Øfl- £ - k z- u ıu S‘- ± - k P¯Õ- ≤ Æ, Gs- P - ¯ Õ- ≤ Æ ˜\∫U- P ¬¿¯ª. Aufl £hz¯u R˜« ˆPıkzx“˜Õfl.
u™Ã ˆ©ı-»-∞¿ CΔ¡Õƒ TkuªıP G zxUP“ C∏®£uı¿, Aa¯\, ¯PØı¿ ˜Pı∫®£xÆ, CØ¢vμzuı¿ ˜Pı∫®£xÆ Pi⁄©ıP E“Õ⁄. ˜μı©fl G zxUP¯ÕU ˆPısk ¯ª˜⁄ı¯h® CØ¢vμzv⁄ı¿ J∏ ©o ˜|μzv¿, 50 ˆ\fli ´mh∫ Aa_U˜Pı∫zuı¿, u™Ã G zxU-P-¯ÕU ˆPısk 20 A¿ªx 25 ˆ\fli ´mh∫ uıfl Aa_U˜Pı∫UP ïi≤Æ. 3
C˜u {¯ª uıfl u™Ã umˆh zx CØ¢vμzvæÆ C∏UQ”x. ˜©æÆ ˆhº§õsh∫ CØ¢vμzv¿ G zx GsoU¯P¯ØU S¯”zuı¿ uıfl, u™Ã ˆhº§õsh∫ ˆPısk ¡μ ïi≤Æ. C¯uˆØ¿ªıÆ ©⁄v¿ ¯¡zxU ˆPısk, |ıÆ P¡¤zuı¿, |√⁄ ¬gbı⁄U P∏¬P¯Õ u™Ã ˆ©ı»∞¿ £Øfl£kzu u™Ã G zxUPŒfl GsoU¯P¯Ø S¯”UP ˜¡skÆ Gfl£x ©”UP ïiØıu Es¯©ØıQ¬kÆ. u™Ã G zxa ^∫v∏zuz¯u® £ÿ‘ P∏xƘ£ıx, A¢u |ıŒ¿ ˆ\®¶® £mhØ[PŒæÆ, P¿ˆ¡mkPŒæÆ G x¡uÿS u™«Pzvfl £ª £SvPŒ¿ £Øfl£kzu®£mh ¡mˆh z¯u® £ÿ‘ \ÿ÷ ]¢vUP ˜¡skÆ. 7&Æ ~ıÿ”ısiº∏¢x ¡mˆh zx, u™Ã|ımi¿, P¿ˆ¡mkPŒæÆ ˆ\®˜£kPŒæÆ Pın®£kQfl”⁄. ¡mˆh zx £ª ~ıÿ”ısk PıªÆ u™«Pzv¿ ˜\ı«|ım¯h u¬μ §” £SvPŒ¿ ¡«[Q ¡¢u ïUQØ©ı⁄ G zx ﯔ. C¢u G zx, £¯«Ø v∏¡ı[TõæÆ, ©ª£ıõæÆ ¡«[Q ¡¢uuıP hıUh∫ H.].£∫|¿ A¡∫P“ T‘≤“Õı∫. £ısiØ∫ Bm] Pıªzv¿ C¢u G zx ﯔ˜Ø, Aμ_ A[RPıμÆ ˆ£ÿ” G zx ﯔØıP C∏¢v∏UQ”x. C¢u ¡mˆh z¯u® £ÿ‘ Bμı≤Æ ˜£ıx, £ısiØfl £μı¢uPfl ˆ|kg\¯hؤfl ˜¡“¬USi \ı\⁄z¯u ™P ïUQØ©ıP P¡⁄zv¿ ˆPı“Õ ˜¡skÆ. u™Ã|ımi¿ Q¯hzu ˆ\®˜£kPŒ¿ ™P®£«¯©Øı⁄ £mhØÆ Cx. £ısiØ∫ £μÆ£¯μ¯Ø ¬ÕUP©ıP A‘Ø Eu¬Øx C¢u ˆ\®˜£k. 8&Æ ~ıÿ”ısi¿ ˆ\xUP®£mhx Gfl÷ A‘b∫P“ T÷Q”ı∫P“. C¢u \ı\⁄zvæ“Õ G zxPŒ¿ ]ª A¯©®¶P“, ™P GŒuıPƒÆ, uÿPıª CØ¢vμ[P–US Hÿ”uıPƒÆ E“Õ⁄. Euıμn©ıP, E∞∫ G zxUP¯Õ P¡¤®˜£ıÆ. E∞∫ EPμÆ, F PıμÆ G zxUP¯Õ GkzxU ˆPıshı¿, ˜¡“¬USia ˆ\®˜£mi¿, uÿPıª F Pıμzvfl ¡i¡Æ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª. AuÿS £vªıP "E' Pμzxhfl J∏ Pı¿ ¡ı[P®£mk F Pıμ©ıP ¡ı]UP®£kQ”x. "E' PμÆ, F PıμÆ £h[P¯Õ R˜« ˆPıkzx“˜Õfl.
¡mˆh zx "E'
¡mˆh zx "F' 4
GPμÆ, HPıμ E∞∫ G zxUP“ uÿPıª ¡i¬¿ C∏®£x ˜£ı¿ A¿ªı©¿, S‘¯ªU S‘UP Em¶“Œ Ch®£mhx. ˆ|i¯ªU S‘UP Em¶“Œ Ch®£k¡v¿¯ª. A∏Qæ“Õ £hzv¿ "GPμÆ' Em¶“Œ≤hfl C∏®£¯uU PınªıÆ. (¡mˆh zx "G' Em¶“Œ≤hfl)
HPıμÆ G zv¿ Em¶“Œ Q¯hØıx. Aufl £hÆ A∏Q¿ E“Õx.
(¡mˆh zx "H' Em¶“Œ∞¿ªı©¿)
JPμ, KPıμ G zxUP–Æ C˜u˜£ı¿ ˜¡÷£ık Pın®£kQfl”⁄. E∞∫ JPμ G zxUPŒ¿ ¶“Œ Esk. Aufl £hÆ A∏Q¿ E“Õx. (¡mˆh zx "J' ¶“Œ≤hfl)
KPıμz¯uU S‘UP ¶“Œ Q¯hØıx. Aufl £hÆ A∏Q¿ E“Õx.
(¡mˆh zx "K' ¶“Œ∞¿ªı©¿)
Czu∏nzv¿, ˆuı¿Pı®§Øzv¿, G zuvPıμzv¿ ¡iƒ Gfl” u¯ª®§¿ ¡∏Æ "GPμ, JPμzvØÿ¯P≤Æ Aÿ˜”' Gfl” `zvμz¯u C[S {¯⁄ƒ÷zxQ˜”fl. Aufl ˆ£ı∏“ GPμ, JPμ[P¯Õ, HPıμ, KPıμ[PŒº∏¢x ˜¡÷£kzvUPımh ¶“Œ £Øfl£kzu®£mhx Gfl£¯uU PımkQ”ˆufl÷ E¯μØı]õØ∫ T÷Q”ı∫.
5
Cu⁄ı¿ ˜¡“¬USia ˆ\®˜£k, ˆuı¿Pı®§Ø G zuvPıμzvfl ¬vPŒfl£i G u®£mhx Gfl£x E÷vØıQ”x. C¢u ©ıvõ Em¶“Œ A¯©®¶ £¯«Ø K¯ªa_¡iPŒ¿ C∏¢u⁄ Gfl÷ |fl›ı¿ ˆ¡Œ±mk ïPƒ¯μ∞¿ hıUh∫ E.˜¡.\ı™|ıu A¥Ø∫ A¡∫P“ 1918&¿ S‘®§mk“Õı∫. 1839&Æ Bsi¿ v∏.uısh¡μıØ ïuºØı∫ ˆ¡Œ∞mh ˜\¢ufl v¡ıPμÆ ¶zuPzv¿ E∞∫ S‘Øı⁄ GPμ, JPμ[PŒ¿ ¶“Œ ¯¡UP®£mi∏®£uıP, u™Ã CªUQØ ¡μªı÷ Gfl” ~ıº¿ v∏. ï.A∏nı\ªÆ T‘≤“Õı∫. C®ˆ£ı x ¡«UPzvº∏USÆ HPıμÆ, KPıμ ¡i¡¯©®¶, √μ©ı嵐∫ Gfl” ˆ£ÏQ £ıvõØıμı¿ ˆPısk ¡μ®£mhx. CzuP¡¯ª hıUh∫ E¿Ë, 1890&¿ ˆ¡ŒØı⁄ ˆufl¤¢vØ \ı\⁄[P“ ïuÿ£v®¶ ïfl›¯μ∞¿ T‘≤“Õı∫P“. C˜u˜£ı¿ IPıμïÆ, JÕPıμïÆ u™«PU S¯P®£kU¯PPŒ¿ Pın®£kÆ u™Ã G zv¿ Pın®£hıuuı¿, A¯¡ §ÿPıªzv¿ Hÿ£mhuıPz u™Ã A‘b∫ v∏.\ı.P˜n\fl T‘≤“Õı∫. C¢u Buıμ[P¯Õ ¯¡zxU ˆPısk, E∞∫ G zx A¯©®§¯⁄ S¯”UPªıÆ. E∞∫ G zxUP“ I¢xÆ, B≤u G zx Jfl÷Æ BP B÷ G zxUP“ ˜£ıxÆ. ˆ|i¯ªUS‘UP Azxhfl Pı¯ªa ˜\∫zxU ˆPı“ÕªıÆ. "I' PıμzvÿS £v¿ "A¥' Gfl÷ Cμsk G zxUP“ G uªıÆ. CΔ¡ı÷ ˆ\¥¡uı¿ 7 G zxUP“ S¯”Qfl”⁄. CUP∏zxUP“ £ª∫ HÿP⁄˜¡ T‘≤“Õ P∏zxUP˜Õ.
ˆ©¥ˆØ zxUP“ ˆ©¥ˆØ zxUP“ £ª P¿ˆ¡mkPŒ¿ ¶“Œ∞¿ªı©æÆ, £ª¡ÿ‘¿ ¶“Œ≤h›Æ Pın®£kQfl”⁄. 1715&Æ Bsi¿ Aa\ıQ ˆ¡ŒØı⁄ ïu¿ ¬¬ºØ ~ıº¿, ˆ©¥ˆØ zxUPŒ¿ ¶“Œ Pın®£h¬¿¯ª. ¶“Œ∞¿ªıu, ˆ©¥ˆØ zx S«®£z¯u EshıUSÆ. CuÿSÆ ˜¡“¬USi \ı\⁄zv¿ ¡»≤“Õx. ˆ©¥ˆØ zxUPŒ¿ ¶“Œ¯Ø, G zxUPŒ¿ ˜|∫˜©ºhı©¿, G zvfl ˜©¿, \ÿ÷ ¡ª®¶”©ıP Ch®£mk“Õx. C¢u ﯔ ™PƒÆ ]”®£ı⁄x. CÆﯔ¯Ø ˜©ÿˆPıshı¿ umˆh zx® ˆ£ı‘∞¿, ¶“ŒUˆP⁄ {÷zua \ı¬ ˜u¯¡®£hıx. ˆuıh∫¢x Aizxa ˆ\¿ª ¡\vØıP C∏USÆ. R˜« ®, Æ, ¿ ¡mˆh zxUPŒfl £hz¯uU PınªıÆ.
(¡mˆh zx "®')
(¡mˆh zx "Æ') 6
(¡mˆh zx "¿')
C¢u ^∫v∏zuÆ ˆuı¿Pı®§Ø ¬v®£i˜Ø A¯©≤Æ. ˆuı¿Pı®§Ø G zuvPıμ `zvμzv¿ ¡iƒ Gfl” u¯ª®§¿, "Emˆ£÷ ¶“Œ E∏¡ıS˜©' Gfl” `zvμÆ ¡¢x“Õx. AuÿS E¯μˆØ vØ B]õØ∫ CÕÆßμnÆ, "Cx £Pμzvfl ©Pμzv¯h ¡õ ¡iƒ, ˜¡ÿ÷¯© ˆ\¥u¿ ~uºÿ÷,' Gfl÷ T÷Q”ı∫. ˜©æÆ Au¯⁄ ¬ÕUS¯P∞¿, ¶”zx® ˆ£÷Æ ¶“Œ˜Øık, E“Õıÿˆ£÷Æ ¶“Œ ©PμzvÿS ¡i¡ıÆ, ALvfl¯© £PμzvÿS ¡i¡ıÆ Gfl÷ T÷Q”ı∫. ˜©˜ª E“Õ £hzv¿, ¡mˆh zx, "£Pμz¯u≤Æ' "©Pμz¯u≤Æ' P¡¤zuı¿, "©' Pμzv¿ J∏ Em¶“Œ A¿ªx ¡¯Õƒ C∏®£¯uU PınªıÆ. ´skÆ G zuvPıμzv¿, ¡iƒ Gfl” u¯ª®§¿ ¡¢x“Õ ˜¡÷ J∏ `zvμz¯uU P¡¤®˜£ıÆ. C¢u `zvμzv¿, "ˆ©¥∞fl CØÿ¯P, ¶“Œ˜Øık {¯ª∞¿' Gfl÷ T”®£mk“Õx. ˆ©¥ˆØ zxUP–US ¶“Œ≤sk Gfl£¯u Cvº∏¢x A‘تıÆ. ˆuı¿Pı®§Ø ¡iƒ ¬vPŒfl£i C¢u ˆ\®˜£mi¿ ˆ©¥ G zxUP“ A¯©¢v∏UQ”x Gfl£¯u C[S ¡º≤÷zu B¯\®£kQ˜”fl. CΔ¡ı÷ ¡mˆh zx ﯔ¯Ø ¯PØı–¡uı¿ 18 G zxUP“ S¯”Qfl”⁄. B⁄ı¿ ¶vuıP C¢u "¶“Œ' ©mkÆ u¤ G zuıP ˜\∫UP ˜¡si∞∏USÆ.
E∞∫ˆ©¥ˆØ zxUP“
(¡mˆh zx "§')
E∞∫ ˆ©¥ G zxUP¯Õ GkzxU ˆPıshı¿, ˜¡“¬USi ˆ\®˜£mi¿, CPμ, DPıμˆØ zxUPŒfl ˆPıƶP“ u¤ ¡i¡©ıP G u®£mk“Õ⁄. Cu⁄ı¿ J∏ E∞∫ ˆ©¥ CPμÆ Cμsk G zxUPÕıP C∏USÆ. £UPzv¿ E“Õ £hzv¿ ¡mˆh zx "§' ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õx. C¢u ﯔ∞⁄ı¿,
E∞∫ˆ©¥ˆØ zv¿ 36 G zxUP¯Õ S¯”UPªıÆ. B⁄ı¿ ¶vuıP Cμsk ¶x S‘±mk G zxUP“ ©mkÆ ˜\∫UP ˜¡skÆ. ©¯ªØıÕ ˆ©ı»∞¿ £Øfl£kzxÆ ˆPıƧfl A¯©®¯£ |ıÆ £Øfl£kzuªıÆ. Ax ˜£ıfl” ˆPıƯ£ £Øfl£kzv⁄ı¿ ¶vØ G zxUP“ R˜« E“Õ£i C∏USÆ.
™
Gߣx
Gfl” ¶x¡i¡Æ
´
Gߣx
Gfl” ¶x¡i¡Æ
ˆ£ÿ‘∏USÆ. 7
CΔ¡ı÷ ˆ\¥¡uı¿ G zvfl A«SÆ S¯”¡v¿¯ª. Akzu®£iØıP E∞∫ˆ©¥ˆØ zv¿ "B'Pıμ ¡i¬¿ ]ª u¤ G zx ¡i¡[P“ E“Õ⁄. A¯¡ Ÿ, ‡, t Gfl÷ âfl÷©ıSÆ. C¢u ¡i¡[P¯Õ Cμsk G zxUPÕıP G uªıÆ. ˜¡“¬USi \ı\⁄ ¡mˆh zv¿ Ÿ, Cμsk G zuıP, Auı¡x ”&ƒhfl J∏ x¯nUPı¿ ˜\∫UP®£mk E“Õx. Aufl £hÆ A∏Q¿ E“Õx. (¡mˆh zx "Ÿ')
C˜u˜£ı¿ t&¬ÿSÆ, AUPıªzv¿ n Gfl” ¡mˆh zxhfl Pı¿ ¡ı[P®£mk“Õx. Aufl £hÆ A∏Q¿ Aa\ıQ≤“Õx. (¡mˆh zx "t')
B¯PØı¿ CÆâfl÷ G zxUPŒfl u¤ ¡i¡z¯u Gkzx ¬hªıÆ. CΔ¡ı÷ ˆ\¥¡uı¿ âfl÷ G zxUP“ S¯”Qfl”⁄. Akzu®£iØıP E∞∫ˆ©¥ˆØ zv¿ "F' Pıμ G zxUP¯Õ GkzxU ˆPıshı¿, f, r<, y, °, ø, ◊, fi BQØ H G zxUP–Æ u¤ μPÆ. C¢u G zx ¡i¡[PŒæÆ ¡mˆh zv¿ C¯¡ Cμsk G zxUPÕıP G u®£mk“Õ⁄. R˜« y Gfl” G zvfl £hïÆ, ø&¬fl £hïÆ E“Õ⁄.
(¡mˆh zv¿ "y')
(¡mˆh zv¿ "ø')
Cv¿ "x' Gfl” G zx u¤ØıPƒÆ, Pı¿ u¤ØıPƒÆ G u®£mk“Õ⁄.
9&Æ ~ıÿ”ısi¿ ˆ\xUP®£mh £ı∫v£˜\Pμ¶μÆ ˆ\®˜£miæÆ "y' C˜u A¯©®¶ E“Õx.
(9&Æ ~ıÿ”ısk "y') 8
C˜u˜£ı¿ 13&Æ ~ıÿ”ısi¿ ·hı¡∫©fl _¢uμ£ısiØfl P¿ˆ¡mkPŒæÆ "y' Cμsk u¤zu¤Øı⁄ G zxUPÕıP˜¡ S‘UP®£mk“Õ⁄.
(13&Æ ~ıÿ”ısk "y')
˜©˜ª S‘®§mk“Õ¯u® ˜£ı¿ £ı∫v£˜\Pμ¶μÆ ˆ\®˜£mi¿ "fi' Cμsk u¤zu¤ G zxUPÕıP E“Õ⁄.
(9&Æ ~ıÿ”ısk "fi')
C¢u H G zxUP¯Õ≤Æ Gkzx¬mk, ˜©˜ª ˆ\ıfl⁄£i u¤zu¤ G zuıP G uªıÆ. CuÿPkzu£iØıP, I Pıμ G zxUPÕı⁄ ˘n, ˘⁄, ˘Õ, ˘ª BQØ |ıflS G zxUP–USÆ C∏USÆ u¤ ¡i¡zvÿS £v¿ ¯n, ¯⁄, ¯Õ, ¯ª Gfl÷ G uªıÆ. B”ıÆ ~ıÿ”ısi¿ ˆ\xUP®£mh £“Õfl˜Pı¬¿ ˆ\®˜£mi¿ "˘˘ ª ª' Gfl” G zx £UPzv¿ ˆPıkUP®£mk“Õx. C˜u A¯©®¶ Cμı·μı·fl PıªzvæÆ Pın®£kQ”x.
Cu⁄ı¿ ˜©˜ª ˆ\ıfl⁄ |ıflS G zxUP¯Õ S¯”UPªıÆ. BP E∞∫ G zv¿ 7, ˆ©¥ˆØ zv¿ 18, E∞∫ˆ©¥ˆØ zv¿ 50 BP 75 G zxUP¯Õ S¯”zx ¬hªıÆ. CuÿS® £v¿ ˆ©¥ˆØ zv¿ J∏ ¶vØ ¶“Œ¡i¡Æ E∞∫ˆ©¥ G zv¿ Cμsk ¶vØ ˆPıƶ G zxUP–Æ ˜\∫zu¿ ˜¡skÆ. CΔ¡ı÷ ˆ\¥≤Æ ˜£ıx ˆ©ızuzv¿ 72 G zxUP“ S¯”¢x ¬kÆ. u™Ã Aa_U˜Pı∫USÆ ˆ£mi∞¿ uÿ\©ØÆ 131 G zxUP“ E“Õ⁄. Cv¿ 72IU S¯”zx ¬mhı¿ 59 G zxUP“ uıfl ´v∞∏USÆ. Cv¿ f, Y Gfl” Cμsk G zxUP–Æ £Øfl£k¡v¿¯ª. C¯u≤Æ }UQ ¬mhı¿ u™Ã 57 G zxUP¯Õ ¯¡zxU ˆPısk, A«PıP Aa_U ˜Pı∫UPªıÆ. Qμ¢u G zxUPŒ¿, ˜©˜ª Psh ﯔ∞¿ ¶“Œ≤Æ, ˆPıƶÆ, A¯©®¯£® ¶Szv uÿˆ£ı x, £Øfl£kzxÆ Qμ¢u G zxUP¯ÕU S¯”UPªıÆ. ]ª Qμ¢u G zxUP“ |ıÆ uÿˆ£ı x £Øfl£kzx¡v¿¯ª. A¯u≤Æ }UQ ¬hªıÆ. BP Ì, Â, ·, È, ¸, ˙ Gfl” B÷ G zxUP¯Õ ©mkÆ £Øfl£kzv⁄ı¿, 63 G zv¿ Aa_U˜Pı∫®£¯u A¯©zx ¬hªıÆ. C¢u ^∫v∏zuÆ AvPÆ S«®£Æ Hÿ£hı©¿ ˆ\¥Ø ïi≤Æ. C¢u ^∫v∏zuzv⁄ı¿ ¯PØı¿ Aa_U ˜Pı∫®£x, ¯ª˜⁄ı¯h®, 9
©ı˜⁄ı¯h® ˜£ıfl” CØ¢vμ[P“ âªÆ Aa_U ˜Pı∫®£x GŒuıQ ¬kÆ. ˜©˜ª S‘®§mi∏USÆ G zxa^∫ A¯©®¶ ]ª HÿP⁄˜¡ u™Ã umˆh zx CØ¢vμzv¿ ¶Szu®£mk“Õ⁄. u™Ã G zxUPŒ¿ ^∫v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥Ø {¯”Ø Cfl›Æ ¡ı¥®§∏¢uıæÆ, AΔ¡ı÷ ˆ\¥¡x w¬μ©ıP ^∫v∏zu©ıQ ¬kÆ. Cx ©UP–US S«®£z¯u Hÿ£kzxÆ. G⁄˜¡ ïuº¿ ïUQØ©ı⁄ ^∫v∏zuz¯u A©¿ ˆ\¥u §”S w¬μ ^∫v∏zuÆ ˆ\¥¡x |ªÆ. G¢u ¡¯P ^∫v∏zu©ı⁄ıæÆ, A¯u Aμ_ ¡¯P®£kzv Standard A¿ªx J˜μ uμ©ıP ˆ\¥x Aa_ G zx Eÿ£zv ˆ\¥£¡∫P“ u[P–US ˜uıfl‘Ø£i ¡i¡[P¯Õ Tmhı©¿ C∏UP ¡¯P ˆ\¥Ø ˜¡skÆ. R˜« ˆPıkUP®£mi∏USÆ G zx ¡i¡[P“ ¶vØ A¯©®§¿ C∏USÆ. 6 18 16 10 4 3
A P S T ˜
C V _ ` ˆ
E \ k l ı
G b q ß ¯
J h x â
L n ~ ≥
u ¶ π
| ï ≈
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£ı∫¯¡∞mh ¶zuP[P“ 1.
£ısiØ∫ ˆ\®˜£k £zx, ˆ¡Œ∞m˜hı∫: u™Ã ¡Õ∫a]UP«PÆ, ˆ\fl¯⁄&14.
2.
South Indian, Inscriptions- Vol. I by E.Hultzsch Ph.D., 1890.
3.
Elements of The Indian Paleography (4th to 7th C.) by A.C. Burnell.
4.
ˆuı¿Pı®§ØÆ & G zuvPıμÆ & CÕÆßμnÆ.
5.
Seminar on Inscriptions - Edited by Dr. R.Nagaswamy, Director of Archaeology, Government of Madras.
6.
Tamil Line Composing Machine Key-board Chart. TECHMASH EXPORT, MOSCOW, U.S.S.R.
7.
Tamil Key-board Chart - Halda Machine.
10
Cμı.-Q-∏Ë-n-â∫zv GÆ.H., |ı-P∫-˜Pı-¬¿ ÏPım Q∏z-x-¡∫ P¿-æıõ, Pı- ¯ μU- S i hıU- h ∫ A«- P ®- £ ı P¿- æ ıõ, ˆ\fl¯⁄ ©ı- { - ª U P¿-æı-õ-∞¿ £iz-u-¡∫. GÆ.H., ¡S®-§¿ „Øı-ª-‚¯Ø ïU-QØ £ı-h-©ı-PU ˆPısk £m-hÆ ˆ£ÿ-”-¡∫. §.GÏ].,-∞-æÆ GÆ.H., ¡S®-§-æÆ ˆ\fl¯⁄ £¿-P-¯ªUP-«-Pz-v¿ ïu-º-hÆ ˆ£ÿ÷ ˜u‘-Ø-¡∫. Ph¢u C∏- £ - x Bs- k - P ÕıP, £z- v - õ ¯Pz x¯”- ∞ ¿ £o- Ø ıÿ‘ ¡∏- Q - ” ı∫. Aa_ CØ¢- v - μ [- P ¯ÕU S- ‘ z- x Æ, Aa_ G z- x U- P “ uØı-õU-SÆ ï¯”-P-¯Õ-≤Æ |flS Pÿ-”-¡∫. P¿- ˆ ¡m- i - Ø - º ¿ (Epigraphy) |¿ª A›- £ - ¡ Æ ˆ£ÿ- ” - ¡ ∫. ¡m-ˆh- zx, §μı™, u™Ã P¿-ˆ¡m-kU-P¯Õ £iU-SÆ Bÿ-”-æÆ A¯©-Ø® ˆ£ÿ-”-¡∫. (CU- S - ‘ ®¶ 1978 BÆ Bsk G - u ®- £ m- h - x .)
11