Robert A Cresswell - Urban Design Issues 1 - Group 1 p32076 by Robert A Cresswell

URB AN DESIGN IS SUE S 1 P 32 0 7 6

G RO UP 1

LUC AS DOCHERTY SIDDHARTHA THOMAS ROBERT CRESSWELL ISABEL RAAD SARJU PATEL

CONTENTS 1. 0

Int rod uct i on

2. 0

Li t er at ure Reviews

3. 0

Envi ronm ent al Qua lities

4. 0

C as e S t ud i es

5. 0

Des i gn P r i nciples

6. 0

Dat a and S pac e Requirements

7. 0

S i t e C ont ext

8. 0

C oncept ual Mo del

9. 0

Appl i cat i on t o Site

10. 0

The F i nal Model

11. 0

Refl ect i ve S umma r y

12. 0

Bi bl i ogr aphy

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 .1 O ver v iew 1 .2 M et h od olog y

1.0 I N TROD U C T I O N 1 . 1 Ove r v i ew

Today the world is home to approximately 7.5 billion people . It is estimated that by 2050 70% of the world population will live in urban areas (Brescia and Marshall, 2016). This will put strain on infrastructure , ser vices, consumables and space . In order to combat this many redevelopment schemes will have to find innovative ways of accommodating the growing number of people seeking residence in urban areas. Many prominent figures within Architecture and Urban Design have commented on the rise of high density developments and praised the process of combing increased levels of residential with other essential and leisure facilities. This process is aiding in accommodating the increase in population and migration of the public back to urban based living.

“I t i s i m p o r ta nt to re me mbe r th a t t h e a nswe r is no t fo und in si m p l e , f i xed pri nci ple s a bo ut gre a t er deve l o pme nt de nsi ty an d g et t i n g mo re pe o pl e i n the b u i l di n g s, b u t i n wo rk i ng ca re ful ly o n m a ny f ronts wi th ci ty l ife a s a p ro c ess… ” (G e hl, 2010). “T h e t a sk i s to pro mo te the ci ty l i fe l i fe o f city pe o pl e , ho use d, l et u s h o p e , i n co nce ntra tio ns bo th d e n s e en o u gh a nd di ve rse e no ug h to o f fe r t h em a de ce nt cha nce at d eve l o p i n g c ity l ife ” (Ja co bs, 1961) . Issues 1 facilitates the platform to investigate high density schemes and allows a critical understanding of the many challenges and problems to be established. The brief gives one the oppor tunity to relate to contemporar y physical and social issues that have no obvious resolve . T hrough interrogations and applications of case studies, alternative methods and means to achieve a desired objective can be formed in the response to the question...

“H ow d o we sa fe g ua rd a nd de li ve r hi g h l eve l s o f e nvi ro nme nta l qu a l i t y i n t h e co nte xt o f i ncre a sing i nt e n s i f i c a t i on o f la nd use ?”

figure .01 View of dense area in Bourj Hammoud, Beirut, Lebanon. (RAAD) At present the political/religious conflict in Syria has led to the rise in the Syrian population seeking refuge in foreign countries. This is ever present in the neighbouring countr y of Lebanon where figures suggest the current number of Syrian refugees in the countr y to be around 1.5 million (1 million of which are registered) (UNHCR), 2016). The Capital of Lebanon, Beirut has seen 280,170 registered refugees take shelter within the city and is putting stress on infrastructure , resources and land (UNHCR), 2016). Contemporar y political uncer tainty is growing. Today many countries are witnessing the breakdown of well-established international relations. This is

present when looking at the political divide within Europe and the USA with heightened national security and the rise of right wing politics. The shift in political agendas has seen the breakdown of suppor t given to war torn countries through caps on numbers of refugees and even full bans. Group 1 aim to provide a solution to the mass influx of refugees into Beirut by providing a compact Urban Design scheme which will accommodate , rehabilitate and facilitate the ser vices needed for the people to not just sur vive the conflict but to establish a new vibrant, prosperous and diverse community.

Th e ob jec t ive is a b o u t e s ta b l i s h i n g a hy b r id m od el t h a t a cco m m o d a te s b es t p r ac t ic es f ro m b o th th e Wes t er n an d t h e A r a b wo r l d . T h i s exerc is e will h e l p u s i n te s ti n g h ow “u n iver s al” a re u r b a n d e s i g n q u alit ies ; are t h ey co n te x t s p e ci f i c or d o t h ey t r an s ce n d p hys i ca l a n d even c u lt u r al b ou n d a r i e s .

1.0 I N TROD U C T I O N 1 . 2 M e t h o do l o g y

The methodolog y followed to deliver the key environmental qualities in dense urban areas is as follow. The brief was first expanded to answer an impor tant urban issue of the 21st centur y: how to house an increasing number of refugees in cities through hig density development. The environmental qualities were chosen in regard to the specificity of the case of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. Once these qualities were defined, literature review helped in providing a theoretical framework to better assess them. For each environmental quality, main concepts were running through the different texts of literature; the concepts with most occurence where then used to assess the chosen case studies and measure how successful they were in implementing the environmental qualities. The case studies were chosen for the prevalence of our environmental qualities and had to successfuly answer at least one of the specified qualities. From the analysis of both the literature review and the case studies derived design principles that were later applied to the conceptual model. The conceptual model was also informed by the analysis of Arab city design seen necessar y working in the conte xt of the Middle East. The conceptual model was then applied to site after having understood its context and the planning requirements. The final masterplan implemented the specified design qualities and was reflect upon. The final outcome is a research infromed design.

figure .02 Methodolog y char t

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITIES 2.1 Iss u e of S y r ian Ref u gees in L eb an on 2 .2 E nv iron m en t al Q u alit ies

2.0 E N VI RON M E N TA L Q UA LI T IES 2 . 1 I s su e o f S y r ia n R e fug e e s i n L e ba n on Sy ri a n S i t u a t i o n i n L e ba no n The 21st centur y saw the emergence of conflicts in the Middle East, which marked the rise of re fugees’ migration all over the world. One of the most disruptive of these conflicts is the Syrian Crisis that forced around 4.8 million Syrians to seek refuge in neighboring countries. Lebanon was hit hard by the Syrian Crisis hosting more than 1 million registered Syrian refugees who crossed the borders seeking safety and shelter. Lebanon is already host to other refugee communities (500,000 Palestinian refugees and 6,000 Iraqi refugees); Lebanon, with a national population of 4.4 million, has today the largest concentration of refugees per capita worldwide , with one person out of five being a refugee . Leban on is a highly urbanized countr y with 87.8% of the population living in cities according to the World Bank. The pressure on the countr y’s weak infrastructure and economy was aggravated by the influx of refugees. Only 1 in 10 Syrian refugees live in camps because of the Lebanese government’s recent “no camp” policy. Syrian refugees are scattered across the countr y and are struggling to settle in unfamiliar urban communities where they live in collective shelters, old or abandoned apar tments, garages, unfinished constructions and warehouses. The typical image of a refugee camp with tents set up in rural sites is thus distant from Lebanon’s context. The majority of refugees reside in cities where they generate new forms of production and mobility. Since the outbreak of the Syrian crisis in 2011, many of the Syrian refugees settled in Beirut in the search of better oppor tunities. The city is already dense and suffocating to allow for new developments to host the Syrian refugees who find themselves occupying existing Palestinian camps. These camps are already overcrowded wi th low living conditions and are not able to absorb the flux of Syrian refugees. However, the latter cannot afford other places within the city knowing that they are only allowed to work in agriculture and cleani ng. They also occupy small informal businesses (garbage collection, food selling, hairdresser…) to make some money. The competition for land, jobs and resources has created tension between the Lebanese communities and the refugees’ communities. Co-existence becomes a necessity knowing that these refugees might never go back to their home countries and if they do what happ ens to their settlements.

Figure .04 C ondit ion of Palest inian C am p s in L eb an on wh ere S y r ian s are s et t lin g in t h e c it y Figure .05 ( Below) S yrian Family O c c u py in g War Tor n B u ild in gs

2.0 E N VI RON M E N TA L Q UA LI T IES 2 . 1 I s su e o f S y r ia n R e fug e e s i n L e ba n on Many repor ts were produced over the last years by several humanitarian bodies on the situation and living conditions of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. The insight given by these repor ts address issues of housing, food insecurity, employment concerns and economic vulnerability. A repor t jointly prepared by UNHCR, UNICEF and WFP in 2016 highlighted the following points that our group considered informative for the masterplan design (see appendix for char ts).

F i n di n g s

De s i g n Imp l i c a t i o n s

S y ria n ref u g ees st ressed t h a t t h e l a c k o f a â&#x20AC;&#x153; p ro p e r â&#x20AC;? s h e l t e r w a s h o l d i n g t h em b a c k f ro m l o o kin g fo r j o b s.

P rov i d e s u ffi ci e n t h o u s i n g t o s u p p o r t s yr i a n d e m a n d a n d d e l i ve r b e t t e r l i vi n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d e nvi ro n m e n t a l q u a l i t i e s .

4 8 % o f t h e c h ild ren b et ween t h e a g es o f 6 a n d 1 4 ye a r s o l d a re o u t o f sc h o o l a n d 8 4 % o f t h e c h i l d ren b et we e n t h e a g e o f 1 5 a n d 1 7 yea rs o ld a re o u t sc h o o l . T h e reas o n s fo r s u c h h i g h nu m b ers a re t h e c o st o f ed u c a t i o n , c h ild re n l a b o r, t h e t ra n sp o r t a t io n c o st a n d t h e a b sen c e o f n ea rby s c h o o l s .

P rov i d e s c h o o l s w i t h i n w a l k a b l e d i s t a n c e s fro m re s i d e n t i a l a re a s a n d d eve l o p a n a ffo rd a b l e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t .

3 6 % o f ref u g ee h o u seh o ld s su f fered f ro m severe fo o d i n sec u rit y. T h e c o p in g st ra t eg i es were t o c u t o n e x p e n s e s o f h ea lt h a n d ed u c a t io n , sen d c h i l d ren t o wo rk a n d a cce p t a ny j o b even w i t h b a d wo rki n g c o n d i t io n s.

D eve l o p a n u r b a n a g r i c u l t u re s ch e m e t o p ro d u c e l o ca l fo o d . Th i s w i l l a l s o c re a t e wo r k i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s fo r S yr i a n s k n ow i n g t h a t p r a c t i c i n g a g r i cu l t u re i s p e r m i t t e d fo r S yr i a n s by t h e L e b a n e s e G ov.

T h e m a in c o n c ern o f ref u g ees liv i n g in L eb a n on a re s a fe t y / sec u rit y a n d jo b sec u rit y. S a fet y c o n c ern s were e x p re s s e d by b o t h t h e S y ri a n ref u g ees a n d t h e L eb a n ese co m mu n i t i e s . S a fet y w a s fo u n d t o b e lin ked t o t h e t y p e o f h o u s i n g w i t h l ower sa fet y a m o n g S y ri a n ref u g ees liv i n g in c am p s t h a n ap a r t m en t s.

C re a t e s a fe r e nvi ro n m e n t s w i t h m o re a c t i ve e d g e s a n d p a s s i ve s u r ve i l l a n ce ( eye o n t h e s t re e t )

L i m i t ed a c c ess t o ser v i c es is a n o t h er h i g h l i g h t e d p o i n t by S y ria n ref u g ees w i t h 2 8 % say in g t h ey n ever h a d a c c e s s t o a ny ki n d o f ser v ic es. H ea lt h a n d E d u c a t i o n a re t h e h a rd e s t ser v i c es t o a c c ess.

P rov i d e m o re s e r v i c e s i n p rox i m i t y t o re s i d e n t i a l a re a s t h a t c a n b e e a s i ly a c c e s s i b l e by fo o t s i n ce m o s t o f t h e S yr i a n s d o n o t ow n a ca r.

T h e rela t i o n o f S y ri a n ref u g ees w i t h t h e L eb a n e s e p e o p l e i s so m et i m es i n ex ist en t w i t h l ow l evels o f so c ia l i n t e r a ct i o n . T h e la c k o f i n t erf a c e b et ween b o t h c o m mu n it i e s i s o n e so u rc e o f t h e t en si o n b et ween b o t h g ro u p s w i t h 3 0 % o f L eb a n ese rep o r t in g feelin g fea r t ow a rd S y ria n s a n d 3 1 % h av in g even h a t red feel i n g s.

C re a t e m o re p u b l i c s p a ce s t o p ro m o t e s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t we e n b o t h c o m mu n i t i e s . L e i s u re a n d re c re a t i o n a l fa c i l i t i e s a re a l s o go o d p l a ce s fo r i n t e r fa c e . A l s o p ro m o t e a co m m o n i d e n t i t y, t h e A r a b i d e n t i t y, s o b o t h c o m mu n i t y fe e l co n n e ct e d a n d b e l o n g i n g t o t h e p l a c e .

Table summarizing repor t sâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; findings and t heir im p lic at ion on d es ign

2.0 E N VI RON M E N TA L Q UA LI T IES 2 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua l itie s

The environmental qualities chosen after the analysis of the Syrian refugees situation in Lebanon are the follwing: • Climate : creating climate responsive design to ensure hunan comfor t without the need of excessive costly technologies. • Permeability/Accessibility: providing accesss to ser vices within walking distances is crucial as refugees do not usually own a car and have thus a limited mobility. • Land use: accessing the same ser vices within mixed use development will encourage interaction between different social groups. • Open Space: in addition to the many benefits to the provision of open spaces within cities, they can suppor t urban agriculture which will fight against food insecurity faced by many refugees • Identity/Integration: issues of identity and integration are critical when dealing with refugees as they need to feel integ rated within their new communities for them to prosper. • Safety: promoting safe environments is crucial when dealing with refugees as there are usually tensions between host and refugee communities. A safe environment should be created to encourage healthy interaction between both groups. • Adaptability: proposing an adaptable scheme is crucial when dealing with a transient population such as refugees. How can the design adapt in case of population growth and how can it function as an integral par t of the city in case the refugees left back to their home countries.

2.0 E N VI RON M E N TA L Q UA LI T IES 2 . 1 I s su e o f S y r ia n R e fug e e s i n L e ba n on

C L I M AT E

Strategic urban planning will allow for the climate to be controlled and exploited to best benefit the users. Block will be laid out in a way that provides optimum solar gain and solar shading where necessar y. This will help to promote a better energ y efficient lifestyle , while at the same time providing a ‘healthier lifesty le’.

PER M EA BILITY/ BILITY

MO -

A well connected and efficient street pattern provides the user with a permeable network of streets and routes. This helps to reduce travel times, promote the use of sustainable modes of transpor t, reduces pollution and helps to encourage a healthier lifestyle .

LAND U S E

O P E N S PAC E

I D E N TI TY/ I N TE G RATI O N

S AFE TY

A DA P TA BI LI T Y

By providing a varied and interesting land use mix, a vibrant and profitable urban fabric is formed. A mixed land-use is also beneficial to creating lively communities and neighbourhoods where diversity can be celebrated and expressed openly.

Adequate open space allocation is par ticularly impor tant in dense urban areas. Blue and green networks are crucial to promoting a high quality urban environment; they help to promote sustainability, suppor t biodiversity, contribute to a positive microclimate and have a positive impact on ‘urban dwellers’ mental and physical health.

A strong sense of place and identity provides the user with a high level of community engagement and a sense of ownership. By creating high quality places for people to live , a strong sense of identity will not only help to retain a places population but will also help to promote tourism and ultimately its local economy.

Safety is related to the comfor t level of people within their communities. Creating safe environments is crucial when desiging for people from different backgrounds. Safe places are also more successful and dynamic as people feel relaxed to wander the streets and practice different activities.

A flexible and responsive environment allows for the users to easily adapt their places to suit their needs for both living and working environments. Adaptive places are also key when looking at refugee and crisis situations that require shelter and other necessities to be quickly and efficiently set up.

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEWS 3 .1 S elec t ed Q u ot es 3.2 Env iron m en t al Q u alit ies As s es s m en t

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S 3 . 1 S e l e c t ed Quo te s

“ I n t e r m s o f h ow l i n k a g e s p a ce s a re u s e d i n ever yday l i fe , t h e re i s a n u r g e n t n e e d t o fo s t e r t h e ava i l a b i l i t y and appeal o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t ; b o t h t o i n cre a s e ch o i ce for t hose p e o p l e w i t h o u t g u a r a n t e e d a cce s s t o p r i va t e c ars, and al so t o re d u ce ca r b o n e m i s s i o n s i n t h e ca u s e o f co- dwel l i ng w i t h n a t u re .”

L a nd Use

Ope n Spa ce

I de n t ity & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adapta bi li ty

Wa tson, G. and Be ntley, I. (2007). Ide ntity by de sign. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Pe r me a bil ity/Mo bi li ty

“ A s e co n d i m p o r t a n t l e s s o n i s evi d e n t i n t he use of e x i s t i n g cu l t u r a l l a n d s cap e s i n co n s t r u ct i ng a root ed s e n s e o f i m a g i n e d co m mu n i t y. T h i s i s evi d e nt at vari ous s ca l e s . A t t h e l a r g e s ca l e , i t i s fe l t t h ro u g h t he overal l m o r p h o l o g i ca l s t r u ct u re ; a s s e e n i n M e x i co C i t y, w here d i f fe re n t m o r p h o l o g i ca l l aye r s p ro d u ce a d o u bl e- coded set o f m e a n i n g s , b o t h A z t e c a n d S p a n i s h . T h i s d oubl e- coded cu l t u r a l l a n d s cap e w a s t h e n u s e d by 2 0 t h ce n t ur y desi gners t o co n s t r u ct n ew cu l t u r a l l a n d s cap e s ; m o s t obvi ous i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e p u b l i c o p e n s p a ce n e t wo r k, w here t he e x p a n s i o n o f t h e e x i s t i n g g r i d p a t t e r n p rovi d e d a successful t o o l fo r i n t e g r a t i n g d i f fe re n t co m mu n i t i e s , e n a bl i ng di fferent g ro u p s o f u s e r s t o e n co u n t e r e a ch o t h e r.” “ I s h o u l d a l re a d y b e o b vi o u s , f ro m ca s e s t u d i es t hemsel ves t h a t d e s i g n f ro m t h e p l a ce - i d e n t i t y p e r s p e c t i ve i s shot t h ro u g h w i t h n o i n t e r n a l co m p l e x i t i e s a n d cont radi ct i ons: t h e re i s n o s i n g l e ‘ r i g h t a n swe r ’ , t h o u g h t h e re may be many i n ap p ro p r i a t e o n e s . T h e l e s s o n s we ca n l e a rn, t herefore , a re m e re ly u s e f u l a i d s fo r m a k i n g b e t t e r i n formed desi gn d e ci s i o n s , a n d fo r eva l u a t i n g t h e p ro s a n d co n s of al t ernat i ve d e s i g n i d e a s .”

“It i s general ly recogni sed t hat mi xed uses w i l l : Rei nforce he vi abi l i t y of cent res w i t h overl appi ng uses, provi di ng mul t i pl e reasons for peopl e t o go and st ay i n t he cent re , Al l ow peopl e t o make shor t w al ki ng t ri ps bet ween faci l i t i es rat her t han relyi ng on l onger car- based t ri ps, C reat e vi t al i t y and charact er i n a pl ace , Provi de t he oppor t uni t y for i ndi vi dual s t o l i ve and work i n cl ose proxi mi t y.”

“C ul t ural Val ue: for exampl e , bui l di ngs of speci al archi t ect ural or hi st ori c i nt erest ( ‘ l i st ed’ or anci ent monument s i n t he U K) . These may be of nat i onal or l ocal i mpor t ance . More mundanely exi st i ng names ( of st reet s, areas, fi el ds, farms) may have l ocal resonance and associ at i ons.”

Lynch, K. (1960). T he ima ge of the city. 1st ed. Cambridge , Mass.: MIT Press.

Cl ima te

“Zone w here t hrough t raffi c i s excl uded and t he qual i t y of t he l ocal envi ronment t akes precedence . Rout i nely achi eved i n new devel opment t hrough careful pl anni ng of road hi erarchy’s.”

Bar ton, H., Grant, M. and Guise , R. (2003). Shapin g neighbourhoods. 1st ed. London: Spon.

“ T h e co u n t r y’s h o t ( 3 5 o c ave r a g e ) a n d h u m i d cl i mat e , w i t h p l e n t y o f r a i n f a l l , h a s a l s o co n t r i b u t e d t o t h e product i on of a u n i q u e cu l t u r a l l a n d s cap e . P a r t i cu l a r ly i m p o r t ant for t he p ro ce s s o f p l a ce - i d e n t i t y co n s t r u ct i o n i s a r i ch supply of t i m b e r ; w h i ch h a s t r a d i t i o n a l ly b e e n u s e d i n t he bui l di ng of h o u s e s , m o s q u e s , s h o p h o u s e s a n d o t h e r b u i l d ing t ypes.”

“Envi ronment al i mages are the res ult of a two-way process bet ween t he obser ver and his env ironm ent. The envi ronment suggest s di st i nctions and relations , and the obser ver- w i t h great adapt abi lity and in light of his own purposes- sel ect s, organi zes, an d end ows with m eaning what he sees.”

“The i mage shoul d preferably be open-end ed , ad aptable to change , al l ow i ng t he i ndi vi dual to c ontinue to inves tigate and organi ze real i t y: t here should be blank s pac es where he can ext end t he draw i ng for hi m s elf.”

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S

L a nd Use

Ope n Spa ce

I de n t ity & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adapta bi li ty

“ I n s o ci e t i e s a s p i r i n g t ow a rd m o d e r n fo r m s of democracy, i n cre a s i n g m o b i l i t y – i n b o t h g e o g r ap h i c a n d s oci oeconomi c t e r m s – h a s b e co m e a s cr i t i ca l t o h u m a n e m anci pat i on as t h e m o re t r a d i t i o n a l l i b e r a l t o u ch s t o n e s o f ci vi l l i ber t y and e q u a l re p re s e n t a t i o n .”

“ T h e q u i n t e s s e n t i a l h u m a n a ct o f i n t e n t i o n a l mani pul at i on t h e d e s i g n o f s p a ce a n d p l a ce i s n o t h i n g i f n ot i nt i mat ely co n n e ct e d w i t h o t h e r s p e ci e s a n d t h e co n t e x t i n w hi ch we d we l l .”

“ T h e u r b a n l a n d s cap e t h a t we h u m a n s s h a re w it h ecol ogi cal s ys t e m s a n d p l a n t a n d a n i m a l h a b i t a t fo r m s o ur i dent i t y as i n d i vi d u a l s a n d b e co m e s t h e i m a g e o f t h e ci t y.”

“ A d ap t i ve d e s i g n i s a t e r m t o re fe r t o a n i n t e g rat ed, w hol es ys t e m , l e a r n i n g b a s e d ap p ro a ch t o t h e m a nagement of h u m a n e co l o g i ca l i n t e r a ct i o n s w i t h e x p l i ci t i m pl i cat i ons for p l a n n i n g i n t e r ve n t i o n s a n d re s u l t i n g d e s i g n fo r ms.”

“The desi gn of urban st reet s has oft en been domi nat ed by sol ut i ons t hat meet t he needs of mot ori zed t raffi c and t he perspect i ve of t he hi ghw ay/t raffi c engi neer, w i t h l i t t l e consi derat i on of ot her st reet act i vi t i es or t he cont ri but i ons of ot her professi onal s such as urban desi gners.”

“Bui l di ng form i s an i mpor t ant fact or i n generat i ng and underst andi ng densi t y.”

“Meet i ng t he needs of t he present w i t hout compromi si ng t he abi l i t y of fut ure generat i ons t o meet t hei r ow n needs.”

R ubbo, A. and Dhote , K .K . (2014) Inclusive urban ization: Rethinking policy, practice , and research i n t he age of climate cha nge . Edite d by K rishna Kumar Shre stha et al. London, United Kingdom: Rout l edge .

Pe r me a bil ity/Mo bi li ty

“ C o l l e ct i vi z a t i o n i s t h e b e s t m e a n s we h ave t o conser ve n a t u r a l re s o u rce s a n d s l ow g l o b a l w a r m i n g , s o a vi t al rol e o f e co l o g i ca l u r b a n i s m i s t o e n co u r a g e p e o p l e t o l i ve and h e l p t h e m t h r i ve i n ci t i e s . “

Carmona, M . (2014) Exploratio ns in urban de sign: An urban design research primer. Edi t ed by P rofes s or M atthew Ca rmona . London, United Kingdom: As hgate Publishing.

Cl ima te

M ostafavi, M., Dohe r ty, G. and Har v ard (2010) Ecological urbanism. Edited by Har vard U ni ver si t y. Z ür i ch, Switz erland: Lars M üller Publishers.

3 . 1 S e l e c t ed Quo te s

“C l i mat e change w i l l exacerbate exis ting v ulner abilities and i nequi t i es because t he i m pac ts of c lim ate c hange fall di spropor t i onat ely on t he poores t and m os t v ulner able members of soci et y.”

“Adapt at i ons need t o be unde r s tood as a politic al proc es s , one t hat const i t ut es and shapes the tr ajec tor y of s oc ial and pol i t i cal reproduct i on.”

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S

L and Use

Ope n Space

I de n t it y & Int e grat io n

Safe t y

A d apt abilit y

“G ood weat her i s one of t he most si gni fi cant cri t eri a for assuri ng t he ease of peopl e’s movement i n ci t i es. S everal cl i mat e fact or i nfl uence t he feel i ng of comfor t : ai r t emperat ure , humi di t y, w i nd chi l l and sol ar heat .”

The cent ral value o f urban value is t hat of publicness, o f peo ple fro m d ifferent gro ups m eet ing each other and o f peo ple act ing in co ncer t , albeit wit h debate . The m o st im po r t ant public places must be fo r pedestr ians , fo r no public life can t ake place bet ween people and aut o m o biles….public circulat io n syst em s should be seen as significant cult ural set t ings where t he city’s finest pro d uct s and ar t efact s can be d isplayed , as in the piazzas o f m ed ieval and renaissance cit ies.

“In l i vely, safe , sust ai nabl e and heal t hy ci t i es, t he prerequi si t e for ci t y l i fe i s good w al ki ng oppor t uni t i es. Wal ki ng i s t he begi nni ng. Man w as creat ed t o w al k, and al l l i fe event s l arge and smal l devel op w hen we w al k among ot her peopl e .”

“There must be an int egrat io n o f act ivit ies- living, wor king, sho pping, as well as public , spirit ual,and recreational act ivit ies-reaso nably near each o t her. The best ur ban places have a m ixt ure o f uses. The m ixt ure re spond to the value o f publicness and d iversit y t hat enco ur age local co m munit y id ent it y. What bring life t o an area is the life o f peo ple go ing abo ut a full range o f no rmal activities wit ho ut having t o get int o an aut o m o bile .”

‘ Wi t h ever y urban di st ri ct t here shoul d be a w i de range of uses. Di versi t y of use hel ps achi eve t he basi c goal of i ncreasi ng l ocal aut onomy. Mi xed used l ocal and di st ri ct cent ers rat her t han separat e zones.”

“In an urban enviro nm ent , build ings (and other objects t hat peo ple place in t he enviro nm ent ) sho uld be arr anged in such a way as t o d efine and even enclo se public space , rat her t han sit in space .”

“Peo ple sho uld feel t hat so m e o f t he enviro nment belong t o t hem , ind ivid ually and co llect ively, so m e par t for which t hey care and are ever respo nsible , whet her they own it o r no t . Urban enviro nm ent sho uld be an environment t hat enco urages peo ple t o express t hem selve s, to become invo lved .”

“ T h e go o d ci t y i s o n e i n w h i ch t h e co n t i nui t y of t hi s co m p l e x e co l o g y i s m a i n t a i n e d w h i l e p ro g ressi ve change i s p e r m i t t e d . By e co l o g y m e a n e l e m e n t s a re connect ed t h ro u g h a n i m m e n s e a n d i n t r i ca t e n e t wo r k , whi ch can be u n d e r s t o o d o n ly a s a s e r i e s o f ove r l ap p i n g l ocal syst ems, n eve r r i g i d ly i n s t a n t a n e o u s ly l i n ke d a n d ye t p ar t of a fabri c w i t h o u t e d g e s .”

Ge hl, J. (2010) Citie s fo r people . Washington, DC: Island Press

Pe r me a bil ity/Mo bi li ty

Larice , M . a nd M acDona ld, E. (eds.) (2012) The urban design reader. 2nd edn. New Yor k: Rout l edge

Clim at e

“What peo ple seek are sun-t raps. And t he absence of wind and d raft s are as crit ical fo r t hese as sun. In this respect , sm all parks, specially t ho se enclo s ed on three sid es, funct io n well. P hysically and psycho logically, they feel co m fo r t able .”

‘ The green i nfrast ruct ure or greenspace syst em i s t he essent i al backcl ot h t o urban l i fe , hel pi ng t o mai nt ai n t he nei ghbourhood ecosyst em i n equi l i bri um. The val ue of greenspace i s enhanced i f l i nked.’

“L ocal di st i nct i veness i s achi eved t hrough t he peopl e ( past / present ) and t he t ypes and pat t erns of act i vi t i es.”

“Feel i ng safe i s cruci al i f we hope t o have peopl e embrace ci t y space . In general , l i fe and peopl e t hemsel ves make t he ci t y more i nvi t i ng and safe i n t erms of bot h experi enced and percei ved securi t y.”

“The ci t y shoul d have a wel l - propor t i oned and i nvi t i ng ci t y spaces t hat i nspi res al l t ypes of act i vi t i es – fl exi bl e and fl eet i ng.”

M ontgomer y, C . (2013) Happy city : Transforming our lives through urban design. New Yor k, NY, U ni t ed S t at es : Fa rrar, Straus and Giroux.

3 . 1 S e l e c t ed Quo te s

“We were born t o move – n ot m erely to be tr ans por ted but t o use our bodi es t o propel us ac ros s the land s c ape . O ur genet i c forebears have b een walking for four m illion years.”

“It i s not at al l cer t ai n t hat a r us h bac k to ur ban d ens ity will produce bet t er l i ves t han di d s ubur ban d is per s al.”

“The ri ght t o t he ci t y cannot be c onc eived of as a s im ple vi si t i ng ri ght or as a ret urn t o tr ad itional c ities . It c an only be formul at ed as a t ransformed and renewed r ight to ur ban l i fe .”

“There i s a rash of st udi es und er way d es igned to unc over t he bad consequences of overc rowd ing. This is all ver y well as far as i t goes but i t only goes in one d irec tion. What about undercrow di ng? ”

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S

L and Use

Ope n Space

I de n t it y & Int e grat io n

Safe t y

A d apt abilit y

“CP ULs will be d esigned prim arily fo r ped estr ians, bicycles, engine-less and em ergency vehicles, so as t o allow healt hy veget at io n and varied o ccupation. The result ing near absence o f no ise , air and gro und po llut io n, and o f t he d angers fro m t raffic , i.e . accid ent s, wo uld m ake CP ULs no t o nly most appro priat e fo r agricult ural pro d uct io n, but also a perfect leisure d est inat io n fo r t he lo cal po pulation” “CP ULs will be pro d uct ive in vario us ways, o ffer ing space fo r leisure and recreat io nal act ivit ies, access ro ut es, urban green lungs, et c . But m o st uniquely, t hey will be pro d uct ive by provid ing o pen space for urban agricult ure”

“ N e t wo r k s o f o p e n s p a ce w i l l b e e s s e n t i a l i f ci t i es are t o re m a i n d e s i r a b l e a n d e nvi ro n m e n t a l ly sust ai nabl e . L a n d s cap e , l i ke b u i l d i n g s , w i l l b e co m e mul t i funct i onal , t h e re by e n a b l i n g b e n e f i ci a l e x ch a n g e s b et ween t he co n s t r u ct e d a n d n a t u r a l e nvi ro n m e n t s ”

“CP UL will allow high d iversit y, as it will benefit from d ifference and a new id ent it y t o enrich t he occupation and appearance o f it s vario us pro d uct ive and connective land scape elem ent s by recycling wast ed spaces of a cit y.”

“Urban agricult ure , t he pro po sed pro d uct ive element o f CP ULs, co uld t ake o n any shape and o ccupy vir tually any space in t he cit y. They co uld happen anywhere wit hin t he urban co nt ext , lead ing t o m any cities bo o st ing t he mult iple use o f t heir build space and keeping valuable inner-cit y space clear o f co nstr uction at t he sam e t im e .”

“A cool er ci t y i s one w here l i ght surfaces and veget at i on are combi ned t o creat e shade , refl ect sunl i ght and provi de cool i ng t hrough evaporat i on. U rban veget at i on combi ned w i t h l i ght and refl ect i ve surfaces, can reduce surface t emperat ures by 10- 20degrees.” “Encouragi ng resi dent s t o or cycl e not only reduces carbon emi ssi ons, i t bri ngs st reet s t o l i fe , bui l ds safer nei ghbourhoods and i mproves heal t h of ci t y i nhabi t ant s.”

“G reen space It shoul d be Prot ect i on of l ost duri ng el sew here on

i s par t i cul arly i mpor t ant i n dense urban areas. an essent i al par t of ci t y and si t e pl anni ng. open space i s al so i mpor t ant : an space redevel opment needs t o be real l ocat ed t he si t e or i n t he vi ci ni t y.”

Cuthbe r t, A .R. (e d.) (2003) Designing cities : Critical readings in urban design. 2nd edn. Mal den: Bl ackwel l Publishers

Pe r me a bil ity/Mo bi li ty

“CP ULwill be enviro nm ent ally pro d uct ive dealing no t o nlywit h lo cal fo o d , but also wit h issues such as greenho use gas (CO2) red uct io n, im proving air quality and air hum id it y, no ise filt ering and bio d iversity”

Pe lsmakers, S. (2015) T he enviro nme ntal de sign pocketbook. London, United Kingdom: RIB A Ent er pr i s es

Clim at e

Bohn, K . and Viljoen, A . (2014) Sec ond nature urban agriculture: Designing productive ci t i es. London, U ni t ed K ingdom: Routledge

3 . 1 S e l e c t ed Quo te s

“A ci t y can be defi ned as bec om ing m ore s us tainable if it i s reduci ng i t s resources i nputs (land , ener g y, water, and mat eri al s) and w ast e out put s (air, liquid and s olid was te) w hi l e si mul t aneously i mprov ing its liv ability (health, empl oyment , i ncome , housi ng, leis ure ac tiv ities ).” “The fut ure sust ai nabl e ci t y i s env is ioned as a multic entered ci t y ki nked by good- qual i t y tr ans it on r ad ial and or bital l i nes, w i t hi n t he cent ers, w alking-or iented c har ac ter is tic s woul d be favoured, and such new nod es would be loc ated to provi de work, shops and l ocal s er v ic es within bi cycl i ng di st ance or a shot , dem and -res pons ive loc al tr ans it t ri p of al l preset suburban areas .”

“I cal l t hi s re- nat ural i zed, re-enc hanted c ity, zooplis . The rei nt egrat i on of peopl e with anim als and nature in zoopl i s can provi de urban dweller s with the loc al, s ituated ever yday know l edge of ani mal life required to gr as p anim al st andpoi nt s or w ays of bei ng i n the wor ld , inter ac t with them accordi ngly i n par t i cul ar contexts , and m otiv ate politic al act i on necessar y t o prot ect their autonomy as s ubjec ts and t hei r l i fe space . S uch knowled ge would s timulate a ret hi nki ng of a w i de range of ur ban d aily life pr ac tic es that i mpact ani mal s and nat ure i n its d iver s e for m s .” “Ident i t y i s i nt i mat ely t i ed t o m em or y : both our per s onal memori es ( w here we have com e from ) and the c ollec tive or soci al memori es i nt erconnec ted with the his tor y of our fami l i es, nei ghbours, and et hnic c om munities . It is pos s ible t o enhance soci al meani ng i n p ublic s pac es w i t h proj ect s t hat are sensi tive to all c itizens and their di verse heri t age , and devel oped with public proc es s es that recogni ze bot h t he cul t ural and the politic al im por tanc e of pl ace .” “The ri ght t o t he ci t y has becom e inc reas ingly im por tant to t he consci ence of urban pl ann ing, whic h ac tively negotiates t he boundari es bet ween soc ial relations and s patial st ruct ures on behal f of t he st ate .” “The basi c di mensi on i n urban c hange is the c onflic tive debat e bet ween soci al cl asses and his tor ic al ac tor s over t he meani ng of urban, t he si gnific anc e of s patial for m s in t he soci al st ruct ure , and t he c ontent, hier arc hy, and d es tiny of ci t i es i n rel at i on t o t he entire s oc ial s tr uc ture .” In s hor t t he ci t y changes accordi ng t o the c hange of the interes ts and val ue of i t s act ors.”

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S

L and Use

Ope n Space

I de n t it y & Int e grat io n

Safe t y

A d apt abilit y

“ D e n s i t y n e e d s t o wo r k i n co n j u n ct i o n w i t h ot her co n d i t i o n s a n d ap p ro a ch e s s u ch a s m i xe d use , bui l di ng fo r m a n d d e s i g n , a n d p u b l i c s p a ce l ayo u t .”

“ T h e s m a l l s ca l e a dd i t i o n s h e l p t o re o r g a n i z e t he publ i c s p a ce a n d re fo r m a t i t i n t o a m o re f i n e g r a i n ed hi erarchy s u g g e s t i n g cl e a re r g r a d a t i o n f ro m p u b l i c , s e mi - publ i c and s e m i - p r i va t e t o p r i va t e s p a ce .”

“If pedest ri an proxi mi t y i s a t rue measure of empowerment , t hen i t woul d seen appropri at e t o t r y and achi eve as great a vari et y of uses and act i vi t i es w i t hi n reasonabl e w al ki ng di st ance of w here most peopl e l i ve .”

“C ombi ni ng urbani sm and nat ure i s an enormous chal l enge but fundament al t o t rue sust ai nabi l i t y. S o, fi ne grai ned mi xed use i s sought i n urban expansi on i n order for t hose envi ronment s t o be l i vely, safe , sensori ly ri ch, choi ce l aden, economi cal ly and spat i al ly effi ci ent and ecol ogi cal ly di verse; sust ai nabl e i n as far as t he bui l t envi ronment per se , can bel i evably be .”

“Publ i c space desi gn has become pat t erned around our expect at i ons of st andard fi gures i n t he envi ronment , i t i s a det ermi ni st i c response t hat t akes l i t t l e advant age of our i ncreasi ng know l edge of i ndi vi dual and group needs.”

Carmona, M., Oc , T., H eath, T. and Ties de ll, S. (2003) Public places - urban spaces: The di m ensi ons of ur ban design. B osto n, MA: Architectural Pre ss .

Pe r me a bil ity/Mo bi li ty

“ Fo r a ny p l a n n i n g d i s cu s s i o n s , u r b a n cl i m a t e resul t s have t o b e t r a n s l a t e d t o g e n e r a l p l a n n i n g a i m s i n t erms of t he we l l - b e i n g o f p e o p l e . t o w h a t e x t e n t d o d ense bui l di ng s i t e s a f fe ct t h e h e a t i s l a n d a n d t h e r m a l c ondi t i ons of o p e n s p a ce s , a n d w h a t p o t e n t i a l d o e s t h e co ncept have t o i m p rove t h e r m a l co n d i t i o n s a n d a i r m a s s e xchange—for e x a m p l e a l o n g ro a d s a n d p a r k s ? ”

M cG lynn, S. and Haywa rd, R. (eds.) (1993) Maki ng better places: Urban design now. Oxford: But t er wor t hArchite cture .

Clim at e

N g, E. (ed.) (2010) Designing high-d ensity c ities: For social and environmental sust ai nabi l i t y. Lond on: Ear thscan Publicatio ns

3 . 1 S e l e c t ed Quo te s

“L evel s of sunl i ght , shade , t em per ature , hum id ity, r ain, s now, w i nd and noi se have an i mpact upon our exper ienc e and us e of urban envi ronment s.”

“In response t o t he st eri l i t y prod uc ed by the func tional zoni ng pol i ci es and pract i ces of muc h pos t war planning and urban devel opment , t he mi xi ng of us es has bec om e a wid ely accept ed urban desi gn obj ect i ve . Areas m ay have m ixed us es i n ei t her or bot h of t wo w ays: by hav ing a m ix of s ingle-us e bui l di ngs or by havi ng bui l di ngs whic h eac h c ontain a m ix of uses ( e . g. l i vi ng over t he s hop). The latter is gener ally preferabl e .”

“Publ i c spaces shoul d al so be ‘res pons ive’ - that is , d es igned and managed t o ser ve t he needs of their us er s . They id entify fi ve pri mar y needs t hat people s eek to s atis fy in public space: ‘ comfor t ’ ; ‘ rel axat i on’ ; ‘pas s ive engagem ent with the envi ronment ’ ; ‘ act i ve engagement with the env ironm ent’; and ‘ di scover y’ .” “C oncept s of ‘ pl ace’ oft en em phas is e the im por tanc e of a sense of ‘ bel ongi ng’ , of emot i onal attac hm ent to plac e .”

“A sense of securi t y and safety is , therefore , an es s ential prerequi si t e of successful urban d es ign. Inc reas ed s ec ur ity has, however, oft en been at t ai ned by pr iv atization, and retreat from t he publ i c real m. In urban d es ign ter m s , pr iv atization usual ly ent ai l s t he cont rol of cer tain terr itor ies or s pac es by means of segregat i on ( such as phy s ic al d is tanc e , walls , gates and l ess vi si bl e barri ers t o exc lud e the outs id e wor ld and i t s percei ved t hreat s and challenges ) and als o by m eans of pol i ci ng st rat egi es and t he use of s ur veillanc e c am er as .”

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S 3 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua l itie s A sse ssment

Shading

Pedestrian Friendly

Mix of Uses

Public Space

Legibility

Active Edges

Robust Spaces

Human Comfor t

Cycling

Variety of Users

Urban Agriculture

Belonging

Passive Sur veillance

Resilience

Use of Vegetation

Walking Distances

Active Spaces

Biodiversity

Sense of Place

Mixed Use

Growth

Solar Gain

Legibility

Density

Community Engagement

Public v Private

Sustainability

Natural Ventilation

Connectivity

Interest

Well-being

Townscape

Pedestrian Friendly Streets

Diversity

Orientation

Block Structure

Vitality

Linked Network

Culture

Activity

Future Proof

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S 3 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua l itie s A sse ssment

C L I M AT E A N D EN V IRONMENT

PERMEAB ILITY/MO BILITY

L AN D U S E

O P E N S PAC E

It is one of the most impor tant environmental qualities which are to be considered. The climate and environment help to determine wellbeing and quality of life . Levels of sunlight, shade , temperature , humidity, rain, snow, wind and noise have an impact upon our experience and use of urban environments. (Carmona et al. 2003) A city can be defined as becoming more sustainable if it reduces its resources inputs (land, energ y, water, and materials) and waste ou tputs (air, liquid and solid waste) while simultaneously improving its legibility (health, employment, income , housing, leisure activities, accessibility, public spaces, and community). (Cuthber t, 2003)

Well connected, well linked place plays an essential role in creating good and permeable urban design of a city. Mobility can be considered as a link and a place and has to be increased in both geogr aphic and socio economic terms. Ever ything should be within reasonable walking distance -variety of uses and activity. When ever ything is within walking distance people of different community, different age group, different occupation, and different culture tend to interact more

After study and analysis of the work of famous urban designers it was found that mixed use urban design formâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image of a good city design and produce life for people staying there .The mix and well connected neighbourhood in which all activities such as living, working, shopping as well as spiritual and recreational activities are integrated with each other leads to good urban design.

Open space can be a green playgrounds public seating areas, plaza. Green space impor tant in urban areas .Public spaces and green are patterned around open space

Several climate factor influence the feel ing of comfor t: air temperature , humidity, wind chill and solar heat. (Gehl 2010). If cities are to invite peop le to walk and bicycle more as well as to develop lively and attractive ci ty areas, the climate between buildings is one of the most impor tant target areas. (Gehl 2010). Dense building sites affect the heat island and thermal conditions of spaces.Environmental impact at the global, urban, micro-urban and building scales. Special attention is paid to thermal impacts (internal and external temperature) and variables that affect human comfor t. Factors, which determine the thermal effects of users: changes in air movement,

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In terms of how linkage spaces are used in ever yday life , there is an urgen t need to foster the availability and appeal of public transpor t; both to increase choice for those people without guaranteed access to private cars, and also to reduce carbon emissions in the cause of co-dwelling with nature .â&#x20AC;? (Watson et al. 2007) Encouraging residents to reduces carbon emission, to life builds safer and improves health of (Pelsmakers, 2015)

cycle not only it brings street neighbourhoods city inhabitants

There should be shor t walking trips between facilities rather than relying on longer car based trips so live and work is in close proximity. Diversity of users helps achieve the basic goal of increasing local autonomy also encourage local community identity. Functional and zoning policy also plays an impor tant role . Fine grained mixed use is sought in urban expansion in order for those environments to be lively, safe , sensorily rich, choice laden, economically and spatially efficient and ecologically diverse; sustainable in as far as the built environment per se , can believably be . (McGlynn and Hayward, 1993).

space , public dense spaces

Open space provides recreational areas for residents and helps to enhance the beauty and environmental quality of neighbourhoods. It forms a place for group meeting of users and reintegration of people with nature , different communities, and different culture and meets needs of their users. In an urban environment, buildings (and other objects that people place in the environment) should be arranged in such a way as to define and even enclose public space , rather than sit in space . (Larice and MacDonald, 2012)

3.0 L I TE RAT U R E R E V I E W S 3 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua l itie s A sse ssment

I D E N TI TY AND IN T EG R AT ION

S AFETY

ADAP TAB I L I TY

It often means a feeling of belonging; local distinctiveness.it is based on an obser ver and his environment which leads to reorganizing the public spaces; reformatting it into more fine grained hierarchy. Variety of building forms, architectural design and age of buildings, mixed housing types, sizes and tenures, and a mix of intensity of uses, combined to sustain a wide range of activities in close proximity to each other, impar ting to each place its own unique character, identity and its sense of place .

Feeling safe is crucial in terms of both experienced and perceived security which can be achieved by privatization, segregation. Sur veillance is necessar y in terms of providing safety. Social relation and spatial structure-boundaries also helps to provide safety.

Adaptability is concerned with the capacity to be adjusted to suit new situations. Urban areas accommodate complex patterns of diversity, mixture and economic grain .These areas are flexible , movable , and refit able Adaptability requires redefining of time through shifting mind sets and reshaping of values.

Concepts of place often emphasise the impor tance of a sense of belonging of emotional attachment to place . (Carmona et al., 2003) Identity is intimately tied to memor y: both our personal memories (where we have come from) and the collective or social m emories interconnected with the histor y of our families, neighbours, and ethnic communities. It is possible to enhance social meaning in public spaces with projects that are sensitive to all citizens and their diverse heritage , and developed with public processes that recognize both the cultural and the political impor tance of place . (Cuthber t, 2003)

The design of streets and places can help to minimize crime and anti-social behaviours, making places and spaces feel safer, which in turn can build up and strengthen the physical, mental and social well -being of community members. Natural sur veillance can expand with a presence of pedestrians, the thoughtful design of housing, other buildings and public spaces. This helps improve safety and provide a feeling of safety. Well-designed and maintained p laces can make it easier for community members to meet and socialize in public places; it also enhances social capital and increase the probability of people feeling safe and secure .

City changes according to the change of interests and value of its actors (Cuthber t, 2003) Meeting needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need. (Carmona, 2014)The city should have a well-propor tioned and inviting city spaces that inspires all types of activities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; flexible and fleeting (Lynch, 1960)

4.0 C ASE STUDIES 4 .1 I n t rod u c t ion 4 .2 K h an You n is 4 .3 L e M ed i 4. 4 M ad la- Rev h eim Mas t er p lan 4 .5 Toa Payoh 4 .6 M as d ar D evelop m en t 4 .7 Hon g Kon g I FC 4 .8 C as e S t u d y Rat in g

4.0 C A SE ST U D I E S 4 . 1 I n t ro d u c t i o n

STAVANGER ROTTERDAM STAVANGER GAZA ABU DHABI

HONG KONG

SINGAPORE

F i g u re . 0 6 Wo r l d map s hows cas e s tud y location

4.0 C A SE ST U D I E S 4 . 1 I n t ro d u c t i o n

1 C A SE ST UDY

C rit er ia

As s es s m en t

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

C limat e Human Comfor t

Street Structure

Permeabilit y/Mobilit y Modes of Commute

Mix Use Blocks

2 I N DIC ATOR

Land U se

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• Are the streets well connected and permeable? • Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular? • Integrate public transpor t systems?

• What uses are mixed within the development? • Is the area active during day and night time? Vitality

Open Space vs. Built Form

O pen S pace

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form? • Linked and diverse types of green open spaces? Green Open Space Typologies

Local vs. Global Identity

Ident it y & Int egrat ion

• How much does the design respond to local culture? • Use of distinctive urban form and architecture? Legibility

Public vs. Private

S afet y

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges? Sur veillance

Robust Spaces

R AT IN G

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

Adapt abilit y Future Outlook

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces? • Account for future city growth and change?

4.2 K HA N YO U N I S C A M P 4 . 2 . 1 I n t ro du c t io n/Ove r vi ew

Arc hi t ec t : U n i t e d N a ti o ns R e li e f a nd Wo r k A g e ncy C l i e n t : P a l est i n ia n A utho ri ty

Reho using Sc heme

Loc at i o n : K h a n Yo uni s, G a z a D ate : 2 0 0 5 - Prese nt Si z e : 4 3 h a - F i g u re to ri se D e ns i t y : 7 0 0 p p h “Th e ref u g ee ca mps i n Pa l e stine are l i v i n g mo nume nts o f no nf u l f i l l ed h u m a n rig hts.” (UNRWA, 2007)

The rise of refugees in Gaza is the result of two wars in the area, the Arab Israel War in 1948 and The S ix Day War i n 1967. Since the mass influx of Palestinian refugees to Gaza the rise in population has created one of the highest densities in the world. Today the number of registered refugees in Gaza has hit 969,588 which accounts for 60% of the population and gives a density of 3,945 inhabitants per km2 (UNRWA, 2007). To provide housing for the refugees, initial tented accommodation was established. Over time this lead to more permanent structures made from brick and concrete to be formed, although permanent in their appearance the structures are still classified as illegal settlements. Throughout the developing camps many self-sufficient industries have begun to flourish, this coupl ed with the UNRWAs investment in education and health facilities has seen the community grow and expand.

Kha n Yo unis Refugee Ca mp

Figure .07 Map s hows location of R e fuge e ca m p in Ga za

From 1987 to 2005 Gaza saw two intifadas (popular uprisings) which saw the Israeli Defence Leagues systematic demolish par ts of the camps. This lead to international aid effor t from the UNRWA to propose a new framework for design to facilitate housing the people left homeless by the conflict. This case study highlights and analyses how the project aims to rehouse refugees that have been left homeless and star t a process of creating permanent residents for the remaining refugees in the illegal settlement. The project aims to provide clean water, electricity, health care and education facilities to its residents while also allowing for the

13/02/2017

Khan Yunis - Google Maps

Khan Yunis

Figure .08 Ce me nt block hous e s re place t ent ed refug ee camp.

Fig ure .09 APa lest inia n sea rches t hro ug h r ubble o f his dest royed ho m e hit by Isr a eli st r ikes in Ga za S t r ip, o n Aug ust 5,2014

Image capture: Mar 2016

Fig ure .10 kha n Yo unis new c amp ‫ﻣﺣﻣﻭﺩ ﺃﺑﻭ ﻏﺭﻗﻭﺩ‬

Photo - Mar 2016

Images may be subject to copyright.

4.2 K HA N YO U N I S C A M P 4 . 2 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

C li ma te

Criteria

Assessment

C om m en t s

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

• Building typologies allow the choice of spaces for a family to reside in.

Human Comfor t

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• Building typologies provide ample open space to allow cooling, this is common in middle eastern countries.

Street Structure

• Are the streets well connected and permeable?

Modes of Commute

• Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular? • Integrate public transpor t systems?

• Well connected street patterns that allow easy tran sition between the neighbourhoods.

Mix Use Blocks

• What uses are mixed within the development?

Vitality

• Is the area active during day and night time?

Open Space vs. Built Form

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form?

• Neighbourhoods have communal green space .

Green Open Space Typologies

• Linked and diverse types of green open spaces?

• Considered “community spaces” that are for the residents that surround it.

Local vs. Global Identity

• How much does the design respond to local culture?

Legibility

• Use of distinctive urban form and architecture?

• Separate family building typologies allows a continuation of the tradition of the refugees.

Public vs. Private

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

•Clear definition between public and private spaces

Sur veillance

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges?

• Community space are surrounded by residential units

Robust Spaces

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

Future Outlook

• Account for future city growth and change?

•Built to provide permanent residence for refugees but with the ability to facilitate the change of the occupants over time .

Pe r m e a b il ity/Mo bi li ty

L a nd Use

O p en Spa ce

I d e n t i t y & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adap ta bil ity

• All streets provide access for personal vehicles, limited number of official public transpor t systems as is typical in Palestine . • Ability to allow the expansion of local businesses to mimic the ones within the existing camps. • Poor diurnal cycle

•Low cost version of traditional architecture

•Phasing of the scheme allows future growth

Sco re

4.2 KHA N YO U N I S C A M P 4 . 2 . 3 A n a ly s i s

Figure 11. Land Us e

Figure 14. Routes

Figure 12.Green Networks

Figure 13. Growth

4.3 L E M E D I 4 . 3 . 1 I n t ro du c t io n/Ove r vi ew

Arc hi t ec t : G e u r st & Schul z e C l i e n t : C o m wo n e n R o tte rda m; Wo o nbron;

E RA C o nto ur

Loc at i o n : R o t t erda m, T he Ne the rla nds D ate : 2 0 0 8 Si z e : 1 . 2 h a D e ns i t y : 2 3 0 p p h (approx.) I N S E RT QU OT E H ER E

Le Medi is a walled block located to the West of Rotte rdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s city centre . The scheme takes design influence from cultures and urban design frameworks far from its actual location. The scheme is the work of Dutch architects Geurst + Schulze who have drawn from their travels in Nor th Africa to create a residential block that takes its composition from African roots but has a modern Dutch twist. The scheme accommodates 93 dwellings that share cour tyards and roof terraces. The walled perimeter of the block is open to the public throughout the day, but becomes private to its residents at night. The scheme is set up in a systematic approach that directly relates to how African communities live . As the user walks deeper into the architecture , the rooms and spaces become more private and secluded. A series of smaller streets lead to a central square that is lined by two rows of trees and a tranquil fountain. Directly off this square are smaller cour tyards that provide more private spaces for residents to gather for more intimate daily rituals such as praying and eating.

Figure .15 Mas te r plan Le Me d i

The brightly coloured facades provide a positive sensor y experience to the user, while at the same time enabling for a varied and interesting streetscape . The narrow street widths that are typical of African architecture to provide solar shading, have also proven to be a success in the cooler climate of Holland as they have helped to create a lively neighbourhood setting for residents to engage with one another. Figure .16 Stre e t characte r Le Me d i

Fig ure .17 Le Medi pro ject

Fig ure .18 Archit ect ure la ng u age of Le M e d i

4.3 L E M E D I 4 . 3 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

C li ma te

Criteria

Assessment

C om m en t s

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

• The schem e is o r ient a t ed wit h lo ng Ea st -West fa cing blo c k s to ensure o pt imum so la r g a in • The use o f a wa lled blo ck helps wit h so la r sha ding in t he Su mme r m o nt hs • S pa ces o f va r ying levels o f ‘pr iva cy’ ena bles co nt ro l o f co mfor t

Human Comfor t

Street Structure

• Are the streets well connected and permeable?

• S t reet s a re well co nnect ed t o exist ing ur ba n blo cks

Modes of Commute

• Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular?

• Blo ck is o nly o pen t o resident ia l a ccess a t g ro und level

Pe r m e a b il ity/Mo bi li ty

L a nd Use

O p en Spa ce

I d e n t i t y & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adap ta bil ity

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• Integrate public transpor t systems?

• ‘U ndercro ft ’ pa r king is ava ila ble fo r resident s t o pa r k t hei r c ars

Mix Use Blocks

• What uses are mixed within the development?

• This is a purely resident ia l schem e wit h 93 dwelling s in t o tal .

Vitality

• Is the area active during day and night time?

• Yes, dur ing t he day t he g a t es t o t he wa lled blo ck a re o pen . However a t nig ht t hey’re lo cked t o provide pr iva cy

Open Space vs. Built Form

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form?

• 80% U r ba n Fo r m + 20% Open S pa ce

Green Open Space Typologies

• Linked and diverse types of green open spaces?

• Open spa ces va r y fro m public rea lm spa ces, pr iva t e g a rden s an d ro o f t err a ces

Local vs. Global Identity

• How much does the design respond to local culture?

• The schem e is ro o t ed in Afr ica n a rchit ect ur a l desig n, b u t h as a m o der n dut ch t wist t o help co nnect it s fo r m wit h Ho lla nd.

Legibility

• Use of distinctive urban form and architecture?

Public vs. Private

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

Sur veillance

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges?

Robust Spaces

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

Future Outlook

• Account for future city growth and change?

• U nique a rchit ect ure fo r it s lo ca t io n

• The public squa re in t he cent re o f t he develo pm ent is o pe n to th e public , which co nnect s t o m o re pr iva t e spa ces • Yes t he public squa re is over lo o ked by t he fro nt o f re s i d e n ti al blo cks

• The na rrow int er na l st reet s enco ur a g e int er a ct io n b e twe e n resident s • Flexible spa ces providing va r ying deg rees o f pr iva cy a nd u s e s • This is a o ne o ff develo pm ent so m ay no t a cco m m o da te f u tu re g rowt h, but ca n be used a s a precedent

Sco re

4.3 LE M E D I 4 . 3 . 3 A n a ly s i s

Figure 19. Climate

Figure 22. Routes

Figure 20. Green Networks

Figure 21. Public v Private

4.4 M A D L A -R E V H E I M M A S T E R P LAN 4 . 4 . 1 I n t ro du c t io n/Ove r vi ew

Arc hi t ec t : M VR DV / Spa ce G ro up C l i e n t : S t av a n g er Ko mmune Loc at i o n : S t av a n g e r, N o rway D ate : 2 0 1 3 Si z e : 4 0 0 h a D e ns i t y : 8 8 0 p p h

I N S E RT QU OT E H ER E

Back in 2013 MVRDV + Space Group were asked to submit a masterplan proposal for the Norwegian town of Madla-Revheim, a small development area outside of Stavanger. The aim of the brief was to create a scheme that was self-sufficient and possessed high environmental qualities, w hile at the same time being capable of providing over 4000 homes. The demand for new homes was as a result of the growth and success of the offshore oil industr y in the region. This meant that ‘urban densification’ was necessar y in area that previously had little development, but due to its proximity to Stavanger soon become a pri me development site . The development site is spread across 400 hectares, with two clear zones defining the concept behind the Masterplan. The ‘Urban Zone’ accommodates the 4000+ new dwellings in a strip around the perimeter of the site , while a ‘Green Zone’ is located in the hear t of the development. The ‘Green Zone’ known as Madla’s Green accommodates large open green space , spor ts facilities, agricultural programmes and other community engaging activities.

Figure .23 Mas te r plan of Mad la

By defining two clear zones, the architect has created a unique scheme that focuses around a ‘green hear t’ that is easily accessible for all residents who live along the development strip around the perimeter of the site . This provides an inclusive and engaging atmosphere for all of its users, while at the same time encouraging a self-sufficient approach to a healthy lifestyle . Figure .24 Gre e n ope n are a in Mad le

Fig ure .24 S t reet view

Fig ure .24 U r ba n a g r icult ure

4.4 M A D L A -R E V H E I M M A S T E R P LAN 4 . 4 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

C li ma te

Criteria

Assessment

C om m en t s

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

Human Comfor t

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• Densification of building blocks to nor th of scheme , allows for optimum solar gain to the south • Large ‘Green Zone’ helps to create biodiversity and reduces CO2 emmisions • Focus on green open spaces create a vibrant and healthy lifestyle

Street Structure

• Are the streets well connected and permeable?

Modes of Commute

• Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular? • Integrate public transpor t systems?

Mix Use Blocks

• What uses are mixed within the development?

Vitality

• Is the area active during day and night time?

Open Space vs. Built Form

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form?

Green Open Space Typologies

• Linked and diverse types of green open spaces?

Local vs. Global Identity

• How much does the design respond to local culture?

Legibility

• Use of distinctive urban form and architecture?

Public vs. Private

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

Sur veillance

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges?

Robust Spaces

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

Future Outlook

• Account for future city growth and change?

Pe r m e a b il ity/Mo bi li ty

L a nd Use

O p en Spa ce

I d e n t i t y & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adap ta bil ity

• Streets are well connected, with a clear hierarchy of primar y + secondar y routes • Design favours pedestrian movement • The proposal does not specify the level of public transpor t in place • Prodominantly residentual blocks, with educational blocks in the ‘green zone’. • Yes the proposal mentions var ying level of community engagement throughout the day.

• 50% Urban Form + 50% Open Space • Open spaces var y from public realm, spor ts pitches, allotments, wildlife wetlands and SUDS

• The development allows for a unique character that combines the proposed urban qualities with the existing rural qualities. • Unique urban + green zones concept

• It is unclear from the proposal how public and private spaces are defined. • All public spaces are overlooked by built form

• Community engaging urban agriculture programmes are set up • Var ying typologies of open space provide flexible possibilities for var ying levels of engagement. • The surrounding context is ver y green and undeveloped.

Sco re

4.4 MA D L A -R E V H E I M M A S T E R P LAN 4 . 4 . 3 A n a ly s i s

Figure .25 Blue and Green Networks

Figure .26 Growth

Figure .28 Routes

Figure .29 Uses

Figure .27 Public v Private

4.5 TOA PAYO H 4 . 5 . 1 I n t ro du c t io n/Ove r vi ew

Arc hi t ec t : Ho u sing a nd Deve l o pme nt B o a rd C l i e n t : G over n m e nt o f Si ng apo re Loc at i o n : To a P ayo h, Sing apo re D ate : 1 9 6 4 Si z e : 1 4 0 h a D e ns i t y : 8 3 3 p p h “A h i g h ly de nse ci ty usua l ly do e s n o t h ave mu ch cho i ce but to ma ke e f f i c i en t u s e o f eve r y squa re inch o f i t s s c a rc e la nd. Ye t ci ty pla nne rs n ee d t o do thi s i n a way tha t do e s n o t m a ke the city fe e l cra mpe d an d u n - l i ve a ble ” (L e sso ns fro m S i n g ap o re , 2 013).

Singapore , with a population of over 5 million people in 710 square kilometres of land strives to achieve this. The city has gone to great lengths to manage the deman d and supply of land for present and future needs. A combination of long-term planning, responsive land policies, development control, and good design has enabled the city to have dense developmen ts that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing and at the same time are not overcrowded. Singapore star ted out as an immigrant city and is now home to various ethnicities. Even though it is a global city there is still a clear sense of cultural identity in the form of Chinese culture that can be seen in historic buildings and hawker stalls preser ved across the city. The case study deals with Toa Payoh, an established town with attractive housing and vibrant commercial nodes that have access to a diverse range of ameni ties. Toa Payoh town’s urban form follows a “checkerboard plan” in connecting the different residential areas with educational facilities, public spaces, civic centres, commercial areas and transpor tation hubs. “This variety in building mass, height, typologies and open space distribution breaks the monotonous and dense urban form.” (Lessons from Singapore , 2013) The Toa Payoh Town Park is at the south end of the town, provides a central green public open

Figure .30Master plan of Toa payoh space alongside the commercial hub and residential estates. Singapore in general is ver y hot and humid and this creates a biological diverse space that helps in cooling the surface temperature around it while at the same time making the city visually appealing. The concept of defensible space is employed in the residential areas to allow for the community to be actively involved in keeping the neighbourhood safe .

Fig ure .31 Open spca es

Fig ure .32 la ndscap o f To a payoh

4.5 TOA PAYO H 4 . 5 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

C li ma te

Criteria

Assessment

C om m en t s

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

Human Comfor t

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• C lim a t e o f S ing apo re is ho t a nd hum id a nd t herefo re im plem ent a t io n o f subt err a nea n levels is co m m o n t hro ug hou t th e cit y. • U se o f wa t er in public sculpt ures is co m m o n. • C o o ler sur fa ce t em per a t ures a nd reduced hea t -isla nd effe c t.

Street Structure

• Are the streets well connected and permeable?

Modes of Commute

• Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular? • Integrate public transpor t systems?

Mix Use Blocks

• What uses are mixed within the development?

Vitality

• Is the area active during day and night time?

• Thro ug h S ing apo re’s checker bo a rd pla nning , low-r ise blo cks a nd spa ces a re juxt apo sed wit h hig h-r ise resident ia l blo cks in a checker bo a rd pa t t er n t o g ive t he illusio n o f spa ce a nd m a ke th e hig h-r ise enviro nm ent less ha r sh. • Act ive m o st ly dur ing t he day.

Open Space vs. Built Form

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form?

• 46.5% Green cover, 53.5% Built Form.

Green Open Space Typologies

• Linked and diverse types of green open spaces?

• Bio lo g ica lly Diver se S pa ces. Ma ke na t ure pa r t o f ever yday l i fe t hro ug h t he int ro duct io n o f “ per va sive g reener y” .

Local vs. Global Identity

• How much does the design respond to local culture?

Legibility

• Use of distinctive urban form and architecture?

• Care has be taken to maintain historic par ts of the developent and implement chinese culture and at the same time intergrating foreign cultures.

Public vs. Private

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

Sur veillance

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges?

Pe r m e a b il ity/Mo bi li ty

L a nd Use

O p en Spa ce

I d e n t i t y & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

• A fully int eg r a t ed net wo r k o f pedest r ia n links a nd co m m erc i al ent it ies a t t r a nsit cent res help peo ple m ove a bo ut m o re co m fo r t a bly, enco ur a g e so cia l int er a ct io n, a s well a s pro m ote th e use o f public t r a nspo r t . • Public Tr a nspo r t is favo ured due t o t he clim a t e a nd is wel l int eg r a t ed.

• No t ver y clea r dist inct io n o f wha t belo ng s t o t he public an d w h at is pr iva t e pro per t y. • C a refully t ho ug ht o ut desig n o f spa ce ca n help peo ple livi n g i n hig h-densit y co m munit ies be less vulner a ble t o cr im e .

Adap ta bil ity

Robust Spaces

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

• The cit y pro m o t es o ut do o r / t em po r a r y a ct ivit ies t o t a ke p l ac e i n pa r ks a nd public spa ces. Spaces are adaptable .

Future Outlook

• Account for future city growth and change?

• U r ba n Pla nner s t a ke int o a cco unt t he fut ure g rowt h o f t h e c i ty, m a na g ing t he supply a nd dem a nd o f la nd.

Sco re

4.5 TOA PAYO H 4 . 5 . 3 A n a ly s i s

Figure 33. Land Use

Figure 34. Green Networks

Figure 36. Routes

Figure 37. Identity

Figure 35. Safety

4.6 M A SDA R D E V E LO P M E N T 4 . 6 . 1 I n t ro du c t io n/Ove r vi ew

Arc hi t ec t : Fo st e rs a nd Pa r tne rs C l i e n t : M a s da r-A bu Dha bi Future Energ y C om p a ny Loc at i o n : Ab u Dha bi, UA E D ate : 2 0 0 7 (ap p o i ntme nt) Si z e : 7 0 0 h e c t a re s D e ns i t y : 2 0 0 p p h “We st u d i e d the way a ni ma ls a dapt to a n d ex p l o it the ir e nvi ro nme nt. Ju st a s p en gui ns huddle to g e the r fo r w a r m t h i n the A rcti c , so c a m e l s h u ddle s to cre a te sha de i n t h e d e se r t. In Ma sda r Ci ty, ta ll b u i l di n g s w ill crow d to g e the r to p rov i d e sh a de in na rrow wa l k w ays , o p e n i n g s i n to co ur tya rds wi th fo u n t a i n s .” ( Fo ste r, 2011).

Masdar City is located 27 kilometers south- east to the city of Aby Dhabi, one of the most impor tant emirates in the United Arab Emirates. In response to recent pressing climatic concerns, sustainable urbanism is no longer a choice but a necessity. Gulf countries are largely dependent on fossil fuels for energ y supply. However, they have a favorable geographic conditions to use renewable solar energ y. The Gulf region has now star ted the process of ‘‘transition from a 20th Centur y, carbon-based economy into a 21st Centur y sustainable economy” (Masdar City, 2010). Masdar city was conceived as a self-sufficient city using climate responsive design strategies, renewable energ y sources and modern technologies. It also incorporates elements of traditional Arab city design that have been reinterpreted in a modern way such as the wind tower. The vision was “To make Abu Dhabi the preeminent source of renewable energ y knowledge , development, implementation and the world’s benchmark for sustainable development” (LAU, n.d.). The result was a city that should reduce carbon emission by 50% when compared to other cities in Abu Dhabi. The project aim to accommodate 40,000 residents

Figure .38 Mas te r plan of Mas d ar city

and 50,000 commuters. The design is pedestrian friendly with large green areas running through the site; the city actually operates without fossilfuelled cars and is dependent on a strong public transpor t system with links each 200m.

Fig ure .39 S ha ded o pen spa ces a nd na rrow st reet s

Fig ure .40 Green fing er s in mas te r p l an p e rs p e c ti ve

4.6 M A SDA R D E V E LO P M E N T 4 . 6 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

C li ma te

Criteria

Assessment

C om m en t s

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

Human Comfor t

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• The st reet layo ut fo llows a so ut hea st - no r t hwest a xis t o f ac i l i tate t he flow o f wind a nd a r a na rrow t o provide sha ding a t st ree t l eve l . Building s use GRC t o prevent so a lr g a in. • Pho t ovo lt a ic pa nels provide m o st o f t he elect r ivit y g e n e rate d wit hin t he cit y a lo ng wit h g eo t her m a l ener g y. • The desig n ensure t he crea t io n o f a n a t t r a ct ive envi ron me n t shelt ered fro m clia m t e .

Street Structure

• Are the streets well connected and permeable?

Modes of Commute

• Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular? • Integrate public transpor t systems?

Mix Use Blocks

• What uses are mixed within the development?

Vitality

• Is the area active during day and night time?

• The pro ject ha s a m ix la nduse wit h 62% resident ia l, 10% co m me rc i al , 10% co m munit y fa cilit ies, 7% o ffices a nd 4% lig ht indu s tr y, 7 % resea rcch. • The uses a re seg reg a t ed a cro ss t he sit e a nd m ixed no t ve r ti c al ly. However, a la r g e pro po t io n is resident ia l.

Open Space vs. Built Form

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form?

• 50% o pen spa ces t o 50% built fo r m .

Green Open Space Typologies

• Linked and diverse types of green open spaces?

• Three g reen fing er s r un t hro ug h t he cit y t o cha nnel preva il i n g w i n d . They a re co nnect ed t o sm a ller squa res. Ot her t ypo lo g ies cou l d h ave been invest ig a t ed.

Local vs. Global Identity

• How much does the design respond to local culture?

Legibility

• Use of distinctive urban form and architecture?

• It is inspired by t r a dit io na l a r a b cit y pla nning in t e rms of co m pa ct ness a nd m ix o f uses. It a lso respo nd t o cult ur a l n orms of pr iva cy wit h t he resident ia l building s having wavy fa ca des t o p reve n t direct view int o t he living spa ce . • The o pen spa ces a re desig ned t o t he im a g e o f t r a dit ion al arab co ur t ya rds. S o m e key la ndm a r ks a lso exist (ex.wind t ower ).

Public vs. Private

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

Sur veillance

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges?

Robust Spaces

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

Future Outlook

• Account for future city growth and change?

Pe r m e a b il ity/Mo bi li ty

L a nd Use

O p en Spa ce

I d e n t i t y & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adap ta bil ity

• The st reet net wo r k is ver y per m ea ble wit h a n int er sect io n al mos t ever y 100m . • The cit y is desig ned a s a ca r free spa ce . • The cit y is ea sily rea ched by a n under g ro und public t ran s p or t syst em (elect r ic buses, PRT, r a il, m et ro,)

• Their is a co nt ino us t r a nst io n fro m public t o int er na l pr iva t e s p ac e s wit hin co ut ya rds, • Public S pa ces a re over lo o ked a nd fro nt ed by co m m erci al e d ge s even in resident ia l a rea s.

Sco re

4.6 MA SDA R D E V E L O P M E N T 4 . 6 . 3 A n a ly s i s

Figure .41 Climate

Figure .42 Green Networks

Figure .44 Land Use

Figure .45 Routes

Figure .43 Landmarks

4.7 I F C , HONG KO N G 4 . 7 . 1 I n t ro du c t io n/Ove r vi ew

Arc hi t ec t : n / a Client: n/a Loc at i o n : H o n g Ko ng D ate : On go i n g Si z e : 7 0 0 Ha D e ns i t y : 6 8 0 p p h

“T h e resu l t i s a co mbi na ti o n of t o p -down pl a nning a nd bo t t o m u p so l uti o ns a nd ma rke t ne e ds, a u nique co l la bo ra tio n be t wee n p r ag ma ti c think ing a nd c o m p re h en s i ve ma ste rpl a nning, pl ayed o u t i n thre e -dime nsio na l s p a c e” ( S o l o mo n 2012) Hong Kong has a strategic location on the trade route between the East and the West which has largely contributed to its rapid economic and population growth. Hong Kong quickly attracted many immigrants from inland china hoping for better oppor tunities. 80% of Hong Kong area is composed of mountains and wetlands while only 20% is left of construction to host around 7,184,000 inhabitants. Therefore , in order to meet the increasing housing demand and to develop its economic prosperity despite the scarcity of land, the idea of “multistories building” was introduced to Hong Kong. The city is characterized by a three-dimensional pedestrian network composed of several ramps, escalators, walkways, suspended passageways “linking diverse population and activities through transi t” (El-Khour y & Robbins, 2013; p.111). It is possible to walk all day without ever stepping a foot on the actual ground. This phenomenon began in the 1960’s when a main developer of the region (Hong kong Land Company) built an elevated bridge connecting the second floor of a hotel to a nearby mall whi ch led to increased rent values since several levels acted as “new ground levels”. Soon, the government saw the elevated walkway as a good strateg y to separating pedestrian flow from vehicular traffic . (Frampton et. al, 2012). “The result is a combination of top-down planning and bottom up solutions and market needs, a

Figure .46( A ) Mas te r plan of IFC

unique collaboration between pragmatic thinking and comprehensive masterplanning, played out in three-dimensional space” as highlighted by Solomon (2012). Hong Kong became a “city with no grounds” which rendered it more exciting with the informal and unpredictable appropriation of th e network by the inhabitants.

Fig ure .46(B) Act ive st reet s in IFC

Fig ure .47 Public spa ce approp ri ate d by u s e rs

4.7 I F C HONG KO N G 4 . 7 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

C li ma te

Criteria

Assessment

C om m en t s

Local Climate Responsive

• Which morphological layers respond to local climate? •Implement energ y efficiency strategies?

Human Comfor t

• Ensure the design of agreeable spaces to be in?

• Desig n do es no t respo nd t o lo ca l clim a t e . •No ener g y efficiency st r a t eg ies however t he co m pa ct ness of th e desig n render it so m ehow efficient . • Disco m fo r t feeling fro m hig h hum idit y level, no ise a nd pol l u ti on o f vehicles, ur ba n hea t isla nd effect a nd low wind vent ila t ion .

Street Structure

• Are the streets well connected and permeable?

Modes of Commute

• Does the design favour pedestrian over vehicular? • Integrate public transpor t systems?

Mix Use Blocks

• What uses are mixed within the development?

Vitality

• Is the area active during day and night time?

Open Space vs. Built Form

• What is the percentage of green open spaces to built form?

Green Open Space Typologies

• Linked and diverse types of green open spaces?

Local vs. Global Identity

• How much does the design respond to local culture?

Legibility

• Use of distinctive urban form and architecture?

Public vs. Private

• Is there a clear distinction between private and public spaces?

Sur veillance

• Are all public spaces overlooked and fronted by active edges?

Robust Spaces

• Allow for temporary programs and spontaneous activities to take place? • Implement flexible layouts and typology of spaces?

Future Outlook

• Account for future city growth and change?

Pe r m e a b il ity/Mo bi li ty

L a nd Use

O p en Spa ce

I d e n t i t y & Inte g ra tio n

Sa fe ty

Adap ta bil ity

• A t hree-dim ensio na l eleva t ed pedest r ia n net wo r k link t he d i ve rs e a ct ivit ies a nd is sepa r a t ed fro m co ng est ed cit y st reet s. • Wa lking represent 45% o f t r a nspo r t m o des • The public t r a nspo r t syst em (buses, st reet ca r s, ferr ies, van s , t r a ins) cover s 48% o f cit y’s da ily t r ips.

• The uses fo und a re rela t ed t o co m m erce , indyst r y, t o ur ism , ho using , o ffices, leisure a nd t r a nspo r t a t io n. • The different uses a nd user s m a ke t he cit y a ct ive a ro und t h e clo ck. Also beca use o f sm a ll living spa ces, peo ple m eet o ut d oors .

• Beca use o f po pula t io n g rowt h a nd hig h dem a nd o f la nd, o p e n spa ce wit hin t he built a rea is ver y sm a ll (o nly 2sqm /per so n ) . • S o m e po cket pa r ks exist a lo ng t he wa t er fro nt but a re no t l i n ke d t o t he cit y’s na t ur a l enviro nm ent .

• The built fro m wit h it s t a ll building s ressem ble t he im a g e of oth e r g lo ba l cit ies such a s New Yo r k. The C hinese ident it y is a bit v i s i b l e a t g ro und flo o r wit h spa ce appro pr ia t io n by dweller s. • The cit y dem o nst r a t e a fo r m a l ur ba nism which reject t r a di ti on al no t io n o f leg ibilit y.

• There is no clea r dist inct io n since spa ce bo uda r ies a re blu rre d bet ween t o p-down pla nning a nd bo t t o m -up self-o r g a nizing s y s te ms . • Mo st spa ces a re fro nt ed by a ct ive edg es.

• Public space is very robust (sidewalks become workshops, malls become exhibition spaces, streets become restaurants...). • New forms of public space emerges because of “the absence of ground” and traditional notions of street and square. • Land is very scarce, growth is happening vertically with the shrinking of spaces.

Sco re

4.7 I F C HONG KO N G 4 . 7 . 2 E nv i ro n m e nta l Qua li ti e s

Figure .48 Adaptability

Figure .49 Green Networks

Figure .50 Land use

Figure .51 Landmarks

Figure .49 Routes

4.0 C A SE ST U D I E S 4 . 8 C a s e S t u d i e s R a ting

K A H N YOUN IS

LE MEDI

M AD L A- RE VHE I M

TOA PAYO H

M AS DAR

HO N G KO N G I F C

Fi gure .5 2 R at in g of c a s e s tu d y s

5.0 DESIGN PRINCIPLES 5 .1 C lim at e 5 .2 M ob ilit y / Per m eab ilit y 5 .3 L an d U s e 5 .4 O p en S p ac e 5 .5 I d en t it y / I n t egr at ion 5 .6 S afet y 5 .7 Ad ap t ab ilit y

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5.1 Climate

S HAD I N G Human comfor t becomes central to our design principles as without it the scheme fails to deliver on various other aspects of our scheme . The Masdar Development proposes alternatives to solar shading for pedestrians by allowing narrow streets and overhanging buildings to provide shade for the pedestrians below. This could also be achieved by providing subterranean streetscapes that can be seen within the Tao Payoh case study. Providing a lower level of street, you decrease the suns penetration to the pedestrians and therefore reduce the surface temperate of the street.

Fig ure .54 sun a nd sha de st u d y

Fi gure .5 3 ( A ) M asde r c i ty s o o q

Figure .53( B) Urban ve ge tation

When building in warmer climates, crucial steps are needed to ensure the principles of Urban Design are translated. As average temperatures in Lebanon exceed Britain key changes need to be made to ensure human comfor t and a healthy exploitation of the local climate is considered within design. Jan G ehl expresses this by saying: “Good weather is one of the most significant criteria for assuring the ease of people’s movement in cities. Several climate factors influence the feeling of comfor t: air temperature , humidity, wind chill and solar heat.” (2010).

Urban vegetation combined with light and reflective surfaces, can reduce surface temperatures by 10-20degrees” (2015).

By successfully combing these elements you can successfully reduce and facilitate a good standard of human comfor t, as expressed by Sofie Pelsmakers as “A cooler city is one where light surfaces and vegetation are combined to create shade , reflect sunlight and provide cooling through evaporation.

Beirut has an average daylight time of 8.2 hours and this can be used to reduce its impact on the environment. By providing renewable energ y alternatives in the form of integrated solar panels a large quantity if not all the energ y requirements for the residents can be achieved. “Collectivization is the best means we have to conser ve natural resources and slow global warming, so a vital role of ecological urbanism is to encourage people to live and help them thrive in cities” (Mostafavi, 2010). The Masdar City Development provides its residents with clean and free electricity due to its integration of a solar farm on the outskir ts of the development. Due to its scale , local and community scale alternatives

C O O L I N G / HE AT I S L AN D To fur ther increase levels of human comfor t within a development, systems of ventilation and air cooling can be applied. In Tao Payoh water is used within public gardens to lower the surface air temperate and encourage a natural convection current to draw in cooler and more dense air. This can also be seen within Masdar, with the use of two rivers strategically placed parallel to prevailing winds to draw in a constant stream of air that is cooled by the water and then distributed throughout the city. Masdar also incorporates traditional Persian wind catchers that allow a cool downward air flow due to direct wind entr y and upward warm wind flow due to temperature gradient. This provides cooling to street level by methods of natural ventilation.

Fig ure .55 Na t ur a l vent ila t ion i n c ou r ty ard

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5 . 2 Pe r m e a b i l i t y / Mo bi li ty

WE L L C O N N E C TE D S TRE E TS A development with well-connected streets allows a greater and more sustainable footfall to use the area. This is prominent when looking at the IFC in Hong Kong. A project that once star ted as creating a single link from a hotel to a shopping centre to increase footfall and move the pedestrian access away from the busy and unsafe streets of the city. Since then many streets in the sky have been added to allow an easy transition from building to building. During weekends these routes transform to accommodate many groups of people meeting and even setting up camp for the day due to the shor tage of open public space .

Fig ure .57 Dia g r a m shows stre e t c on n e c ti on

Fi gure .5 6 H on g Kon g Pe r m e a b i l i ty

Having a permeable development helps in many ways, it allows a well-connected street pattern to aid in a diverse number of routes to be available for pedestrians and vehicles to take which inevitably increases footfall which can promote business use and promote safety and vibrancy. Providing walkable blocks within the development is also key to the permeability of the scheme as it encourages users to walk and cycle opposed to using motor vehicles. This intern will reduce the number of vehicles on the site and enable greater safety and allow a vibrant street community to flourish. This concept is described by Gehl as: “In lively, safe , sustai nable and healthy cities, the prerequisite for city life is good walking oppor tunities. Walking is the beginning. Man, was created to walk, and all life events large and small develop when we walk among other people .” (2010). Walkable blocks also

promote core values of people and recognises our connection to a place through the act of walking, Montgomer y illustrates this as: “We were born to move – not merely to be transpor ted but to use our bodies to propel us across the landscape . Our genetic forebears have been walking for four million years.” (2014)

C L E AR HI E RARC HY O F S TRE E TS A clear hierarchy of streets allows for a development to be navigable for the public and less used roads can establish a sense of privacy. It is wor th noting that a hierarchy of streets does not indicate size of roads that are dominated by cars but of streets such as high streets and residential. Carmona touches on this when saying: “The design of urban streets has often been dominated by solutions that meet the needs of motorized traffic and the perspective of the highway/ traffic engineer, with little consideration of other street activities or the contributions of other professionals such as urban designers.” (2013)

Fig ure .58 dia g r a m shows how c l e ar i s s tre e ts

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5.3 Landuse

“There must be an int egrat ion of ac t iv it ies - liv in g, wor kin g, s h op p in g, as well as p u b lic , s p ir it u al, an d rec reat ion al acti vi ti e s - re a s o n a b ly near each ot her. The best ur b an p lac es h ave a m ix t u re of u s es . Th e m ix t u re res p on d t o t h e v alu e of p u b lic n es s a n d d i ve r s i ty th a t enc ourage loc al c ommunit y id en t it y. Wh at b r in gs life t o an area is t h e life of p eop le goin g ab ou t a f u ll r an ge o f n o r m a l a cti vi ti e s wit hout having t o get int o an au t om ob ile .” ( L ar ic e et al. 2 0 1 2 )

RE D U C I N G RE L I AN C E O N P U B L I C / P RI VATE M E THO D S O F TRAN S P O RTATI O N A healthy level of mixed use in a redevelopment will also reduce the need for public or private transpor tation. Masdar Development while providing subterranean transpor t facilities, actively promotes walkability within the streets as a vibrant, comfor table street scene is created.

400m

Mixed Use

800m Fig ure .60 Wa lking dist a nce w i th i n 4 0 0 m

Fi gure .5 9 N oM a st orey p a r k , Wa s h i n g to n D C

Creat ing a vibrant, safe and identity driven community within a new development requires several integrated processes. Ng obser ves this by commenting: “Density needs to work in conjunction with other conditions and approaches such as mixed use , building form and design, and public space layout.” (2010). A prominent deign driver in achieving such, is the ability to create a place with a diverse land use . This is successful in allowing an area to facilitate active edges which provides a level of safety, it allows a prominent streetscape to be established due to the level of mixed community integration and it also promotes a reduction in the reliance of pubic and private transpor tation methods as reduced distances between several ser vices are needed. A vibrant streets culture is essential to not only to the existing culture of Arab cities but also for the communities of Syrian origins, which is heavily centred around streets being an area of community through markets , restaurants and religious interaction. Bar to n makes note of this process by saying: “It is generally recognised that mixed uses will: Reinforce the viability of centres with overlapping uses, providing multiple reasons for people to go and stay in the centre , allow people to make shor t walking trips between facilities rather

than relying on longer car-based trips, create vitality and character in a place , Provide the oppor tunity for individuals to live and work in close proximity.” (2003). This is also the reinforced by Mcglynn as: “…fine grained mixed use is sought in urban expansion in order for those environments to be lively, safe , sensor y rich, choice laden, economically and spatially efficient and ecologically diverse; sustainable in as far as the built environment per se , can believably be .” (1993). An example of a project that integrates a level of self sufficient local businesses, op en space and residential accommodation is Khan Younis. This new development looks past the need simp ly for housing refugees but allows spaces to be expanded into to integrate markets, shops and open space as these were characteristics that were deemed essential to community and identity development. This is present within the Madla-Revheim scheme as it offers a level of mixed use within the residential quar ters ensuring the streets have a variety of use that have a strong diurnal cycle . Alongside the integration of mixed use and residential it also promotes the connectivity of schools and open spaces to provide a level of comfor t and relaxation around educational facilities, inevitably helping to

S AFE TY Mixed use developments are also ver y successful in providing safety through its use of active edges to ensure that the street is overlooked and a level of security is maintained. Camona explains how this can be possible in a development by giving two examples as: “Areas may have mixed uses in either or both of two ways: by having a mix of single-use buildings or by having buildings which each contain a mix of uses (e .g. living over the shop). The latter is generally preferable .” (2003). Within our redevelopment scheme I believe this to be one of the most impor tant aspect of our design qualities, as the safety of the new occupants is essential in allowing an organic identity and community to be created.

Fig ure .61 Mixed uses in seve ral l eve l s

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5 . 4 Op en S p a c e

“There must be an int egrat ion of ac t iv it ies - liv in g, wor kin g, s h op p in g, as well as p u b lic , s p ir it u al, an d rec reat ion al acti vi ti e s - re a s o n a b ly near each ot her. The best ur b an p lac es h ave a m ix t u re of u s es . Th e m ix t u re res p on d t o t h e v alu e of p u b lic n es s a n d d i ve r s i ty th a t enc ourage loc al c ommunit y id en t it y. Wh at b r in gs life t o an area is t h e life of p eop le goin g ab ou t a f u ll r an ge o f n o r m a l a cti vi ti e s wit hout having t o get int o an au t om ob ile .” ( L ar ic e et al. 2 0 1 2 )

O P E N S PAC E V B U I LT FO RM Case studies and literature reviews have been utilised to establish the ratio of built form to open space . Due to the high density of our site it is crucial that we remember the impor tance of green and blue spaces within the urban fabric . The Environmental Design Pocket Book talks about how in an ideal world all urban design projects should ‘allocate 30%-50%’ of a site to open space (S.Pelsmakers, 2015). With this in mind we were initially keen to accommodate 35% of our site to open space . However, from analysing similarly dense case studies such as Toa Payoh, Singapore we believe the percentage of green space may have to decrease to around 20%. This is still in keeping with the minimum of 15% stated in the The Environmental Design Pocket Book.

80%

20% Fig ure .63 The r a t io bet ween op e n s p ac e an d b u i l t form

Fi gure .6 2 O p en sp ace i s o n ly s tre e ts n e two r k

Jen Gehl describes open space as a ‘green infrastructure’ and how it is ‘the essential backcloth to urban life’. This highlights Gehl’s and many other urban designers’ belief in the impor tance of creating and preser ving open space within the urban fabric . As cities continue to grow we as designers must priori tise the impact this urban densification will have on its resident’s mental and physical health. Achieving an 80/20 split for Urban and Green zones will be beneficial to both the economic viability of our scheme and also the environmental impact on its re sidents. Urban Green spaces are impor tant to suppor ting the biodiversity of a place and encouraging a healthy lifestyle for its users. The methodologies used for green spaces evident in our Masdar and Stavanger case studies have helped our green zoning concepts evident in our Masterplan. However, we did not think it was practical to achieve the 50/50 urban to green split that Masdar could potentially achieve . While the climate of our site may not match these case studies we will look to plant similar green zones throughout our scheme . From these ex amples we will look to incorporate features such as pocket parks, urban agriculture plots and public realm spaces that can be used for a variety of different activities and community programmes.

Trees and other forms of vegetation are crucial to create a positive eco-system and help to balance out the emissions created from the dense urban environment. Gehl talks about how trees ‘clean the air, define the city space and help accentuate impor tant sites’. We believe this is an impor tant concept that we wanted to implem ent into our design scheme . Trees are not only used as markers to line streets but they should also be used to create a positive micro-climate . Just as the Lebanese flag shows a green Cedar tree , we too would like to celebrate the use of vegetation in our scheme . Trees in Lebanon have to be fairly self-sufficient and robust to sur vive in the humid and dr y climate . Popular trees in the city of Beirut often include Ficus and Pine trees. These large trees often provide a source of shade in urban city blocks, which provide pockets of cool air in the otherwise hot Lebanese climate .

U RB AN AG RI C U LTU RE The growing of food within an urban community encourages its users to engage with one another while at the same time creating a healthier and more self sufficient lifestyle . Bar ton talks about how urban agriculture also helps to ‘suppor t local vitality’ of a place , with a par ticular focus on growers and local shops that sell the produce (Bar ton, 2003). This shows that urban agriculture not only has a positive effect physically on its users but also on the local economy. Local food growing also helps to improve access to food and reduces the unnecessar y transpor t of food, hence fur ther reducing traffic .

Neighbourhood Individual

Distric

Fig ure .64 Provide g reen spa ces on d i f fe re n t l eve l s

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5 . 5 I d e n i t y / I n t e g ra ti o n

L O C AL V I N TE RN ATI O N AL I D E N TI TY Identity at a local scale is one that is impor tant to its residents and ever yday users as it provides a sense of belonging and ownership toward a cer tain place . A strong local identity helps to create a vibrant and diverse community in which identity and culture are celebrated in features such as public events, common building materiality and the provision of flexible spaces. Global identity is impor tant to a places economy, tourism and the feeling of belonging that the user can relate too. Urban design qualities such as landmark buildings help to create a global identity that is both connected to the places local identity and also provides a recognisable link to people around the world. Fig ure .68 lo ca l ident it y vs gl ob al i d e n ti ty

Fi gure .6 6 L e M edi f ac a d e s c o l o u r i n g

Figure .67 tunne l work are a frame from the o t her spa ce

Identity is intimately tied to memor y: both our personal memories (where we have come from) and the collective or social memories interconnected with the histor y of our families, neighbors, and ethnic communities. It is possible to enhance social meani ng in public spaces with projects that are sensitive to all citizens and their diverse heritage , and developed with public processes that recognize both the cultural and the political impor tance of place . P.72 Designing Cities – Alexander Cuthber t

sense ownership and pride within the community that they live .

Cuthber t talks about how ‘identity is intimately tied to memor y’ but what urban design features make a place memorable (2003)? The identi ty of a par ticular place provides its users with a sense of belonging and just as Jacobs talks about identity ‘encouraging people to express themselves’ it also helps to create a vibrant urban setting (Jacobs, 2012). The identity of a place is relative at both a local and national scale . Architectural features such as landmark buildings or historic connections provide identity at a national scale and can sometimes act as a magnet that draws people to an area. However local identity is also evident locally with elements such as names of ‘streets, areas, fields and farms’ which just as Bar ton talks about provide ‘local resonance and associations’ (Bar ton, 2003). It is this local scale that gives its users a

The Khan Younis case study highlights how a unique mix of identities can be merged together when in crisis such as war or natural disasters. The scheme uses a Palestinian urban morpholog y but its users are from Israel fleeing the war torn Gaza Strip. We have looked at this case study as our project looks to deal with refugees coming into the already over populated Lebanon, with a par ticular focus on how an identity is formed away from its original location.

L E G I B I L I TY Legibility is the environmental quality that makes a place understandable and easy to navigate for its users. Legibility must respond to two different perspectives of view; the first is the physical form of an urban design footprint and the second is the ability to grasp the urban form without much regard for the physical form. Traditionally urban legibility was much simpler achieve , meaning that the most impor tant public buildings were often accommodated in the large open public spaces. We have looked at an example of this in our Le Medi case study where the scheme is centred around a large public open space . This helps to make legible routes through the scheme with all street connecting in the centre with then more private routes and building uses linking off the public square .

Fig ure .69 U nder st a nding pla c e make i t n av i gab l e

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5 . 6 S a fet y

P U B L I C V P RI VATE Within a dense urban environment, we as designers have the power to control how public and private space is implemented and perceived. Buildings and other elements of the built environment can be manipulated in manner that ‘defines and even encloses public space’ (Allan, 2013). A good balance between private and public space is one that answers to the users need for privacy within the immediate vicinity of homes but also offers oppor tunities for interaction and enjoyment with other people . Our case study in Stavanger highlights how public open space is available in the hear t of the development that is easily accessible to all users and offers a wide mix of open space typologies. However more private space is offered closer to the residential dwellings along the urban perimeter strip of the development.

Fig ure .71 The rela t io n bet wee n p u b l i c an d p ri v ate

Fi gure .7 0 A ct ive edge s i n m a s d e r c i ty

It is impor tant for all users of our scheme to feel safe within the environment in which they live . Just as Carmona mentions how safety is ‘an essential prerequisite of successful urban design’ we too will look to provide safe places for people to live (Carmona, 2003). The driving concept behind our proposal looks to deal with the large numbers of refugees in Lebanon as a result of the war in Syria. The refugees are causing much of the countries Capital Beirut to become overcrowded, meani ng many are living in cramped and unsuitable accommodation. While this overcrowding is having a negative effect o n the refugees, it is also causing tension between the Lebanese locals. The Younis Khan case study in the war torn Gaza Strip is an example we have looked at how best to resolve tensions and provide safety between two groups of people . As a result, we will look to provide a safe and inclusive community design that deals with some of these tensions between the two different cultures and groups of people .

PAS S I VE S U RVE I L L AN C E By providing active edges along a varied building use streetscape we will look to achieve optimum passive sur veillance throughout the day and night. As a result, we will look to create a lively community that is inclusive and engaging with one another, as opposed to a neighbourhood that is similar to a cul-de-sac design and has high levels of crime . For example , the Le Medi scheme in Rotterdam utilises an Arab street design of narrow streets which in some environments might be deemed unsafe . However, by designing active front facades with doors and windows overlooking the street below, this creates optimum passive sur veillance while at the same time creating an engaging neighbourhood for people to live .

Fig ure .72 Pa ssive sur veilla nc e

5.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S 5 . 7 Adap t a b i l i t y

RO B U S T S PAC E S Robust Spaces should allow for temporar y programs and spontaneous activities to take place and implement flexible layouts and typolog y of spaces. This can be seen in the case study of Gaza where the refugees are provided permanent residence but with the ability to facilitate the change of the occupants over time . Flexible spaces providing var ying degrees of privacy and uses can be obser ved in the case study of le Medi at Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Public space can be ver y robust (sidewalks become workshops, malls become exhibition spaces, and streets become restaurants) as visualized in case study of Ifc Hongkong at Dubai. Fig ure .74 Ro bust spa ce

Fi gure .7 3 Pu b lic sp ac e u s e d a s s h e l te r s

Adaptability is able to change , accommodate and adjust in complex patterns of diversity, mixture and economic grain .These areas are flexible , movable , and refit able . The idea of adaptable becomes known to all in response to pressures of climate change , population movement, economic volatility and war. These c hanges have a wider impact on urban settlements from the more abstract ideas of the perception and experience of place to planning more concrete urban infrastructure from bu ildings, ser vices and movement systems. In case of Lebanon, the Syrians refugees come and reside there . They come from different cultural background and di versity tr y to adjust in the new city. Jan Gehl obser ves that “The city should have a well-propor tioned and inviting city spaces that inspires all types of activities – flexible and fleeting” (2010). Kevin Lynch notes that “The image should preferably be open-ended, adaptable to change , allowing the individual to continue to investigate and organize reality: there should be blank spaces where he can extend the drawing for himself.” (1960).

FU TU RE O U TL O O K We need to also look whether the city adopts the future growth and change which will take place over years. This can be done by leaving surrounding context ver y green and undeveloped as seen in case study of Madla-Revheim, Norway. For Tao Payoh, Singapore , urban planners take into account the future growth of the city, managing the supply and demand of land. In Khan Younis, Gaza, planning of the scheme is done in phases which account for future city growth

Fig ure .75 Fut ure o ut lo o k

6.0 ARAB CITY MODEL ANALYSIS 6 .1 Tr ad it ion al Ar ab C it ies 6 .2 P hy s ic al Relat ion s h ip s 6.3 C lim at e Res p on s ive D es ign 6.4 D u b ai S u s t ain ab le M od el S t u d y

6.0 A RA B CI T Y M O D E L A N A LYS IS 6 . 1 Tr a di t i o n a l A ra b Ci ti e s

Islami c cities were not built according to a precise plan but rather developed in an organic and informal way; the different individual buildings combined naturally to form a larger structure because of similar underlying structuring principles. Like any other city, Arab city’s morpholog y is affected by both geographical determinants (climate and topography) and cultural determinants (customs and religious beliefs). Traditiona lly, there is a close relationship between what is built and what is believed, between the physical patterns of the city and the social and religious practices of the inhabitants.

Aerial View of traditional Arab City in Morocco, Fez

The model of “Islamic city” goes back to 622 CE, when cities in Saudi Arabia star ted to follow Islamic design guidelines by interpreting religious texts and extracting concepts such as priva cy, respect of neighbor, modesty and love for nature (Bianca, 2000). Islam did not prescribe precise design principles but provided a matrix of behavioural archetypes that were translated to physical patterns.

Arabs are known for their long tradition of climate responsive urbanism with compact buildings, narrow winding streets, shaded paths, cour tyard buildings and the use of vegetation and water to create cool micro-climates (Salat, 2010). The following pages will expand on these qualities.

6.0 A RA B CI T Y M O D E L A N A LYS IS 6 . 2 Phy s i c a l R e la shi o nships

In Islamic cities, there is a clear distinction between public and private realms. The mosque ( “Jami”) is the key public core , embraced by markets (“Souqs”) that usually expands in a linear way along major routes. The street networks are kept to the minimum needed to connect the city’s main access points (traditionally the city’s gates) to the markets and to provide accesses to the residential quar ters. The access from the public spaces to the private residential areas is twisted and “broken into successive hierarchical sections” to filter circulation gradually and to ensure privacy (Bianca, 2000). The private residential areas are s hielded off from public spaces and protected against visual intrusion from the streets. Within residential quar ters, privacy was also ensured by having small elevated windows facing the st reet and by having the living spaces facing the inner cour tyard. Never theless, the streets felt safe because there was a general understanding between residents of the ownership of each space . Also, resident were orga nized in harmonious communities where mutual respect was key.

Figure .77 Physical Relashionships in Traditional Arab Cities

Figure .78 Street Hierarchy

Today this is no longer the case with cities accommodating more and more diverse people from different backgrounds and cultures. Having active streets and passive sur veillance is impor tant to create safe neighborhoods. Privacy can still be ensured by filtering people gradually into residential areas and shielding windows with trees for example .

Mosque

Communal Gathering

Commercial

Neighbourhood Gathering

Residential

Family Gathering

Gates Primary Routes Secondary Routes Tertiary Fingers

Figure .79 Open Space Hierarchy

Figure .80 Levels of Interaction

6.0 A RA B CI T Y M O D E L A N A LYS IS 6 . 3 C l i m a t e R e spo nsi ve De si g n

Streets

Open Space / Vegetation

In traditional Arabic cities, the street patte rns are hierarchical with a high contrast between main thoroughfares and house accesses.

In Arab cities, open spaces need to provide a comfor table environment for dweller s by creating cooler micro-climates. Vegetation is commonly employed to ensure shading, filtering and cooling of air. Vegetation is practiced in layers so that plants sur vive the hot climate: tall palm trees shade lower fruit trees which in turn shade shrubs and flowerbeds (Bianca, 2000).

Streets are usually oriented in the direction of wind to ventilate the streets naturally; the streets are designed to “breath’. Streets are also narrow with streets dimensions of 3.5m for the public busy streets and of 1.4m for the private alleys (El Kor tbi, 2000). The W:H ratio is usually 1:5 in Arabic cities to ensure shading. Buildings The cour tyard building is the favoured typolog y in Arab cities because of its introver ted character that answer privacy concerns. Also, cour tyard buildings are environmentally responsive in hot areas as they act as collector of cool air at night and source shade in daytime providing thus human comfor t ( Tabesh, 2015).

Gardens take an impor tant aspect in Islamic city design and are associated with the Qur’anic image of paradise por traying abundant water, fruit trees and shaded spaces where believers can relax and enjoy the beauty of nature . There was an economic , aesthetic but also a religious incentive to plant: by cultivating the land, one is “vivifying a dead land” which is a good act (Bianca, 2000).

Figure .81 Environmental Quality of Cour tyard Buildings

Figu re .82 Shading in Narrow Streets

Figure .83 Shading in Wider Streets

Figure .84 Planting Technique - Layering

6.0 A RA B CI T Y M O D E L A N A LYS IS 6 . 4 D u b a i S u s t a ina bl e Mo de l Study

Dubai urbanization process was driven by economic goals and housing necessities which compromised not only the environment but also the i dentity of the countr y with a skyline not ver y different from any other global city. This is linked to the planning decision-making system following a “neopatrimonialism” model in which decisions are based on the closely linked interests of the state and the private sector resulting in a city that is a pure “spati al expression of economic strateg y” (Pacione , 2005; p.264). Many scholars have discussed the principles of sustainable urban forms. For Wheeler, these principles are “compactness, contiguity, connectivity, diversity and economic integration” while for others such as Jabareen sustainability can only be achieved through high-density development centred around di versity, mix of landuse and multiple transpor t modes. When reading sustainable urbanism literature , it becomes clear how the aim is to propose principles that work universally and which could be applied theoretically to all cities (Al awadi, 2016; p.257). However, the implementation of any of these principles should be conte xt dependent since urban form must respond to geographical, cultural and socio-economic specif icities. Most of the literature originates from Western ideologies which convey a ver y different conte xt and set of beliefs to Arab cities. A study done by Alawadi in 2016 aimed at rethinking Dubai’s urbanism to understand which “form-based urba n design strategies can most effect ively deliver greater environmental, social, and economic coherence for an integrated sustainable neighborhood” as the author claimed. The method used to generate the conceptual model was the Delphi, a structured communication technique which relies on a panel of exper ts who have to answer multiple rounds of questioning. The exper ts were selected from the regional context of the Middle-East for the reason stressed above . The result was eight principles to achieve a sustainable neighborhood: “compactness, connectivity, diversity, culturally relevant urbanism and climate-sensitive urbanism, green space , circular metabolism with eco-balanced design applications and adaptability” (Alaw adi, 2016; p.358). However, one should be aware , that to implement these strategies, they should be suppor ted by planning guidelines.

C on c lu s ion By studying the case of Dubai several conclusions can be drawn. The design strategies recommen ded by “Arab exper ts” confirm the validity of concepts found in western literature to a great degree . However, it is clear how recommended design guidelines cannot be simply applied as is anywhere; they are always context dependent and should be adapted and “tailored” to respond to political, economic and cultural values of each place .

6.0 A RA B CI T Y M O D E L A N A LYS IS 6 . 4 D u b a i S u s t a ina bl e Mo de l Study

C om p ac t n es s :

Alawadi’s S t udy into und erstanding wh i c h “ fo r m - b a se d u r b a n de si g n str a te g i e s c a n m o s t e f fe c t i ve ly d e l i ve r g re a t e r e nv i ro n m e n t a l , s o c i a l , a n d e c onom ic c oh erence for an integrate d su sta i n a b l e n e i g h b o r h o o d” i n D u b a i p ro du c e d f i ve m a i n p r i n c i p l e s a n d t h ey a re a s fo l l ow s :

Exper ts suggested that a sustainable Dubai is a compac t city that promotes densification, proximity and diversity of uses and accessibility. A compact form would have many benefits such as reducing heat gain, facilitating passive cooling strategies, increasing oppor tunities for social interactions and community building, suppor ting different type of modes of transpor t. However, some challenges may arise from cultural norms that favour large spaces knowing that usually men live in the same proper ty as the family when they get married by building an extension to the family’s house; so big families need large lands to live together. Also, Dubai’s development has favored the “monumental” and the spectacular, going back to the compact

C o n n ec t i v i t y:

Diversit y :

C u lt u r ally relev an t u r b an is m :

C lim at e- s en s it ive u r b a n i s m :

Street and blo ck typolog y: Dubai’s current road network consist of multi-lane highway with ver y few intersections per square ki lometre . Exper ts recommended that urban blocks’ size should be between 85 and 121m to enhance permeability.

Dubai’s spatial expression is characterized by fragmentation which resulted from housing policies and economic strategies; Dubai does not mix the housing of expatriates (driven by the private sector in the so-called “free zone” areas) and the local population (housed in low density suburban neighborhoods) in the name of preser ving the identity and “wholeness of the native community”. To avoid this “splintering urbanism” as coined by Graham and Mar vin (2001), exper ts highlighted the impor tance of diversity of density, of housing and of uses to allow people from different background to live together and access the same facilities.

The urban development of Dubai illustrates well its wish for global branding that has somehow compromised the local culture . Respecting locality is impor tant to boost civic identity, so exper ts recommended that Dubai should honor and revive its traditional urban forms to restore the spirit of the place (“genius loci”); a culturally sensitive urban form would not only visually mimic traditional forms but rather incorporate the fundamental spatial and formal principles (ex: cour tyard urbanism) and respect the social values (ex. impor tance of privacy).

Climate-responsive urbanism is almost inexistent in the new developments of Dubai with high-rise stand-alone buildings that relies on mechanical operations to provide heating and cooling. Improving the environmental performance of the built environments and providing human comfor t can be achieved by learning from the Arab traditional city morpholog y. Exper ts recommended the following design guidelines: orientation of street systems that respond to solar and air directions, compact built form where buildings provide shading, , “tight-grain” with small streets, moderate density being more capable of incorporating e nvironmental passive strategies and limited glaze facades to

Integration of diverse transpor t system: The current infrastructural system in Dubai only connects shopping areas and touristic places to the public transpor t system; it excludes residential areas. Exper ts recommended that neighborhood centres and mixed use corridors should also be linked to the public transpor t system. Pedestrian and cycling lines should also connect to the public transpor t system. Promotion of cycling and walking: Dubai is extremely a car-oriented city. Promoting walking and cycling would suppor t a lessintensive car oriented lifestyle . Currently there is no infrastructure in Dubai to suppor t cyclin g or walking with the latter activity only taking place in touristic places such as at malls or at Jumeirah beach Residence (The Walk). Designers could reinterpret these models to fit at neighborhood level. However, half of the exper ts noted that there might be climatic and cultural barriers to the promotion of

However, they mixing expatriates that are usually male bachelor labors staying temporarily with established families could be problematic socially and eco nomically while also raising issues of belonging. To be able to attain diversity, it should be suppor ted by a policy framework that would facilitate and allow immigrant workers to

The adoption of these principles and values should complement modernity (evolution of cultural values, new technologies, etc .). To do so, local educators and planners should be more involved in the design and planning of the city instead of relying on foreign consultancy alien to the context of Dubai.

7.0 CONCEPTUAL MODEL 7. 1 Wes t er n C on c ep t u al M od el 7.2 Arab C on c ep t u al M od el Rein t er p ret ed 7 .3 Hy b r id C on c ep t u al M od el 7.4 3 D im en s ion al Vis u alizat ion

7.0 C ON CE P T UA L M O D E L 7 . 1 We st e r n C once ptua l M o de l

I T ERAT I O N I

ITERATIO N II

I TE RATI O N I I I

The first iteration was about establishing street network layout. A central open space was created from which vehicular roads were offset to create safer pedestrian areas and encourage walkability. The case studies and literature review highlighted the impor tance of walkability in promoting vibra ncy and safety.

The second iteration was about establishing physical relationships between the different landuses. Bar ton’s theor y of land use distribution was followed which suggests the creation of a core of intensive pedestrian activities, bordered by ‘land hungr y activities” such as mix use developments with commercial activities and the outskir ts reser ved for residential small scale developments (2010).

The third iteration was about refining the distribution of land use and creating a hierarchy of roads. As suppor ted by the literature such in Manuel for Streets, having a clear hierarchy of roads increase the legibility of an area and give clear guidance . Also, a hierarchy of open spaces is established with smaller green pockets allocated for each quar ter of the development.

Some leisure and religious facilities were also positioned along the main routes and on the edges to encourage activity through the site and to attract people and lead them into the main core .

Following the case study of Tao Payoh, the land use distribution follows a “checkerboard plan” with different uses spread across the development and connected together to prevent the creation of a monotonous urban form.

The street network is formed by main routes connecting the edges to the central area to allow maximum accessibility. The main open space is conceived in the image of the “Green Hear t” of the case study of Stavanger that is robust to accommodate several activities such as spor ts, leisure activities, and agriculture growth. The central core with intensive ped estrian activities present the oppor tunity to create a transpor t hub with nodes being located at 300m inter vals on the diagonal axis as recommended in Shaping Neighborhood.

Education

Religious

Mixed Use

Leisure

Open Space

Residential

Commercial

Main Routes

Secondary Routes

7.0 C ON CE P T UA L M O D E L 7 . 2 R e i n t er p re t e d A ra b Co nce ptua l Model

Ab s t r a c t i o n o f A ra b City Mo de l

IT E RATI O N I V The understandig of the traditional Arab cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spatial organization, summarized in the previous section, was abstracted to fit the grid format of the conceptual model. The sustainable neighborhood model developed by the Arab exper ts in the study under took by Al Awadi was also adapted to our grid. These two models were combined with the model of Iteration III (based on western literature and the chosen case studies) to reach Iteration IV that is a hybrid model between Western and Arab models. The model consist of two major roads to which connect secondar y routes that run diagonally through the development. The open spaces are linked by green pedestrian/cycling routes and bordered by public functions. Mix use facilities are located along main routes and shield private residential quar ters; the latter are clustered around open spaces and suppor ted by communal ser vices.

D u b a i S u st a i na ble N e i g hbo rho o d Model Adapt ed

Education

Religious

Mixed Use

Leisure

Open Space

Residential

Commercial

Main Routes

Secondary Routes

7.0 C ON CE P T UA L M O D E L 7 . 2 R e i n t er p re t e d A ra b Co nce ptua l Model

S t re e t N e two rk o f Fe z , a tra ditional Arab C it y

IT E RATI O N V In reflecting back to the analysis of Arab cities, the grid of Fez city was selected in an attempt to break the rigidity of model IV. Arab cities are known for their organic forms and twisting roads to ensure privacy as explained earlier. Also, Cullenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s townscape theor y suppor t such organic layout of streets knowing that they create deflection, myster y and anticipation, encouraging people to experience the place . The grid developed in Iteration IV was overlayed on the irregular street pattern of Fez. The grid was morphed and the result was an organic core around which are located public functions while the residential areas remained somehow regular. The private buffered from the public functions by green fi ngers.

Adap t a t i o n o f R ig i d Tra nspo r t Grid t o O rganic Fo r m s o f A ra b Citie s

Education

Religious

Mixed Use

Leisure

Open Space

Residential

Commercial

Main Routes

Secondary Routes

7.0 C ON CE P T UA L M O D E L 7 . 3 H y b r i d C o n ce ptua l M o de l

ITERATIO N VI The final conceptual model was about establishing a hierarchy of open spaces found in Arab cities. The different open spaces are linked by green fingers as it was highlighted in the literature review that having a connected network of open spaces is essential for their vitality, Three main green fingers run through the site as in Masdar city to act as the breathing lungs of the development. These spaces are envisioned to be robust spaces that are flexible enough to accommodate different use and even evolve over time; they can be appropriated by people as illustrated in the case of Hong Kong. Major roads run through the center of the site to dissect it into four quar ters. The core is pedestrian activities, bordered by leisure and commercial facilities on one side and by institutional and educational facilities on the other side , next to a major transpor t node (black dot). Mix use spread along main routes and shield off residential functions clustered around private cour tyards. A hierarchy of blocks was created with finer grain residential areas on the outskir ts and larger grain areas around the core to suppor t several functions.

7.0 C ON CE P T UA L M O D E L 7 . 4 3 D i m en s i o n a l V isua l iz a tio n 3 - D im en s ion al I TE RATI O N S The conceptual model was also thought of three-dimensionally to consider building heights and relation to open space dimensions. In the western model (iteration III), the highest density was to be located around the core to become the focal point of the development. In the Arab model of the sustainable Dubai, the highest density were not only located at the core but also along main roads to give more guidance . The model felt however too dense with lack of open spaces besides small pockets spread acroos the site . In the Hybrid model (Iteration V), the highest density was also allocated around the core next to the major transpor t node as the area is though to house institutional and commercial functions. The buildings bordering the main central open space have lower densities to promote a pedestrian friendly environment. Nonetheless, the model seemed to be fragmented with buildings dispersed around green areas; the H:W ration needed to be rethought to create more confined and integrated spaces.

3d Visualization of Western Model (ITERAION III)

3d Visualization of Arab Model (Sustainable Model of Dubai)

3d Visualization of Hybrid Model (ITERATION V)

8.0 SITE CONTEXT 8 .1 S it e L oc at ion 8 .2 S it e C on d it ion s 8 .3 S WOT An aly s is

8.0 SI TE C ON T E X T 8.1 Site Location

SITE

LEBANON

BEIRUT

M ap s S h ow i n g L e ba no n in the Wo rl d

Maps S howin g B eir u t in L eb an on

BEIRUT

M ap s S h owin g C h os en S it e in P rox im i ty to Be i r u t

8.0 SI TE C ON T E X T 8 . 2 S i t e C o n di t io ns The chosen site belongs to the district of Bourj Hammoud, located nor th-east of the capital Beirut along the Mediterranean coastline . Bourj Hammoud is a compact and highly dense neighborhood. Histor y over view: Originally the area was an agricultural land and it is only after 1928 that settlements appeared when Armenians refugees star ted settling in the area fleeing Ottoman persecution. The district witnessed since a drastic population growth with influx of rural migrants seeking better oppor tunities around the capital and influx of displaced population from Leban ese and regional conflicts (Palestine and Syria) (Harmandayan, 2009). The district is best known for having evolved from a settlement of makeshift shelters to a dense and active commercial hub. Situat ion and Role:

The chosen site is located in the coastal zone , so in the industrial area. The coastal zone is in itself also divided into two sections by the coastal route: - The section between the Dora highway and the cadastral limits of Bourj Hammoud district is an industrial zone covering 58 ha. The existing uses are industrial enterprises, small workshops, and warehouses in addition to some office development along the highway. This section is characterized by large parcels with areas var ying between 1000sqm and 30,000sqm and building heights between five and six floors. - The section between the cadastral limits of the district and the shoreline is a coastal st retch covering around 52 ha. The existing uses are fishing harbor, a solid waste treatment factor y and a waste dump hill. Historically, this shoreline was the last sandy beach of Beirut before becoming a landfill waste in the 1960’s hence disconnecting the neighborhood’s inhabitants from their waterfront (Asmar, 2008).

Bourj Hammoud district has a strategic location, being only 3km away from the city center of Beirut. It is ver y well connected to the infrastructure system with main ar teries from the Nor th of Lebanon that reach Beirut thro ugh it. In fact, the district was divided in two distinctive zones by a major highway connecting Beirut to the Nor th of Lebanon (the Dora highway): no r th of the highway is a classified industrial area (the coastal zone) while s outh of the highway is a residential/commercial area (the internal zone).

The chosen site is now a deser ted waterfront; the image of the site is that of a segregated area, forgotten and occupied by abandoned and dilapidated industrial buildings. Looking at the conditions of the site today, it is quite surprising to know that this area used to be a major recreational spot for local residents being one of the rare open public spaces within the dense Beirut. Today, Bourj Hammoud district lacks completely any open space besides a municipality football field.

M ap S h ow i n g S i te L o ca tio n

Map S howing Exist ing Roads and L an d u s es

The degradation of the image of the area, the environmentally dangerous conditions (waste dump, gas tanks farm, etc .), the run-down industrial zone and the displacement of families, urged the Municipality to request the establishment of a comprehensive development masterplan for the waterfront. A change in the zoning was also requested because the maximum allowable built up area is 1.75% of the land area being classified as an industrial zone as shown in Appendix 1. Since the 1990’s, several masterplans were proposed to revitalize the Bourj Hammoud waterfront. A masterplan was finally approved by the government in 1995; the major aim was to transform the garbage dump into a municipal Park, upgrade the living environment of the area to attract investments and build a sewage treatment plant. To realize this development, a private real-estate company (LINORD) was created. The masterplan was never realized for several factors including a lack of funding and conflicts between the different involved stakeholders. The only action was the assignment of the waste dump hill into an urban park.

M a r i t i m e A c t i v i t i e s o n t he Bea ch in 1960’s

A b a b a n d o n e d F a c t o r y o n Site

M ap S h owin g P rop os ed M as t er p lan L I N O RD

FAC TS & FIG UR ES

Area: 240 hectares Population: 170,000 Density: 700 pph

Waterfront

C LIMATE

MORP HO L O G Y

S O C I O - E C O N O M I C P RO FI L E

FU TU RE O FTH E A R E A

Lebanon has a Mediterranean climate characterized by a hot summer and a cold rainy winter. The average temperature is 21°C; it can reach a maximum of 38°C in July and August and a minimum of 8°C in Januar y and Februar y. Lebanon is known to be a sunny countr y with an average of 300 sunhours per month. The average annual rainfall is 825mm and the average speed wind is 7.5 mph.

Many exper ts tie the area’s strong social and economic livelihood to its built form of narrow alleys, compact way of building. One of the most di stinctive characteristics of the area is its personalized streetscapes made by a variety of storefronts and goods displayed on the streets.

Many exper ts tie the area’s strong social and economic livelihood to its built form of narrow alleys, compact way of building. One of the most distinctive characteristics of the area is its personalized streetscapes made by a variety of storefronts and goods displayed on the streets.

Boruj Hammoud district has been in a constant transformation because of the continuous population movements that took place without any proper planning for a balanced development which marginalized the area into becoming “a district for the poor”. However, the area offers great potentials because of its proximity to the city center, its pivotal location near major transpor t roads, its adjacency to an active neighborhood and its visual/economic value being a waterfront.

Harbor

Abandoned Industrial Zone Infrastructural Break

V i ew o f S i t e i n Co nte xt

Bourj Hammoud Neighborhood

8.0 SI TE C ON T E X T 8 . 3 S WOT An a ly sis

UTE WALKING RAD 10 MIN IUS

E WALKING RAD INUT 5M IUS

Weakn es s es

S t ren g t h s Proximity to Mediterranean Sea

UTE WALKING RAD 10 MIN IUS

Operational Industrial buildings

Gas tank and environmental hazards

Presence of fishing Harbor Proximity to Residential area and employment Active mixed use area Proximity to handicraft production pole Major Nodes Main axis route running through the coast of the countr y Secondar y routes connecting the site to the rest of the city Main road connecting the Capital to the Nor th par t of the

Waste dump and abandoned buildings

Deteriorating residential areas affecting the image of the neighborhood E WALKING RAD INUT 5M IUS

Pollution caused by industrial area Infrastructural break Polluted river

8.0 SI TE C ON T E X T 8 . 3 S WOT An a ly sis

O p p o r t u n i t ie s Conver ting the waste dump into a Green Park

Th reat s UTE WALKING RAD 10 MIN IUS

Waste dump

Development of leisure spaces along waterfront

Gaz tank

Harbor area can be developed fur ther for recreational activity

Degradation of the residential area

E WALKING more Mixed use development can enhance the liveliness of the city and promote RAD INUT 5M IUS interaction between different communities

Congestion and traffic

Provision of residential units close to the capital to suppor t employment ma rket Increased accessibility and connectivity to waterfront Unique character of handicrafts hubs with oriental souks Waterfront promenade

9.0 PLANNING AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS 9 .1 P lan n in g in L eb an on 9.2 Neig h b or h ood P lan n in g in S au d i Ar ab ia 9 .3 P lan n in g Regu lat ion s 9 .4 D at a an d S p ac e Req u ired 9.5 Dat a Tes t ed in t h e C on t ex t of L eb an on 9.6 R eq u ired L an d U s e by C at egor y

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 1 Pl a n n i n g i n L e ba no n

Leban on is a highly urbanized countr y but its urban growth was not regulated by state plans or policies; the result was “su ffocated urban areas” that lacks to provide the basic ser vices to their inhabitants with many environmental and transpor t problems to say the least. State policies are ver y minimalistic in urban planning despite the several actors concerned. Institutionally, a public entity responsible for planning matters does not exist since its elimination in the 1960s. Tod ay, planning issues are handled by many ministries (such as ministr y of public transpor t) and several governmental agencies. The main governmental agency, the Directorate General of Urbanism (DGU), is responsible for developing and revising masterplans all over Leban on that provide only general guidelines and recommendations without being suppor ted by any regulator y framework or policies. The planning system of Lebanon is outdated with plannin g tools going back to the French mandate in the 1940’s. Since then, the planning sector witnessed minimal change despite the growth of population and the expansion of urban areas. Only in 1997, few years after the end of the Lebanese civil war, that the Council for Develo pment and Reconstruction (CDR) was created with the aim to regulate the post-war reconstruction and urban growth; the outcome was a document entitled The National Physical Master Plan for the Lebanese Territor y adopted in 2009; it is a comprehensive land-use plan proposing a general national guiding framework for Lebanon ar ticulated around main eight guidelines. On the regional level, there exist master plans and strategic plans that are also mainly concerned with land-use and zoning issues such as delimitation of industrial areas, of historic areas, of spaces allocated for infr astructure and traffic and the balance between urban and agricultural lands. On

the regional level, planning competencies are given to the municipalities that have to review the master plans and advise as fit. The result is a patchwork of fragmented actions and plans. To sum up, there is a lack of a planning body and of a regulator y planning framework, outdated policies, many actors working independently in addition to political and administrative divisions that can challenge a comprehensive urban planning at the regional level.

8 Guidelines

MINISTRY OF INTERIOR

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORK

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

SUB COMMITTEE

INT ORG

HCUP

CDR

GDUP

NPMPTL

MASTER PLANS

• S t ruc t ure t errit or y aroun d m ain urban c ent ers • Respect t he spec ificit y of eac h region when develop in g it • Provide public facilit ies in an efficient manner

STRATEGIC PLANS

• Develop an efficient public t ranspor t syst em • Include all areas in t he nat ion al economic development

UOM

• Preser ve nat ural domain of t h e count r y • Sustainable management of water resources • S olve t he issue of wast es

HCUP: HIGHER COUNCIL OF URBAN PLANNING CDR: COUNCIL FOR DEVELOPMENT OR RECONSTRUCTION GDUP: GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF URBAN PLANNING NPMTL: NATIONAL PHYSICAL MASTER PLAN FOR THE LEBANESE TERRITORY UOM: UNION OF MUNCIPALITIES M: MUNCIPALITIES

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 2 N e i g h b o r h oo d Pl a nning i n Sa udi Arabia

As discussed previously in the repor t, the Lebanese planning regulations are lacking/outdated and the zoning guidelines for the chosen site for Issues 1 are obsolete . Therefore , the group decided to work with the planning system of Saudi Arabia and the Emirates, being closer to the Lebanese context than western policies. Also, we found that the planning system for the residential neighborhoods in Saudi and in the Emirates are quite similar to the tradit ional Arab city morpholog y; they are organized around a main central hub hosting public functions from which smaller clusters of more communal and private areas expand. City planning in S audi Arabia and the Emirates is based on breaking it down into smaller p lanning units to ease the distribution of ser vices. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;neighborhood unitâ&#x20AC;? was created around the concepts of walkability and community building. The aim is to provide necessar y ser vices (educational, health, religiousâ&#x20AC;Ś) within a walkable distance of 500m; and by accessing the same ser vices, inhabitants build stronger social bonds and safer places. Structure of Residential Units The residential unit is in fact broken into several clusters of people and ser vices grouped gradually together in a central manner to form a whole . The structure of the residential unit is as follow: The smallest entity is the residential block which is a grouping of residential buildings. The residential neighborhood is composed of several residential blocks (3 to 5 blocks) with a population number var ying between 10,000 and 20,000 inhabitants. Several residential neighborhood (3 to 5 neighborhoods) make up a residential district with a population number between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants. These different scales of residential clusters are each ser viced by a common ser vice hub which must be well connected to the street network and within a walking distance of maximum 500m. The ser vice hub can have several spatial organizations as illustrated in the following page .

Residential Block

Ser vices of Residential Neighborhood

Ser vices of Group of Residential Blocks

Ser vices of District

S t r u c t u re of Res id en t ial N eigh b or h ood s

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 2 N e i g h b o r h oo d Pl a nning i n Sa udi Arabia

C ent ral S pat ial O rganizat ion The public and communal functions are grouped in the center of the residential clusters. Th e benefits of such a central mix of uses is the accessibility for all surrounding residents, reducing cost and land requirements and creating a social hub for all users. Also, this type of organization allows the different actors involved to group their effor ts in terms of programming, financing and execution to achieve a more efficient scheme . Never theless, one should be aware of the increased traffi c

Non- C ent ral S pat ial O rganizat ion The public and communal functions are spread across the residential clusters. The benefits of such a model is a reduced annoyance for residents and a chance to encourage investments across all of the development. However, such a spread of ser vices is not efficient in terms of accessibility, proximity and required land size .

Linear S pat ial O rganizat ion

P rop os ed G u id elin e M od el

The public and communal functions are evenly distributed along the main pedestrian routes. The benefits of such a model is a balanced distribution of ser vices that promote walking in the image of the traditional linear market of Ara b cities (â&#x20AC;&#x153;souqsâ&#x20AC;?). This model also raises issues of catchment area and land size requirements with the functions being spread out.

The proposed guideline model suggests a central ser vice hub from which commercial facilities spread in a linear way along pedestrian/vehicular routes. Some ser vices are also placed across the site , on the edges, to ser ve other neighborhoods and encourage investment across all the development.

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 3 Pl a n n i n g Re qui re me nts

R e l i g i o u s F a ci li ti e s

Healt h Fac ilit ies

E d u c at ion al Fac ilit ies

Mosques should be located in an unpolluted zone away from bad smells and noises. Mosques should be easily reachable by pedestrians and well connected to other suppor ting ser vices. It is advised that m osque buildings have a rectangular shape with the largest side directed to the Qibla (Mecca direction). It is also recommended that religious buildings should have an inner cour tyard and be recessed from the streets to ease circulation and allow for additional space in case of an increased number of worshipers. Extra care should be given to the design of mosques and their surround ing in terms of green spaces, vi ews and so on. The height and size of the surrounding buildings should not exceed those of Mosques as they should be treated as landmarks; it is preferred that mosques are surrounded or adjacent to open spaces.

Health facilities should be adj acent to residential areas. They should be located in calm areas, therefore should be located away from educational and commercial facilities. The chosen location should be away from noise , pollution, dust and smoke . Health facilities should be easily accessible and thus located on a main road intersection. The building’s design should allow for natural ventilation and lighting to ensure human comfor t. Health facilities should be planned next to green open spaces for the well-being of patients where they could walk, play and rest. Open spaces also allow for future expansions.

Nurseries:

There are two types of mosques: the local m osque suppor ts a population of 1500 people and the main mosque suppor ts 7500 people . Local mosques are located within residential areas whereas the main mosque is located nea r the activity center of the residential district.

Cultural facilities such as libraries should be located at the center of neighborhoods, in calm areas. They should be well connected to pedestrian routes and to public transpor t. Adjacent buildin gs should be stepped back for privacy purposes.

Religious Facility Planning

C ult ural Facilit ies

Nurseries accommodate children between the ages of 3 and 6 years old. Nurseries should be located within residential areas to ease accessibility and to promote safe walking. Schools: Schools should be well connected to pedestrian routes to promote walking. They should also be connected to the city’s infrastructure roads to ease accessibility. Schools should be located in calm areas away from noises and pollution. It is advised to have public gardens next to schools. Adjacent buildings to schools should be set back or not be high rise for privacy purposes and to ensure adequate lighting and ventilation. It is advised that educational buildings’ height not to exceed three floors to allow natural ventilation and lighting. Schools playgrounds (outdoor and indoor) should be well shaded using shading devices or trees. It is advised if schools are built next to spor t facilities.

Educational Facility Planning

O p en S p ac e an d R e cre a ti o n a l Fac ilit ies D if feren t s c ales a n d typ e s o f o p e n s p ac es s h ou ld b e p rovi d e d to a n swe r d if feren t n eed s . Th e s e typ e s i n cl u d e , b u t are n ot lim i te d to, p o cke t gard en s , p u b lic g a rd e n s , d i s tr i ct p ar ks , p lay grou nd s , n e i g h b o r h o o d s q u ares an d p lay a re a s . T h e d i f fe re n t op en s p ac es s h ou l d b e co n n e cte d by p ed es t r ian lin ks a n d g re e n ro u te s t o en c ou r age b i o d i ve r s i ty. I t i s ad v is ed t o in c or p o r a te s p o r ts a n d rec reat ion al u s es w i th i n o p e n s p a ce s t o ren d er t h em m o re a ttr a cti ve a n d v iab le .

S ec u r it y Fac ilit ies Security facilities include police stations and emergency ser vices in case of fire . Planning should ensure that a sufficient number of these facilities is provided and evenly distributed to ensure a secure environment for inhabitants. The location of these facilities should ensure minimum time is required to reach the incident’s location (around 5min); they should thus be located along major roads.

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 4 D a t e a n d S pa ce R e quire d

LEVEL OF SERVICES

LANDUSE POPULATION NUMBER MINIMUM REQUIRED AREA (sqm) MINIMUM REQUIRED AREA PER PERSON (sqm) CATCHMENT (m) BUILT PERCENTAGE Mosque 6000 1200 0.3 500 65% Commercial Store 6000 550 0.14 300 Post Office 6000 35 ADJACENT SERVICES TO RESIDENTIAL BLOCK Community Public Square 6000 1000 0.25 300 Children Playground 6000 1000 0.25 300 Community Garden 6000 3000 0.75 300 Mosque 12000 2800 0.23 1000 65% Commercial Store 12000 5400 0.45 500 65% Nursery 12000 700 0.06 500 40% Infant School 12000 3000 0.25 500 40% Primary School 12000 7800 0.65 40% SERVICES OF GROUP OF RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS General Clininc 12000 500 0.04 65% Specialized Clinic 12000 500 0.04 65% Private Health Centre 12000 500 0.04 65% Public Square 12000 2500 0.2 500 Garden 12000 8500 0.7 600 Secondary School 20000 8500 0.42 40% College 30000 10000 0.4 40% SERVICES OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBERHOODS Post Office 30000 1800 0.06 1000 65% Public Health Centre 30000 6500 0.22 2000 65% Neighberhood Garden 30000 12000 0.4 1500 Total

SERVICES OF DISTRICT

Emergency Services Library Police Station Municapilty Offices Municipality Hall Private Hospital Public Hospital District Garden

100000 120000 100000 100000 250000 35000 100000 120000

3500 4000 4000 1000 4000 1800 5000 150000

For the housing requirements, the group assumed that the project will house 70% Syrians and 30% Leban ese . Knowing the average household number of both groups (5.8 for the Syrians and 4.1 for the Leban ese), the project needs to accommodate 6179 houses for Syrians and 3746 houses for Lebanese .

2000 3000 3500 2500 3000

65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% -

1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1

1750 1680 2000 200 2000 2700 2500 63000

Total Total Population

Lan d U s e S p a c e R e qui re me nts i n Sa udi Planning

The above table summarizes the space requirements for the different ser vices that suppor t residential areas. It specifies the number of population suppor ted by the different facilities and the area required for each. The number of people to house for Issues 1 is 51,200; this number was used to calcul ate how many facilities is needed on site . The project will not accommodate for the “District ser vices” because they are needed for a larger population of at least 100,000 people .

0.035 0.035 0.035 0.01 0.015 0.05 0.05 1.25

NUMBER OF FACILITY REQUIRED (800pph) TOTAL SQM NEEDED 9 15360 9 7040 9 448 9 12800 9 12800 9 38400 4 12040 4 23200 4 3010 4 12900 4 33540 4 2150 4 2150 4 2150 4 10750 4 36550 3 21760 2 17000 2 3060 2 11050 2 20400 103 298558

When Syrians relocate to Lebanon, they usually come as single men and sometimes along with their families. The single men typically form groups together to afford renting an apar tment in Beirut according to a repor t by UNHCR. Therefore , a household average of 5 is applic able in both scenarios. In Lebanon, the common typolog y of housing is apar tments. To know the average size of apar tments in Lebanon, a repor t prepared by RAMCO, a Lebanese real-estate advisor, in Februar y was 2016 was used (see appendix 2). The average apar tment size was decided on 180 sqm taking t he average of apar tments located in middle-class areas. For the Syrians, the average size of apar tments was decided on 100 sqm to make them more affordable .

Mix of Population Syrian Lebanese People p/D Syrian Lebanese Residential Spatial Req. House Type Syrian Affordable Standard Lebanese Standard Luxury Total Residential Spacial Req.

374388 51200

70% 30%

35840 15360

5.8 4.1

Number of Houses Req. 6179 3746

80% 20% 80% 20%

Dwelling Size 100 sqm 150 sqm 180 sqm 210 sqm 1,361,402 sqm

S p ac e Req u irem en t s for a p op u lat ion of 5 1 , 2 0 0

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 5 D a t a Te st e d in the Co nte xt o f L e banon

To test the accuracy and the applicability of the Saudi planning space requirements to the context of Leban on, a comparison was done with the adjacent neighborhood of Bourj Hammoud. This comparison was seen fit since the chosen neighborhood accommodates a density of 750 pph.

For Leisure , the Saudi planning authority does not specify any requirements. The case of Bourj Hammoud was thus used as a baseline to know the number of such facilities required to suppor t the population of our site .

The comparison aimed to examine if the number of facilities requested by the Saudi planning is suitable for the context of Lebanon. The char t below compares the provision of main ser vices in both the Saudi and Lebanese contexts. The number of facilities needed were somehow similar in both cases with the exception of Health and Educational ser vices. The difference in numbers are jus tifiable when informed about the context of Lebanon.

Also, providing 13 religious facilities as required by the planning was found to be unnecessar y; the numbers advised are calculated not only based on population numbers but also on catchment distances. Both the Saudi planning and the Bo urj Hammoud on larger areas than our site area. The number of religious facilities was thus reduced but their sizes increased to accommodate the need of a density of 800 pph.

Usually in Leban on, because of the sectarian diversity and the tradition of confessional schools, each community provides its own educational facilities. However, providing a central educational system will help in transcending sectarian divisions and in promoting social cohesion.

Never theless, the comparison shows that the planning requirements devised by the Saudi authority can be applied to the Lebanese context with some level of flexibility. Leisure and community ser vices were thus included in the landuse provision for the site and the number of some facilities (such as religious facilities) reduced while increasing their sizes.

Community centers are impor tant facilities in Leban on that provide educational, health and social ser vices to suppor t the community. Therefore , a reduced number of governmental facilities is required such as for the case of health ser vices since the demand is par tly answered by community centers.

30 28

25 20 15 10 5 0

17 14

13 7

11 0

8 0

Saudi Arabia Ser vices Bourj Hammoud Ser vices

N u m b e r o f F a c i li ti e s provi de d i n Bo urj Hammoud and Required by S audi Plannin g

N u m b er of Fac ilit ies p rov id ed in t h e N eigh b or h ood of B ou r j Ham m o u d

9.0 DATA A ND S PAC E R E Q U I R EMENTS 9 . 6 R e q u i red L anduse by Ca te go r y

Residential Ser vices Open Space

Represent at ion of t he S pat ial Require m en t s D ev is ed by t h e S au d i P lan n in g

This diagram illustrates the space needed if we were to accommodate residential uses, ser vices and open space requirements on the site on one level. The coloured squares represent 1 ha each and the black outline shows the limit of 64 ha. To fit all of the space requirements devised by the Saudi Planning Authority on a site of 64 ha, they need to be stacked in at least four levels.

10.0 APPLIC ATION TO SITE 1 0 .1 S t r at egic P lan 1 0 .2 D es ign D evelop m en t 1 0 .3 Fin al M as t er p lan

10.0 A PPL I C AT I O N TO S I T E 1 0 . 1 S t r a t e g i c Pl a n The group decided not to maintain any of the existing industrial buildings on site knowing that they are abandoned and in a dilapidated state . The dew operational buildings can be relocated elsewhere since the site offers great potential for development as shown in the SWOT analysis. Also in terms of legibility, the buildings do not carr y any sentimental values for current residents as highlighted by a study prepared for the municipality of Bourj Hammoud in 2009 by Diran Harmandayan.

The site is looked down upon by the residents as it has separated them from accessing the waterfront and compromised the fishing harbor. These two characteristics of the site are the impor tant landmarks that the project will enhance . The conceptual model was applied to site and adjusted according to site context and limitations.

M ai n C o n n ec t i ons a nd Ne two rk o f O pen S pac es

L an d u s e D is t r ib u t ion on S it e

Three major Green fingers run through the site to connect existing accesses from Bourj Hammoud neighborhood to its waterfront. A major road run through the site that will include public transpor t such as buses to increase accessibility to site . A secondar y route run in peripher y of the site and connect to the existing infrastructure of the city. Different typologies of open spaces (park, pocket gardens, cour tyards) are connected by pedestrian/cycling routes and link to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing green spaces.

Institutional (such as education and health) and commercial functions are located along major roads and next to main transpor t nodes to benefit from increased accessibility. Mix use are distributed along main green routes to activate them and increase footfall. Leisure facilities are mainly located on the waterfront and next to the existing harbor and is envisioned to become a new hub for the city. The residential function is distributed across the site in the mix use blocks and are also clustered near the calmer area of the waterfront where they will benefit from sea views.

10.0 A PPL I C AT I O N TO S I T E 1 0 . 2 D e si g n D eve lo pme nt

Highway

Densit y on Sit e

B l oc k C o n f i g u r atio n o n Site Ed u cati on Heal th Primary Roads

R eside n t ia l Co mme rc ia l Secondary R o a ds

M ix U se L e isu re

Educat i on Heal t h Primary Roads

Religious C o m mu n i t y S e r vi ce s

The street pattern was configured to enhance permeability and accessibility. The block sizes are within the recommended standards of 80-100m to enhance walkability. Larger grain is found along main roads to accommodate for a variety of functions while smaller grain is found near the waterfront where residential functio ns are placed.

B u ild in g Ty p ologies an d Road Hier a rchy

Buildings along the highway are higher to channel in wind cooling the streets and to provide shading. Next to open spaces, the heights are reduced to 10-15m to create pedestrian friendly environments. At the end of the site , higher densities are considered next to the waterfront for the economic value presented by such a strategic location.

Resi dent i al C ommerci al Secondary Roads

Mi x U se L ei sure

Religious Com munity Ser v ic es

A clear street hierarchy is impor tant as highlighted in previous sections. The main roads are 30m wide while smaller residential streets are 7m for environmental and cultural concerns as explained earlier. The main building typolog y is the cour tyard building that answers both climatic and social needs of the site . Some buildings were not configured as perimeter buildings so they can be more robust and accommodate perhaps changing functions over time .

10.0 A PPL I C AT I O N TO S I T E 1 0 . 3 F i n a l M a st e rpla n 1: 2500

50m Masterplan 1:2500

100m

11.0 DESIGN PRINCIPLES APPLIED 1 1 .1 C lim at e 1 1 .2 Per m eab ilit y / M ob ilit y 1 1 .3 L an d U s e 1 1 .4 O p en S p ac e 1 1 .5 I d en t it y / I n t egr at ion 1 1 .6 S afet y 1 1 .7 Ad ap t ab ilit y

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 11.1 Climate

Climate was considered as an impor tant environmental quality when designing ci ties in order to create spaces that are comfor table for people to live in without the need to rely on costly technologies that Syrians might not afford. The Lebanese cl imate is hot and therefore care was gi ven to produce an energ y efficient design. Climate was considered at different m orphological layers. The overall strateg y consisted of orienting the master planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grid along the southwest axis, which is the direction of the prevailing winds. Three â&#x20AC;&#x153;green fingersâ&#x20AC;? run through the site , inspired from the case study of Masdar City, and act as the breathing lungs of the project by bringing in the prevailing winds through the city. The streets widths, building heights and orientation were also considered to provide maximum shading and promote human comfor t at the ground level. Climate was al so considered at the building scale by using the cour tyard typolog y that was proved to be efficient in traditional Arab city design.

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 11.1 Climate

N at u r al Ven t ilat ion N a t u r a l ve n t i l a t i o n i s o n e o f t h e mo s t efficient ways t o p reve n t ove r h e a t i n g i n h o t area s . It wa s ens ured by a l i g n i n g t h e m a i n ro u t e s a l ong the d irectio n o f p rev a i l i n g w i n d s a s e x p l a i n e d e a rlier. N a t u r a l ve n t i l a t i o n w a s a l s o e n s ured in s ma ller o pen s p a c e s s u c h a s i n c o u r t y a rd s t ha t a ct a s co llecto rs of cool air at night.

U s e of Veget at ion Th e u s e of veget at ion , an d in p a r ti cu l a r tre e s , i s ver y ef f ic ien t t o regu lat e c l i m a te by p rovi d i n g s h ad in g in lar ge op en s p ac es . Als o, it h elp s in c oolin g an d f i l te r i n g th e a i r a n d c an b e u s ed alon g wat er feat u re s fo r i n cre a s e d res u lt s .

S h a di n g B y or ienting the masterplan grid so u th - we st, th e so u th f a c i n g fac ades are no longer perpend icu l a r ly h i t by th e su n re du c i n g t hus heat gain. The st re ets are narrow with a n ave r a g e si z e o f 7 m w h i c h ensure maximum shad ing. A su n stu dy a n a ly si s sh owe d th a t t he st ree ts are well shad ed in su m m e r a n d su n ny i n w i n te r, c reat ing comfor table spaces aro u n d th e ye a r.

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 2 Pe r m e a b i l i ty / Mo bi li ty

Making the devel opment permeable and easy to navigate through is ver y impor tant for legibility. Having a well-connected street pattern gives commuters a greater choice of possible routes and increase footfall. This promotes s afety and vibrancy and have positive impacts on the scheme economically. A clear street hierarchy is also an impor tant factor that was taken in consideration while designing the scheme as it enhance the legibility of the area. It also helps in defining the transition from public to private spaces, which is essential in Arab city design. The main focus of the scheme was to connect the site to the rest of the city, allowing the residents to access the waterfront that is a main landmark. The proposed green fingers on site follow this logic by connecting to existing routes. Clear networks of transpor t were also devised. The main vehicular routes run through and around the peripher y of the site only.. This encourages walking and cycling along the green pedestrian routes. Several modes of transpor t were considered to render the scheme more accessible and feasible .

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 2 Pe r m e a b i l i ty / Mo bi li ty

S t ree t H i e ra rchy - Spa ce Synta x

M od es of Tr an s p or t

Walkab ilit y

The c ent r al area w ith the main rel i g i o u s l a n dm a r k h a s th e h i g h e st a c c e ssi b i l i ty. Mixed use development are found a ro u n d th a t sp a c e a n d a re th u s we l l a c c e ssi b l e roads are lo cated on the peripher y o f th e deve l o p m e n t.

T h e p ro j e c t s u p p o r t d i f fe re n t m o d e s o f t r a n s p o r t ( b u s , c a r, c y c l i n g , w a l k i n g ) t o m a ke t h e s i t e m o re a c c e s s i b l e . Ve h i c l e s a re re s t r i c t e d t o t wo m a i n ro a d s w h i l e o t h e r ro u t e s p ro m o t e c y c l i n g a n d w a l k i n g .

Wa l k a b i l i t y w a s ens ured by having b l o c k s i z e s v a r y i n g between 80 a nd 1 0 0 m . T h e v a r i a t i o n in s izes s uppo r t a s t i mu l a t i n g w a lking experience p hy s i c a l ly a n d v i s ua lly.

10min walk

The busiest areas are those were the main public functions are provided at the south of the site . Routes become more private as you approach residential areas .

Pedest rian Friendly S t reet s Stre e ts we re de si g n e d to e n c o u r a g e w a l k i n g a n d c y c l i n g . Pave m e n ts a re l a r g e ( 4 - 5 m ) to su p p o r t p e de str i a n a c ti v i ti e s. Ve g e ta ti o n i s a l so u s e d a s a b u f fe r to c re a te m o re p l e a s i n g sp a c e s. Tr a f f i c - sl ow i n g te c h n i q u e s sh a l l b e i n c o r p o r a te d a s we l l .

5min walk

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 2 Pe r m e a b i l i ty / Mo bi li ty

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 3 L a n du s e

The landuse scheme was devised to increase inte raction between different communities. Diverse land use helps in creating vibrant sp aces. Active spaces are known to be safe spaces and will increase footfall within the site . Mixing uses also allows the interaction of different communities by accessing the same ser vices. Mixed use development also suppor ts public transpor t and has economical value by reducing for example costs endured on buildings if they were to function with a single use .

The master planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distribution of uses was in some aspects inspired by Arab city design. The main open space is located next to main mosque . The area is bordered by mixed use facilities that spread along major routes. The south of the site accommodates more p ublic functions such as heath facilities, commercial and institutional buildings that could also suppor t the adjacent neighborhood. Around the harbor and along the waterfront vari ous buildings with leisure facilities are provided to inc rease the number of people and activate the area. Religious buildings can be seen through the site promoting interaction between different cultures. Educational buildings are clustered in two main location within the site next to open spaces to provide a better environemnt for learning. The residential buildings are placed in the calmer areas next to the waterfront.

Residential

Mixed Use

Health

Religious

Commercial

Leisure

Educational

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 4 O p en S p a ce

The objective was to create an interconnected green network that include different typologies of open spaces and can sustain different activties. The three green fingers on site help to connect the residents with the waterfront while also cooling the environment as they are aligned with the direction of the prevailing winds. We have tried to incorporate urban agriculture within our scheme for its multiple environmental economical and social benefits. Green spaces are activated by surrounding functions and act as an outdoor extension of these . Vegetation is essential in creating a positive eco-system. Trees in Lebanon have to be fairly self-sustaining and robust to sur vive in the hot climate . Popular trees in the city of Beirut often include Ficus and Cedar trees. Trees are a source of shade but are also effective in cooling the environment around. The case studies of Masdar and Stavanger helped to form a benchmark for the concepts used in our Master plan. While the climate of our site may not match these case studies we will look to plant similar green zones throughout our scheme . From these examples we will look to i ncorporate features such as pocket parks, urban agriculture plots and public realm spaces that can be used for a variety of different

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 4 O p en S p a ce

Pr iv ate Cour tya rds

C ascadi ng R ooftops

P r i v a cy is im p o r tan t in middle e a s t ern cu ltu re , p rovid in g priva te co u r t yards for m o re intima te e nco u n te s an d in te ra ctions b et we e n n e igh b o rs is p ar t of the d a i ly life o f Arab s.

An el evated l ayer of open spaces was created by the i ntroducti on of cascadi ng rooftops that can promote vi sual i nteracti on whi l e l i mi ti ng physi cal access.

C e n tra l Pa rk

Po c ke t Gardens

Spor ts Faci l i ty

T h e large st o p e n sp ace is loca ted nea r t he m ain m osq u e an d is a ctiva ted by the bo rd e rin g m ixe d u se . I t can a ls o incorpora te ur b a n agricu ltu re an d s uppor t divers e a ct i v itie s b e cau se o f its f lexibility.

Pocket gardens are l ocated wi thi n resi denti al a rea s to offer better vi sual qual i ti es wi thi n res identi al areas and can be used by chi l dren a s a playground.

The l ei sure faci l i ty can accommodate spor ts faci l i ti es and pl aygrounds for the c hildren of the nei ghborhood. Bri ngi ng c hildren together hel p i n bri ngi ng parents from di fferent backgrounds together.

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 4 O p en S p a ce

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 5 I de n t i t y

The identity of a place is relative at both a local and national scale . Architectural features such as landmark buildings provide identity not only at a local level but also at national scale by acting as a magnet that draws people to an area. The case of Khan Younis highlights how a unique mix of identities can be merged together when in crisis such as war or natural disasters. The case study is impor tant as we are tr ying to introduce Syrian refugees into the scheme , focusing on how to create an identity that is relatable to both cultures. We have related our master plan to the Arab morpholog y. Emphasis was given to the hierarchy of spaces and the need for a central public space from which mixed use streets spread to then break off into smaller ter tiar y routes to give access to the residential clusters. Key landmark buildings on site were identified and placed in accordance with the logic of Arab morphological model. A townscape an alysis was also conducted to see whether we were successful in creating inte resting streetscapes and ensure privacy, a crucial cultural need in Arab context.

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 5 I de n t i t y

Townscape Qual i ti es S t re e t s we re d e s i g n e d a c co rd ing to Cullenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s t ow n s c ap e q u a l i t i e s t o c re ate exciting s pa ces . T h ey a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d tha t hig h level o f p r i v a c y i s e n s u re d w i t h mo s t o f the s treets h av i n g a c l o s e d v i s t a w h i c h ca n a ls o crea te a n e l e m e n t o f a n t i c i p a t i o n a n d excitement.

FLUCTUATION

PUNCTUATION ANTICIPATION

DEFLECTION NARROW

THERE

OPEN SPACE

ANTICIPATION

Street C ul ture

HERE

Street pavements was designed to be wide (4-5m) to be able to accommodate various activities. An impor tant activity is the setting up of shops along the street to attract more people which is highly rooted in Arab culture as illustrated in the picture above .

VARIETY ANTICIPATION

PUNCTUATION

LANDMARK

DEFLECTION

CLOSED VISTA

RECESS AND PROJECTION

ANTICIPATION THERE

OPEN SPACE

HERE VARIETY

LANDMARK

A rchi tectural Language

Reinterpreted traditional Arab architecture

Landmark Buildings

S eve r a l l a n d m a r k b u i l d i n g s we re d i s t r i b u t e d t h ro u g h t h e s i t e t o e n h a n c e l e g i b i l i t y a n d a re l o c a t e d i n s t r a t e g i c a re a s t o s u p p o r t p u b l i c f u n c t i o n s . T h e p ro p o s a l a l s o a i m s a i n c l u d i n g re i n t e r p re t e d t r a d i t i o n a l A r a b b u i l d i n g s .

CLOSED VISTA

DEFLECTION RECESS AND PROJECTION

FLUCTUATION

THERE

HERE

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 5 I de n t i t y

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 6 S a fe t y

It is impor tant for all users of our scheme to feel safe within the environment in which they live . The scheme looks to introduce refugees into the site as a result of the war in Syria. The introduction of t hese refugees to the site might create tensions with the existing Lebanese community. Therefore our master plan attempts to provide a safe environment for both of these communities to cohabitate taking their cul tural differences into consideration. The Khan Younis case study in the war torn Gaza Strip is an example that showcases how best to resolve tensions and provide safety between two groups of people . In terms of our master plan, the Arab morpholog yâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use of street hierarchy was used to create a sense of privacy throughout the scheme . Active edges play an integral role in assuring that the streets are safe . Buildings are stepped with terraces to allow for passive sur veillance . A mix of uses surrounds the central open space . This helps in keeping the streets active and safe throughout the day. The buildings were designed to ensure that both Syrians and Lebanese could interact with each other in a safe environment.

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 6 S a fe t y

Hie r a rc hy o f S t re e t s

Passi ve Sur veillance

A clear stre e t h i e r a rc hy i s i m p o r ta n t to c re a te a di sti n c ti o n b e twe e n p r i v a te a n d p u b l i c sp a c e s a n d th u s p ro m o te sa fe r n e i g h b o r h o o ds.

P a s s i ve s u r veilla nce is the mo s t e f f i c i e n t way to ens ure s a fety by h av i n g l i v i ng a rea s overlo o king p u b l i c s p a ces .

Mi xed Us e Sch e me

A cti ve Edges

Mixed use develo p m e n t su p p o r t a v a r i e ty o f f u n c ti o n s th a t rend er the area mo re a c ti ve . A c ti ve sp a c e s a re a sa fe r p l a c e s with people pres e n t a ro u n d th e c l o c k .

Acti ve edges create safer streets because of the acti vi ti es taki ng pl ace and presence of peopl e i n constant fl ux.

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 7 A dap t a b i l i ty

Having a robust scheme is essential to deal with city change and growth. The open spaces within our masterplan were concierge to be robust spaces, mainly the linear park at the south of the site that was transformed from a â&#x20AC;&#x153;deadâ&#x20AC;? space under the bridge to an active and flexible space . Several functions can take place such as informal markets, exhibitions, performances, community activities; it is a multi-functional space that can be adapted and appropriated by the residents. The main open spaces were conceived in that manner with minimal regulations to allow higer degree of flexibility and freedom. Also, the project include full blocks to be able to suppor t change of function or users over time . The project deals with the issue of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, thinking of phasing was thus impor tant t o understand how the project will be implemen ted to answer the quickest the needs of refugees. The proposal also highlights areas for future intensification; these area can become dense being located next to major roads.

Future Possible Increase in Heights

10.7 A DA PTA B I LI T Y

11.0 D E SI G N P R I N C I P L E S A P P L IED 1 1 . 7 A dap t a b i l i ty

P h asin g T h e m o s t pre ssin g issu e w h e n it c o m e s t o d e alin g w ith re f u ge es i s s h el t er i ng. Th e f irst p h ase of t h e pro j ect in te n d s to q u ickly c o n s t r u c t re sid e n tial u n its t o t h e s o ut h of th e site alon g the e xi s t i ng road for th e m to be a b l e t o a c ce ss th e se r vice s in t h e a d j a c en t n e igh b o rh ood. The st r i p w i l l t h u s f irst acco m m o d ate res i d e nt i a l facilitie s th at can th en b e t r a ns fo r m e d in to co m m e rci a l or i n s t i t utio n al f acilitie s on c e m o re d wel l in gs are cre ate d w ith in the site. T h e i d e a i s to alw ays p rovide a cl us t er of re side n tial w ith i ts b a s i c n ee d s as h igh ligh te d in the p l a nn i n g s ectio n ( so m e e du cationa l . rel i g i o u s an d h e alth se r vice s ) so i t c a n b e se lf - su f f icie n t. Wh en seve r a l cl uste rs o f re side n tia l u ni t s a re c re ate d , p u b lic f u n ctio ns c a n b e a dd ed to su p p o r t th e m and so o n .

12.0 CONCLUSION 1 2 .1 Ref lec t ion s 1 2 .1 Ap p lic at ion Rat in g

12.0 CON C L U S I O N 1 2 . 1 Re f l ec t i o n

R e fle ctio n o n Me thodolog y

Reflect ion on D es ign C on c ep t s

Areas for Fu t u re Res earc h

Issues I allowed us to develop a methodolog y for the design of a high density development with good environmental qualities. The brief given to us was expanded to answer a pressing issue , that of accommodating for an increasing number of refugees settling in already dense and “suffocating” cities. The case of Syrian refugees in Lebanon was taken as an example .

Desirable environmental qualities were translated into design qualities. A conceptual model was created from these design qualities. The incorporation of these design qualities was sometimes challenging because a hybrid model was created merging best practices from both Western and Arab models.

Several issues could have been investigated fur ther but was not possible due to the limited time-frame of Issues :

To understand what good environmental qualities represent, literature review helped us in better understanding the theor y and strategies behind good urban design scheme . The qualities were then fur ther explored by investigating relevant case studies that helped rooting theor y in practice . Also, a study of Arab city design was also done to better inform our design decisions. These exploration helped in informing the conceptual model that was then applied to the chosen site . The resulting masterplan was an informed and researched model that answer site specific conditions but also “universal” concerns of good urban design practice . The underlying process can be transferred and applied elsewhere .

The most successful design qualities that were easily implemented easily were climate strategies, permeability and network of open space typologies. Some concerns and discussions were held around the notion of identity and how to create a hybrid one . The mix use scheme was also a point of debate knowing that traditional Arab cities similar functions were clustered together although western models encourage mix of use for the many benefits it presents as highlighted earlier. The proposed hybrid model tried to accommodate for both approaches by locating mixed uses next to major roads and applying the single use scheme to private residential areas.

- Streets were designed to accommodate cars only if needed with streets being conceived as shared spaces. Residential streets with a width of 7m are not able to accommodate a large percentage of car ownership. However, in Lebanon, owning a car is par t of the “prestige”; not being able to own a car might be somehow problematic . Possible incentives should be investigated to discourage use of cars and encourage other modes of transpor t. - The block structure achieved in the final masterplan has more of a “western” feeling with large blocks of 100*100m. The group judged the outcome feasible knowing that Lebanon is not a typical Arab city but rather a hybrid city between European and Arab models. However, fur ther ana lysis of the block structure could have been done in an attempt to achieve a grain closer to that of Arab cities. - Mixed use was considered to be an impor tant aspect of the project. Additional understanding of such a mix and of potential conflicts between different was required. - The relation between Urban Design and Planning needed also fur ther research; the design strategies need to be suppor ted by policies, specially in the context of refugees. For example , to have a more feasible scheme of housing Syrians and Lebanese next to each other, policies should allow Syrians to bring their families along since single men are sometimes feared. - A more detailed analysis of both the Lebanese and Syrian culture and way of living could also have been done to better inform identity and integration issues.

12.0 CON C L U S I O N 1 2 . 2 A p p l i c a t i o n R a ting

C limat e

I d en t it y

Having a climate responsive design was one of the most impor tant objectives to create a sustainable scheme . This was ensured by considering issues of orientation, natural ventilation and self shading design. Climate was considered at the different morphological layers (streets, buildings, open spaces) to ensure the creation of a comfor table environment.

The project provided several shared accesible public spaces where Syrians and Lebanese can come together and interact. The design a lso incorporated traditional Arab qualities that helped in the creation of strong communities (house terraces, neighborhood cour tyards, market spaces, etc .) The public spaces being flexible allow the community to adapt them becoming places of exp ression.

Permeabilit y /Mobilit y

S afet y

The project is highly permeable with walkable block sizes (around 100m). To encourage walkability, human comfor t was ensured by providing cool shaded pedestrian friendly streets. The project also enhanced the connection of the area to the rest of the city by connecting it to existing infrastructure . The proposal incorporates several mode of transpor t to increase accessibility.

Safety was ensured by providing mix use functions around open spaces to have people around the clock. The design ensured maximum active edges since active spaces are usually regarded as being safer. Safety is also enhanced by passive sur veillance with residential units overlooking into public spaces.

Land U se Mix of uses was regarded to be impor tant to create more active and safer places. Also, mix use developments are more efficient along with allowing people from different backgrounds to access the same ser vices and thus encourage interaction. Some issues concerning privacy may have been raised and they type of mix uses could have been studied fur ther.

O pen S pace Different typologies of open spaces were provided (parks, terraces, cour tyards, gardens) and were interconnected by pedestrian routes. The open spaces are not only aesthetic and for leisure purposes but are also productive by incorporating urban agriculture . The design also enhanced the accessibility to the waterfront, a major open space for the city as a whole .

Ad ap t ab ilit y The project was conceived in phases to answer quickly the pressing situation of Syrian in Lebanon by providing first the basic sheltering needs. The design also accommodate for fu ture growth by indicating potential areas to be fur ther densified. It also presents robust spaces with flexible open spaces that can accommodate different uses and needs.

13.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

RE F E R E N C ES Ly n c h , K . (1960). T he ima g e o f t he c it y. 1st ed. C ambridge , Mass.: MIT Press . B a r t o n , H ., G ra nt, M. a nd G ui se , R. ( 2003) . S haping neighbourhoods. 1st ed . L o n do n : S po n. Wa t so n , G. a nd Be ntl ey, I. (2007) . Ident it y by design. 1st ed. Amst erdam : E l sev i e r. B resc i a , R . a nd M a rsha ll , J. (201 6) . How c it ies will save t he world. 1st ed . O x fo rd: R o utle dg e . G e h l , J . (2010). Ci ti e s fo r pe o ple . 1st ed. Washingt on, DC : Island Press. J a c o b s, J . (1961). T he de a th a nd life of great American c it ies. 1st ed. New Yo r k : R a n do m H o use . M o st a f av i , M. Do he r ty G . (2010) . ecologic al urbanism C a r m o n a , M . (2013). Expl o ra ti ons in U rban Design S h rest h a , K . (2014). Inclusi ve Urbanizat ion Ti e sde l l , S. (2006). T he urba n d esign reader M o n t go m er y, C . (2015). H appy c it ies Vi l j o en , A, Bo hn, K . (2014). Se cond Nat ure U rban Agricult ure Pe l sm a kers, S (2012). T he Environment al Design Poc ket book C u t h b e r t , A . (2003). De sig ni ng cit ies C a r m o n a , M (2010). Publi c Pl a ce urban spaces Hay w a rd R (1993). Ma k ing be tt er places : urban design now N g , E ( 2 0 09). De sig ni ng hig h densit y cit ies C h a m i , M . (2016). In de pth review of t he Lebanese real est at e sec t or in 2015 U N h i g h co mmissi o ne r fo r re f ugees, ( 2015) . v ulnerabilit y assessment of S y r i a n refug e e s i n L e ba no n 201 5. S a l a t , S . ( 2010). Susta i na ble A rabic urban design at neighborhood scale K h a l a f , R. (2012). Tra ditio na l vs modern Arabian morphologies l u n d u n i ve rsity (2000). Urba n m icro c limat e in t he c it y of Fez, Morocco

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14.0 APPENDICES

10.7 A DA PTA B I LI T Y

S t a t i s t i c s C o nce rni ng L i vi ng Co ndit ions of S yrians in Lebanon

Aver age Ap ar t m en t S izes an d P r ic es in S ever al Areas of B eir u t

10.7 A DA PTA B I LI T Y

Si t e L o c a t e d in Zo ne C S o urc e: B our j Hammoud Municipality

Z on in g Regu lat ion s