MONUMENTALITY IN MICROCOSM Triangle Parks of Washington, D.C. Robin Abad Ocubillo
1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Dialectics 4. Geo-Spatial Conditions 5. Social & Programmatic Conditions 6. Conclusions
Reservation 140, NW
1.
Refuge and Respite
Reservation 85, NW
Longfellow Reservation 150, NW
1.
Memorial Statues
Ghandi Reservation 58, NW
1.
Memorial Park: Reservation 87, NE
“Here I Stand” by Allen Uzikee Nelson, 2000 Reservation 317A, NW
1.
Public Art
“Hmm + Ahh: Signpost for Humanity” by Robert Cole, 2006 Reservation 144, NW
1.
undesignated triangle plaza on Florida Avenue, NW
“Unity in Diversity,� Adams Morgan, Reservation 306D, NW
Adams Morgan Heritage Trail sign, Reservation 306C, NW
Reservation 313A, NE
Gateways
City Built City Open Space
2.
177,000 km2 124,049 km2 52,951 km2
Open Space in Washington, D.C.
(Abad Ocubillo, after DC GIS 2012)
City Reservations Right-of-Way Built City
2.
177,000 22,997 29,953 124,049
Open Space in Washington, D.C.
km2 km2 km2 km2
(Abad Ocubillo, after DC GIS 2012)
Total Reservations 912 Target Triangles 92 All Other Reservations 820
2.
Site selection / Sampling of Triangle Reservations.
(Robin Abad Ocubillo after DC GIS 2012)
1802
1820
1849 March
1867
Appointed Mayor / 6 Elected Councilmembers
Elected Mayor / 6 Elected Councilmembers
Elected Mayor / 6 Elected Councilmembers
1871 Territorial Government (C – Congress Organic Act)
Office of Public Buildings & Parks (a)
Board of Public Works
Office of Public Buildings & Parks “Park Commission” (c – US ACE)
Office of Public Buildings & Grounds US Army Corps of Engineers Department of Interior (c - Congress)
1871
1874 March Direct Rule - Congress
Territorial Government (C – Congress Organic Act)
US ACE
Department of War
1878
1898
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
Territorial Government (a – Congress)
Board of Public Works
“Park Commission” (c – US ACE)
On-Duty Army Engineer Commissioner
US ACE
US ACE
US ACE given exclusive jursidiction over all parks
US ACE
Department of War
1925 Feb
1933 Jun
1934 March
Placed in Office of National Parks, Buildings and Reservations (e – President) Civilian Engineer
ONPBR becomes
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
US ACE OPB&G becomes
OPB&PP of the National Capital (c – Congress)
Office of the President of the U.S.
1934 March
Department of Interior
1942 April
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
1968 March
1988
1967 Commissioner Government a, Appointed Mayor and Council (e – President) District of Columbia Recreation Board (c – Congress)
Department of Public Works
2000 Elected Mayor and Council
Department of Recreation and Parks (e – City Council)
Department of Parks and Recreation (e – Mayor)
D.C. Government
National Park Service
Department of Interior
National Park Service
National Park Service
National Park Service
National Park Service
National Park Service
1802
1820
1849 March
1867
Appointed Mayor / 6 Elected Councilmembers
Elected Mayor / 6 Elected Councilmembers
Elected Mayor / 6 Elected Councilmembers
1871 Territorial Government (C – Congress Organic Act)
Office of Public Buildings & Parks (a)
Board of Public Works
Office of Public Buildings & Parks “Park Commission” (c – US ACE)
Office of Public Buildings & Grounds US Army Corps of Engineers Department of Interior (c - Congress)
1871
1874 March
Territorial Government (C – Congress Organic Act)
Direct Rule - Congress
US ACE
Department of War
1878
1898
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
Territorial Government (a – Congress)
Board of Public Works
“Park Commission” (c – US ACE)
On-Duty Army Engineer Commissioner US ACE
US ACE
US ACE given exclusive jurisdiction over all parks
Department of War
1925 Feb
1933 Jun
1934 March
Placed in Office of National Parks, Buildings and Reservations (e – President) Civilian Engineer
ONPBR becomes
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
US ACE OPB&G becomes
OPB&PP of the National Capital (c – Congress)
Office of the President of the U.S.
1934 March
National Park Service
Department of Interior
1942 April
3-Commissioner Gov. (c – Congress)
1968 March
1988
1967 Commissioner Government a, Appointed Mayor and Council (e – President) District of Columbia Recreation Board (c – Congress)
Department of Public Works
2000 Elected Mayor and Council
Department of Recreation and Parks (e – City Council)
Department of Parks and Recreation (e – Mayor)
D.C. Government
National Park Service
Department of Interior
National Park Service
National Park Service
pre-1790 Acquisition City Commissioners
1790s – 1867 Underdevelopment / Underegulation Mayor and City Council Office of Public Buildings & Parks (Department of Interior)
1867 – 1925 Formation / Delineation / Identification Office of Public Buildings & Grounds (Army Corps of Engineers, Department of War) Department of Public Works (Territorial Government)
1925 - 1938 Investment / Development Office of Public Buildings & Public Parks (Office of the President) Office of Public Parks, Buildings & Reservations (Department of Interior) National Park Service (Department of the Interior) Works Progress Administration
1938 – present Neglect / Fragmentation National Park Service (Department of the Interior) D.C. Government Agencies (DPT, DOT) Washington Metropolitan Transportation Authority Various other private agencies
2.
Eras of Triangle Park Development
pre-1790 Acquisition City Commissioners
1790s – 1867 Underdevelopment / Underegulation Mayor and City Council Office of Public Buildings & Parks (Department of Interior)
1867 – 1925 Formation / Delineation / Identification Office of Public Buildings & Grounds (Army Corps of Engineers, Department of War) Department of Public Works (Territorial Government)
1925 - 1938 Investment / Development Office of Public Buildings & Public Parks (Office of the President) Office of Public Parks, Buildings & Reservations (Department of Interior) National Park Service (Department of the Interior) Works Progress Administration
1938 – present Neglect / Fragmentation National Park Service (Department of the Interior) D.C. Government Agencies (DPT, DOT) Washington Metropolitan Transportation Authority Various other private agencies
2.
Eras of Triangle Park Development
France America Gardens Urban Design Baroque Beaux Arts City Beautiful
3.
Dialectics
3.
(Edward Sachse 1869)
3.
Versailles
(Andre Le Notre 1661 - ; engraving by Delagrive, c.1741)
3.
Marly-de-roi
(Mansart and Le Brun, 1670s)
3.
Saint Cloud
(Le Notre, c.1663)
3.
Composite Plan of Paris (Pierre Patte, 1765)
3.
Hausmann’s Paris
(1850s)
3.
Barcelona and L’Eixample
(Ilefons Cerda, 1859)
3.
San Francisco
(Burnham, 1904)
3.
Chicago
(Burnham, 1909)
3.
New Delhi
(Lutyens, 1910)
3.
Canberra, Australia
(Griffins, 1911)
3.
Washington, D.C.
(Pierre Charles L’Enfant, 1791)
3.
Washington, D.C.
(Pierre Charles L’Enfant, 1791) (2012)
3.
Washington, D.C.
(2012)
4.
Dupont Circle, NW: 1780s
4.
Dupont Circle, NW: 1790s – 1860s
4.
Dupont Circle, NW: 1870s
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk ‘Parking’ Street
4.
Dupont Circle, NW: 1870s - present
4.
Streetscape Development – c. 1800
4.
Streetscape Development – c. 1850
4.
Streetscape Development – c. 1880
4.
Streetscape Development – c. 1910
4.
Streetscape Development – c. 2010
1872 (Bastert and Enthoffer)
4.
2012 (Abad Ocubillo after D.C. GIS)
Triangle Park Development – Reservations 144 and 145 – New Hampshire Avenue and 17th Street
Buildable Block Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block Right of Way
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’
Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk
Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk ‘Parking’ Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk ‘Parking’ Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk ‘Parking’ Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk ‘Parking’ Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk ‘Parking’ Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk Tree Wells Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk Tree Wells Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Buildable Block ‘Parking’ Sidewalk Tree Wells Street
4.
Reservation 143B – New Hampshire Avenue, 18th and Q Streets, NW
Seward Square, SE (1872)
4.
Spatial Typologies: Square-Triangles
Monroe Park, NW (2012)
Seward Square, SE
4.
Spatial Typologies: Square-Triangles
Monroe Park, NW (1872)
Monroe Park, NW
Thomas Circle, NW
4.
Spatial Typologies: End-Points
Mount Vernon Square, NE
Rigo Walls Park, NE
Mount Vernon Square, NE
4.
Spatial Typologies: Patte D’oie / Hemicycle
Union Station, NE
Scott Circle, NW
4.
Spatial Typologies: Etoille / Rondpoint / Circle
Thomas Circle, NW
Seward Square, SE
4.
Gompers-Burke Parks, NE
Spatial Typologies: Communicating, Symmetrical
Vermont Ave. and 11th St., NE
S Street Dog Park and T Street Park, NW
4.
Spatial Typologies: Communicating, Asymmetrical
Vermont Ave. and 11th St., NE
Monroe Park, NW (1872, Bastert & Enthoffer)
4.
Monroe Park, NW
Spatial Typologies: Re-Engineered Geometries
Vermont Ave. and 11th St., NE
4.
Re-Engineered Geometries – Reservation 22, NW
4.
Re-Engineered Geometries – Reservation 22, NW
4.
Re-Engineered Geometries – Reservation 22, NW
2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
1927 (Office of Public Buildings & Grounds)
4.
Re-Engineered Geometries – ‘Washington Circle east,’ Reservation 27, NW
1927 (Office of Public Buildings & Grounds)
4.
2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
Tree Loss – Reservation 85 \ Massachusetts Avenue and 8th Street, NE
1927 (Office of Public Buildings & Grounds)
2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
4.
Redevelopment Casualties – Reservation 203, NE
4.
2012
2012
Reservation 222, 19__ (Office of Public Buildings & Grounds)
Reservation 223, 19__ (OPB&G)
Redevelopment Casualties – Urban Renewal in the South-West
Reservation 243, SW
Reservation 244, SW
Reservation 225, SW
Reservation 243, SW (OPB&G)
Reservation 244, SW (OPB&G)
Reservation 225, SW (OPB&G)
4.
The South-West Waterfront – 1927 and 2012
1920s (Office of Public Buildings & Grounds)
5.
1930s (OPB&G)
2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
Suburban Reservations – North-East Reservation 313C | Bladensburg and Evarts Streets, NE
Reservation 278, NW
Reservation 278, NW (19__, OPB&G)
5.
Suburban Reservations – North-East
Reservation 274, NW
Reservation 278, NW
Reservation 276, NW
Reservation 274, NW (19__, OPBG)
Reservation 278, NW (19__, OPB&G)
Reservation 276, NW (19__, OPBG)
5.
Suburban Reservations – North-East
Reservation 352 (OPB&G)
5.
Suburban Reservations – North-West – 1927 to 2012
Reservation 320B, (OPB&G)
Reservation 318, NW (OPB&G)
5.
Suburban Reservations – North-West - 1927 and 2012
Reservation 466, NW (OPB&G)
1929 (OPB&G)
5.
Memorial Statues: Reservation 150A
2012
5.
Memorial Parks – Dean Wilhelm, Reservation 116, SW and Edward R. Murrow Memorial Park, Reservation 31 NW
5.
Gas Station Triangles: Reservation __
(19__, Office of Public Buildings & Grounds)
Reservation 274, NW
Reservation 278, NW
Reservation 276, NW
Reservation 274, NW (OPB&G)
Reservation 278, NW (OPB&G)
Reservation 276, NW (OPB&G)
5.
Gas-Station Triangles – 1929 and 2012
5.
Reservation 85, NE
Reservation 74, NW
Reservation 138, NW
Reservation 277, NW
‘End-Point’ – Edge Conditions
1927 (OPB&G (1927)
5.
2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
Semi-Public Spaces – ‘Logan Circle north,’ Reservation 164, NW
Interior View, 2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
Reservation 138, NW
5.
Semi-Public Spaces
Reservation 139, NW
Reservation 87, NE
Reservation 140, NW
Rigo Walls Park, NE
Reservation 138, NW
Mount Vernon Square, NE
Reservation 142, NW
5.
Materiality: Boundary Stones
5.
Reservation, 74 , NW
Reservation, 163 NW
Reservation 306D, NW
Reservation 164, NW
Materiality: Enclosure and Demarcation
5.
Reservation, 232 SW
Reservation234, SW
Reservation 91, SE
Reservation 276, NW
Materiality: Enclosure and Demarcation
Reservation 87, NE
Reservation 145, NE
Reservation 91, SE
Reservation 74, NW
Reservation 25, NW
Reservation 253, SE
5.
Materiality: Curbing and Coping
Reservation 691, NW
Reservation 306C, NW
Reservation374, NW
Reservation 85, NE
Reservation 306C, NW
Reservation 306D, NW
5.
Materiality: Surface Treatments
1927 (OPB&G)
5.
Materiality: Infrastructure
1992 (John McWilliams)
2012 (Abad Ocubillo)
Reservation 85, NE
5.
Materiality: Infrastructure
Reservation 87, NE
Reservation 313F, NE
Reservation 145, NW
Mount Vernon Square, NE
Reservation 22, NW
Reservation 318A, NW
Reservation 151, NW
Reservation 317B, NW
5.
Infrastructure: New Programs
5.
Re-Investment: Reservation 85, NE
Re-Investment: Reservation 85, NE
1970 (Ronald Comedy)
5.
2012
Re-Investment – Ladybird Johnson beautification program, 1963-69, ‘Logan Circle east,’ Reservation 154, NW
5.
Re-Investment: Reservation 85, NE
Reservation 87, NE
Reservation 61, NW
Reservation 144, NW
Reservation 532, NW
Reservation 233, SW
Reservation 87, NE
5.
Community-Managed Public Spaces
5.
Community Garden and Parcourse Fitness Center – undesignated triangle at Independence Avenue and 4th Street, SW
313G, NE
Reservation 31 – Edward R. Murrow Park
6.
Conclusions – Uneven Investment Patterns Persist to this Day
DDOT Reservation 136, NW
6.
Conclusions – Increasing Jurisdictional Fragmentation
NPS Reservation 163, NW ‘Logan Circle south’
DC DPR Reservation 305A, NW
6.
DC DPR DDOT Reservation 145, NW
Conclusions – Increasing Jurisdictional Fragmentation
DC DPR & Circle Dogs Reservation 144, NW
6.
Conclusions - Low Demand for Re-Envisioning, Re-Purposing or Re-Development
6.
Conclusions - Low Demand for Re-Envisioning, Re-Purposing or Re-Development
PARK(ing), 2oo5
6.
‘Parklet,’ San Francisco, 2011
Conclusions - Low Demand for Re-Envisioning, Re-Purposing or Re-Development
National Park Service
D.C. Department of Parks and Recreation
D.C. Department of Transportation
D.C. Department of Public Schools
Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Authority
6.
Jurisdictional fragmentation / mixed management / uneven investment requires comprehensive visioning and management strategy
6.
Jurisdictional fragmentation / mixed management / uneven investment requires comprehensive visioning and management strategy
Comprehensive Strategy
6.
•
Documentation
•
Preservation / Conservation / Restoration / Rehabilitation
•
Programming & Partnerships
Jurisdictional fragmentation / mixed management / uneven investment requires comprehensive visioning and management strategy
[ fin ]
John Beardsley Director of Garden and Landscape Studies, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Gardens Rachel Berney, ASLA, PhD Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, University of Southern California Paul Cote Geographic Information Systems Specialist, Harvard Graduate School of Design
Iris Miller Landscape Architect, Washington, D.C. Tim Moore Park Ranger, National Park Service, National Capital Region Alice McLarty Landscape Architect, National Park Service, National Mall & Memorial Parks
Ella Faulkner, MA, MRCP Community Planner, Planning and Operations Division, Department of Parks and Recreation
Jane Padelford Assistant to the Director of Garden and Landscape Studies, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Gardens
Gail Griffin Director of Gardens and Grounds, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Gardens
Chris Shaheen, Acting Associate Director Office of Planning, Washington D.C.
Maureen Joseph, ASLA Acting Chief of Cultural Resources and Regional Historical Landscape Architect National Park Service, National Capital Region
Deborah Sorensen Assistant Curator, National Building Museum
Shiela Klos Library Director, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Gardens
Eva Stern and Alex Santos Office of the Chief Technology Officer, Washington, D.C. City Geographic Information Systems
Jennifer Krafchik Director, Kiplinger Research Library Historical Society of Washington
Jennifer Talken-Spaulding Cultural Resources Program Manager, National Park Service, National Mall and Memorial Parks
Dan Marriott Founder, Preserving the Historic Road Conference
Ruth Trocolli, Ph.D. City Archaeologist, Washington, D.C Historic Preservation Office
Ebuka Mbanude Intern, Planning and Operations Division, Department of Parks and Recreation
Acknowledgement and Thanks
Baker, Marcus (1894). Surveys and maps of the District of Columbia. Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society Barthold, Elizabeth (1993). “The Predicament of the “Parklets”: Understanding Washington’s Smaller Parks. Washington History, Vol. 5, No 1 (Spring/Summer, 1993), pp. 28-45 Bednar, Michael (2006). L'Enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington, D.C. The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1 edition Berg, Scott (2007). Grand Avenues. New York: Random House. Brown, Glenn (1909). The Plan of L'Enfant for the City of Washington and Its Effect upon the Future Development of the City. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 12 (1909), pp. 1-20 Buchholz, Margaret Thomas and Lehmann, Josephine (1999). “Josephine: The Washington Diary of a War Worker, 1918-1919 ”Washington History, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Fall/Winter, 1998/1999), pp. 4-23. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. Caemmerer, H. Paul (1944). Charles Moore and the Plan of Washington. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 46/47, [The 38th separately bound book] 50th Anniversary Volume (1944/1945), pp. 237-258 Cluss (1873). "Report of the Chief Engineer," 1873 BPW Report, pp. 12-13. Charles H. Conrad to Russell E. Dickinson, Nov. 6, 1972, NCPPC file 0368, D.C. Dept. of Public Works. Colyer, George Speer (1987). 'The I/Enfant Plan in Downtown Washington: Its History and Prospects for Survival," M.U.R.P., George Washington University, 1987, 59. Council of the District of Columbia (2012). “DC HOME RULE” http://www.dccouncil.washington.dc.us/pages/dc-home-rule. Retrieved 2012.07.20 Council of the District of Columbia (1989, Mar 16). “District of Columbia Official Code ST § 10-166.” Division 1 Government of District, Title 10 Parks, Public Buildings, Grounds and Space, Subtitle 1 Parks and Playgrounds, Chapter 1 General Provisions. http://government.westlaw.com/linkedslice/default.asp?SP=DCC-1000. Retrieved 2012.07.20 Crane, Brian D; Rutherford, Julie Abell Sulah; & Birrell, Lee Leo (1996). PHASE I AND II ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE SOUTHEAST FEDERAL CENTER: DC HPO Archaeological Report # 358 Raymond A. Devlin (1933). Annual Report of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capital District of Columbia Recreation Board and the National Park Service (1949, August 26). Memorandum of Agreement between the District of Columbia Recreation Board and the National Park Service Duempelmann, Sonja. “Creating order with nature: transatlantic transfer of ideas in park system planning in the twentieth-century Washington, D.C., Chicago, Berlin and Rome.” Planning Perspectives 24 (April 2009): 143-73. Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Transportation (2011). Public Realm Design Manual: A Summary of District of Columbia Regulations and Specifications for the Design of Public Space Elements Grant, Ulysses S. (1932). The L'Enfant Plan and Its Evolution. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 33/34, [The 31st separately bound book] (1932), pp. 1-23 Gutheim, Frederick A. and Lee, Antoinette J. (2006). Worthy of the Nation: Washington, D.C., From L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press Hagner, Alexander B. (1904). Street Nomenclature of Washington City. Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., Vol. 7 (1904), pp. 237- 261 Hawkins, Don Alexander (1990). Topography of the Federal City, 1791. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division. Heine, Cornelius W. (1953, 2003) History of the National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Capital Parks
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