Endnotes

E N D N O T E S

Endnotes and Sources Consulted

INTERACTIONS

“Sunken Island, Surfaced Legend: The Influence of Atlanis and its Lost People” by Jessica Knapp 1 Lewis Spence, The History of Atlantis, Internet Archive, (Barnes & Noble Publishing, 2005), 30, htps://archive.org/details/historyofatlani0000spen_a0x4/mode/2up. 2 Spence, The History of Atlantis, xi. 3 Tripp R. Evans, R, Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820-1915, Internet Archive, University of Texas Press, 2004, 131, htps://archive.org/details/romancingmayamex0000evan/mode/2up. 4 Plato, The Timaeus, ed. by R.D. Archer-Hind, Internet Archive, Macmillan and Co., 1888, 79, https://archive.org/details/timaeusofplato00platiala/mode/2up. 5 Plato, The Timaeus, 79. 6 Spence, The History of Atlantis, 84. 7 Joseph-Francois Lafitau, Elizabeth L. Moore, Customs of the American Indians Compared with the Customs of Primitive Times, ed. by William N. Fenton, Internet Archive, (The Champlain Society, 1974), 48-49, htps://archive.org/details/ customsofamerica0001lafi. 8 Crisián A. Roa-de-la-Carrera, Histories of Infamy: Francisco López De Gómara and the Ethics of Spanish Imperialism, translated by Scot Sessions, Internet Archive, (University Press of Colorado, 2005), 110, htps://archive.org/details/ historiesofinfam0000road/mode/2up. 9 Lafitau, Customs of the American Indians, 43. 10 Ignaius Donnelly, Atlantis: The Antediluvian World, Internet Archive, (Harper & Brothers, 1882), 100, https://archive.org/details/atlantisantedilu00donnuoft/ mode/2up. 11 Donnelly, Atlantis, 100. 12 Donnelly, Atlantis, 98. 13 Evans, Romancing the Maya, 113.

“The King who Could not be Found: The Influence of Prester John and his Kingdom” by Jessica Knapp 1 1 Robert Silverberg, The Realm of Prester John, (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1972), 1, htps://archive.org/details/realmofpresterjo00silv/mode/2up. 2 Karl F. Helleiner, “Prester John’s Leter: A Mediaeval Utopia,” Phoenix 13, no. 2 (1959): 57, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/1086970. 3 Jeremy Lawrance, “The Middle Indies: Damião De Góis on Prester John and the Ethiopians,” Renaissance Studies 6, no. 3 (1992): 306, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/24412448. 4 Silverberg, The Realm of Prester John, 122. 5 Mateo Salvadore, “The Ethiopian Age of Exploration: Prester John’s Discovery of Europe, 1306- 1458,” Journal of World History 21, no. 4 (2010): 621, htps://www. jstor.org/stable/41060852. 6 Lawrance, “The Middle Indies,” 313. 7 Silverberg, The Realm of Prester John, 197.

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8 Silverberg, The Realm of Prester John, 218. 9 Helleiner, “Prester John’s Leter,” 48. 10 John Mandeville, “Mandeville on Prester John,” Internet History Sourcebooks, Fordham University,n.d. htps://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/mandeville.asp. 11 Mandeville, “Mandeville on Prester John.” 12 Helleiner, “Prester John’s Leter,” 57.

“‘The Eldorado Spirit’: The Lure of the Man, Lake and Myth of El Dorado” by Jessica Knapp 1 C. Gregory Crampton, “The Myth of El Dorado,” The Historian 13, no. 2 (191): 117, htps:// www.jstor.org/stable/24436112. 2 Crampton, “The Myth of El Dorado,” 119. 3 John Hemming, The Search for El Dorado, Internet Archive, (E.P. Duton, 1978), 102, htps://archive.org/details/searchforeldorad00hemm/mode/2up. 4 Pedro Simón, The Expedition of Pedro De Ursua & Lope De Aguirre in Search of El Dorado and Omagua in 1560-1, Internet Archive, (London, England: The Hakluyt Society, 1861), 50, https://archive.org/details/atlantisantedilu00donnuoft/mode/2up. 5 Simón, The Expedition of Pedro De Ursua, 50. 6 Walter Raleigh, Sir Walter Raleigh, Selections from His Historie of the World, His Letters, etc, Internet Archive. (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1917), 81, htps://archive.org/ details/cu31924013122753/mode/2up. 7 Walter Raleigh, “The Discovery of Guiana, 1595,” Internet History Sourcebooks, Fordham University, 1998, htps://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1595raleigh-guiana.asp. 8 Hemming, The Search for El Dorado, 76. 9 Ralph H. Vigil, “Spanish Exploration and the Great Plains in the Age of Discovery: Myths and Reality,” Great Plains Quarterly 10, no. 1 (1990): 10, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/23531150. 10 Hemming, The Search for El Dorado, 51. 11 Crampton, “The Myth of El Dorado,” 120.

“Not a Drop to Drink: The Fountain of Youth and the Quest for Eternal Life” by Jessica Knapp 1 Douglas T. Peck, “Anatomy of an Historical Fantasy: The Ponce De Leon-Fountain of Youth Legend,” Revista de Historia de América, no. 123 (1998): 64-5, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/20139991. 2 Peck, “Anatomy of an Historical Fantasy,” 64. 3 Peck, “Anatomy of an Historical Fantasy,” 69. 4 Peck, “Anatomy of an Historical Fantasy,” 69. 5 John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Internet Archive, (Macmillan and Co, 1900), 113, htps://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172783/page/n1/mode/2up. 6 Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, 113. 7 Leonardo Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth: History of a Geographical Myth,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 21, no. 3 (1941): 365, htps://www.jstor.org/ stable/2507328. 8 Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth,” 365. 9 Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth,” 375. 10 Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth,” 377. 11 Samuel Turner, “Juan Ponce De León and the Discovery of Florida Reconsidered,” The

Florida Historical Quarterly 92, no. 1 (2013): 27, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/43487548. 12 Benjamin Harrison, “Old Pictures of the New Florida: Ponce De Leon and His Land,” Publications of the Florida Historical Society 3, no. 1 (1924): 31, htps://www.jstor.org/ stable/30138250. 13 Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth,” 368. 14 Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth,” 367. 15 Olschki, “Ponce De Leon’s Fountain of Youth,” 368.

“The Impacts of Invaders: Invasive Species in the Atlantic World” by Katrina Nicolle 1 “Invasive and Other Problematic Species, Genes and Diseases” ICUN Red List, htps://www.iucnredlist.org/ 2 Stuart Butchart, “Red List Indices to Measure the Sustainability of Species Use and Impacts of Invasive Alien Species,” Bird Conservation International (2008): 245. 3 Jeremy Austin, et. al., “The Origins of the Enigmatic Falkland Islands Wolf” Nature Communications, (2013): 1553. 4 Félix Medina, and Manuel Nogales. “A Review on the Impacts of Feral Cats (Felis Silvestris Catus) in the Canary Islands” Biodiversity & Conservation 18 (2009): 830. 5 Félix Medina, and Manuel Nogales. “A Review on the Impacts of Feral Cats” 832. 6 Jeremy Austin, et. al., “The Origins of the Enigmatic Falkland Islands Wolf” 1553. 7 Elisabeth Hempel, et. al., “Identifying the True Number of Specimens of the Extinct Blue Antelope” Scientific Reports 11 (2021). 8 Álvaro Montoya, Edersson Montenegro, and Álvaro Piedrahíta. “Historical and Potential Extinction of Shrub and Tree Species through Deforestation in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia.” Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 68 (2015). 9 Charles Morgan, “A Contemporary Mass Extinction: Deforestation of Tropical Rain Forests and Fauna Effects.” PALAIOS 2, no. 2 (1987): 167.

“Microscopes on the Past” by Katrina Nicolle 1 Antoine Louchart, et. al., “Ancient DNA Reveals the Origins, Colonization Histories, and Evolutionary Pathways of Two Recently Extinct Species of Giant Scops Owl from Mauritius and Rodrigues Islands (Mascarene Islands, South-Western Indian Ocean)” (December 2018). 2 Graham Kerley, “South Africa Suffers a Second Loss of the Blue Antelope (Hippotragus Leucophaeus) as DNA Analysis Confirms That the Sole Specimen Held in South African Collections Is Sable (H. Niger) Material,” South African Journal of Science 117 (2021): 7. 3 Jeremy Kirchman, Erin Schirtzinger, and Timothy F. Wright, “Phylogenetic Relationships of the Extinct Carolina Parakeet (Conuropis Carolinensis) Inferred from DNA Sequence Data,” The Aux 129 no. 2 (2012): 197. 4 Kirchman, Schirtzinger, and Wright, “Phylogenetic Relationships of the Extinct Carolina Parakeet (Conuropis Carolinensis) Inferred from DNA Sequence Data,” 201. 5 Christian Kehlmaier, et. al., “’Ancient DNA’ Reveals That the Scientific Name for an Extinct Tortoise from Cape Verde Refers to an Extant South American Species,” Scientific Reports 11 (2021). 6 Pere Renom, et. al., “Genetic Data from the Extinct Giant Rat from Tenerife (Canary Islands) Points to a Recent Divergence from Mainland Relatives,” Biology Letters 17 (2021).

“Animal Spotlight—Bluebuck” Works Consulted: Graham Kerley. 2021. “South Africa Suffers a Second Loss of the Blue Antelope (Hippotragus Leucophaeus) as DNA Analysis Confirms That the Sole Specimen Held in South African Collections Is Sable (H. Niger) Material.” South African Journal of Science 117 (7/8). doi:10.17159/sajs.2021/9489. Hempel, Elisabeth, Faysal Bibi, J Tyler Faith, James S Brink, Daniela C Kalthoff, Pepijn Kamminga, Johanna L A Paijmans, Michael V Westbury, Michael Hofreiter, and Frank E Zachos. 2021. “Identifying the True Number of Specimens of the Extinct Blue Antelope (Hippotragus Leucophaeus).” Scientific Reports 11 (1): 2100. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-801422. Jannie Loubser, James Brink, and Gordon Laurens. “Paintings of the Extinct Blue Antelope, Hippotragus Leucophaeus, in the Eastern Orange Free State.” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 45, no. 152 (1990): 106–11. htps://doi.org/10.2307/3887969. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien - Mammal Collection. (2021). Retrieved from htps://www. nhm- wien.ac.at/en/research/1_zoology_vertebrates/mammal_collection Sclater, P. L., & Thomas, O. (1894). The Blue-Buck. In The Book of Antelopes (Vol. 4). essay.

“Plant Spotlight—New Mexico Sunflower” 1 C. McDonald, Helianthus praetermissus (lost sunflower) (New Mexico Rare Plants, 1999) 2 New Mexico Sunflower (helianthus praetermissus) iNaturalist United Kingdom, htps:// uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/163627-Helianthus-praetermissus 3 New Mexico Sunflower (helianthus praetermissus) 4 Soum Sanogo, et. al., “Head Rot of Sunflower Caused by Rhizopus Oryzae in New Mexico,” Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 638.

“Farmed to Extinction: Plant Extinction in the Atlanic World” by Katrina Nicolle 1 Yiqing Li and Bruce Mathews, “Effect of Conversion of Sugarcane Plantation to Forest and Pasture on Soil Carbon in Hawaii,” Plant and Soil 335 (2010): 246. 2 Li and Mathews, “Effect of Conversion of Sugarcane Plantation” 249. 3 Richard Ford, “New Ideas about the Origin of Agriculture Based on 50 Years of MuseumCurated Plant Remains.” Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan (2010): 353. 4 Betsy Ladyzhets, “American Plants That Have Gone Extinct” Stacker (July 31, 2019). 5 Aelys Humphreys, et. al., “Global Dataset shows Geography and Life Form predict Modern Plant Extinction and Rediscovery,” Nature Ecology and Evolution, (2019): 1043. 6 Humphreys, et. al., “Global Dataset shows Geography,” 1045. 7 Ladyzhets, “American Plants That Have Gone Extinct”. 8 Eimear Lughadha, et. al., “Extinction Risk and Threats to Plants and Fungi,” Plants People Planet, (2020): 396. 9 “Threats, Agriculture and Aquaculture” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. htps://www. iucnredlist.org/search/stats. 10 “Threats, Agriculture and Aquaculture” htps://www.iucnredlist.org/search/stats. 11 “Conservation Actions Needed” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. htps://www. iucnredlist.org. 12 Li and Mathews, “Effect of Conversion of Sugarcane Plantation,” 251–2.

“One Mosquito Bite Away from Colonization: Malaria Resistance in Africa due to Sickle Cell Anemia” by Haley Friesen 1 Philip D. Curtin, “The White Man’s Grave,” Journal of British Studies 1 (1961): 95. 2 Curtin, “The White Man’s Grave,” 95. 3 Kholhring Lalchhandama, “The Making of Modern Malariology: From Miasma to Mosquito- Malaria Theory,” Science Vision 14, no. 1 (2014): 3. 4 Richard Phillips, “Dystopian Space in Colonial Representations and Interventions: Sierra Leone As ‘The White Man’s Grave,’” Geografiska Annaler 84 B, no. 3-4 (2002): 191. 5 Curtin, “The White Man’s Grave,” 104. 6 “Fact Sheet about Malaria,” World Health Organization, 2021, htps://www.who.int/newsroom/fact- sheets/detail/malaria. 7 Emilio Depetris-Chauvin and David N. Weil, “Malaria and Early African Development: Evidence from the Sickle Cell Trait,” The Economic Journal 128, no. 610 (2018): 1210. 8 Depetris-Chauvin and Weil, “Malaria and Early African Development,” 1210. 9 “About Malaria,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, July 16, 2020, htps://www. cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html. 10 Depetris-Chauvin and Weil, “Malaria and Early African Development,” 1210. 11 Depetris-Chauvin and Weil, “Malaria and Early African Development,” 1210. 12 Frédéric B. Piel et al., “Global Distribution of the Sickle Cell Gene and Geographical Confirmation of the Malaria Hypothesis,” Nature Communications 1, no. 1 (2010): 2. 13 Piel et al., “Global Distribution,” 2. 14 Depetris-Chauvin and Weil, “Malaria and Early African Development,” 1211. 15 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Malaria.” 16 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Malaria.” 17 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “About Malaria.” 18 Jane Achan et al., “Quinine, an Old Anti-Malarial Drug in a Modern World: Role in the Treatment of Malaria,” Malaria Journal 10, no. 1 (December 2011): 1, htps://doi. org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-144. 19 Achan et al., “Quinine,” 1. 20 Achan et al., “Quinine,” 1. 21 Achan et al., “Quinine,” 1. 22 Philip D. Curtin, “The End of the ‘White Man’s Grave’? Nineteenth-Century Mortality in West Africa,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 1 (1990): 74. 23 Curtin, “The End of White Man’s Grave?” 74. 24 Phillips, “Dystopian Space,” 197.

“The Forgoten History of Trade Languages” by Analise Saavedra 1 Joan M Fayer, “African Interpreters in the Atlantic Slave Trade,” Anthropological Linguistics 45, no. 3 (2003): 281. 2 Fayer, “African Interpreters in the Atlantic Slave Trade,” 282. 3 Fayer, “African Interpreters in the Atlantic Slave Trade,” 283. 4 “Mobilian Jargon,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.), accessed

March 22, 2022, htps://www.britannica.com/topic/Mobilian-Jargon. 5 Ira Berlin, “From Creole to African: Atlantic Creoles and the Origins of African-American Society in Mainland North America,” The William and Mary Quarterly 53, no. 2 (1996): 255. htps://doi.org/10.1163/9789004346611_039. 6 William Washabaugh and Sidney M. Greenfield, “The Portuguese Expansion and the Development of Atlantic Creole Languages,” Luso-Brazilian Review 18, no. 2 (1981): 225–38, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/3513551. 7 Berlin, “From Creole to African,”258. 8 “Gullah,” Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.), accessed April 4, 2022, htps://www.britannica.com/topic/Gullah-language. 9 Patricia A. Jones-Jackson, “Gullah: On the Question of Afro-American Language.” Anthropological Linguistics 20, no. 9 (1978): 422–29. htps://www.jstor.org/stable/30027488. 10 Jones-Jackson, “Gullah,” 422–29. 11 Jones-Jackson, “Gullah,” 422–29. 12 Jones-Jackson, “Gullah,” 422–29. 13 Jones-Jackson, “Gullah,” 422–29. 14 Jones-Jackson, “Gullah,” 422–29. 15 Jones-Jackson, “Gullah,” 422–29.

FEATURE

“Second-hand Smoke: Tobacco and the Lingering Seeds of the Columbian Exchange” by Janina Ritzen Pulfer 1 1 Christopher Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2015), 454. 2 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 455. 3 Charlote Cosner, The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World. (Nashville, Tn: Vanderbilt University Press, 2015), 12. 4 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 12-13. 5 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 13. 6 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 13. 7 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 454. 8 Charles Heiser, “On Possible Sources of Tobacco of Prehistoric Eastern North America,” Current Anthropology 33, no. 1 (1992): 55. 9 Heiser, “On Possible Sources of Tobacco”: 55. 10 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 14. 11 Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian, “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas” Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 2 (2010): 176. htps://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.2.163. 12 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 456. 13 George Arents, “The Seed from Which Virginia Grew.” The William and Mary Quarterly 19, no. 2 (1939): 125. htps://doi.org/10.2307/1922843. 14 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 350. 15 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 453.

16 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 453. 17 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 453. 18 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 15. 19 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 456. 20 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 14. 21 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 456. 22 Marieta Morrissey, “Women in New World Slavery,” in Slave Women in the New World: GenderStratification in the Caribbean (University Press of Kansas, 2021), 21-2. 23 Morrissey, “Women in New World Slavery,” 22. htps://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p2gmj7.7. 24 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 457. 25 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 457. 26 Arents, “The Seed from which Virginia Grew,” 126. 27 Morrissey, “Women in New World Slavery”, 22. 28 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 33. 29 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 33. 30 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 34. 31 For further reading on the nature of tobacco plantations and slavery in Cuba, see works consulted. 32 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 407. 33 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 407. 34 Arents, “The Seed from which Virginia Grew,” 126. 35 Morrissey, “Women in New World Slavery”, 22-3. 36 Image from Philip D. Morgan and Michael L. Nicholls, “Slaves in Piedmont Virginia, 17201790,” The William and Mary Quarterly 46, no. 3 (1989), 218. htps://doi.org/10.2307/1920253. 37 Morrissey, “Women in New World Slavery”, 28. 38 Morrissey, “Women in New World Slavery”, 28. 39 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 33. 40 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 34. 41 Roger Biles, “Tobacco Towns: Urban Growth and Economic Development in Eastern North Carolina.” The North Carolina Historical Review 84, no. 2 (2007), 158. 42 Biles, “Tobacco Towns”, 159-161. 43 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 456. 44 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 455. 45 Biles, “Tobacco Towns,” 171. 46 Biles, “Tobacco Towns,” 178-9. 47 Biles, “Tobacco Towns”, 179. 48 Biles, “Tobacco Towns”, 179. Note that while supervisors commonly forbade talking on the shop floor, workers were allowed to sing. 49 Biles, “Tobacco Towns”, 186. 50 Biles, “Tobacco Towns”, 186. 51 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 19. 52 Cumo, The Ongoing Columbian Exchange, 456. 53 Cosner, The Golden Leaf, 20. 54 David S. Jones, “Tobacco Use by Native North Americans: Sacred Smoke and Silent Killer (Review),” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76, no. 3 (2002), 612 htps://doi.org/10.1353/ bhm.2002.0130.

55 Jones, “Tobacco Use by Native North Americans,” 611. 56 Jones, “Tobacco Use by Native North Americans,” 612. 57 Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 17. 58 Robert M. Goodman, Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science (CRC Press, 2019), 157.

DISRUPTIONS

“Sabotage, Suicide, and Flight: Slave Resistance and Resiliency in the Atlantic World” by Kim Vandermeulen 1 James Adams, essay, in The Refugee: Or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by Themselves, With an Account of the History and Condition of the Colored Population of Upper Canada, ed. Benjamin Drew (John P. Jewet and Company, 1856), 28. 2 Frederick Douglass, “Cowardice Departed, Bold Defiance Took its Place,” Excerpts from Slave Narratives - Chapter 31, 1845, assessed March 18, 2022, para. 2, htp://www.vgskole. net/prosjekt/slavrute/31.htm. 3 William Johnson, essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 29. 4 James Seward, essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 41. 5 Harriet Tubman essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 30. 6 Benjamin Drew, ed., The Refugee: Or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves in Canada. Related by Themselves, With an Account of the History and Condition of the Colored Population of Upper Canada (J.P. Jewet and Co., 1856), 2. 7 Darold D. Wax, “Negro Resistance to the Early American Slave Trade,” The Journal of Negro History 51, no. 1 (January 1966): 1, htps://doi.org/10.2307/2716373. 8 Wax, “Negro Resistance to the Early American Slave Trade,” 2. 9 Margaret Garner, “She Would Kill Herself… Before She Would Return to Bondage,” Excerpts from Slave Narratives - Chapter 37, 1876, assessed March 18, 2022, para. 4, htp:// www.vgskole.net/prosjekt/slavrute/37.htm. 10 Douglass, “Cowardice Departed, Bold Defiance Took its Place,” para. 5. 11 Charles R. Foy, “Seeking Freedom in the Atlantic World, 1713-1783,” Early American Studies, no. 1 (April 2006): 47–48, htps://doi.org/10.1353/eam.2006.0002. 12 Gabino La Rosa Corzo, Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression, trans. Mary Todd (The University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 83. 13 Douglas R. Egerton, “Slaves to the Marketplace: Economic Liberty and Black Rebelliousness in the Atlantic World,” Journal of the Early Republic 26, no. 4 (2006): 633, htps://doi.org/10.1353/jer.2006.0062. 14 Terri L. Snyder, “Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America,” The Journal of American History 97, no. 1 (June 2010): 39, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40662817.pdf. 15 Anita Rupprecht, “‘All We Have Done, We Have Done for Freedom’: The Creole SlaveShip Revolt (1841) and the Revolutionary Atlantic,” International Review of Social History 58 (2013): 254, 272, 275, htps://doi.org/10.1017/s0020859013000254. 16 Snyder, “Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America,” 40. 17 Richard Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance,” Slavery & Abolition 33, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 535, htps://doi.org/10.1080/0144039x.2011.644069. 18 Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance,” 535.

19 Snyder, “Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America,” 43. 20 Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance,” 544. 21 Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance,” 525. 22 Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance, 542. 23 Echeverri, “‘Enraged to the Limit of Despair’…” 409. 24 Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance,” 535. 25 Lou Smith, “Slave Narrative of Lou Smith,” Access Genealogy, August 23, 2012. htps:// accessgenealogy.com/mississippi/slave-narrative-of-lou-smith.htm. 26 Garner, “She Would Kill Herself… Before She Would Return to Bondage,” para. 4. 27 Echeverri, “‘Enraged to the Limit of Despair’…” 416. 28 Snyder, “Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America,” 41. 29 William Grose, essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 86. 30 Foy, “Seeking Freedom in the Atlantic World,” 47. 31 Foy, “Seeking Freedom in the Atlantic World,” 72. 32 Nat Turner, “The Last Should Be First,” excerpts from Slave Narratives - Chapter 32, 1831, accessed March 18, 2022, para. 12, htp://www.vgskole.net/prosjekt/slavrute/32.htm. 33 Henry Brown, “He… Hit Upon a New Invention Altogether,” Excerpts from Slave Narratives - Chapter 36, 1872, assessed March 18, 2022, para. 2, htp://www.vgskole.net/prosjekt/slavrute/36.htm. 34 Garner, “She Would Kill Herself… Before She Would Return to Bondage,” para. 2–3. 35 Foy, “Seeking Freedom in the Atlantic World,” 55. 36 Tim Lockley, “Runaway Slave Colonies in the Atlantic World,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History, April 2, 2015, para. 3, htps://doi.org/10.1093/ acrefore/9780199366439.013.5. 37 Snyder, “Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America,” 50. 38 John Seward, essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 40. 39 David West, essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 91. 40 Moses Roper, “Among the Instruments of Torture Employed,” Excerpts from Slave Narratives - Chapter 29, 1837, assessed March 18, 2022, para. 1-3, htp://www.vgskole.net/ prosjekt/slavrute/29.htm. 41 Isaac Williams, essay, in Drew, The Refugee, 63. 42 Douglass, “Cowardice Departed, Bold Defiance Took its Place,” para. 6. 43 Drew, The Refugee: Or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves, 8. 44 Williams, in Drew, The Refugee, 67. 45 John Bicknell and Thomas Day, The Dying Negro: a Poem, 3rd edn, London: W. Flexney, 1775, accessed March 18, 2022, www.brycchancarey.com/slavery/dying.htm. 46 Brown, “He… Hit Upon a New Invention Altogether,” para. 2. 47 Snyder, “Suicide, Slavery, and Memory in North America,” 51, 53. 48 West, in The Refugee: Or the Narratives of Fugitive Slaves, 89. 49 Wax, “Negro Resistance to the Early American Slave Trade,” 1. 50 Bell, “Slave Suicide, Abolition and the Problem of Resistance,” 544.

“Privateers and Pirates in the Spanish Atlantic” by Mariah Neily 1 Benerson Litle, Pirate Hunting: The Fight Against Pirates, Privateers, and Sea Raiders From Antiquity to the Present (Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, 2010), 133. 2 Ida Altman and David Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean and the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019), 1. 3 Altman and Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean, 1. 4 Mathew Lange, James Mahoney and Mathias vom Hau, “Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and British Colonies” American Journal of Sociology 111, no.5 (2006): 1416. 5 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 133. 6 Lange, Mahoney, and vom Hau, “Colonialism and Development,” 1424. 7 Lange, Mahoney, and vom Hau, “Colonialism and Development,”1423-24. 8 Altman and Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean, 69. 9 Altman and Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean, 69. 10 William D. Phillips and Carla Rahn Phillips, A Concise History of Spain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 142. 11 Phillip II of Spain, Two Letters on the Gold of the Indies, 1559. 12 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 133. 13 Sebastian R. Prange, “A Trade of No Dishonor: Piracy, Commerce, and Community in the Western Indian Ocean, Twelfth to Sixteenth Century,” The American Historical Review 116, no. 5 (2011): 1269. 14 Prange, “A Trade of No Dishonor,” 1279. 15 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 9. 16 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 9. 17 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 11. 18 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 9. 19 Litle, Pirate Hunting, 5. 20 Altman and Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean, 122-23. 21 Altman and Wheat, The Spanish Caribbean, 116. 22 J.L. Anderson, “Piracy and World History: An Economic Perspective on Maritime Predation,” Journal of World History 6, no. 2 (1995): 179. 23 Anderson, “Piracy and World History: An Economic Perspective on Maritime Predation,” 178.

“Notorious Pirates of the Caribbean: Blackbeard and Anne Bonny” by Adriana J. Loewen Blackbeard 1 “The Story of Blackbeard- Queen Anne’s Revenge Project,” Qaronline, accessed April 5, 2022, htps://www.qaronline.org/blackbeard-history-old. 2 “Blackbeard-Edward Teach- Pirate,” Royal Musesm Greenwich, accessed April 15, 2022, htps://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/blackbeard-edward-teach-pirate. 3 “Blackbeard-Biography & Facts” Britannica, accessed April 6 2022. htps://www.britannica. com/biography/Blackbeard. 4 Daniel Defoe and Charles Johnson, A General History of Pyrates (Dublin: J. Wats, 1725), 80. 5 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach,” Golden Age of Piracy, htps:// goldenageofpiracy.org/history/pirate-governments/republic-of-pirates.php, modified 2012.

6 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 7 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 8 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 9 “Republic of Pirates,” Golden Age of Piracy, Last modified 2012, 10 htps://goldenageofpiracy.org/history/pirate-governments/republic-of-pirates.php. 11 “Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach,” Golden Age of Piracy, Last modified 2012, 12 htps://goldenageofpiracy.org/history/pirate-governments/republic-of-pirates.php. 13 “Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 14 “Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 15 “Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 16 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 17 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 18 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 19 Sarah Watkins-Kenney, “A Tale of One Ship with Two Names: Discovering the Many Hidden Histories of ‘La Concorde’ and ‘Queen Anne’s Revenge,’” The North Carolina Historical Review 95, no. 2 (2018): 187, doi: 10.2307/45184935. 20 Watkins-Kenny, “A Tale,” 187. 21 Kenneth Kircher, “Queen Anne’s Revenge: A Systems Analysis of Blackbeard’s Flagship” (Master diss.,University of Missouri, 2017), 13. 22 Kircher, “Queen Anne’s Revenge”, 13. 23 Kircher, “Queen Anne’s Revenge,” 13. 24 Mark Wilde-Ramsing and Linda F Carnes-Mcnaughton, Blackbeard’s Sunken Prize: The 300-Year Voyage of Queen Anne’s Revenge (Chapel Hill: The University Of North Carolina Press, 2018), 3. 25 Kircher, “Queen Anne’s Revenge,” 13. 26 Peter T. Leeson, “Pirational Choice: The Economics of Infamous Pirate Practices,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 76, no. 3 (September 15, 2010): 501 htps://doi. org/10.1016/j.jebo.2010.08.015. 27 Leeson, “Pirational Choice,” 501. 28 Leeson, “Pirational Choice,” 501. 29 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 30 “Flying Gang - Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach.” 31 Colin Woodard, “The Last Days of Blackbeard,” Smithsonian Magazine, February, 2014, htps://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/last-days-blackbeard-180949440/. 32 “Charleston History, Population, Atractions, & Facts,” Britannica, accessed April 8, 2022. htps://www.britannica.com/place/Charleston-South-Carolina 33 “Charleston History, Population, Atractions, & Facts.” 34 Woodard, “The Last Days.” 35 Jen Ashley, “Blackbeard’s Blockade of Charleston,” CHS Today , last modified November 15, 2018, htps://chstoday.6amcity.com/blackbeards-blockade-charleston- sc/#:~:text=In%20 1718%2C%20months%20after%20acquiring,ships%20and%20several%20hundred %20men. 36 Sarah LeTrent, “Not for the Faint of Hearties: Blackbeard’s Medical Devices”, CNN, last modified January 29, 2015, htps://www.cnn.com/2015/01/29/living/blackbeard-medicalsupplies- feat/index.html. 37 Qaronline, “The Story.”

38 Arthur L. Cooke, “British Newspaper Accounts of Blackbeard’s Death,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 61, no. 3 (1953): 305, htps://www.jstor.org/ stable/4245947. 39 Cooke, ““British Newspaper Accounts of Blackbeard’s Death.” 40 “St. James,” The London Gazette” April 21, 1719, htps://www.thegazete.co.uk/London/ issue/5740/page/1, (accessed April 8, 2022). 41 Defoe and Johnson, A General History of Pyrates, 80.

Anne Bonny 1 Karen Abbot, “If There’s a Man among Ye: The Tale of Pirate Queens Anne Bonny and Mary Read,” Smithsonian Magazine, August 9, 2011, htps://www.smithsonianmag. com/history/if-theres-a-man- among-ye-the-tale-of-pirate-queens-anne-bonny-and-maryread-45576461/. 2 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 3 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 4 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 5 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 6 Kaleena Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny, the Fierce Female Pirate of the Caribbean,” last modified May 5, 2021, htps://allthatsinteresting.com/anne-bonny. 7 Daniel Defoe and Charles Johnson, A General History of Pyrates (Dublin: J. Wats, 1725), 172–73. 8 Defoe and Johnson, A General History, 172–73. 9 Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny.” 10 Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny.” 11 Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny.” 12 “Anne Bonny- Biography & Facts,” Britannica, accessed April 6 2022, htps://www. britannica.com/biography/Anne-Bonny. 13 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 14 Britannica, “Anne Bonny.” 15 Marcus Rediker, Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age (London: Verso, 2012), 115. 16 Erin Blackmore, “Women Were Pirates, Too,” JSTOR Daily, May 6 2017, htps://daily.jstor. org/women-were-pirates-too/. 17 Blackmore, “Women Were Pirates.” 18 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 110. 19 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 116. 20 Britannica, “Anne Bonny.” 21 Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny.” 22 Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny.” 23 Fraga, “Meet Anne Bonny.” 24 Rediker, Villains of All Nations, 109. 25 Britannica, “Anne Bonny.” 26 Britannica, “Anne Bonny.” 27 Caroline Rowan, “Powerful on land and sea: An Analysis of History’s Attitude to the Lives and Careers of Two Female Pirates; Grainne Mhaol and Anne Bonny.” (Masters diss., University College Dublin, 1999), 20. 28 Rowan, “Powerful on Land,” 20.

29 Rowan, “Powerful on Land,” 20. 30 Rowan, “Powerful on Land,” 20. 31 Rowan, “Powerful on Land,” 20. 32 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 33 Abbot, “If There’s a Man.” 34 Ryann Schulte, “But of Their Own Free-Will and Consent: Anne Bonny, Mary Read, and the Women Pirates in the Early Modern Times” Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 23. 35 Britannica, “Anne Bonny.” 36 Blackmore, “Women Were Pirates.”

“The False Promise of Liberty: Slavery and the American Revolution” by Maritha Louw 1 Edward Gray, “Liberty’s Losers,” The William and Mary Quarterly 70, no. 1 (2013), 186. 2 Eric Foner, “Freedom: America’s Evolving and Enduring Idea,” OAH Magazine of History 20, no. 4 (2006), 14. 3 Orlando Paterson, “The Unholy Trinity: Freedom, Slavery, and the American Constitution,” Social Research 54, no. 3 (1997), 545. 4 “Declaration of Independence, 1776,” available at htps://www.archives.gov/foundingdocs/declaration-transcript. accessed April 4, 2022. 5 James Adams, “Freedom in America,” in Ruth N. Ashen, ed., Freedom, Its Meaning (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1940), 109. 6 Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: Norton, 1975), 344. 7 Paterson, “The Unholy Trinity,” 543. 8 Paterson, “The Unholy Trinity,” 544. 9 Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 4. 10 Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, 6. 11 Paterson, “The Unholy Trinity,” 545. 12 Paterson, “The Unholy Trinity,” 552.

“The French Revolution: An Atlantic Perspective” by Maritha Louw 1 Jeremy Adelman, “An Age of Imperial Revolutions,” The American Historical Review 113, no. 2 (2008), 320. 2 Gunther Rothenberg, “The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon,” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (1988), 777. 3 James Perkins, “France and the American Revolution,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association 4 (1904), 75. 4 Perkins, “France and the American Revolution,” 82. 5 Jonathan Dull, The Age of the Ship of the Line: The British and French Navies, 1650-1815 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009), 115. 6 Bailey Stone, The Anatomy of Revolution Revisited: A Comparative Analysis of England, France, and Russia (London: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 132. 7 Michael Sonenscher, “The Nation’s Debt and the Birth of the Modern Republic: The French Fiscal Deficit and the Politics of the Revolution of 1789: Part 1,” History of Political Thought

18, no. 1 (1997), 66. 8 Thomas Sargent and François Velde, “Macroeconomic Features of the French Revolution,” Journal of Political Economy 103, no. 3 (1995), 491. 9 Suzanne Desan, “Internationalizing the French Revolution,” French Politics, Culture & Society 29, no. 2 (2011), 140. 10 Desan, “Internationalizing the French Revolution,” 140. 11 Desan, “Internationalizing the French Revolution,” 142. 12 Ricardo Duchesne, “The French Revolution as a Bourgeois Revolution: A Critique of the Revisionists,” Science & Society 54, no. 3 (1990), 290. 13 Michael Sonenscher, “The Nation’s Debt and the Birth of the Modern Republic: The French Fiscal Deficit and the Politics of the Revolution of 1789: Part 2,” History of Political Thought 18, no. 2 (1997), 268. 14 Pétré-Grenouilleau, “How did France Enter and Play its Role in the Atlantic,” 279.

FEATURE

“The Determined, Decisive, and Diverse: Women of the Atlantic World” by Heather Lam 1 Andrew Apter, “The Blood of Mothers: Women, Money, and Markets in Yoruba-Atlantic Perspective,” The Journal of African American History 98, no. 1 (2013): 75, htps://doi. org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.1.0072. 2 Apter, “The Blood of Mothers,” 76. 3 Apter, “The Blood of Mothers,” 77. 4 Sasha Turner, Contested Bodied: Pregnancy, Childrearing and Slavery in Jamaica (Philadelphia Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), 5. 5 Apter, “The Blood of Mothers,” 82. 6 Marisa J. Fuentes, Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive, (Philadelphia Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 3. 7 Jennifer L. Morgan, Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic, (Durham: Duke University Press, 2021), 3. 8 Jennifer L. Morgan, Labouring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 8. 9 Jennifer L. Morgan, “Accounting for ‘The Most Excruciating Torment’: Gender, Slavery, and Trans- Atlantic Passages,” History of the Present 6, no. 2 (2016): 185, htps://doi.org/10.5406/ historypresent.6.2.0184. 10 Apter, “The Blood of Mothers,” 72–73. 11 11 Philip J. Havik, “Female Entrepreneurship in West Africa: Trends and Trajectories,” Early Modern Women 10, no. 1 (2015): 165, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/26431365. 12 Gwyn Campbell, Joseph C. Miller, and Suzanne Miers, Women and Slavery: The Modern Atlantic (Vol.2, Ohio University Press, 2008), 35. 13 Apter, “The Blood of Mothers,” 77. 14 W. H. Foster, “Women Slave Owners Face Their Historians: Versions of Maternalism in Atlantic World Slavery,” Patterns of Prejudice 41 (2007): 306. 15 Forster, “Women Slave Owners Face Their Historians,” 310. 16 Teresa Pardos-Torreira, The Power of Their Will: Slaveholding Women in NineteenthCentury Cuba, (Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 2021) 2.

17 Christine Walker, Jamaica Ladies : Female Slaveholders and the Creation of Britain’s Atlantic Empire, (Williamsburg, Virginia: Omohundro Institute and University of North Carolina Press, 2020), 5. 18 Pardos-Torreira, The Power of Their Will, 2. 19 Walker, Jamaica Ladies, 10. 20 Douglas Caterall, Jodi Campbell, Women in Port: Gendering Communities, Economies, and Social Networks in Atlantic Port Cities, 1500-1800, (Netherlands: Brill, 2012), 5. 21 Jennifer L. Palmer, Intimate Bonds: Family and Slavery in the French Atlantic, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 3. 22 Palmer, Intimate Bonds: Family and Slavery in the French Atlantic, 5. 23 Christer Petley,“ Legitimacy ’and Social Boundaries: Free People of Colour and the Social Order in Jamaican Slave Society,” Social History 30, no. 4 (2005): 482–83, htp://www.jstor. org/stable/4287265. 24 Walker, Jamaica Ladies, 174. 25 Butler, “Will of Charity Butler, 1744,” 138. 26 Sissnet, “Will of Mary Sissnet,” 90. 27 Sissnet, “Will of Mary Sissnet,” 89. 28 De Beaumont, “Testament du Sr. Regnaud de Beaumont,” 89. 29 James Stewart, A View of the past and Present State of the Island of Jamaica, (Edinburgh, reprinted 1969), 486.

ECHOES

“Empire in a Glass Case: The Diaspora of Atlantic Artifacts in the British Museum” by Sydney R. Dvorak 1 Dan Hicks, The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. (London: Pluto Press, 2021), 23. 2 Hicks, The Brutish Museums, 21. 3 Emily Duthie, “The British museum: An Imperial Museum in a Post-imperial World,” Public History Review 18, (2011): 12. 4 Hannah R. Godwin, “Legal Complications of Repatriation at the British Museum.” Washington International Law Journal 30, no. 1 (December 2020): 145. 5 Paige Rooney, “A 21st Century Empire: The British Museum and its Imperial Legacies.” The Forum: Journal of History 11, no. 1 (2019): 94. 6 Stuart Frost, “‘A Bastion of Colonialism’: Public Perceptions of the British Museum and its Relationship to Empire.” Third Text 33, no. 4 (July 2019): 487. 7 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 94. 8 David Bushnell, “The Sloane Collection in the British Museum.” American Anthropologist 8, no. 4 (1906): 676. 9 “Drum,” Collection, British Museum, accessed February 2, 2022, htps://www. britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am-SLMisc-1368. 10 Bushnell, “The Sloane Collection,” 677. 11 “Drum,” Collection, British Museum, accessed February 2, 2022, htps://www. britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Am-SLMisc-1368. 12 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 13. 13 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 13.

14 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 15. 15 Annie E. Coombes, Reinventing Africa: Museums, Material Culture, and Popular Imagination in Late Victorian and Edwardian England. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 9. 16 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 2. 17 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 2. 18 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 138. 19 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 138. 20 “Plaque,” Collection, British Museum, accessed February 2, 2022, htps://www. britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-0115-31. 21 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 139. 22 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 139. 23 “Sculpture,” Collection, British Museum, accessed February 2, 2022, htps://www. britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1898-1025-2. 24 Coombes, Reinventing Africa, 44. 25 Coombes, Reinventing Africa, 7. 26 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 96. 27 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 136. 28 “Pendant mask; regalia,” Collection, British Museum, accessed February 2, 2022, htps:// www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1910-0513-1. 29 Hicks, Brutish Museums, 160. 30 “Pendant mask; regalia,” Collection, British Museum, accessed February 2, 2022, htps:// www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/E_Af1910-0513-1. 31 Diary of Herbert Walker, 14 March 1897, Pit Rivers Museum Manuscript Archives, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. 32 Diary of Herbert Walker. 33 Hicks, British Museums, 12. 34 Jonathan Williams, “Parliaments, Museums, Trustees, and the Provision of Public Benefit in the Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic World.” Huntington Library Quarterly 76, no. 2 (2013): 196. 35 Godwin, “Legal Complications,” 151. 36 Godwin, “Legal Complications,” 149. 37 Duthie, “The British Museum,” 17. 38 Godwin, “Legal Complications,” 149. 39 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 97. 40 Duthie, “The British Museum,” 13. 41 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 97. 42 Duthie, “The British Museum,” 20. 43 Duthie, “The British Museum,” 21. 44 Rooney, “21st Century Empire,” 93.

“To Vax or Not to Vax: The Debate as Old as Vaccines Themselves” by Haley Friesen 1 “History of Smallpox,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 21, 2021, htps://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html. 2 Catherine Mark and José G. Rigau-Pérez, “The World’s First Immunization Campaign: The Spanish Smallpox Vaccine Expedition, 1803–1813,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 83, no. 1 (2009): 65, htps://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.0.0173.

3 Mark and Rigau-Pérez, “The World’s First Immunization Campaign,” 65. 4 Gabriel E. Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts: Biographical Sketch of Francisco Xavier Balmis (1753–1819),” Journal of Medical Biography, (August 5, 2021): 2. htps://doi.org/10.1177/09677720211034765. 5 Carlos Franco-Paredes, Lorena Lammoglia, and José I. Santos-Preciado, “The Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition to Bring Smallpox Vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th Century,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 41, no. 9 (November 1, 2005): 1285, htps:// doi.org/10.1086/496930. 6 Franco-Paredes, Lammoglia, and Santos-Preciado, “The Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition,” 1285. 7 Franco-Paredes, Lammoglia, and Santos-Preciado, “The Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition,” 1285. 8 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 9 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 10 Alexandre F. Santos, Pedro D. Gaspar, and Heraldo J. L. de Souza, “Refrigeration of COVID-19 Vaccines: Ideal Storage Characteristics, Energy Effciency and Environmental Impacts of Various Vaccine Options,” Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1849, htps://doi. org/10.3390/en14071849. 11 Santos, Gaspar, and de Souza, “Refrigeration of COVID-19 Vaccine,” 1849. 12 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 13 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 14 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 15 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 16 Catherine Mark and José G. Rigau-Pérez, “The World’s First Immunization Campaign,” 63. 17 Andrade, “A Great Inspiration for Today’s Vaccination Efforts,” 3. 18 Bernard Christenson, “Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition and Smallpox Vaccination,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 42, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 731, htps://doi. org/10.1086/500267. 19 Philip King Brown, “A Review of the Early Vaccination Controversy with an Original Leter by Jenner Referencing to It, and the Spread of Vaccination to the Spanish Possessions of America, The Philippines, and Other European Setlements in the Orient,” California State Journal of Medicine 7, no. 5 (1914): 172. 20 Brown, “Early Vaccination Controversy,” 174. 21 Sherburne Friend Cook, “Francisco Xavier Balmis and The Introduction of Vaccination to Latin America: Part II,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 12, no. 1 (1942): 71. 22 Cook, “Francisco Xavier Balmis,” 71. 23 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “History of Smallpox.”

“The Inca Roads and the Atlantic Network” by Analise Saavedra 1 “What It’s like to Travel the Inca Road Today,” Smithsonian Magazine (July 1, 2015), htps:// www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/what-its-like-travel-inca-road-today-180955740/. 2 Mark Cartwright, “The Inca Road System,” World History Encyclopedia (accessed March 21, 2022), htps://www.worldhistory.org/article/757/the-inca-road-system/. 3 Cartwright, “The Inca Road System.” 4 Cartwright, “The Inca Road System.” 5 Cartwright, “The Inca Road System.”

6 Vega Garcilaso de la, Vigil Ricardo González, and Machaca Huamán Jorge, Comentarios Reales De Los Incas (Lima: Fondo Editorial, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, 2016). 7 Vega Garcilaso de la, Vigil Ricardo González, and Machaca Huamán Jorge, Comentarios Reales De Los Incas (Lima: Fondo Editorial, Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, 2016). 8 Cartwright, “The Inca Road System.” 9 Cartwright, “The Inca Road System.” 10 Joshua Rapp Learn, “How the Inca Road System Tied Together an Empire and Facilitated Its Fall,” Discover Magazine, htps://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/how-the-inca-roadsystem-tied-together-an-empire-and-facilitated-its-fall. 11 Learn, “How the Inca Road System Tied Together an Empire and Facilitated Its Fall.” 12 Jane O’Brien, “Inca Road: The Ancient Highway That Created an Empire,” BBC News (BBC, July 1, 2015), htps://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-33291373. 13 Learn, “How the Inca Road System Tied Together an Empire and Facilitated Its Fall.” 14 O’Brien, “Inca Road.” 15 Cartwright, “The Inca Road System.”

“Port Royal: Shaky Morals, Shaky Ground” by Fiona Kroontje 1 D. L. Hamilton, and Robyn Woodward. “A Sunken 17th-Century City: Port Royal, Jamaica.” Archaeology 37, no. 1 (1984): 39. 2 James March. “Jamaica’s Port Royal: The Wickedest City on Earth?” BBC Travel. BBC, (September 20, 2020.) 3 Nuala Zahedieh, “The Merchants of Port Royal, Jamaica, and the Spanish Contraband Trade, 1655- 1692.” The William and Mary Quarterly 43, no. 4 (1986): 571 4 Nuala Zahedieh. “Trade, Plunder, and Economic Development in Early English Jamaica, 1655-89.” The Economic History Review 39, no. 2 (1986): 218 5 Donny L. Hamilton, Background History of Port Royal, accessed April 2 2022, htps://nautarch.tamu.edu/portroyal/PRhist.htm. 6 March. “Jamaica’s Port Royal.” 7 March, “Jamaica’s Port Royal.” 8 Mathew Mulcahy. “The Port Royal Earthquake and the World of Wonders in SeventeenthCentury Jamaica.” Early American Studies 6, no. 2 (2008): 392. 9 Mulcahy, “The Port Royal,” 392. 10 Mulcahy, “The Port Royal,” 393.

“Gorée Island, Senegal: The Doorway to the Transatlantic Slave Trade” by Fiona Kroontje 1 Steven Barboza, Door of No Return: The Legend of Gorée Island (New York: Cobblehill Books, 1994),12. 2 Martin Klein, “Slaves, Gum, and Peanuts: Adaptation to the End of the Slave Trade in Senegal, 1817- 48.” The William and Mary Quarterly 66, no. 4 (2009): 896. 3 Barboza, Door of No Return, 16. 4 Barboza, Door of No Return, 12. 5 Barboza, Door of No Return, 10. 6 Maison Des Esclaves (Senegal),” Sites of Conscience, accessed March 7, 2022, htps:// www.sitesofconscience.org/en/membership/maison-des-esclaves-senegal/. 7 “Revitalizing Maison Des Esclaves,” Sites of Conscience, accessed March 7, 2022, 8 htps://www.sitesofconscience.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Maison-Des-Esclaves-

Overview- 2021.pdf. 9 “Revitalizing Maison Des Esclaves,” Sites of Conscience. 10 “Revitalizing Maison Des Esclaves,” Sites of Conscience.

“Sea Shanties: A Microcosm of Exchange” by Jessica Vriend 1 Claire Lampen, “Get in Losers, We’re Singing Sea Shanties,” (The Cut, January 12, 2021), htps://www.thecut.com/2021/01/sea-shanty-tiktok-whats-the-deal-with-the-shanty-trend. html. 2 Henry Whates, “The Background of Sea Shanties,” Music & Letters, (Oxford University Press, 1937), 259, htps://www.jstor.org/stable/727760. 3 Frank Kidson, “Sailors’ Songs,” Journal of the Folk-Song Society 1, (English Folk Dance and Song Society, 1900), 39, htp://www.jstor.org/stable/4433855. 4 Whates, “The Background of Sea Shanties,” Music & Letters, 260. 5 Kidson, “Sailors’ Songs,” 39. 6 Gillian Dooley, “‘These Happy Effects on the Character of the British Sailor’: Family Life in Sea Songs of the Late Georgian Period”, In Keeping Family in an Age of Long Distance Trade, Imperial Expansion, and Exile, 1550-1850, ed. Heather Dalton, (Amsterdam University Press, 2020), Retrieved from htps://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17ppcxr.15. 7 Stan Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, (Praeger, 1969), 9–10, htps://search.ebscohost. com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat05965a&AN=alc.30005&site=eds- live&scope=site. 8 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 24. 9 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 29. 10 Whates, “The Background of Sea Shanties,” Music & Letters, 261. 11 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 185–86. 12 Whates, “The Background of Sea Shanties,” 262. 13 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 26–45. 14 Kidson, “Sailors’ Songs,” 39. 15 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 51. 16 Kidson, “Sailors’ Songs,” 39. 17 Whates, “The Background of Sea Shanties,” 263. 18 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 82-85, 179–81. 19 Whates, “The Background of Sea Shanties,” 261. 20 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 48-226. 21 Hugill, Shanties and Sailors’ Songs, 125–26. 22 Douglas R Egerton, Alison Games, Jane G. Landers, Kris Lane, and Donald R. Wright, The Atlantic World: A History, 1400-1888, (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2007), 282–87. 23 Egerton et al, The Atlantic World, 446–47.

Samples of Shanties Allan Mills and the Shanty Men, “Sally Brown,” 1 January 1957, track 3 on Songs of the Sea: Sung by Alan Mills, Folkways Records, htps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uT04eMYlUhQ. The Longest Johns, “Wellerman”, 16 April 2021, track 1 on Wellerman, Sony ATV Publishing, htps://youtube.com/watch?v=RQ2HbYnlc3s. “Spirituals: Faithful Voices in the Midst of Oppression” by Jessica Vriend 1 William Frances Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison, Slave Songs of

the United States. (A. Simpson & Co, 1867), vi, htps://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/ slavesongsofunit00alle. 2 Douglas R Egerton, Alison Games, Jane G. Landers, Kris Lane, and Donald R. Wright, The Atlantic World: A History, 1400–1888, (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 2007), 270. 3 Egerton et al, The Atlantic World, 262. 4 Peter H. Wood, Strange New Land: Africans in Colonial America, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 71, htps://search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=160305&site=eds- live&scope=site. 5 Allen, Ware, & Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, vi–xxii. 6 Eileen Southern, The Music of Black Americans: A History, (W. W. Norton, 1971), 31–172, htps://search.ebscohost.com/login. aspx?direct=true&db=cat05965a&AN=alc.24449&site=eds- live&scope=site. 7 Allen, Ware, & Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, ii. 8 Allen, Ware, & Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, xxxx, 5. 9 Southern, The Music of Black Americans, 195. 10 Allen, Ware, & Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, xxxviii. 11 Allen, Ware, & Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, 7. 12 Allen, Ware, & Garrison, Slave Songs of the United States, 76. 13 Randye Jones, “The Gospel Truth about the Negro Spiritual,” The Art of the Negro Spiritual. (November 13, 2007), htp://www.artotihenegrospiritual.com/research/ GospelTruthNegroSpiritual.pdf. 14 Randye Jones, “The Gospel Truth about the Negro Spiritual.” 15 Southern, The Music of Black Americans, 129. 16 Southern, The Music of Black Americans, 17 Southern, The Music of Black Americans, 130–31. 18 Jones, “The Gospel Truth about the Negro Spiritual.”

Also Consulted: Chapman, Topsy, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Cast. Roll Jordan Roll. Music from and Inspired by 12 Years a Slave. Columbia Records, 2013. htps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7iCMNIPNf8. Northup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of NewYork, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853, from a Cotton Plantation Near the Red River, in Louisiana. United States: Michigan Publishing, 1853.