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Chapter 01: History of Massage: Prehistoric Times to the Modern Era, and Professional Societies, Organizations, and Associations Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which method is defined as manual manipulation of soft tissue using pressure and traction for
therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes? a. Acupuncture b. Ayurveda c. Polarity therapy d. Massage therapy ANS: D
Massage therapy is as a method of manipulating soft tissue using pressure and traction for therapeutic, palliative, and recreational purposes. 2. Which origin for the word massage is Greek? a. Mashesh b. Masso c. Masser d. Makeh ANS: B
The origin of the word massage is unclear, but can be traced to numerous sources: the Hebrew mashesh, the Greek masso and massin, the Latin massa, the Arabic mass’h, the Sanskrit NURSINGTB.COM makeh, and the French masser. 3. When is the earliest the term massage was used by most European-based cultures? a. 1600s b. 1700s c. 1800s d. 1900s ANS: C
By the early 1800s, the term massage was used by most European-based cultures. Historically, massage was referred to by its techniques such as friction or simply rubbing. 4. The first written records of massage date back to 3000 BC in which country? a. India b. China c. Egypt d. Greece ANS: B
Early records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back to China, as early as 3000 BC. Acupuncture was not mentioned in Chinese writings until 90 BC. 5. Which work is commonly referred to as the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine? a. Tao Te Ching
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b. Nei Ching c. Ayur-Veda d. Corpus Hippocraticum ANS: B
At the time of Hwang Ti, various ideas and beliefs were compiled under the name of the Yellow Emperor (died in 2599 BC) which became the classic scripture of traditional Chinese medicine known as the Nei Chang. The Nei Chang was written about 2760 BC, and this work contains detailed descriptions of massage procedures as well as herbal medicines. 6. What is the original massage technique in China and the precursor to manual and energetic
therapies? a. Polarity b. Shiatsu c. Acupuncture d. Amma ANS: D
Amma is regarded as the original massage technique and precursor to all other Chinese therapies, manual and energetic. 7. Which healing method is based on Hindu tradition? a. Ayurveda b. Shiatsu c. Amma d. Polarity ANS: A
N R I G B.C M
S Nto T O Knowledge of amma massage U traveled the subcontinent of India from China and massage became part of Hindu tradition. Massage is described in India’s first great medical works, the Ayur-Veda books of wisdom (about 1800 BC) and recommend it as an almost indispensable healing procedure. 8. Which method is Japanese but based on Chinese medicine concepts, and uses applied pressure
of the thumbs, elbows, and other parts of the body? a. Ayurveda b. Shiatsu c. Massage d. Amma ANS: B
Shiatsu is a Japanese method based on the same traditional Chinese medicine concepts as acupuncture. Acupuncturists use needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy; shiatsu therapists use their fingers, thumbs, forearms, and elbows, and even their knees and feet. 9. Who is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine? a. Galen b. Celsus c. Rhazes d. Hippocrates
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ANS: D
Hippocrates was known to be a fine clinician, founder of a medical school, author of numerous books, and advocated the use of massage or “rubbing.” His works are collectively known as the Corpus Hippocraticum, and summarized much of what was known about disease and medicine in the ancient world. Hippocrates is generally recognized as the father of modern Western medicine, and he believed that physicians should avoid causing harm to patients. 10. Who wrote the Canon of Medicine, the most famous book in the history of medicine in both
the East and the West? Rhazes Celsus Avicenna Hippocrates
a. b. c. d.
ANS: C
A text entitled or Canon of Medicine was written by one of the greatest Persian physicians of his era, Avicenna (980-1037). He was also known as Ibn Sina. The Canon of Medicine is the most famous book in the history of medicine in both the East and the West. 11. Which individual discussed the effects of massage and used friction on joints in the 1500s? a. Paré b. Harvey c. Galen d. Mezger ANS: A
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Ambroise Paré (1515-1590) was a famous French surgeon who was among the earliest individuals in this era to discuss the effects of massage. He also used friction to treat dislocated joints and other orthopedic conditions. 12. Who was the first known scientist to demonstrate that blood circulation due to muscular
contraction of the heart? a. Paré b. Galen c. Harvey d. Mezger ANS: C
English scientist William Harvey (1578–1657) discovered the circulation of blood in 1628. Harvey observed the hearts of living animals and determined that muscular contraction (systole) pumped blood through arteries and veins. This discovery enhanced the acceptance of massage as a therapeutic measure. 13. Who developed the Swedish Movement Cure, which included the use of massage? a. Johann Mezger b. Pehr H. Ling c. George Henry Taylor d. John Harvey Kellogg
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ANS: B
Ling developed his own system of medical or Swedish gymnastics and exercise, known as the Ling System, Swedish Movements, or Swedish Movement Cure. The term Swedish massage was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. 14. Which term describes a component of the Ling System? a. Shiatsu b. Ayurveda c. Thai massage d. Swedish massage ANS: D
The term “Swedish massage” was used to describe the massage component of Ling’s system. For this reason, Ling is often regarded as the father of Swedish massage. 15. Which individual is credited with having introduced French terms still in use to describe
massage techniques? a. Johann Mezger b. William Harvey c. Pehr H. Ling d. Charles Taylor ANS: A
The Dutch physician Johann Mezger (1838–1909) is credited with having introduced the French terminology still used to describe massage techniques (e.g., effleurage, pétrissage, tapotement) that are currently used in massage legislation and massage curricula. French was the international language in the nineteenth century.
NURSINGTB.COM 16. Who is the founder of modern nursing, which included massage as part of care? a. Tiffany Field b. Florence Nightingale c. Charles Fayette Taylor d. John Harvey Kellogg ANS: B
Florence Nightingale (1829-1910) from England was the founder of modern nursing. She assumed patient care in hospitals in Turkey during the Crimean War (1853-1856). She developed a standard of care for soldiers, which massage was an integral part of. 17. French physician Lucas-Championniere used massage and exercise to treat soldiers injured
during which event? a. World War I b. World War II c. Civil War d. Viet Nam War ANS: A
World War I provided countless opportunities for the use of massage and exercise to rehabilitate injured soldiers. French physician Just Lucas-Championniere (1843-1913) advocated for the use of massage and passive movements to treat soft tissue injuries, particularly fractures.
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18. In what year did George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor introduce the Swedish
Movement system in the United States? a. 1796 b. 1856 c. 1911 d. 1958 ANS: B
Two brothers, Drs. George Henry Taylor and Charles Fayette Taylor, introduced the Swedish Movement System in the United States in 1856. The Taylors had studied the techniques in Europe and returned to the United States, where they opened an orthopedic practice with a specialization massage, exercise, water cures, and nutrition. 19. Who wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860? a. Hartvig Nissen b. Andrew Weil c. George Taylor d. Douglas Graham ANS: C
George Taylor wrote the first American textbook on the Swedish Movement System in 1860, titled An Exposition of the Swedish Movement Cure. 20. Who opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC, considered the first massage
school in the United States? John Harvey Kellogg Douglas Graham NURSINGTB.COM Just Lucas-Championniere Hartvig Nissen
a. b. c. d.
ANS: D
In 1883, Hartvig Nissen opened the Swedish Health Institute of Washington, DC). It is considered the first massage school in the United States. 21. Who helped popularize massage therapy in the United States during the modern era by writing
numerous books and publishing articles in his magazine, Good Health? a. John Harvey Kellogg b. Douglas Graham c. Just Lucas-Championniere d. Hartvig Nissen ANS: A
John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943) of Battle Creek, Michigan, promoted massage to the general public. He wrote numerous articles and books on massage and published a magazine called Good Health. 22. Which massage organization took the first step toward professionalism by the establishing a
massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools? a. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses b. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy c. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association
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d. Society of Trained Masseuses ANS: D
Four British women established the Society of Trained Masseuses in 1894. They sought to legitimize massage, which had become associated with prostitution. The Society established a massage practice model, which regulated massage through the establishment of a massage curriculum and accreditation of massage schools which included regular inspections and use of only qualified for massage instructors. Members of the Society were required to pass examinations and were subject to routine surveillance. 23. What was the original name of the American Massage Therapy Association? a. Society of Trained Masseuses b. Esalen Massage and Bodywork Association c. American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses d. Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics ANS: C
In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago created the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses, renamed the American Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, then finally the American Massage Therapy Association in 1983. 24. When was the American Massage and Therapy Association founded? a. 1926 b. 1943 c. 1965 d. 1987 ANS: B
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In 1943, postgraduates from the College of Swedish Massage in Chicago founded the American Association of Masseurs and Masseuses. The name was changed to the American Massage and Therapy Association in 1958, and then was changed again to the American Massage Therapy Association, in 1983. 25. When was the Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals founded? a. 1926 b. 1943 c. 1965 d. 1987 ANS: D
Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals was founded in 1987. 26. Which center was a think tank for human potential movement and the first exposure to
massage for many people? a. Remedial Hygienic Institute b. Esalen Institute c. Swedish Institute d. Touch Research Institute ANS: B
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In 1962, Michael Murphy and Richard Pierce founded the Esalen Institute, a retreat center and think tank for human potential movement. For many people, Esalen was their first exposure to massage and where many came to learn massage. 27. What organization was established to advance massage by supporting research? a. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals b. National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork c. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards d. Massage Therapy Foundation ANS: D
In 1990, the American Massage Therapy Foundation was established by the AMTA to advance the massage profession through supporting scientific research and evidence-informed practice skills. In 2004, the foundation became an independent organization and changed its name to the Massage Therapy Foundation. 28. What organization offered a national certification exam in 1992 that was later adopted by
most states as a licensure requirement? a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork c. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals d. American Massage Therapy Association ANS: B
In 1992, the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork was founded due to encouragement from the AMTA and other industry leaders. The objective was to create a national certification to facilitate massage licensing reciprocity throughout the NURSINexam GTB.C United States. A national certification was created, OM and many states adopted it as part of their licensing requirements. 29. What type of credential did the National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and
Bodywork begin offering in 2013? a. Master’s certification b. Research licensure c. Board certification d. National licensure ANS: C
In 2013, NCBTMB began providing board certification, which is currently the highest voluntary credential in the massage profession. Offering the exam as part of state licensure was retired in 2014. 30. Which center is the first in the world to focus on the effects of massage and its application in
the treatment of diseases? a. Remedial Hygienic Institute b. Esalen Institute c. Swedish Institute d. Touch Research Institute ANS: D
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The Touch Research Institute at the University of Miami’s School of Medicine was established in 1992 under the directorship of Dr. Tiffany Field. The Institute is the first in the world to focus on effects of massage and touch and its applications in the treatment of diseases. Their research has shown that massage and touch have numerous beneficial effects on health and well-being. 31. Which organization developed and released the Massage and Bodywork Licensing
Examination in 2008? a. Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards b. National Certification Board of Therapeutic Massage and Bodywork c. American Massage Therapy Association d. Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals ANS: A
In 2005, the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards was formed after the ABMP convened a meeting of massage regulators and educators. One of the initial goals of the Federation was to create a valid and reliable licensing exam. In 2008 the Massage & Bodywork Licensing Examination (MBLEx) was released. In 2014, the MBLEx became the only licensing exam in the United States. 32. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, which approach
is considered mind/body practice? a. Probiotics b. Herbal supplements c. Yoga d. Booster vaccinations ANS: C
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NCCIH classifies CIH therapies into natural products such as herbal supplements and probiotics and mind/body practices such as massage, acupuncture, and yoga. Massage therapy and chiropractic and osteopathic manipulations are among the most common complementary health care practices utilized by the general public. 33. How is human trafficking best described? a. Immigrant movement b. Modern-day slavery c. Modern-day pioneering d. Rehabilitative coercion ANS: B
Human trafficking is the unlawful trade of people; it is modern-day slavery. Human trafficking is the third largest source of revenue for organized crime, just behind drugs and guns/firearms trafficking. 34. Which illegal activity uses massage as a cover for its operations? a. Arms dealing b. Dog fighting c. Drug running d. Sex trafficking ANS: D
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While great strides have been made in the massage industry towards professionalism, human trafficking using massage as a cover is still prevalent today. According to a report published by the Federation of State Massage Therapy Boards, an estimated 9,000 illicit massage businesses are currently active, and this type of commercial-front massage business is one of the top venues for sex trafficking. 35. Which issue may legal massage therapists have to deal with because of human trafficking? a. Paying higher costs for supplies b. Being threatened c. Needing additional continuing education d. Researching businesses ANS: B
Several issues can arise for legal massage therapists due to human trafficking. Therapists can be threatened, harassed, intimidated, and even assaulted. This may result in additional operational costs for massage therapists to address the need for security. Personal and business establishment reputations may be compromised. It also erodes public trust as the integrity of massage educational institutions, testing authorities, and state licensing boards are questioned, especially if they have allowed unqualified individuals to enter the massage profession.
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Chapter 02: The Therapeutic Relationship: Ethics, Boundaries, and Cultural Competencies Salvo: Massage Therapy, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A good therapeutic relationship is one of the best predictors of which therapy-related factor? a. Client compliance b. Positive outcomes c. Legal actions d. Arbitration counsel ANS: B
The efficacy of the therapeutic relationship can be substantiated scientifically. Research has found repeatedly that a good therapeutic relationship is one of the best predictors of positive outcomes in therapy. 2. Which term means adherence to a set of values and obligations, formally agreed-upon codes
of conduct, and reasonable expectations of clients, colleagues, and co-workers? a. Therapeutic relationships b. Professionalism c. Conflicts of interest d. Reciprocity ANS: B
Professionalism is the adherence to a set of values and obligations, formally agreed-upon NURexpectations M colleagues, and co-workers. Key codes of conduct, and reasonable of O clients, SINGTB.C values of professionalism include acting in the client’s best interest and putting that interest before your own, maintaining standards expected of other members of the profession, and staying current with changes and discoveries in the field. 3. Which term means moral principles that govern behavior? a. Autonomy b. Laws c. Empathy d. Ethics ANS: D
Ethics are moral principles that govern behavior. 4. Which aspect of ethics involves respecting the rights of competent individuals to make their
own decisions? a. Autonomy b. Veracity c. Beneficence d. Fidelity ANS: A
Professionals have an obligation to uphold autonomy, which is respecting the rights of competent individuals to make their own decisions.
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5. Which aspect of ethics obligates professionals to act in ways that benefit the wellbeing of
others? a. Autonomy b. Non-malfeasance c. Beneficence d. Fidelity ANS: C
Beneficence obligates professionals to act in ways that benefit the wellbeing of others. 6. Which aspect of ethics requires that professionals remain loyal and dedicated to their clients,
and that professionals keep their promises and honor commitments? a. Autonomy b. Justice c. Beneficence d. Fidelity ANS: D
The principle of fidelity requires that professionals remain loyal and dedicated to their clients, and that professionals keep their promises and honor commitments. 7. Which principle involves protecting information from unauthorized access or release, loss,
theft, and from its modification? a. Fidelity b. Authenticity c. Justice NURSINGTB.COM d. Confidentiality ANS: D
Confidentiality refers to the obligation of professionals or professional organizations to safeguard entrusted information. The principle of confidentiality includes protecting information from unauthorized access or release, loss, theft, and from its modification. 8. Under which circumstance can massage therapists legally breach confidentiality? a. Records are requested by a client’s spouse b. Records are subpoenaed by a court order c. Transferring records from one massage therapist to another d. Complying with verbal request for records by a client’s physician ANS: B
If clients are involved in court proceedings and requests are made for client records, the therapist may be legally required to release the record as the client/therapist relationship may not be privileged under state law. If client records are subpoenaed, notify the client before records are released and this action will allow the client to discuss the situation with his or her attorney, which may lead the attorney to file a motion to quash or block the subpoena. 9. Which legislation requires professionals to report concerns of neglect or abuse to appropriate
state agencies? a. Consumer protection b. Mandatory reporting
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c. Malpractice regulation d. Civil rights act ANS: B
If therapists have reasons to suspect that children, elderly adults, or incapacitated adults are being abused, neglected (including self-neglect), or exploited, they may be legally required to make a report and provide relevant information to the appropriate state department. The legal requirement is called mandatory reporting. 10. Which concept allows the application of professional knowledge and clinical expertise to help
clients achieve their treatment goals? a. Dual relationship b. Healing touch c. Therapeutic relationship d. Subjective rapport ANS: C
The therapeutic relationship is the relationship between a therapist and a client that allows therapists to apply their professional knowledge and clinical expertise to help clients achieve their treatment goals. This relationship serves to protect the client’s dignity and provides a framework for which ethical principles are applied. 11. Which concept is the ability to accept another person’s beliefs despite own personal feelings? a. Trust b. Respect c. Authenticity d. Sympathy ANS: B
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Respect is the ability to accept another person’s beliefs despite your own personal feelings. Respect in the therapeutic relationship is an acceptance of the client as a whole person. Acceptance does not necessarily mean approval or agreement; it means acknowledging the right of another person to have unique feelings, thoughts, and beliefs. 12. Which term does Rogers use to describe helping clients feel comfortable even if their feelings,
thoughts, and beliefs are different from the massage therapist’s? a. Therapeutic accordance b. Healing therapeutic space c. Countertransference reversal d. Unconditional positive regard ANS: D
The goal of respect is to help clients feel comfortable even if these feelings, thoughts, and beliefs are not the same as your own. Rogers called this unconditional positive regard. This validation has the potential to be deeply healing for clients. 13. Which example demonstrates respect? a. Self-disclosure of personal information to the client b. Counseling a distressed client c. Giving the client the massage he or she asked for d. Draping the client improperly
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ANS: C
Therapists who are respectful take into account the client’s preferences, expectations, predispositions, social and cultural values, and religious or spiritual beliefs when developing the treatment plan without inserting their own agenda. For example, when clients request relaxation massage, avoid turning the session it into a clinical massage as this action would be disrespectful and invalidate the client’s preferences. 14. Which concept is the desire to understand what another person is experiencing without
mistaking it for own experience? a. Empathy b. Tolerance c. Sympathy d. Ambivalence ANS: A
Empathy is the desire to understand what another person is experiencing without mistaking it for your own experience. Empathy is educated compassion or intellectual understanding of another person’s perspective and emotions. 15. Which nonverbal expression demonstrates empathy? a. Avoiding eye contact b. Avoiding mirroring the look on the client’s face c. Determining what emotional affect the client has d. Keeping arms crossed ANS: C
Riess and Kraft-Todd identified seven essential nonverbal expressions of empathy which can NURSempathy INGTB.C be used by professionals to express to their OMclients. Each uses a letter of the word empathy. E is for eye contact; M is for muscles of facial expression; P is for posture; A stands for affect; T is for tone of voice; H is for hearing the whole person; and Y stands for your response. Affect is the term to describe expressed emotions. When listening to a client, try to determine what he or she is feeling such as happiness, fear, apprehension, or sadness. Making a nonverbal mental note of the client’s emotional state deepens our understanding of the clients. 16. Which concept means confidence in and reliance upon others to act in accordance with
accepted social, ethical, or legal norms? a. Trust b. Respect c. Validity d. Congruence ANS: A
Trust is confidence in and reliance upon others, whether individuals or organizations, to act in accordance with accepted social, ethical, or legal norms. 17. Which statement describes cultural competency? a. Ability of professionals to speak languages of more than one culture b. Behaviors, attitudes, and policies that enable professionals to work effectively in
cross-cultural situations c. Behaviors, attitudes, and policies that enable professionals to determine which
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