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1. Nursing has been considered both a profession and an occupation. Which of the following supports defining nursing as a profession? A) Autonomy B) Learned vocation C) Varied level of skill D) Career with varied knowledge
2. How many levels of entry into practice exist for registered nurses? A) One B) Two C) Three D) Four
3. Nursing is classified as which type of science? A) Pure B) Natural C) Human D) Applied
4. In defining the philosophy of nursing, which of the following would not be included? A) Purpose of human life B) Nature of being C) Theory of knowledge D) Scientific method
5. When discussing the science and philosophy of a discipline, how would one define the two in relation to each other? A) Autonomous B) Reliant C) Linked D) Unrelated
6. Philosophy's definition includes which of the following? A) Study of problems that are abstract and general B) Measures observable phenomena of interest in a discipline C) Empirical way of gathering data D) Grounded and tested in experience
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7. Based on the science and philosophical schools of thought, which one is founded on the belief that what is experienced is what exists and that experiences be verified through scientific methodology? A) Received view B) Human science C) Phenomenology D) Constructivism
8. Based on the science and philosophical schools of thought, which one centers on descriptions that are derived from collectively lived experiences, interrelatedness, human interpretation, and learned reality? A) Empiricism B) Positivism C) Rationalism D) Perceived view
9. When defining nursing philosophy, which of the following is appropriate? A) Refers to the belief system of the profession and provides perspectives for practice, scholarship, and research. B) The substantive, discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human-universe-health process. C) Refers to the system of relationship of human response in health and illness. D) Responsible for generation of knowledge, which provides direction for future.
10. When discussing the knowledge development in nursing science, the study of theory is referred to as which of the following? A) Ontology B) Epistemology C) Methodology D) Philosophy
11. There are several defined ways of knowing. Which way of knowing is defined as “a priori knowledge that pertain to knowledge gained from thought alone?” A) Empirics B) Personal C) Intuitive D) Somatic
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12. Patterns of knowledge in nursing include use of knowledge from nursing and other disciplines, abstracted and generalized beyond personal experience. Of which pattern of knowledge is this representative? A) Clinical knowledge B) Emancipatory knowing C) Conceptual knowledge D) Empirical knowledge
13. Nursing is described as a human science based on inclusion of which of the following in the discipline? A) Physiology B) Human health C) Anthropology D) All of the above
14. A study is conducted and the methodology used for the data collection is focused on testing a hypothesis and seeking to prove or disprove the hypothesis. Which type of methodology is being used? A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Methodologic pluralism
15. During the course of a nursing research study, the research selects a theory with a phenomenological foundation seeking to explore the experiences of teens living with HIV. Which type of methodology is being used? A) Qualitative B) Quantitative C) Methodologic pluralism
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Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
A C D D C A A D A B B C D B A
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1. Myra Levine expressed nurses are often confused about theory. Which of the following was given as one reason for the confusion related to nursing theory? A) Clearly understandable B) Obscure concepts C) Application to practice D) New concepts
2. If a theory is to be useful in nursing, it must include which of the following? A) Broad concepts B) Understandable concepts C) Concepts specific to nursing D) Operationally defined concepts
3. Theories developed for nursing include all of the following except which of the following? A) Identify standards for nursing practice B) Guide development of client cares C) Direct quality assurance programs D) Align with other health care disciplines
4. Which of the following was the first stage in the development of a nursing theory and philosophy? A) Silent knowledge B) Received knowledge C) Subjective knowledge D) Procedural knowledge
5. The silent knowledge stage of theory and philosophy development was driven based on which of the following? A) Nursing as an independent discipline B) Medical model, dependent on physicians C) Interdisciplinary team design D) Nursing as an academic discipline
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6. During the 1970s, the nursing profession viewed itself as a scientific discipline evolving toward a theoretically based practice focusing on the client. Which stage of theory and philosophy development is this the correct description? A) Silent knowledge B) Received knowledge C) Subjective knowledge D) Procedural knowledge
7. What is the current stage of knowledge development for the discipline of nursing? A) Silent knowledge B) Received knowledge C) Subjective knowledge D) Constructed knowledge
8. Development of a metatheory includes which of the following? A) Broad processes and generalized understanding B) Specific application of theory C) Development of theory through practice D) Use of only nursing concepts
9. Which type of theory is the most broad and complex in scope? A) Grand theory B) Middle range theory C) Practice theory D) Microtheory
10. Which type of theory may describe a phenomenon, explain relationships of concepts or predict effects of a phenomenon? A) Metatheory B) Grand theory C) Middle range theory D) Practice theory
11. Which type of theory is the least complex and is situation specific? A) Methatheory B) Grand theory C) Middle range theory D) Practice theory
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12. A nursing theory designed to explain or relate concepts in a theory to one another is considered which type or purpose of theory? A) Factor-isolating theories B) Factor-relating theories C) Situation-relating theories D) Situation-producing theories
13. A nursing theory which prescribes activities to reach a goal is which type of theory? A) Factor-isolating theories B) Factor-relating theories C) Situation-relating theories D) Situation-producing theories
14. Which of the following discipline or disciplines may be used in the design of a nursing theory? A) Psychology B) Physical biology C) Sociology D) Psychology, physical biology, and sociology
15. Based on the work by Fawcett, which of the following is not part of the defined nursing metaparadigm? A) Person B) Health C) Environment D) Caring
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Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
B B D A B D D A A C D B D D D
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1. A concept used in a theory may be which of the following? A) A sentence B) One or two words C) A sentence or a paragraph D) A word, two words, or a phrase
2. The definition of a concept should include consideration of which of the following factor? A) Potential publication B) Context of concept C) Researcher opinion D) Use in other disciplines
3. Concepts used in nursing theory have been derived from which of the following? A) Nursing practice B) Psychology and medicine C) Nursing research D) Nursing practice and other disciplines
4. A concept which is independent of time and space is considered which type of concept? A) Concrete B) Abstract C) Variable D) Nonvariable
5. The concept of male or female gender is considered what type of concept? A) Concrete B) Abstract C) Variable D) Nonvariable
6. A concept which can be measured using a hypotheses and may be tested is considered which of the following? A) Theoretical B) Operational C) Abstract D) Nonvariable
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7. Which of the following is not a reason for concept analysis? A) Identify gaps in knowledge B) Determine knowledge of researcher C) Clarify concepts and meaning D) Determine fit between concept and clinical application
8. Who as the first nursing scholar developed a process for defining concepts and used 11 steps or techniques? A) Wilson B) Walker and Avant C) Rodgers D) Swartz-Barcott and Kim
9. Based on the work of Rodgers, why is concept analysis necessary? A) Concepts are static. B) Concepts are context dependent. C) Concepts vary based on type of theory. D) Concepts provide information on data results.
10. Which of the following steps is last in Rodgers' process of concept analysis? A) None. All are completed simultaneously. B) Select appropriate sample for data collection C) Identify hypothesis and implications D) Analyze data regarding the concept
11. In the work of Swartz-Barcott and Kim, one of the phases of the hybrid model of concept development involves literature searches and determines the relevance for nursing. In which phase of the model does this occur? A) Analytical phase B) Fieldwork phase C) Theoretical phase D) Concept development
12. What is the purpose of concept clarification based on the work by Meleis? A) Define new concepts B) Identify dimension of concepts C) Explore use in the discipline D) Refine existing concepts
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Answer Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
D B D B D B B A B A C D
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1. Theory development in nursing assists nursing in all of the following ways except one. Which of the following is not accomplished through theory development? A) Helps the nurse understand practice B) Identifies key ideas of practice C) Organizes knowledge for use D) Disproves prior nursing knowledge
2. What is the term which refers to the process and methods used to create, modify, or refine a theory? A) Theory construction B) Theory development C) Theory production D) Theory design
3. What is the term that is used to describe the final steps of theory development in which the components of the theory are organized and linkages specified? A) Theory development B) Theory production C) Theory construction D) Theory design
4. When discussing theory, the theory termed as a worldview that deals with generating knowledge and broad abstract concepts is which type of theory? A) Practice theory B) Metatheory C) Middle range theory D) Microtheory
5. Theories that consist of conceptual frameworks defining broad perspectives for practice and looking at phenomena based on perspectives and lacking operational definitions are which type of theories? A) Grand theories B) Microtheories C) Practice theories D) Middle range theories
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6. Which theories contain limited numbers of concepts and are limited in scope with some degree of generalization, but the concepts are clear and hypotheses can be derived? A) Microtheories B) Practice theories C) Metatheories D) Middle range theories
7. Which theories are narrow in scope and have few concepts with a focus on reality? A) Metatheories B) Practice theories C) Middle range theories D) Grand theories
8. The level of theory that names and classifies characteristics of a phenomenon and determines what will be perceived as the essence of the phenomenon is categorized as which of the following? A) Explanatory theory B) Descriptive theory C) Predictive theory D) Prescriptive theory
9. The categorization of theories that provide the relationship between phenomena under study and describe some of the associations or interrelations between and among the concepts is which type of theory? A) Prescriptive theory B) Descriptive theory C) Explanatory theory D) Predictive theory
10. Which theory addresses nursing therapeutics and predicts consequences of interactions? A) Predictive theory B) Descriptive theory C) Prescriptive theory D) Explanatory theory
11. The foundations of theories are which of the following? A) Propositions B) Relationships C) Concepts D) Hypotheses
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