Endnotes

E N D N O T E S

Endnotes and Sources Consulted

From Margins to Centre

Afro-Descendant Conquistadors of the Americas: How Conquistadors of African Heritage Challenge Stereotypes of the Spanish Conquest

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1. Matthew Restall, Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Amber Brian, Bradley Benton, and Pablo García Loaeza, The Native Conquistador: Alva

Ixtlilxochitl’s Account of the Conquest of New Spain, Latin American Originals (University

Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015); Gabriel González Núñez, “The Story of a

Shipwrecked Slave: The Role of Esteban as an Interpreter in the Early Exploration and Conquest of the Americas,” 1611: A Journal of Translation History 14, (2020): para. 1–34. 2. Restall, Seven Myths, 12–13; for examples of three probanzas, see José T. Medina, comp.,

Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de Chile, desde el Viaje de Magallanes hasta la Batalla de Maipo, 1518-1818: Valdivia y sus Compañeros, vol. 15 (Santiago: Imprenta

Elzeviriana, 1898), 5; 110–11; 472. 3. José T. Medina, comp., Colección de Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de Chile, desde el

Viaje de Magallanes hasta la Batalla de Maipo, 1518-1818: Valdivia y sus Compañeros, vol. 15 (Santiago: Imprenta Elzeviriana, 1898), 5; 110–11; 472. 4. James Lockhart and Enrique Otte, eds. and trans, Letters and People of the Spanish Indies,

Sixteenth Century, Cambridge Latin American Studies 22, ed. by Malcolm Deas Clifford T. Smith and John Street (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), 155–56; 185–86; 187. 5. Lockhart and Otte, Letters and People, 163; 168; 187; Brian, Benton, and Loaeza, The Native

Conquistador, 9; 10. 6. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures in the Unknown Interior of America, trans. and ed. by Cyclone Covey (Santa Fe: University of New Mexico Press 1983), 27. 7. Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures, 25; 27; 29; 30–31; 32. 8. Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures, 25; 91. 9. Richard A. Gordon, “Following Estevanico: The Influential Presence of an African Slave in

Sixteenth-century New World Historiography,” Colonial Latin American Review 15, no. 2 (2006): 184. 10. González Núñez, “The Story of a Shipwrecked Slave,” para. 4. 11. See note 5. 12. Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures, 63; 64. 13. Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures, 89; 101–2; 106. 14. González Núñez, “The Story of a Shipwrecked Slave,” para. 31. 15. Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures, 119–20. 16. Cabeza de Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca’s Adventures, 124; 125–26. 17. Kevin Young, “Ambiguous Conquest in the Sixteenth-Century Spanish Atlantic World: The

Personal Journey of Esteban de Dorantes,” in African Sacred Spaces: Culture, History, and

Change, ed. ’BioDun J. Ogundayo and Julius O. Adekunle (London: Lexington Books, 2019), 13. 18. Jerry R. Craddock, ed., “Fray Marcos de Niza, Relación (1539) Edition and Commentary,”

Romance Philology 53, 1 (1999): 1v; 4r; 4v. DOI:http://www.jstor.org/stable/44741666.

Carrock’s journal article translates Fray Marcos’ Relación in Spanish and organizes it in folios. 19. Craddock, “Fray Marcos de Niza, Relación (1539),” 3r; 4v; 5r. 20. Craddock, “Fray Marcos de Niza, Relación (1539),” 7r; 7v; 8r; 8v. 21. George P. Winship, ed., trans., and comp., The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the City of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas, Kansas, and

Nebraska, as Told by Himself and His Followers (New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, 1904), 1–2; 6.

22. Matthew Restall, “Black Conquistadors: Armed Africans in Early Spanish America,” The Americas 57, no. 2 (2000): 175–76, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1008202. 23. Restall, “Black Conquistadors,” 177. 24. Martin de Castro, “Probanza de Juan Garrido – 1538, Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla, Audiencia de

Mexico. Leg. 204,” 2r (my translation) in Ricardo E. Alegría, Juan Garrido: El Conquistador Negro en las

Antillas, Florida, México y California c.1502–1540 (San Juan: Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Puerto Rico y el Caribe, 1990), 127–138. Alegría’s work provides Juan Garrido’s probanza¸ which he organizes in folios.

Martin de Castro was the public scribe who recorded the probanza. 25. Castro, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 2. 26. Castro, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 4r; 5r; 6r; 7r; 8r; 9r. Look at the fourth question to find eyewitness testimony of Garrido’s participation in Tenochtitlan. 27. Alegría, Juan Garrido, 99. 28. Peter Gerhard, “A Black Conquistador in Mexico,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 58, no. 3 (1978): 452, DOI:https://doi.org/10.2307/2513959 29. Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport;

London: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 65–66; Castro, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 1r; fol. 3r; fol. 5r; fol. 7r.

Look at the ninth question to find eyewitness testimony of Garrido growing wheat. 30. Restall, “Black Conquistadors,” 172; 173; 175. 31. Castro, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 4v; 5r; 5v; 7r; 7v; 8v; 9r. Look at the tenth question for eyewitness testimony on Garrido’s social situation. 32. David Sánchez Sánchez, “Juan Garrido, El Negro Conquistador: Nuevos Datos Sobre Su Identidad,” Hipogrifo:

Revista de Literatura y Cultura Del Siglo de Oro 8, 1 (2020): 274; 277, DOI:10.13035/H.2020.08.01.19. 33. Juan Hurtado, “Probanza de los méritos y servicios de Juan Beltrán de Magaña en la batalla de

Xaquijaguana contra Gonzalo Pizarro y después en Chile con el gobernador Valdivia, conquistando y poblando aquel reino, especialmente la ciudad de la Concepción y otras. 19 de Julio de 1563,” in Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de Chile, desde el viaje de Magallanes hasta la batalla de Maipo, 1518-1818: Valdivia y sus compañeros, 386–415, vol. 15, comp. José T. Medina (Santiago: Imprenta

Elzeviriana, 1898), 386. Juan Hurtado is the public Scribe who recorded Juan Beltrán’s probanza. 34. Restall, Seven Myths, 62; Restall, “Black Conquistadors,” 196. 35. Hurtado, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 386. 36. Hurtado, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 386. 37. Hurtado, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 386. 38. Hurtado, “Probanza de Juan Garrido,” 387–88; Robert G. Keith, “Encomienda, Hacienda and Corregimiento in Spanish America: A Structural Analysis,” Hispanic American Historical Review 51, no. 3 (1971): 441,

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-51.3.431 39. Restall, “Black Conquistadors,” 194; Restall, Seven Myths, 62–63. 40. Antonio Vázquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description of the West Indies (c.1620). trans. by Charles

Upson Clark (Washington: Smithsonian, 1942), 1969. 41. Espinosa, Compendium and Description, 1969 (my translation). 42. Espinosa, Compendium and Description, 1968 (my translation). 43. Espinosa, Compendium and Description, 1968; 1969; Restall, “Black Conquistadors,” 194.

Mixed-Race Children of the Atlantic World

1. Jessica Choppin Roney, “Introduction: Distinguishing Port Cities, 1500-1800,” Early American Studies 15, no. 4 (2017): 649, https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 90014819. 2. Ida Altman, and David Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean and the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019), xxi. 3. Roney, “Introduction,” 655. 4. Emily A. Owens, “Promises: Sexual Labor in the Space Between Slavery and Freedom,” Louisiana

History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 58, no. 2 (2017): 190. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/26290899. Concubinage, a term that describes any long-term sexual relationship which takes place

outside the bounds of a legal marriage. 5. Winthrop D. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies,”

The William and Mary Quarterly 19, no 2. (1962): 185, https://doi.org/10. 2307/1921922. Mulatto, a term to describe someone with a mixed ancestry made-up of European and African descent. 6. Guillaume Aubert, “The Blood of France: Race and Purity of Blood in the French Atlantic World,” The

William and Mary Quarterly 61, no. 3 (2004): 464, https://doi.org/10.2307/3491805. 7. Susan D. Amussen, and Allyson M. Poska, “Shifting the Frame: Trans-Imperial Approaches to Gender in the

Atlantic World,” Early Modern Women 9, no.1 (2014): 7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26431280. 8. Aubert “The Blood of France,” 473. 9. A.B. Wilkinson, Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom: Mulattoes and Mixed Bloods in English Colonial

America, (United States: University of North Carolina Press, 2020), 2. 10. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro,” 193. 11. Lescarbot, History of New France, ed. and trans. Grant, I, 159, 183. 12. Jennifer Heuer, “The One-Drop Rule in Reverse? Interracial Marriages in Napoleonic and Restoration Franc,”

Law and History Review 27, no. 3 (2009): 520, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40646056. 13. Owens, “Promises,” 188. 14. M. Le Cardinal de Richelieu, le 29 Avril 1627, transcribed in Edits, ordonnances royaux, et arrêtes du Conseil d’Etat du Roi concernant le Canada, I (Quebec, 1854), 10. 15. Aubert, “Blood of France,” 452. 16. Extrait des avids de Mrs de Blénac et Patoulet,” CAOM, F3 248, fold. 686–87. 17. Wilkinson, Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom, 163. 18. Wilkinson, Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom, 163. 19. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro,” 195. 20. Jennifer L. Palmer, Intimate Bonds: Family and Slavery in the French Atlantic (United States: University of

Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2016), 16. 21. Daniel Livesay, “Privileging Kinship: Family and Race in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica,” Early American Studies 14, no. 4 (2016): 687, https://www.jstor.org/stable/earlamerstud. 14.4.688. 22. Stephen R. Berry, and Laura Prieto, Crossings and Encounters (United States: University of South Carolina

Press, 2020), 5. 23. Ordonnance du Gouvernment general des Iles-du Vent, 15 août 1711,” CAOM, F3, 222, fol.189. 24. François de L’Alouëte, Traité des Nobles et des vertus dont ils sont formés (Paris, 1577), 31. 25. South-Carolina Gazette, (Charleston), March 22, 1735. 26. Joseph Clay to John Wright, Savannah, Feb. 17, 1784, Letters of Joseph Clay, Merchant of Savannah, 17761793, (Georgia Historical Society, Collections VIII, 1913), 203-204. 27. Aubert, “The Blood of France,” 461. 28. Jennifer L. Morgan, Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic (Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2021), 5. 29. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro,” 186. 30. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro,” 195. 31. Daniel Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune: Mixed-Race Jamaicans in Britain and the Atlantic Family, 1733-1833 (Durham, NC: Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 2. 32. Berry and Prieto, Crossings and Encounters, 88. 33. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro,” 185. 34. Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune, 351. 35. Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune, 100. 36. Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune, 348. 37. Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune, 14. 38. Brooke N. Newman, Dark Inheritance: Blood, Race, and Sex in Colonial Jamaica (New Haven, CT: Yale

University Press, 2018), 4. 39. Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune, 3. 40. Stephen Lushington’s Speech, June 16, 1825, as quoted in T.C. Hansard, ed., The Parliamentary Debates, 2d

Ser. (London, 1826), XIII, 1177. 41. Berry and Prieto, Crossings and Encounters, 88. 42. Livesay, Children of Uncertain Fortune, 352.

From Great Men to Middlemen: A Survey of Historiographical Approaches on Cultural Brokers in the North American Fur Trade

1. Stewart A. Weaver. Exploration: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2014). https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=878594&site =eds-live&scope=site. 2. Dane Kennedy. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). https://search-ebscohost-com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=666791&site=edslive&scope=site, 4. 3. Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History (Toronto, Ontario:

University of Toronto Press, 1999), 110). 4. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada, 2. 5. Bruce M White. “The Woman Who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur

Trade.” Ethnohistory 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1999). https://search-ebscohost-com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx ?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.483430&site=eds-live&scope=site, 113. 6. Sylvia Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society, 1670–1870 (Chicago, IL: Watson Dwyer

Publishing, 1980), 17. 7. Van Kirk, Many Tender Ties, 73. 8. Jennifer S. H Brown. Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. (Vancouver, BC: UBC

Press, 1980), 64. 9. Susan Sleeper-Smith. “Women, Kin, and Catholicism: New Perspectives on the Fur Trade.”

Ethnohistory 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): https://search-ebscohost com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login. aspx?direct=true&db=edspmu&AN=edspmu.S1527547700202432&site=eds-live&scope=site, 426. 10. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. (Cambridge University Press, 2011). https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat05965a&

AN=alc.583914&site=eds-live&scope=site, xxvi. 11. White, The Middle Ground, xxvii. 12. Michael A. McDonnell, Masters of Empire: Great Lake Indians and the Making of America (New York, NY:

Hill and Wang, 2015), 15.

Cores and Peripheries

The Columbian Exchange: Sheep, Cattle, and Colonial Growth in the Americas

1. Stuart McCook, “The Neo-Columbian Exchange: The Second Conquest of the Greater Caribbean, 17201930,” special issue, Latin American Research Review 46 (2011): 21, https://doi.org/10.1353/lar.2011.0038. 2. A small portable greenhouse invented by Bagshaw Ward which could maintain reasonably constant temperature levels and humidity aboard ships. 3. McCook, “The Neo-Columbian Exchange,” 17. 4. Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian, “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas,” Journal of

Economic Perspectives 24, no. 2 (January 2010): 164, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.163. 5. Elizabeth J. Reitz, “The Spanish Colonial Experience and Domestic Animals,” Historical Archaeology 26, no. 1 (1992): 85, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03374163. 6. Reitz, The Spanish Colonial Experience,” 85. 7. Sterling Evans, “The ‘Age of Agricultural Ignorance’: Trends and Concerns for Agriculture Knee-Deep into the

Twenty-First Century,” Agricultural History 93, no. 1 (2019): 5. https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2019.093.1.004. 8. Evans, “The ‘Age of Agricultural Ignorance,’” 5. 9. Joseph M. McCann, “Before 1492 the Making of the Pre-Columbian Landscape,” Ecological Restoration 17, no. 1-2 (1999): 16 https://doi.org/10.3368/er.17.1-2.15.

10. Nicole Boivin, Dorian Q Fuller, and Alison Crowther, “Old World Globalization and the Columbian Exchange:

Comparison and Contrast,” World Archaeology 44, no. 3 (2012): 453, https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.20 12.729404. 11. At this time, feral cattle were populous across the Americas. Some of the wild cattle had come south across the Savannah, breaking off from the large herds of South Carolina, while the other domesticated cattle had moved north from the remnants of Spanish herds in Florida. In Mart A. Stewart, “‘Whether Wast, Deodand, or Stray’: Cattle, Culture, and the Environment in Early Georgia,” Agricultural History 65, no. 3 (1991): 5. 12. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 5. By 1750, some of these cattle evolved into the exceptionally hard breed of the

Florida ‘scrub cattle’ which have survived to the present day (p. 6). 13. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 5. 14. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 6. 15. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 7. 16. Andrew Sluyter, “How Africans and Their Descendants Participated in Establishing Open-Range Cattle

Ranching in the Americas,” Environment and History 21, no. 1 (January 2015): 86, https://doi.org/10.3197/0 96734015x14183179969782. 17. Sluyter, “How Africans and Their Descendants,” 86–7. 18. Sluyter, “How Africans and Their Descendants,” 87. 19. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 15. 20. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 15. 21. Tamara Miner Haygood, “Cows, Ticks, and Disease: A Medical Interpretation of the Southern Cattle

Industry,” The Journal of Southern History 52, no. 4 (1986): 553, https://doi.org/10.2307/2209148. 22. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 23. 23. Stewart, “Whether Wast,” 24. 24. Reitz, The Spanish Colonial Experience,” 85. 25. Rusty Bittermann and Margaret McCallum, “‘One of the Finest Grass Countries I Have Met with’:

Prince Edward Island's Colonial-Era Cattle Trade,” Agricultural History 90, no. 2 (2016): 175, https://doi. org/10.3098/ah.2016.090.2.173. 26. It is worth noting that caribou disappeared off the island during this time. 27. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 177. 28. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 178. 29. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 178. 30. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 184. 31. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 184. 32. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 185. See figure p 186. 33. Bitterman and McCallum “One of the Finest Grass Countries,” 189. 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid. 36. John R. Fisher, “Cattle Plagues Past and Present: The Mystery of Mad Cow Disease,” Journal of

Contemporary History 33, no. 2 (1998): 224, https://doi.org/10.1177/002200949803300202. 37. IWTO, “History of Sheep,” International Wool Textile Organisation, August 9, 2022, https://iwto.org/sheep/ history-of-sheep/. 38. IWTO, “History of Sheep”. 39. “Native Sheep of South America.” Scientific American 57, no. 23 (1887): 353. 40. “Native Sheep of South America,” 353. 41. Reitz, The Spanish Colonial Experience,” 85. 42. Reitz, The Spanish Colonial Experience,” 85. 43. Susan M. Ouellette, “Divine Providence and Collective Endeavor: Sheep Production in Early Massachusetts,”

The New England Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1996): 356, https://doi.org/10.2307/366780. 44. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 356. 45. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 360. 46. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 361.

47. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 357. 48. Historical Currency Conversion, https://futureboy.us/fsp/dollar.fsp (accessed December 12, 2022). 49. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 369. 50. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 369. 51. M. Eugene Ensminger, Sheep & Goat Science (Danville, IL: Interstate Publishers, 2002), 34. 52. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 369. 53. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 365. 54. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 365. 55. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 371. 56. Ouellette, “Sheep Production,” 371.

Agency and Interest: The Role of African Middlemen in the Atlantic Slave Trade

1. Louise Daniel Hutchinson, Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization (Washington, DC:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979), 20. 2. J. D. Fage, A History of Africa (Routledge, 2001). 256. Some estimate that nearly 9 million slaves were transported across the trans-Saharan route. 3. Hutchinson, Out of Africa, 40. 4. John K. Thornton, A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820 (Cambridge University Press, 2012), 63. 5. Basil Davidson, The African Slave Trade (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1980), 40. 6. Thornton, A Cultural History, 67. 7. Ibid. 8. “Interview with Atchinou Kokou, Lom” quoted in Alessandra Brivio, “Tales of Cowries, Money and slaves” in African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources, ed. Alice Bellagamba, Sandra E.

Greene, & Martin A. Klein (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 53. 9. Jan Hogendorn and Marion Johnson, The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies. (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1986), 114–24. 10. Thornton, A Cultural History, 64. 11. Jean-Baptiste Labat, Voyage du Chevalier des Marachais en Guinée, isles voisines, et à Cayenne, fait en 1725, 1726, & 1727 (4 volumes, Amsterdam, 1731), 2: 192. Quoted in Thornton, A Cultural History, 62. 12. Arquivo do Estado de Bahia, 23, fol. 90, quoted in Thornton, A Cultural History, 64. 13. The Royal African: or, Memoirs of the Young Prince of Annamaboe. Comprehending a Distinct Account of His Country and Family; His Elder Brother's Voyage to France, and Reception there; the Manner in

Which Himself Was Confided by His Father to the Captain Who Sold Him; His Condition While a Slave in Barbadoes; the True Cause of His Bring Redeemed; His Voyage from Thence; and Reception Here in

England. Interspers'd Throughout with Several Historical Remarks on the Commerce of the European

Nations, Whose Subjects Frequent the Coast of Guinea. To which is Prefixed a Letter from the Author to a

Person of Distinction, in Reference to Some Natural Curiosities in Africa; as Well as Explaining the Motives which Induced Him to Compose These Memoirs. (London: W. Reeve, G. Woodfall, and J. Barnes, 1750). 25. 14. Randy J. Sparks, Where the Negroes Are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade (Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 39. 15. Sparks, Where the Negroes Are Masters, 62.

(Un)seen Traders of the Atlantic World

1. Gavin Daley, “Napoleon and the ‘City of Smugglers’, 1810-1814,” The Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (2007): 334, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4140133. 2. Guy Chet, “Smuggling: Armed Commerce and the Severe Limits of State Enforcement and Persuasion,” in Ocean is a Wilderness: Atlantic Piracy and the Limits of State Authority, 1688-1865 (Amherst, MA:

University of Massachusetts Press, 2014), 70. 3. Chet, “Smuggling,” 71. 4. David Head, “Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early

Republic,” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no.3 (2013): 438, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487048. 5. Michael Kwass, Contraband: Louis Mandrin and the Making of a Global Underground (Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 2014), 88. 6. Guy Chet, “Smuggling,” 71. 7. Lieutenant Commander John Gedge to collector and controller of customs at Dover, at sea, 17 July 1811,

The National Archives (TNA): CUST 54/25. 8. Robert Hardy, Serious Cautions and Advice to All Concerned in Smuggling, (London, 1818). 9. David Vaisy, ed., The Diary of Thomas Turner, 1754–1765 (Oxford, 1985), 159, 280. 10. Jesse Cromwell, The Smugglers’ World: Illicit Trade and Atlantic Communities in Eighteenth-Century

Venezuela (United States: Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 7. 11. Sam Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 4, no. 1 (2009): 58, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23747381. 12. Daley, “Napoleon and the ‘City of Smugglers’,” 334. 13. Jessica Choppin Roney, “Introduction: Distinguishing Port Cities, 1500–1800,” Early American Studies 15, no.4 (2017): 650, https://www.jstor.org/stable/9 0014819. 14. Alan L. Karras, Smuggling: Contraband and Corruption in World History (United States: Rowman &

Littlefield, 2010),141. 15. Manner of Making of Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate, trans. Chamberlain, D4 [55]. “Aficionados”: Navas de

Carrera, Dissertacion historica, 57. 16. Chet, “Smuggling,” 66. 17. Beverly Lemire, “Men of the World: British Mariners, Consumer Practice, and Material Culture in an Era of Global Trade, c. 1660–1800,” Journal of British Studies 54, no. 2 (2015): 298, http://www.jstor.org/ stable/24702040. 18. Chet, “Smuggling,” 66. 19. David Head, “New Nations, New Connections: Spanish American Privateering from the United States and the Development of Atlantic Relation,” Early American Studies 11, no. 1 (2013): 169, http://www.jstor.org/ stable/23546708. 20. Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” 52. 21. Bram Hoonhout, “The Centrality of Smuggling,” in Borderless Empire: Dutch Guiana in the Atlantic World, 1750–1800 (University of Georgia Press, 2020), 10. 22. Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” 52. 23. Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” 60. 24. Kwass, Contraband: Louis Mandrin and the Making of a Global Underground, 93. 25. George Lipscomb, A Journey into Cornwall (Warwick, 1799), 277. 26. Chet, “Smuggling,” 68. 27. Karras, Smuggling, 8. 28. Kwass, Contraband, 97–98. 29. Kwass, Contraband, 93. 30. Linda M. Rupert, Creolization and Contraband: Curaçao in the Early Modern Atlantic World (Athens, GA:

University of Georgia Press, 2012), 7. 31. George K. Holmes, “Some Features of Tobacco History,” Agricultural History Society Papers 2 (1923): 389, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44215783. 32. Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” 53. 33. Petition to the Customs Board 22 June 1784, Customs and Exercise Museum Library [hereafter CEM] 25,000/11C. 34. Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” 59. 35. Philip J. Stern and Carl Wennerlind, Mercantilism Reimagined: Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and its Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 218. 36. Willis, “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe,” 60.

On the Atlantic

Newfoundland Lost: Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s Voyage in the Early Atlantic World

1. Trevor Burnard, “The British Atlantic,” in Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal, Reinterpreting History, ed.

Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 117–18. 2. Lyell Campbell, Sable Island Shipwrecks: Disaster and Survival at the North Atlantic Graveyard (Halifax:

Nimbus Publishing, 2001), 1; 4; Peter C. Mancall, Hakluyt’s Promise: An Elizabethan’s Obsession for an

English America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 39; 61–62; 61–62; 107; 123–24; George A. Rose,

Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries (St. John’s: Breakwater Books, 2007), 209. 3. James Peter Conlan, “‘[Who] Hath Covered the Naked with a Garment’: The Homespun Origins of the

English Reformation,” Reformation 9, no. 1 (2004): 49; 61–62; Alexander VI, “The Colonization of the New

World (Inter caetera), 1493,” in Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources, ed., Robert S.

Miola (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 484. 4. Pius V, “The Excommunication of Elizabeth I (Regnans in excelsis), 1570,” in Early Modern Catholicism, 487. 5. David W. Waters, The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times (London: Hollis & Carter, 1958), 176; Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the

English Nation Made by Sea or Over-Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at any

Time within the Compasse of these 1600 Yeeres, vol. 7 (Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1904), 165; 185–86. 6. Richard Collinson, ed., The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West, A.D. 1576–8, Reprinted from the First Edition of Hakluyt’s Voyages, with Selections from Manuscript Documents in the British Museum and State Paper Office (London: Hakluyt Society, 1867), 8–9; Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 2; Robert McGhee, The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher: An

Elizabethan Adventure (Montreal and Kingson: McGill Queen's University Press with Canadian Museum of

Civilization, 2001), 22; 23. 7. Richard Hakluyt, Voyages in Search of the North-West Passage from the Collection of Richard Hakluyt (London, Paris, New York, and Melbourne: Cassell & Company, Limited, 1886), 83; 85; McGhee, The Arctic

Voyages of Martin Frobisher, 58 8. David B. Quinn, ed., The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Works Issued by the

Hakluyt Society, vol. 1, no. 83 (Surrey: Hakluyt Society, 2010), 170. 9. Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 176–177; Nicholls, A Fleeting Empire, 27; Mancall, Hakluyt’s

Promise, 139–140. 10. Andrew Nicholls, A Fleeting Empire: Early Stuart Britain and the Merchant Adventurers to Canada (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2010), 25–26; 28; Rainer Baehre, ed., Outrageous Seas:

Shipwreck and Survival in the Waters off Newfoundland, 1583–1893 (Montreal and Kingston: Carleton

University Press, 1999), 15–16. 11. Gillian T. Cell, English Enterprise in Newfoundland, 1577–1660 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 22–23. 12. Cell, English Enterprise in Newfoundland,, 22–23. 13. Quinn, Voyages and Colonising Enterprises, 172. 14. Nate Probasco, “Cartography as a Tool of Colonization: Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s 1583 Voyage to North

America,” Renaissance Quarterly 67, no. 2 (2014): 426; 430–31; 433, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1086/677407 15. John Dee, Cotton MS Augustus I.i.1, quoted in William H. Sherman, “Putting the British Seas on the Map:

John Dee’s Imperial Cartography,” Cartographica 35, no. 3-4 (1998): 4, DOI:https://doi.org/10.3138/H698-

K7R3-4072-2K73. The inscriptions were written on the reverse side of the map. 16. Cotton MS Augustus I.i.1, as quoted in Sherman, “Putting the British Seas on the Map,” 4. 17. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 36–37. 18. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 17–18; 19; 23. 19. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 38; 39. 20. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 37. 21. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 18; 21.

22. John Dee, “General and Rare Memorials Pertaining to the Perfect Art of Navigation [1577],” in John Dee:

Essential Readings, comp. by Gerald Suster, Western Esoteric Masters Series (Berkeley: North Atlantic

Books, 2003), 51. 23. Mancall, Hakluyt’s Obsession, 39. Richard Hakluyt, Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, Made First of All by Our Englishmen and Afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons: With Two Mappes Annexed Hereunto (London: Thomas Dawson for T. Woodcocke, 1850), 1. 24. Mancall, Hakluyt’s Obsession, 7. 25. Mancall, Hakluyt’s Obsession, 7. 26. Conlan, “[Who] Hath Covered the Naked with a Garment,’” 49; 61–62. 27. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, vol. 8, 47. 28. Mancall, Hakluyt’s Promise, 64; Cell, English Enterprise in Newfoundland, 41; Hakluyt, The Principal

Navigations, 40. 29. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 46. 30. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 46–47; 47–48. 31. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 42; 45; 46. 32. Christopher W. Landsea, William M. Gray, Paul W. Mielke, and Kenneth J. Berry, “Seasonal Forecasting of

Atlantic Hurricane Activity,” Weather 49, no. 8 (1994): 274–75. 33. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 47. 34. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 48. 35. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 48; Campbell, Sable Island Shipwrecks, 4. 36. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 44. 37. Waters, The Art of Navigation, 4–5; 36; 59. 38. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 47; 49. See marginal note on page 47. 39. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 51. 40. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 52–53. 41. Bernard Bailyn, Atlantic History: Concept and Contours (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), 62–63. 42. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 50–51. 43. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 61. 44. Baehre, Outrageous Seas, 2. 45. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 63; Campbell, Sable Island Shipwrecks, 4; 5. 46. Marq De Villiers and Sheila Hirtle, A Dune Adrift: The Strange Origins and Curious History of Sable Island (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2004), 123; 132. 47. De Villiers and Sheila Hirtle, A Dune Adrift, 61; 65; 67. 48. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 85–86. 49. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 65–66; 85–86. 50. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 67. 51. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 40. Since the voyage started with two-hundred-and-sixty men, a loss of about a hundred men in the Delight reduced it to one-hundred-and-sixty, without counting desertions, deaths, and the Raleigh’s and Swallow’s return to England. A rough estimate of fifty-two men for each of the five ships would make two ships equal one-hundred-and-four men. Given that the Raleigh was the largest ship, it probably held more than fifty-two men. While the Golden Hind was average-sized, the

Squirrel was the lightest ship, I estimate that less than a hundred men remained in the voyage at this time, which approximates to one-third of the original contingent. 52. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 69. 53. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 68–69; 71–72. 54. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 72–73. 55. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 73–74. 56. Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, 75.

Under the Banner of the Jolly Roger: Pirate Flags of the Atlantic World

1. Chris Land, “Flying the Black Flag: Revolt, Revolution and the Social Organization of Piracy in the ‘Golden Age,’” Management and Organizational History 2, no. 2 (2007): 170. https://doi. org/10.1177/1744935907078726. 2. Land, “Flying the Black Flag,” 171. 3. Land, “Flying the Black Flag,” 171. 4. H. G. Carr, “Pirate Flags,” The Mariner's Mirror 29, no. 3 (1943), 131. https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.194 3.10658840. 5. Thomas K. Heebøll-Holm, Ports, Piracy, and Maritime War: Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280-c. 1330 (Leiden, NL: Brill, 2013), 13. 6. Heebøll-Holm, Ports, Piracy, and Maritime War, 16. 7. Heebøll-Holm, Ports, Piracy, and Maritime War, 14. 8. Heebøll-Holm, Ports, Piracy, and Maritime War, 16. 9. Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-

American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 279. 10. Carr, “Pirate Flags,” 132. 11. David Whetham, Just Wars and Moral Victories: Surprise, Deception and the Normative Framework of

European War in the Later Middle Ages (Leiden, NL: Brill, 2009), 45. 12. Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 279. 13. Land, “Flying the Black Flag,” 177. 14. Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, 279. 15. Land, “Flying the Black Flag,” 177. 16. Hand Turley in Land, “Flying the Black Flag,” 177. 17. Carr, “Pirate Flags,” 133. 18. Carr, “Pirate Flags,” 133. 19. Carr, “Pirate Flags,” 134.

Spectres of the Atlantic

Decolonizing the Curriculum: A comparative review of Canada Revisited: A Social and Political History of Canada to 1911 and Nelson Socials 9

1. Peter Burkholder and Dana Schaffer, “A Snapshot of the Public's Views on History,” Perspectives on

History (August 30, 2021), https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/ september-2021/a-snapshot-of-the-publics-views-on-history-national-poll-offers-valuable-insights-forhistorians-and-advocates. 2. Dane Kennedy. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014). https://search-ebscohost-com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=666791&site=edslive&scope=site, 1. 3. Penney Clark and Roberta McKay, Canada Revisited: A Social and Political History of Canada to 1911 (Edmonton, Alberta: Arnold Publishing Ltd., 1992), 26. 4. Ball, Lyall, and Morton, Nelson Socials (Toronto, ON: Nelson, 2019), 18–19. 5. Ball, Lyall, and Morton, Nelson Socials, 48–49. 6. Kennedy, Reinterpreting Exploration, 2. 7. Richard White. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (Cambridge University Press, 2011), https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat05965a&

AN=alc.583914&site=eds-live&scope=site, 94. 8. Michael A. McDonnell, Masters of Empire: Great Lake Indians and the Making of America (New York, NY:

Hill and Wang, 2015), 15. 9. Clark and McKay, Canada Revisited, 24. 10. Clark and McKay, Canada Revisited, 31. 11. Ibid.

12. Ball, Lyall, and Morton, Nelson Socials 9, 22. 13. Ibid. 14. Susan Sleeper-Smith, Juliana Barr, Jean M. O’Brien, Nancy Shoemaker, and Scott Manning Stevens. Why You

Can’t Teach United States History Without American Indians. (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina

Press, 2015). https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=965246&site=edslive&scope=site, 35) 15. Susan Sleeper-Smith. “Women, Kin, and Catholicism: New Perspectives on the Fur Trade.”

Ethnohistory 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): https://search-ebscohost-com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login. aspx?direct=true&db=edspmu&AN=edspmu.S1527547700202432&site=eds-live&scope=site, 424. 16. Sleeper-Smith. “Women, Kin, and Catholicism,” 424. 17. Clark and McKay, Canada Revisited, 31. 18. Ball, Lyall, and Morton, Nelson Socials 9, 22. 19. Clark and McKay, Canada Revisited, 32.

The Woman King (2022): A Review

1. Reuban Baron, “The Woman King Review: Entertaining, Even If Historically Questionable” Looper (September 12, 2022), https://www.looper.com/1000870/the-woman-king-review-entertaining-even-ifhistorically-questionable/. 2. Lovia Gyarkye, “The Woman King Review: Viola Davis Transforms in Gina Prince-Bythewood's Rousing

Action Epic,” The Hollywood Reporter, (September 9, 2022), https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/ movie-reviews/the-woman-king-viola-davis-gina-prince-bythewood-thuso-mbedu-1235215820/. 3. John C. Yoder, “Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840–1870,” The Journal of

African History 15, no. 3 (1974): 417–32. 4. Frederick Edwyn Forbes, Dahomey and the Dahomans being the journals of two missions to the king of

Dahomey, and residence at his capital, in the year 1849 and 1850, (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and

Longmans, 1851), 139. (Nanisca Character Piece) 1. Dash, Mike, Dahomey’s Women Warriors, September 23, 2011 Smithsonian Magazine.

“This Place is their Legacy”: Uncovering the Dark History of the Plantation Wedding Industry

1. Jonathan Ringen, “Ryan Reynolds on ‘Deadpool,’ Diversity, and the Secrets of Successful Marketing,” Fast

Company (August 4, 2020), https://www.fastcompany.com/90525283/most-creative-people-2020-ryanreynolds. 2. Michael Brice-Saddler, “Isn’t It Romantic? No, It Isn’t.” The Washington Post (June 2019, 12AD). https:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=wapo.a7158080-1839-11ea-8406df3c54b3253e&site=eds-live&scope=site. 3. Olivia Hosken, “It Was Never Ok to Get Married at a Plantation. Here’s Why.,” Town & Country (November 2, 2021), https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a33446093/plantation-weddingcontroversy-ryan-reynolds-blake-lively/. 4. John R. Legg, “A Romantic Union? Thoughts on Plantation Weddings from a Photographer/Historian,”

National Council on Public History (February 24, 2020), https://ncph.org/history-at-work/plantationweddings/. 5. Legg, “A Romantic Union?” 6. Matthew Russell Cook, Candace Forbes Bright, Perry L. Carter, and E. Arnold Modlin. “Dead Labor:

Fetishizing Chattel Slavery at Contemporary Southern Plantation Tourism Sites.” ACME: An International

E-Journal for Critical Geographies 21, no. 3 (May 2022): 2. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct= true&db=a9h&AN=158469315&site=eds-live&scope=site. 7. Cook, Bright, Carter, and Modlin, “Dead Labor,” 2. 8. Cook, Bright, Carter, and Modlin, “Dead Labor,” 9. 9. Cook, Bright, Carter, and Modlin, “Dead Labor,” 3.

10. Melaine Harnay, “Slavery and Plantation Tourism in Louisiana: Deconstructing the Romanticized Narrative of the Plantation Tours.” Accessed November 5, 2022. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=edsrev&AN=edsrev.7C943537&site=eds-live&scope=site, 2. 11. Harnay, “Slavery and Plantation Tourism in Louisiana.” 12. Cook, Bright, Carter and Modlin, “Dead Labor,” 12. 13. “Houmas House Historic Estate and Gardens,” Houmas House, accessed November 4, 2022, https:// houmashouse.com/. 14. “Houmas House Historic Estate and Gardens.” 15. Ibid. 16. “Magnolia Plantation and Gardens,” Magnolia Plantation and Gardens | Charleston, SC, accessed October 24, 2022, https://www.magnoliaplantation.com/. 17. “Magnolia Plantation and Gardens.” 18. “Magnolia Plantation and Gardens.” 19. “Magnolia Plantation and Gardens.” 20. “Whitney Plantation Museum,” Whitney Plantation, accessed October 24, 2022, https://www. whitneyplantation.org/. 21. “Whitney Plantation Museum.” 22. “Whitney Plantation Museum.”

Decolonizing the Pope’s Museum: The Repatriation of Indigenous Artifacts in the Vatican’s Ethnological Museum

1. Pope Francis, “Meeting with Indigenous Peoples: First Nations, Métis and Inuit,” EWTN, July 25, 2022, https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/meeting-with-indigenous-peoples-first-nations-metis-andinuit-24324 [on the link itself the author is listed as “Pope Francis.”] 2. Jenna Kunze, “Western Canadian Inuit leader to the Vatican: “It is not ‘the Pope’s kayak,’” Native News

Online, December 3, 2021, https://nativenewsonline.net/sovereignty/western-canadian-inuit-leaderto-the-vatican-it-is-not-the-pope-s-kayak; Philip Pullella, “Canada Indigenous Ask Pope for Residential

Schools Records,” Reuters, March 28, 2022, https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-indigenousask-pope-residential-schools-records-2022-03-28/. According to Jenna Kunze, delegations consisted of residential school survivors, elders, knowledge keepers, and youth. 3. Kunze, “Western Canadian Inuit leader to the Vatican.” 4. Kunze, “Western Canadian Inuit leader to the Vatican”; Nicole Winfield, “Vatican says they’re gifts;

Indigenous groups want them back,” Associated Press, July 21, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/popefrancis-entertainment-travel-canada-3e9ab6fad79ee444f20633fd8020edea 5. Nicole Winfield, “Vatican says they’re gifts”; Daniela Germano, “‘There’s a lot to it’: Repatriating Indigenous artifacts from Vatican may take years,” Toronto Star, April 1, 2022, https://www.thestar.com/news/ canada/2022/04/01/theres-a-lot-to-it-repatriating-indigenous-artifacts-from-vatican-may-take-years.html;

Mary Annette Pember, “Indigenous Peoples Want Sacred Items Returned from Catholic Museums,” Indian

Country Today, July 29, 2022. https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/indigenous-peoples-want-sacreditems-returned-from-catholic-museums 6. Winfield, “Vatican says they’re gifts.” 7. Angelyn Dries, “The 1925 Vatican Mission Exposition and the Interface Between Catholic Mission Theory and World Religions,” International Bulletin of Mission Research 40, no. 2 (April 2016): 1; 122–23.

DOI:10.1177/2396939316638334. 8. “Ethnological Museum Anima Mundi,” Collections, Musei Vaticani, accessed November 30, 2022, https:// www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-etnologico/museo-etnologico. html. 9. John J. Considine, The Vatican Mission Exposition: A Window on the World (New York: MacMillan Company, 1929), 30–31. 10. Gerald McMaster, “‘It's our mission to save our culture’ says art curator of Indigenous artifacts in Vatican,”

Interview by Ginella Massa, Canada Tonight, CBC News, March 30, 2022. video, 0:22, https://www.cbc.ca/

player/play/2017675843537 11. McMaster, “‘It's our mission to save our culture,’” 0:22. 12. Alexander VI, “The Colonization of the New World (Inter caetera), 1493,” Early Modern Catholicism: An

Anthology of Primary Sources, ed., Robert S. Miola (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 482–83, 484. 13. Gloria Bell, “Competing Sovereignties: Indigeneity and the Visual Culture of Catholic Colonization at the 1925 Pontifical Missionary Exhibition,” Journal of Global Catholicism 3, no. 2 (2019): 19–20, doi:10.32436/2475-6423.1054 14. Donald Bolen, “Catholic Church has ‘Rescinded’ Papal Bulls on Colonization, says Regina Archbishop,”

CBC News, July 26, 2022, video, 1:03, https://ca.news.yahoo.com/catholic-church-rescinded-papalbulls-184438688.html 15. Steven Newcomb, “Q+A | An Indigenous scholar on why the Pope needs to address the Doctrine of

Discovery,” Interview by Jared Monkman. The Trailbreaker, CBC News, July 27, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/ news/canada/north/steven-newcomb-doctrine-of-discovery-1.6533637; Mark Gollom, “Why Pope Francis may be hesitant to rescind the Doctrine of Discovery,” CBC News, July 30, 2022, https://www.cbc.ca/news/ canada/pope-francis-doctrine-discovery-indigenous-1.6536174 16. Blake A. Watson, “The Impact of the American Doctrine of Discovery on Native Land Rights in Australia,

Canada, and New Zealand,” Seattle University Law Review 34, no. 2 (2011): 508–9. 17. Bell, “Competing Sovereignties,” 33. 18. Cindy Wooden, “Vatican Museums repatriates mummies to Peru.” National Catholic Reporter, October 18, 2022, https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican-museums-repatriates-mummies-peru 19. Wooden, “Vatican Museums repatriates mummies to Peru.” 20. McMaster, “‘It's our mission to save our culture,’” 5:14.

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From Margins to Centre

Afro-Descendant Conquistadors of the Americas: How Conquistadors of African Heritage Challenge Stereotypes of the Spanish Conquest

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Altman, Ida, and David Wheat. The Spanish Caribbean and the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019. Amussen, Susan D., and Allyson M. Poska. “Shifting the Frame: Trans-Imperial Approaches to Gender in the Atlantic World.” Early Modern Women 9, no. 1 (2014): 3–24. http://www.jstor.or g/stable/26431280. Aubert, Guillaume. “‘The Blood of France’: Race and Purity of Blood in the French Atlantic World.” The William and Mary Quarterly 61, no. 3 (2004): 439–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/3491805. Berry, Stephen R., and Laura Prieto. Crossings and Encounters: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Atlantic World. United States: University of South Carolina Press, 2020. Extrait des avids de Mrs de Blénac et Patoulet,” CAOM, F3 248, fold. 686-687. François de L’Alouëte, Traité des Nobles et des vertus dont ils sont formés (Paris, 1577), 31. Heuer, Jennifer. “The One-Drop Rule in Reverse? Interracial Marriages in Napoleonic and Restoration France.” Law and History Review 27, no. 3 (2009): 515–48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40646056. Joseph Clay to John Wright, Savannah, Feb. 17, 1784, Letters of Joseph Clay, Merchant of Savannah, 1776-1793, (Georgia Historical Society, Collections VIII, 1913), 203-204. Jordan, Winthrop D..“American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies.” The William and Mary Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1962): 183–200. https://doi.org/10.2307/1921922. Lescarbot, History of New France, ed. and trans. Grant, I 159, 183. Livesay, Daniel. Children of Uncertain Fortune: Mixed-Race Jamaicans in Britain and the Atlantic Family, 17331833. United States: Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Livesay, Daniel. “Privileging Kinship: Family and Race in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica.” Early American Studies 14, no. 4 (2016): 688–711. https://www.jstor.org/stable/earlamerstud.14.4.688. M. Le Cardinal de Richelieu, le 29 Avril 1627, transcribed in Edits, ordonnances royaux, et arrêtes du Conseil d’Etat du Roi concernant le Canada, I (Quebec, 1854), 10. Morgan, Jennifer L.. Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic. Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2021. Newman, Brooke N.. Dark Inheritance: Blood, Race, and Sex in Colonial Jamaica. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. Ordonnance du Gouvernment general des Iles-du Vent, 15 août 1711,” CAOM, F3, 222,fol.189. Owens, Emily A.. “Promises: Sexual Labor in the Space Between Slavery and Freedom.” Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association 58, no. 2 (2017):179–216. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/26290899. Palmer, Jennifer L.. Intimate Bonds: Family and Slavery in the French Atlantic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated, 2016. South-Carolina Gazette (Charleston), March 22, 1735. Stephen Lushington’s Speech, June 16, 1825, as quoted in T.C. Hansard, ed., The Parliamentary Debates, 2d See. (London, 1826), XIII. 1177. Roney, Jessica Choppin. “Introduction: Distinguishing Port Cities, 1500–1800.” Early American Studies 15, no. 4 (2017): 649–59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/ 90014819. Wiecek, William M. “The Statutory Law of Slavery and Race in the Thirteen Mainland Colonies of British America.” The William and Mary Quarterly 34, no. 2 (1977): 258–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/1925316. Wilkinson, A. B.. Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom: Mulattoes and Mixed Bloods in English Colonial America. United States: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.

From Great Men to Middlemen: A Survey of Historiographical Approaches on Cultural Brokers in the North American Fur Trade

Brown, Jennifer S. H. Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 1980. Innis, Harold A. The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1999. Kennedy, Dane. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. Reinterpreting History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=666791&s ite=eds-live&scope=site. McDonnell, Michael A. Masters of Empire: Great Lake Indians and the Making of America. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 2015. Sleeper-Smith, Susan. “Women, Kin, and Catholicism: New Catholicism: on the Fur Trade / Femmes, Parentèle, et Catholicisme: Nouvelles Perspectives Sur Le Commerce de La Fourrure.” Ethnohistory (Print) 47, no. 2, January 1, 2000: 423–52. https://searchebscohost.com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db= edscal&AN=edscal.156737&site=eds-live&scope=site. Van Kirk, Sylvia. Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society, 1670–1870. Chicago, IL: Watson Dwyer Publishing, 1980. Weaver, Stewart A. Exploration: A Very Short Introduction. Very Short Introductions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=878594&site=edslive&scope=site. White, Bruce M. “The Woman Who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in theOjibwa Fur Trade.” Ethnohistory 46, no. 1, January 1, 1999. 109–47. https://search-ebscohost-com.twu.idm.oclc. org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsjsr&AN=edsjsr.483430&site=eds-live&scope=site. White, Richard. The Middle Ground. [Electronic Resource]: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. 20th anniversary ed. Studies in North American Indian History. Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat05965a&AN=alc.5 83914&site=eds-live&scope=site.

Cores and Peripheries

The Columbian Exchange: Sheep, Cattle, and Colonial Growth in the Americas

Bittermann, Rusty, and Margaret McCallum. “‘One of the Finest Grass Countries I Have Met With’: Prince Edward Island’s Colonial-Era Cattle Trade.” Agricultural History 90, no. 2 (2016): 173–94. https://doi. org/10.3098/ah.2016.090.2.173. Boivin, Nicole, Dorian Q Fuller, and Alison Crowther. “Old World Globalization and the Columbian Exchange: Comparison and Contrast.” World Archaeology 44, no. 3 (2012): 452–69. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/42003541. Bowie, G. G. S. “New Sheep for Old-Changes in Sheep Farming in Hampshire, 1792–1879.” The Agricultural History Review 35, no. 1 (1987): 15–24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40274513. Budiansky, Stephen. The Covenant of the Wild: Why animals chose domestication. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. Buechner, Helmut K. “The Bighorn Sheep in the United States, Its Past, Present, and Future.” Wildlife Monographs, no. 4 (1960): 3–174. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3830515. Ensminger, M.E.; R.O. Parker. Sheep and Goat Science (Fifth ed.). Danville, IL: TheInterstate Printers and Publishers, 1986. Fisher, John R. “Cattle Plagues Past and Present: The Mystery of Mad Cow Disease.” Journal of Contemporary History 33, no. 2 (1998): 215–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/260973. Haygood, Tamara Miner. “Cows, Ticks, and Disease: A Medical Interpretation of the Southern Cattle Industry.” The Journal of Southern History 52, no. 4 (1986): 551–64. https://doi.org/10.2307/2209148. McCann, Joseph M. “Before 1492: The Making of the Pre-Columbian Landscape: Part I: The Environment.”

Ecological Restoration, North America 17, no. 1/2 (1999): 15–30. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/43436545. McCook, Stuart. “The Neo-Columbian Exchange: The Second Conquest of the Greater Caribbean, 1720–1930.” Latin American Research Review 46 (2011): 11–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41261390. “Native Sheep of South America.” Scientific American 57, no. 23 (1887): 353–353. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/26090674. Norton, Marcy. “The Chicken or the Iegue: Human-Animal Relationships and the Columbian Exchange.” The American Historical Review 120, no. 1 (2015): 28–60. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43696335. Nunn, Nathan, and Nancy Qian. “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 2 (2010): 163–88. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25703506. Ouellette, Susan M. “Divine Providence and Collective Endeavor: Sheep Production in Early Massachusetts.” The New England Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1996): 355–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/366780. Poole, Deborah A. “Landscapes of Power in a Cattle-Rustling Culture of Southern Andean Peru.” Dialectical Anthropology 12, no. 4 (1987): 367–98. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29790249. Reitz, Elizabeth J. “The Spanish Colonial Experience and Domestic Animals.” Historical Archaeology 26, no. 1 (1992): 84–91. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25616145. Sluyter, Andrew. “How Africans and Their Descendants Participated in Establishing Open-Range Cattle Ranching in the Americas.” Environment and History 21, no. 1 (2015): 77–101. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/43299718. Sluyter, Andrew. “The Ecological Origins and Consequences of Cattle Ranching in Sixteenth-Century New Spain.” Geographical Review 86, no. 2 (1996): 161–77. https://doi.org/10.2307/215954. Stewart, Mart A. “‘Whether Wast, Deodand, or Stray’: Cattle, Culture, and the Environment in Early Georgia.” Agricultural History 65, no. 3 (1991): 1–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3743225. Taylor, Jeremy F., Kristen H. Taylor, and Jared E. Decker. “Holsteins Are the Genomic Selection Poster Cows.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 113, no. 28 (2016): 7690–92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26470777. Zappia, Natale. “Indigenous Food Frontiers in the Early American West.” Southern California Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2018): 385–408. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26768240.

Agency and Interest: The Role of African Middlemen in the Atlantic Slave Trade

Bellagamba, Alice, Sandra E. Greene, and Martin A. Klein, eds. African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Baten, Jörg. A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Davidson, Basil. The African Slave Trade. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. Fage, J. D. “Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History,” The Journal of African History, 10, no. 3 (1969): 393–404. Gerbner, Katharine, Christian Slavery: Conversion and Race in the Protestant Atlantic World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. Harms, Robert. The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave. New York: Basic Books, 2002. Hutchinson, Louise Daniel, Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Law, Robin. The Ọyọ Empire, c.1600–c.1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Modern Revivals in History. Aldershot, UK: Gregg Revivals. 1991. Morgan, Jennifer L. Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021. Obadina, Tunde. “Slave trade: a root of contemporary African Crisis.” Africa Economic Analysis. 2000. Richardson, David. “The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1660–1807,” in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century, edited by P. J. Marshall, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Scholefield, Alan, The Dark Kingdoms: The Impact of White Civilization on Three Great African Monarchies. New

York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. 1975. Sparks, Randy J.. Where the Negroes Are Masters: An African Port in the Era of the Slave Trade. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. The Royal African: or, Memoirs of the Young Prince of Annamaboe. Comprehending a Distinct Account of His Country and Family; His Elder Brother's Voyage to France, and Reception there; the Manner in Which Himself Was Confided by His Father to the Captain Who Sold Him; His Condition While a Slave in Barbadoes; the True Cause of His Bring Redeemed; His Voyage from Thence; and Reception Here in England. Interspers'd Throughout with Several Historical Remarks on the Commerce of the European Nations, Whose Subjects Frequent the Coast of Guinea. To which is Prefixed a Letter from the Author to a Person of Distinction, in Reference to Some Natural Curiosities in Africa; as Well as Explaining the Motives which Induced Him to Compose These Memoirs. London: W. Reeve, G. Woodfall, and J. Barnes, [1750]. Thornton, John. A Cultural History of the Atlantic World, 1250–1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Williams, Eric. Capitalism & Slavery. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

(Un)seen Traders of the Atlantic World

Chet, Guy. “Smuggling: Armed Commerce and the Severe Limits of State Enforcement and Persuasion.” In The Ocean Is a Wilderness: Atlantic Piracy and the Limits of State Authority, 1688-1865, 66–91. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2014. Crofts, Marylee S. “Economic Power and Racial Irony: Portrayals of Women Entrepreneurs in French Colonial Senegal.” Proceedings of the Meeting of the French Colonial Historical Society 19 (1994): 216–25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43007777. Cromwell, Jesse. The Smugglers' World: Illicit Trade and Atlantic Communities in Eighteenth-Century Venezuela. United States: Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Daly, Gavin. “Napoleon and the ‘City of Smugglers’, 1810-1814.” The Historical Journal 50, no. 2 (2007): 333–52. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4140133. Head, David. “Slave Smuggling by Foreign Privateers: The Illegal Slave Trade and the Geopolitics of the Early Republic.” Journal of the Early Republic 33, no. 3 (2013):433–62. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487048. Head, David. “New Nations, New Connections: Spanish American Privateering from the United States and the Development of Atlantic Relations.” Early American Studies 11, no. 1 (2013): 161–75. http://www.jstor. org/stable/23546708. Holmes, George K. “Some Features of Tobacco History” Agricultural History Society Papers2 (1923): 385–407. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44215783. Hoonhout, Bram. “The Centrality of Smuggling.” In Borderless Empire: Dutch Guiana in the Atlantic World, 1750–1800, 111–35. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2020. Karras, Alan L.. Smuggling: Contraband and Corruption in World History. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. Kwass, Michael. Contraband: Louis Mandrin and the Making of a Global Underground. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014. Lemire, Beverly. Global Trade and the Transformation of Consumer Cultures: The Material World Remade, C.1500–1820. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Lemire, Beverly. “Men of the World”: British Mariners, Consumer Practice, and Material Culture in an Era of Global Trade, c. 1660–1800.” Journal of British Studies 54, no. 2 (2015): 288–319. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/24702040. Lieutenant Commander John Gedge to collector and controller of customs at Dover, at sea, 17 July 1811, The National Archives (TNA): CUST 54/25. Monod, Paul. “Dangerous Merchandise: Smuggling, Jacobitism, and Commercial Culture in Southeast England, 1690-1760.” Journal of British Studies 30, no. 2 (1991): 150–82. http://www.jstor.org/stable/175831. Roney, Jessica Choppin. “Introduction: Distinguishing Port Cities, 1500–1800.” Early American Studies 15, no. 4 (2017): 649–59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/9 0014819. Rupert, Linda M.. Creolization and Contraband: Curaçao in the Early Modern Atlantic World. Greece: University

of Georgia Press, 2012. Petition to the Customs Board 22 June 1784, Customs and Exercise Museum Library [hereafter CEM] 25,000/11C. Stern, Philip J. and Wennerlind, Carl. Mercantilism Reimagined : Political Economy in Early Modern Britain and Its Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Willis, Sam. “The Archaeology of Smuggling and the Falmouth King’s Pipe.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 4, no. 1 (2009): 51–65. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23747381. Tract printed in Aberdeen in 1739, sent to the Directors of the East India Company, 1740, IOR /1/29/52B,52d, BL. Vaisy, David, ed., The Diary of Thomas Turner, 1754–1765 (Oxford, 1985).

On the Atlantic

Newfoundland Lost: Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s Voyage in the Early Atlantic World

Baehre, Rainer. Outrageous Seas: Shipwreck and Survival in the Waters off Newfoundland, 1583–1893. Montreal and Kingston: Carleton University Press, 1999. Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005. Burnard, Trevor. “The British Atlantic.” In Atlantic History: A Critical Appraisal. Reinterpreting History, edited by Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan, 111–136. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Campbell, Lyell. Sable Island Shipwrecks: Disaster and Survival at the North Atlantic Graveyard. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 2001. Cell, Gillian T. English Enterprise in Newfoundland 1577–1660. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016. Collinson, Richard, ed. The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West, A.D. 1576–8, Reprinted from the First Edition of Hakluyt’s Voyages, with Selections from Manuscript Documents in the British Museum and State Paper Office. London: Hakluyt Society, 1867. Conlan, James Peter. “‘[Who] Hath Covered the Naked with a Garment’: The Homespun Origins of the English Reformation.” Reformation 9, no. 1 (2004): 49–66. Dee, John. Cotton MS Augustus I.i.1. Quoted in William H. Sherman, “Putting the British Seas on the Map: John Dee’s Imperial Cartography.” Cartographica 35, no. 3-4 (1998): 1–10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3138/ H698-K7R3-4072-2K73 Dee, John. “General and Rare Memorials Pertaining to the Perfect Art of Navigation [1577].” In John Dee: Essential Readings, compiled by Gerald Suster, 47–60. Western Esoteric Masters Series. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2003. De Villiers, Marq, and Sheila Hirtle. A Dune Adrift: The Strange Origins and Curious History of Sable Island. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2004. Hakluyt, Richard. Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America and the Ilands Adjacent unto the Same, Made First of All by Our Englishmen and Afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons: With Two Mappes Annexed Hereunto. London: Thomas Dawson for T. Woodcocke, 1850. Hakluyt, Richard. The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Made by Sea or Over-Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth at any Time within the Compasse of these 1600 Yeeres. Vol. 7 and 8. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1904. Hakluyt, Richard. Voyages in Search of the North-West Passage from the Collection of Richard Hakluyt. London, Paris, New York, and Melbourne: Cassell & Company, Limited, 1886. Landsea, Christopher W., William M. Gray, Paul W. Mielke, and Kenneth J. Berry. “Seasonal Forecasting of Atlantic Hurricane Activity.” Weather 49, no. 8 (1994): 273–284. Mancall, Peter C. Hakluyt’s Promise: An Elizabethan’s Obsession for an English America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. McGhee, Robert. The Arctic Voyages of Martin Frobisher: An Elizabethan Adventure. Montreal and Kingson: McGill Queen’s University Press with Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2001.

Miola, Robert S., ed. Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Nicholls, Andrew. A Fleeting Empire: Early Stuart Britain and the Merchant Adventurers to Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2010. Probasco, Nate. “Cartography as a Tool of Colonization: Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s 1583 Voyage to North America.” Renaissance Quarterly 67, no. 2 (2014): 425–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/677407. Quinn, David B., ed. The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Vols 1 and 2. Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society. Surrey: Hakluyt Society, 2010. Rose, George A. Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries. St. John’s: Breakwater Books, 2007. Waters, David W. The Art of Navigation in England in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Times. London: Hollis & Carter, 1958.

Under the Banner of the Jolly Roger: Pirate Flags of the Atlantic World Carr, H. G. “Pirate Flags.” The Mariner's Mirror 29, no. 3 (1943): 131–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.194 3.10658840. Heebøll-Holm, Thomas K. Ports, Piracy, and Maritime War: Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280–c. 1330. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2013. Land, Chris. “Flying the Black Flag: Revolt, Revolution and the Social Organization of Piracy in the ‘Golden Age.’” Management and Organizational History 2, no. 2 (2007): 169–92. https://doi. org/10.1177/1744935907078726. Rediker, Marcus. Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700 - 1750. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989. Whetham, David. Just Wars and Moral Victories: Surprise, Deception and the Normative Framework of European War in the Later Middle Ages. Leiden, NL: Brill, 2009.

Spectres of the Atlantic

Decolonizing the Curriculum: A comparative review of Canada Revisited: A Social and Political History of Canada to 1911 and Nelson Socials 9

Ball, Brenda, John Lyall, and Tom Morton. Nelson Socials. Toronto, ON: Nelson, 2019. Burkholder, Peter, and Dana Schaffer. “A Snapshot of the Public's Views on History.” Perspectives on History. American Historical Association, August 30, 2021. https://www.historians.org/research-andpublications/perspectives-on-history/september-2021/a-snapshot-of-the-publics-views-on-historynational-poll-offers-valuable-insights-for-historians-and-advocates. Clark, Penney, and Roberta McKay. Canada Revisited. Edmonton, Alberta: Arnold Publishing Ltd., 1992. Kennedy, Dane. Reinterpreting Exploration: The West in the World. Reinterpreting History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=666791&s ite=eds-live&scope=site. McDonnell, Michael A. Masters of Empire: Great Lake Indians and the Making of America. New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 2015. Sleeper-Smith, Susan. “Women, Kin, and Catholicism: New Catholicism: on the Fur Trade / Femmes, Parentèle, et Catholicisme: Nouvelles Perspectives Sur Le Commerce de La Fourrure.” Ethnohistory (Print) 47, no. 2, January 1, 2000: 423–52. https://searchebscohost.com.twu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db= edscal&AN=edscal.156737&site=eds-live&scope=site. Sleeper-Smith, Susan, Juliana Barr, Jean M. O’Brien, Nancy Shoemaker, and Scott Manning Stevens. Why You Can’t Teach United States History Without American Indians. First edition. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015. https://search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=965246&site=edslive&scope=site. White, Richard. The Middle Ground. [Electronic Resource]: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815. 20th anniversary ed. Studies in North American Indian History. Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat05965a&AN=alc.5 83914&site=eds-live&scope=site.

The Woman King (2022): A Review

Alpern, Stanley B. “On the Origins of the Amazons of Dahomey.” History in Africa 25 (1998): 9–25 Baron, Reuban, (September 12, 2022). “The Woman King Review: Entertaining, Even If Historically Questionable,” Looper.com. Bay, Edna G. “Belief, Legitimacy and the Kpojito: An Institutional History of the 'Queen Mother' in Precolonial Dahomey.” The Journal of African History 36, no. 1 (1995): 1–27 Dash, Mike, Dahomey’s Women Warriors, September 23, 2011, Smithsonian Magazine. Gyarkye, Lovia (September 9, 2022). "The Woman King Review: Viola Davis Transforms in Gina PrinceBythewood's Rousing Action Epic". The Hollywood Reporter. Law, Robin. “The 'Amazons' of Dahomey.” Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, 39 (1993): 245–60. Liman Murtala, Mohammed, Maryam Hamza, and Anas Lawal. “Recognition of the Place of Women in 19th-Century African Warfare: A Study of the Amazons of Dahomey,” LASU Journal of History and International Studies (2021): 175–93. Obichere, Boniface I. “The Social Character of Slavery in Asante and Dahomey,” Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, 12, no. 3 (1983): 191–205, https://doi.org/10.5070/F7123017144. Prince-Bythewood. The Woman King. September 16, 2022; United States: Sony Pictures. Film. Yoder, John C. "Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840-1870," The Journal of African History 15, no. 3 (1974): 417–432.

“This Place is their Legacy”: Uncovering the Dark History of the Plantation Wedding Industry

Boone Hall Plantation & Gardens, October 9, 2022. https://www.boonehallplantation.com/. Brice-Saddler, Michael. 12AD. “Isn’t It Romantic? No, It Isn’t.” The Washington Post, June 2019. https:// searchebscohostcom.twu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=wapo.a7158080183911ea-8406-df3c54b3253e&site=eds-live&scope=site. Cook, Matthew Russell, Candace Forbes Bright, Perry L. Carter, and E. Arnold Modlin. 2022. “Dead Labor: Fetishizing Chattel Slavery at Contemporary Southern Plantation Tourism Sites.” ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 21 (3): 1–20. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&d b=a9h&AN=158469315&site=eds-live&scope=site. Hosken, Olivia. “It Was Never Ok to Get Married at a Plantation. Here’s Why.” Town &Country., November 2, 2021. https://www.townandcountrymag.com/the-scene/weddings/a33446093/plantation-weddingcontroversy-ryan-reynolds-blake-lively/. “Houmas House Historic Estate and Gardens.” Houmas House. Accessed November 4, 2022. https:// houmashouse.com/. Legg, John R. “A Romantic Union? Thoughts on Plantation Weddings from a Photographer/Historian.” National Council on Public History, February 24, 2020. https://ncph.org/history-at-work/plantation-weddings/. “Magnolia Plantation & Gardens.” Magnolia Plantation and Gardens | Charleston, SC. Accessed October 24, 2022. https://www.magnoliaplantation.com/. Melaine, Harnay. “Slavery and Plantation Tourism in Louisiana: Deconstructing the Romanticized Narrative of the Plantation Tours.” Mondes Du Tourisme 21 (June 1, 2022). doi:10.4000/tourisme.4595. Ringen, Jonathan. “Ryan Reynolds on ‘Deadpool,’ Diversity, and the Secrets of Successful Marketing.” Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures LLC, August 4, 2020. https://www.fastcompany.com/90525283/mostcreative-people-2020-ryan-reynolds. “Whitney Plantation Museum.” Whitney Plantation. Accessed October 24, 2022. https://www. whitneyplantation.org/.

Decolonizing the Pope’s Museum: The Repatriation of Indigenous Artifacts in the Vatican’s Ethnological Museum Alexander VI. “The Colonization of the New World (Inter caetera), 1493.” In Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources, edited by Robert S. Miola, 482–484. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

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