A LOOKING GLASS PUBLICATION D EDICA TED TO PROVIDI NG THE VIEW S OF OTHE RS
THE DESPERATE QUEST FOR HUMANITY By Linda Lavender and Robin Barnett
06 September 2015
In 2012, NATO’s Civil Military Fusion Centre produced an open source report on the 2012 Syrian Humanitarian Crises. The findings at the time were considered alarming. Soon after the report release, the Syrian death toll reached 37,000. Nearly three years later, current conservative estimates place the death toll at 240,000 Syrians including 12,000 children. In 2012, the Syrian conflict was by all accounts a tragedy of epic proportions. Today there is no measure to the psychological and economic impact of this humanitarian disaster. According to Antonio Guterres, the head of the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), the European Union faces a “defining moment” regarding the continent’s worst displacement crisis since World War II. Current statistics show nearly twelve million displaced persons with over 7.6 million still residing in Syria, reports World Vision – a stark and drastic change from the 355,000 refugees reported by UNHCR in October 2012. The following report provides updated open source information on the Syrian displacement crisis and considers the impact upon the European continent and affected NATO Nations.
Syria’s Human Tragedy According to UNHCR’s Guterres, the refugee crisis requires a “massive common effort” to overcome Europe’s currently ineffective and fragmented approach. Desperation is so palpable that in 2015 alone more than 300,000 Syrian refugees have risked their lives to cross the Mediterranean with over 2,600 individual attempts ending in death. Since 2012, the refugee crisis has expanded considerably and is no longer confined to countries sharing immediate borders with the beleaguered Syrian country (see Table 1). Table 1: Syrian Refugee Populations: 2012 v. 2015 Country
October 2012
September 2015
Austria
N/A
10,000 expected
Bulgaria (NATO)
N/A
Approx. 15,000
Brazil
N/A
Approx. 1,740
Canada
N/A
1,300 but committed to taking in 10,000 Syrians and Iraqis
Egypt Germany (NATO) Greece (NATO) Hungry (NATO) Iraq Jordan Lebanon Sweden (NATO) Turkey (NATO) United Kingdom United States
N/A N/A N/A N/A 41,955 105,737 99,977 N/A 101,834 N/A
133,862 6,000 (as of 5 Sept) Approx. 239,000; *Nearly 5,000 arrive each day Approx. 140,000 250,000 630,000 1,113,941 Approx. 30,000 1,938,999 5,000 Approx. 1,500 since 2011
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Delta
+595% +596% +1,114% +1,904%
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For example, Turkey’s growing number of Syrian refugees fleeing across the border is overwhelming urban host communities and creating new cultural tensions, according to Mercy Corps. However, according to Selin Ünal, a spokesperson for UNHCR, “This isn’t just about Turkey or Syria anymore. This problem will affect the entire world. There is something historic going on here”. Greece is likely to agree. On 04 September, the Greek Island of Lesbos saw tensions explode when approximately 200 refugees clashed with authorities as they attempted to board illegally a vessel headed for the mainland, reports Reuters. This is in part due to the 13,000 refugees who have made their way to the island in recent days – an island whose usual Greek population is 86,000. On the same day, refugees on the Greek island of Kos were attacked with citizens wielding bats and shouting, “Go back to your countries”. Greece’s recent financial woes have only helped to exacerbate tensions between the almost four million unemployed Greeks and refugees, reports Al Jazeera. Standoffs between refugees and Hungarian police have become a focus of the international community, according to The Guardian. UNHCR reports that more than 2,000 refugees are crossing into Hungary from Serbia each day. As of 06 September, refugees are reaching Germany at the rate of 100 per hour, according to The Telegraph. There is no question that the European community is in the midst of a refugee crisis, says the UN, and encourages a Figure 1 Source: See additional charts - UNHCR common strategy to replace European “piecemeal” efforts to date, reports BBC. The UN went further recommending that individual European Union countries must accept up to 200,000 refugees. Europe’s Syrian Asylum applications continue to balloon (See Figure 1). Thirty-seven European countries received 138,016 Asylum applications in 2014 alone, reported UNHCR. However, from April 2011 through July 2015, 348,540 applicants have been submitted – a staggering number.
Humanitarian Aid Efforts By 2012, the Assad regime restricted humanitarian assistance to its citizens. A 2013 September UN report documented the systematic targeting of hospitals and ambulances by regime forces. Patients suffered torture, medics executed, and Red Crescent volunteers targeted. At the time, The Washington Post reported that the Syrian government restricted entry to critical areas, denied cross-border assistance and held a tight monopoly for the distribution of aid through the capital of Damascus. A UN Security Council Resolution (2139) passed in February 2014 called all parties to the Syrian conflict to permit humanitarian access and pointed to the government’s singular role in blocking aid, reports the New York Times (NYT). Unfortunately, change does not come easily. In 2015, humanitarian access to populations in need remains restricted due to shifting frontlines, administrative and bureaucratic barriers and violence along access routes, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA). Further, there are approximately 7.6 million internally displaced persons located in Syria with an estimated 4.8 million in hard to access areas, reports World Vision. The success, or failure, of humanitarian assistance is driven by funding and competes with many other crises. In 2012, total funding requested for the Syrian Crisis, which included the Syrian Response Plan, and the Syrian 6 September 2015
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Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan was only 70 percent funded of the over USD 830 million requested. As of 2015, total funding requested for the Syrian Crisis, has reached a dismal 37 percent of the USD 7.4 billion requested. The UN reports financial needs of USD 7.4 billion in meeting current humanitarian needs from the conflict although relief efforts1 have expanded since 2012.
Unprecedented Human Migration By 2012, assistance efforts were localised to Syria and surrounding countries. Iraq, Jordan and Turkey created refugee camps to shelter refugees. In 2012, Turkey oversaw eight refugee camps along the 566 mile shared border with Syria. Jordanian authorities were hesitant to erect refugee camps, but authorities eventually stood up camps as Syrian refugees could no longer be absorbed into Jordanian border communities. Jordan opened the Zaatari refugee camp in July 2012. Lebanon, already home to 100,000 refugees provided no official camps at the time. Refugee families fleeing to Lebanon established makeshift camps or found Figure 2: Refugee Migration Routes shelter in abandoned buildings. In 2012, Syrian refugees lacked the legal means to attain employment in Lebanon and Jordan thereby worsening humanitarian need. Iraq, established the Domiz refugee camp in the Kurdish region. Built to shelter 25,000 refugees, the camp quickly became overcrowded. By 2014, the population had grown to double the capacity, reports Global Post. As is usually the case with mass migration, the lack of clean water, poor sanitation, and over-crowding bred diseases like cholera and polio. UN agencies and international relief agencies sought to engage refugee communities with emergency care and relief. Fast forward to 2015, Syrian humanitarian space needed to assist displaced persons remains severely limited. Uninterrupted violence and conflict from government forces, opposition groups and the Islamic State of Iraq Source: Bloomberg have limited humanitarian efforts. According to the International Red Cross (IRC), Lebanon a country of 4 million has received over 1.2 million refugees. The IRC’s Fabrizio Carboni reports that there are now 400,000 children in Lebanon but only 100,000 receive education. Refugees are restricted from working, yet food vouchers have decreased from USD 27 per person down to USD 13.5. In Jordan, the Zaatari refugee camp is now the country’s fourth largest city with 80,000 inhabitants. The camp boasts shops and coffee cafes, and approximately eighty children are born within the camp each day, according to the Telegraph. By 2014, Iraq added seven additional refugee camps primarily in the Kurdish region, reports UNHCR. However, in June 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq in the Levant (ISIS) 2012: Food and Agriculture Organisations (FAO); Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHC); UN Development Programme (UNDP); UN Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS); UN Population Fund (UNFPA); UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR); UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF); UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS); UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA); World Food Programme (WFP); World Health Organisations (WHO); UN Office Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) 1
2015: Chaldean Assyrian International (KADER); MEDAIR; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR); Oxfam; Pour une Syrie Libre ; Premiere Urgence (PU); Syrian American Medical Society (SAMS) ;SEMA Insani Ve Tibbi Yardim Dernegi (SEMA); Syrian Islamic Front (SIF); Solidatires; SRN; SSSD; Terres des Hommes Italia (TdH – IT); TOS – Refugees; UN Resident Coordinators Office; UN Development Programme (UNDP); UN Department of Safety and Security (UNDSS); UN Population Fund (UNFPA); UN Habitat; UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR); UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF); UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA); Various other recipients; World Food Programme (WFP)
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took control of the city of Mosul sparking a secondary displacement in Iraq, according to the European Union. Turkey is currently working to open two additional camps. To make matters worse, UN agencies have reduced food assistance because of other competing global emergencies within Iraq, Yemen, Nepal, and Ebola on the African continent. Currently, thousands of refugees seek to travel to Europe since the conflict in Syrian shows no signs of ceasefires or conclusion, reports Business Insider (Figure 3). Europe is an attractive option for refugees attempting to apply for asylum and refugee states (Figure 4 below). In theory, a resettlement home in Europe offers the opportunity for employment, education and new beginnings. Resettlement is not an option in Gulf countries were the population of migrant workers exceeds the native Figure 3 populations, except in the case of Saudi Arabia and Oman. To date, Kuwait, Qatar, the UAE, nor Saudi Arabia have accepted refugees. However, while these Gulf Countries do not offer asylum, some countries such as Kuwait provide humanitarian funding. Regardless, it appears that in 2015, current refugees realise that if hope is to be found at all, Europe is the best option. Syrians are now the largest refugee population in the world according to UNHCR. As the Syrian people continue to flee to Europe for safety and a potential opportunity to start again, the European community must address the tough questions even those that challenge Western politics, reports the Telegraph. Balance must be sought among the “Left” who champion the newcomers, and the “Right” who seek to protect the indigenous life and culture enjoyed by Europeans for centuries. Paul Mason of The Guardian asserts that the European Union must revisit its broken asylum system and adopt a more realistic policy. According to Mason, the current migration crisis “may prove too big for Europe to handle”. The anticipated influx of migrants will place a strain on EU institutions. The potential addition of “hundreds of thousands of asylum seekers, given permission to remain in continent where there is stagnation and mass unemployment” is a real concern. According to Catherine L. Mann, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development’s Chief Economist, “Europe is at the centre of weakness in the global economy”. The Wharton School recently forecasted growth in the Eurozone to be just 1.4 percent in 2015. While it is an improvement over the low 0.7 percent for 2014, it is well below what Europe should be achieving. Figure 4 Additionally, unemployment in Europe, with the exception of the United Kingdom, is in double digits without a drop expected until 2016. These factors, combined with the stressors of a mass refugee crisis (and the related costs) could very well foster instability within EU countries.
Next Steps: An Uncertain Path Forward According to United Kingdom (UK) Prime Minister David Cameron, the UK is the second largest bilateral donor in the world to Syrian refugee camps and continues to take refugees. Despite this, Prime Minister stated that the long-term solution is not simply about taking people, but requires a comprehensive solution that includes a new government in 6 September 2015
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Libya and dealing with the problems in Syria, report RT. Cameron further asserted that those responsible for this crisis are “President Assad in Syria and the butchers of ISIL and the criminal gangs that are running this terrible trade in people”, reports The Independent. Member of Parliament George Osborne suggests that the refugee crisis must be dealt with at “the source” - inferring a move toward more military measures in the region. There has been some discussion of airstrikes carried out by the Royal Air Force (RAF) against ISIS, but British Defence Select Committee Chair Julian Lewis cautioned that it was impossible to intervene in Syria without involuntarily helping the Assad regime regain footing. In August, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov suggested US cooperation with the Assad government in combatting Islamic State forces, reports Reuters. The US has continued to call for a peaceful transfer of power from Assad to a newly elected government. Meanwhile, Russia has continued to support the Assad government in Syria. Russia’s Vladimir Putin confirmed on 05 September that Russia is providing serious training and logistical support to the Syrian Army, according to Business Insider. Putin signalled interest in creating “some kind of international coalition to fight terrorism and extremism”. While ceasefires have largely been touted as an interim solution, there is concern that ceasefires are “part of the regime’s military strategy”, said Noah Bonsey of the International Crisis Group’s Senior Analyst on Syria. “When the regime has reached these agreements – generally on terms favourable to it – it is then free to re-deploy its forces elsewhere.” A ceasefire in Syria would potentially help to stem the tide of refugees flooding Europe. However, without incremental “freeze zones” which may help bring calm to area of the country and allows the flow of humanitarian aid, it is unlikely that the haemorrhaging of Syrian refugees will slow any time soon.
Looking Glass Publication is an online publication that provides rapidly assembled open source reports on relevant topics. Compiled from numerous open source news and reporting agencies, Looking Glass Publications aim to provide easy reading on complex and rapidly developing issues. Text includes hyperlinks in order to provide the reader with source attribution and availability to further research if required. Contributing writers are freelance writers committed to representing current issues through an objective lens that places value on the views of others. For more information, contact Looking Glass Publications: Email: lookingglasspubs@gmail.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/viewsofothers Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/lookingglasspubs What’s App: +01 757 376 0909
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