DA Annual Report 1918 by roldangorgonio

1'1m GOVE!u,/ll\BNr OF TIIC PlllLli'I'INE lsLANDS DEl'A!tT!ilE,;T or AGRICULTURE ,\ND NA.TURAL RESOURCES

.!lURJ<JAU OF AGRICULTURE

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

FJSCAL Y-1"AH JsNDED Dt::CEOiBER 31, 1913

ADilIANO HERNANDEZ DlnCCTO!lO>' AGmCULTURE

CONTENTS

CONTBN'l'S

.... "" "

2tf

..."'"

"" "'"" '" """ "" "., """ "" "" "" " """ "" "" """ 80

�2·

48 4S

...

. .. ... �. .. . � ..� ..... ... ... ... . . n n n

A N

n n

fil

M 04

N M

�-

CONTENTS Pt.4NT !1'"Dilb"TllY DIVISION-Gont n i ued. o &ttltion·······-···· Singalong propagatin Sellll<!aaltestofvegetables ..._ ... _ •.... Plantand seed dilltrllmtion .. _. __ Dammao (Iaabela).tobaccostation. Progres s of work-···-··-····.... Selected&eed ... _ ..____

:r�n:.:.:�.��-=-�:·

' 64

..............................

Peat control aection·--:··-···- •Plant quarantine.-- Coc:oniitbudrot LClC1Jotl!XUrm:inat,fon_.-. J\.bacapes _ tsB!lddisellS8II Rat.extermination···-·····.Pink disease·····-·······-··· . Other n i siict pests... .....-·

� l��f.f�f�� ;!. . .

FIBl!R Ill'IJBlON._:•.--··--··-··-··············-

•

. .. ...---·-········· D<>mone,tra.tion, an� collper&tion . ,1 Fiber_ experiments- ... ·--·····--······----·······-·-·JAb�ca investgati i ons--······-·· ... · -·-··Accli111aili.ationofintrodncedvarieties....• Propagating ahaca from sead .... ,

!�: : �:. : : := : ::=: .� ·-·

'P1Ui1Utl!I. hat palm.

CCn.ulcs COliPEltATION RECOMMCNPATroNS

""' "'"'

... ......

" "" . 66

" " '",.-

71 71 72 72 ' 72' 72

" " " " " "

ILLUSTRATIONS

EIGHTEENTH AN::\!UAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AGRJCCLTURE

First on the 1918, is the

the crop

The W18 record yield of 61,555,322 Compared for same hectares in area, in the value of the crop.

of 78,443, a l,-15,219,155. of 18,000 '1"7,000,000

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

Ji,IGHTEEN.l'H ANNUAL !lEPOllT

Mr. W. G. Frisbie Section to become acting March 1, 1918. The folio-wing table gives the changes that have taken place during the year:

General service sectio11. Accountancy sedion. Records section. Property section. Statistics �ection. Construction and iv,pair section. Publications sectioJJ. Amerkun colonies section. ANI1UL HUS!lANtlRY DIVISION Jmpmved br1ceding �edion. Animal Selection and Distribution Section. Poultry Selection and Distribution Section.

Onoof\li<10•nyhomoP«/•n•ll>almodoU..foO<lorndoollon .. mpail1n •••"8Hf•I

, �t:o:;!�!::afrl;�:��11 �,��!t:··.

pr.opl3l"o/,.:ae®unta.ncy ii.ru!,-r!)C9rds·�OO�iom,,--:- '.f:he;Cbief .. CI�� · _; .- - ,· .

-of b�<;lingll; lighv-- water,:·.ianita;r.�rvi�,--etc. a�·al,so_ tinde:1' the""Suf!ei:V�on�¢. �e. Chie±':,Cle_rk. ·,'.During_ the year· -19i8,-th&, ' , . amoU_nt,- "of :Wor]:t.' pe.y�ofmed'·ill · th�s: sl!ct_iOil has:· been· gl'eatly u a smel"/-�e,d\due·to_· �e -��Od ):il',iductiol\. ca.lll.piiig�, ,fUra\ (?'edit

�i�!�:l!�!et::�.�-�=��:�l��::t;��r�r:::;�

J_ntend�t ,of .Ja.n·d, tr�:�:�por�tiOll .at Singlllong, _tlie duties· of w:ii:t�.·. ffl :formerly p�r�or� by �e Chi� of ·the Constru_c;. tlon a.lld:··Repa . !l'.s·,s�on. ,Tlus·cliange to_ok_ effect oil·AP1:il ii!, :1918,'.wh!)fl a.·man �l'l!ined in automobile -engineering. W11.s p4'ced: in .chatge. ?f tbkt office.

14 .

E>GH":,:A ::::=RT

During the year, due to the activities of the Rural Credit Division, the Plant Industry Division, Demonstration and Ex� tension Division and the l�ood Production Campaign, and the. transfer of the records of the latter from the Executive Bureau to this office, the personnel of this Section has been augmented. A spirit of excellent coBperation prevailed among the employees. In the middle part of ·the year, a new system of handling correspondence was introduced. This system materially aids the old one as it calls for the action on all correspondence by the chief or chiefs concerned before indexing. Coi·reB'JIOUdence.-During the year there has been a total of 148,689 communications sent and recllived, C\f which 127,708 letters were outgoing and 20,981 incoming. Forms from our field force and letters :from school ehildr;;n requesting !!eetl! are not included in the average number. There were 6,852 letters delivered by messengers to different Departments and Bureaus and offices in the City. The co.st for the transmission of cor- .. ;;;,.1..1;; resp,ondenc.e has been 1."-6,284.94 for letters, and 'l:"2,255.95 for -, · /•· ·

this section: one chief accountant, one assistant chief accountant, one cashier and disbul'sing officer, one 'assistant colony agent, two examinei·s, six auditing clerks, one,wttrllnt clerk, one index clerk, two requisition clerks, two colony clerks, ll.ve bookkeeping clerks, one warrant recorder and filing clerk, one meSSl!;Ilger, and one laborer. The position of assistant chief accountant was not -filled until February 1, 1918. For the· sake Of economy, on Decembel' atst, the positions in this section were reduced · to nineteen, two of which were vacant. Four positions were eliminated and two clerks were transf-erred to the property section. There were seventeen appointments t.o and twenty-one sepa rations from this section during the year. The separations were due to offers of a higher salary by some governments and private offices. There were more appointments and separations during this year than in any of the previous years. In addition to the functions assigned to this section jn .. ac cordance with the organization of the bureau, this office is w:�::,:::·,::.�::;::_:.::::h,d,ed p�ition, fo,

. BUREAU O!i' AIJB.ICULTUftll

aeting' as sal�·agent ·of the �mericrui Col!)nists' produce shipJM!d tu ·-Man!la:,- 9n'.:·Noye�bill"" lsl, the work of preparation of requisitions a,n� ·peisonne�· was _trans:ferl'ed to the property secti� .. In .October the. _mailing of ·all warl,'ants was trans- '. fel"�. to this office �:rom the' veterinary division �d the record section but no. p"roVision was made for additional personnel. This sectiQP. was �ivided into six groups, as follows: general service, boo)pceeping",' auditirig, �mefican colony, reqlllilitions, and 'disbursements.. .Each of these group,& was assigned a clerk m charge, �ut when the work of. a group was. delaj.,ed and needed immediate attention, some of the elerka of the different groups were" shifted frOm pla,ce· to p]aee. The ei.penses of the Bureau were "recorded bY the functions of· each diVision. Moii.thly Statement8 showing the status of their allotments were subn;titted. to the corresponding chiefs of div�ion ·or section. '.Monthly staOOll'.lents showing the finanelal status of the ·Bureau were aliio submitted to the Director. and the chief of_ _the a�l1l.in!9trative �ivisio_n. The clerical force of the section durini the first ten months remained unaltered ..But with the incorporation of t he requisi tion work, formerly of the Aceountancy, with the Property See,. tion on November 1, an additional two cle�ki3 were entered on its rolls. The position of assistant chief vacated by Mr. Vietor Pagulayan upon }]is assuming the duties of the chief of the Property Section ,,ns filled by Mr. Felipe Villanueva o"n Jnne 16. Of the twelve men composing the force of temporary employees at the beginning of the year eight left the service. Six ILe')V employ�s. werE).. appOOnted to fill their places leaving the tern� porary force two men short. The plan of work as a whole remained practically the same. The property acc!)unting through the medium of ledger cards, memorandum and invoice receipts as.stated in the , last annual report is still in vogue. The iB11ue of supplies and ma�al& a?fi the handling� shipments have, however, taken an entirely dif ferent asPect. The effect of the war on the Philippine economic conditions was greatly felt in this section. And in this conneeti�n, the _ most careful consideration and moat zealous efforts to bmit as much as possible the consumption of supplies and m!teri�a and to strict1y avoid all unnecessru.-y waste were i?xercieed, m ac-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

CONSTR!JC'l'!ON A:ND RP.PAIR SECTION

BUREAU OF AGRJCUUl'URE

·· as m&y b."e bollgh� loea.Ily ,hY. �e Pfri'!l!tceS oi': :the eit� :of Baguio,: ·shan:J?e· eonS.l111lm��(\:lY '�c..Bil,�u'9f ,AgriCriltu� tQ;��lch B�.au, te9'.n_!sitfo�s,foJ,":,.al�·.sUC.h ..caljtle·sb,ou,d be ��dressed'.;-' . t�olll(� �.r�;i,�}lian�e1i:t: �.e p�cipa1 re�s:.£��·.�W;re\:

F.!GH'J'EE::-;TH ANNUAL REP0l:;'.l'

BUB.EAU OF AGRICULTURE

different kinds of forage named, 128 sacks of acacia pod.a were fed to cattle, goats Rlld pigs, Publw Oreeding,-The work on public breeding of swine and horses bas been satisfaet.ory, especially if it is considered the disadvantageous conditions of this stock farm which ill dist.ant from the places where there are plenty of animals to be bi:ed. At the beg_innjng of th.e year only a few sexvioos were performed specially by the stallions. But upon the arrival of the grade stalliqn "Moscow" there was a marked improvement in the atti tude of the people of the veciniiy and of others quite distant from the place. This can ea.sily be seen in the quarte:rly breed ing records wbleh show that some of the animals bred in this farm oome £1-om Sta. Rosa, and Bilian, Laguna, and Malolos, Bulacan. Horses of the type of "Moscow" are vecy attractive on account of their fine carriage and intelligent Arabian heads. The following tables Bhow the services Nnde:red at this farm:

�·�s�:

!::�".�':."".:: :=: : : : : :: : : ::1 '"'11,::1: �..:.-�.!� no..�

-.,�,.

��

�;l;�� Llt...,No.B:11 •• ---·······-·

l\Jl1il...-------·-····-· ��--

_--2:'..•··-----Y<111ns�

is 411 11o-.,orbirth,r.,.,...i.., -� ��----�-

H01'8e Breeding.-ln former years this was one of the most important activities of the Alabang Stock Fann. Owing to shortage of funds, hoW8ver, it has not been possible to replace the stallions shipped from Alabang to the different provincial public breeding' stations, A.a a result, there were only a native colt, two mares and a one-year old filly, the Bta.llions for public breeding and several geldings used in herding cattle at the station at the end of the year. Cattle..-In accordance with the change of policy, practically all the large eattle at Alabang were shipped to Bongabong and a few were shipped to Nueva Vizcaya, it being the policy now to concentrate the work at Alabang on small animals like pigs, goats and chickens. The farm, however, is capable of sup-

EIGHTEENTH A�NUAL REPOR�

porting quite s �umber of cattle and because of its .nearne.ss,,/(/f 'f, to Manila and the, execellent facilities of �amportat.ion there,'.··-:�{\; ��:a:�:tf:;r!�� ;r:::f ��; ;�ifi;;:::.uca!� "\_-� . 1\ attempt to keep cattle in Manila for any length of period will inV,:�:e at Alabang or brought to the sta�. � t · durin g 1 the year �ontinue in good healh. From the number 1

:;;r::ee::n�::i

·.>.' �

: !a��:�:i�:e: �u� i: :!:!::i� :::s�ae��n: ::· welL Out of 84 grade ccrws, 25 offspring were dropped from ' · � i

� t:��-:�\: :;:: �� :a::: ;;! �:t: ::�;to0 anuary first to May twenty�th, inclusive,. 01', ., � droppe� _ :fl'Om � , of 7 f ��:=e� �=:�:�:; ��!t to �!+::�1::th� ��:::,--,�,.,.� or an increase of 71.4 per cent, and the only Chinese cow gave · f; birth, thus representing a natural increase of 100 per cent. - ·�,; f; 'Ihe record of the Indi'.an carabaos was even more satisfactory10 cows all gave birth from January first to August eleventh�· inclusive, though unfortunately theJ:e was a case of ab01-tion,· so that the natural increase was only 90 per cent, Only one of the 8 native carabaos gave birth and the other aborted from the period of January 'first to August eleventh, inclusive. _ " The Nellore (or Indian) eattle at Alabang are all newly:;·', imported from India and it will thus be premature to make any '. · ii comment regarding them. According to the past experience at :,, � Aliibang, however, Nellore cattle will thiive well there, provided. that·the pastures are -not crowded. Alabang is Very rocky and, consequently, can not provide pasturage for as many animals p'er '.�re·as in localities where the soil is deep, but this does Ilofmean that cattle will not thlrve at Alabang. As a matter of f act, the cattle at that station, awaiting shipment to other pa�bl of the Philippines, a1·e doing well. ·'·l'lldia.n Carabaos.-The water buffaloes imported from Indiai which differ considerably from the native water buffaloes in. several respects and have a reputatiO?l of being good milker!!, have. done well so far at Alabang. As stated in one of the preceding.paragraphs, every one of the female buffaloes dropped a calf , although there was a case of abortion. There ha.a beeii. no ,succ_ess met with as yet in the crossing of Indian water buf. fa�oes wit� the native wate1· b11lraloes. Having a1-rived at the place but recently, it is perhaps natural that they should not

!: u

Qoa;ts.-An.unlmo.wn disease ldllcd·-many of the goats at the fl\rm .. - It gained. in v_irulenee. dm·ing October and.. November, cau'sing a great number of deaths among theoe animals. The symptoms of-thcidisease are distresSful appcarunce; bEinding of the head _to ·one. si.. de and·p':'ralysis o� the hind quarte1;s, causing the .animals to loss control of their legs,when walking.. On post. mq_rtem.exam!nntion, the Iungs 1;ere found to have dark patches of coagiI\ate.d blood a�1_d . a· few gmall yellowish patches. The spinal-cord was· covered on the outer membrane, irregularly

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

receives considerable attention at La station is p�·obably bette1• known for its on rice, corn and sugar cane. The1·e has been at the station at all times at least one technical man in charge of the livestock, as assistant to the superintendent of the �tation. HorstW.----At the beginning of the year, there were S homes at the station. Four of these died of surra and two were shipped t o Manila. During the year, a grade stallion (Prop. No. 426) was shipped to La Carlota from Manila, Anskalian stallion No. 446 was transferred there from La Par., Iloilo. The native stal lion "El chico" was the only one available for breeding in Jan uary. When the Australian stallion No. 446was first transfcned to La Carlota from La Paz, lloilo, it was found to be unsuitable for breeding, owing to its poor condition. Stallion No. 77 at La Carlota rendered 47 services during the yeal', while stallion No. 446, 12. Indian Cattle.-There were 65 head of Indian cattle when the year commenced. As the pasture within the corral for Indian cattle was found jnsufficient to maintain the number of animals quartered there, the cattle wct·e taken outside and transferred from one place to another to prevent killing the -pasture grass. The suckling calves suffered from inicstii1al 1iarasites for which

BUl!.1':Au oP·AaRWULTUl!.E"

tur:p_e1.1t_i'!-e mi;:t-!ld_yii� :\ill-�� ,:iil in the proportion of 1 to 6 and ad2;1inistered ill ,;ine pi!lt doi.iis pe� head daily _was pre"soribe�; This treatment, proviad succiassful and was followed by giving all, cattle salt s �tur�ted with turpentii;ie twic!al a week. Threo cattle di�d �uring thic year. On Oct.obe;· seventeenth,,tbe cattle were a-irected wi,th fvot-and-mouth-.di�ease w)Iicb, however, did not caUBe a single.de!lth._.:At t�e e11d of the year, therci wcic 70 · -, ·. · head of Indian cattle. G1t�'Msrfa?1d/lmde Ctittk.-Th."e· }'Bar began Wit.h-174 head of CJiinese and gr.ade,�attle indu_dfng calves, a;molig which 'were 8 In�ian );iups _which -were use� as sires. As was_ the case with the Indian cattle, the Chinese and grade were affected with int.3s tinal. diseases.. ·The sam� tr'ea1.ment was follow�d-with sati� .factory results. On the, same date that foot:.-and-inouth-dfaease affected tbe Indian cattle, the Chinese .and grade cattle also were -arrccted,·as a - re;;u.ll uf,vhiehJ'G-�.ilye:vtlied.: Alth,:iu;.h t..'J.c.cthc� animals _got thin, �s a l'esult of confinem®t, they are now fast reetn•ering... Durine Ah"' ,yd=,· th_erg._,.:w.erf) _5_8_ bji;tJm_a� against 18 deaths, or a ne� efain of 40. Twellt:r-four head wel'i'soid: Ca1u.baos.-Thert were_ 41 caraI?aos at. the b'eginnin·� of tiie year, and these also suffered from foot-and-mouth-disease when it brok'e out 'at the station on' October sCvcnteenth. All the carabaos recovered from this 'attack. During the year, four bi�ths and one d?a:th were ,rec�r�ed. The death was due to inte,rna! parasites .. :At prese�t �here are 4? carabaos at the station. Shee-p and Goats.-At the beginning of the year, there were 38. sheep, and 35 goats -a.t the ·�ation. As �xper,ienc�d in other stations, these animals suffered from foot.rot and later from parasites, especially tapeworm and pinworm, despite the good eitre taken of them. The animals which were affected by intes tinal parasites were·drenc�ed wi�h one per cent solution of blue stOne (copper sulphate) and salt saturated with turpentine was given them twi!!e a week. During the year 25 lambs and 16 kids were born wl1ile 11 sheep and 20 goats dled. Eleven, sheep and seven goats were sold during the same period. At the end of the year, there were 41 sheep and 24 goats at the station. , Swine....:.The Berkshire and the Duroc-Jersey breeds made up the herd ol pigs at this station. There were at the com mencmnent of, the year, 8 BerkShire_ and -1 Duroc-Jcrsey·pigs. 'fhe pigs were :fed twiec a day with corn, rice, camotes, and other feeding ma.teria\8. The corrals were planted with .Peanuts nnd camote which supplied part of the green forage. Cowpens and velvet beans were also planted during the early part of the yea:r.

2\3

EIGHTEENTH AN:<!UAL REPORT

E[O!!T>C<�TH A:N�"·"· l\E['(lll<, Bu,LAC "'' Aoeccuc,uss

lodEao Sheoo at\hoTrln;doOSlockFar,o, B,,iulo,

Se oouet

l,JGHTESNTU ""�u�,.=on,,Bu>e.AU OF .\@<{"OLTUhS

B«�•hiro plo• gro,iog ol Td"ldad Slook Farm, Boouoo, Boo;uot

necessary. The following table shows the incidence of rinderpest. cases and deaths during 1918 by three month periods: E.i,idorpOstcases anddoat/is by qw:wtCTďż˝

ElGH'rEENTH ANNUAL REP0ItT

·, shall J'1.a'Ve t�· sta�pE!d.,?11�. :,.stl".iet quarantinC:,,, and· �l · . fnspei:ti� '.Ji,iust· .be-�ri:i�d on,"u�til t_hil! is :!lcc_o'mpllshed;_; ·. · �' . :,. Tltls·�O�t�I: �� e::!�nd�rp.e.st_ oµtpre:aJt in �asbate Is ·a'gool}' :��!:, .·�ef-1n��-�:��:��=:�::a�i;o�;i� · , ·; ". ·. and local·officiala ,is-forth,coming, ·.,· Department ·of Mi1ldanao Mid Sulu.-Davao wil.s repofted 118 infected .with rJn4erpe!lt on September Both.' The.mann�'·in which the ·infection 'gained enb:anee has not been determined, thougll·it-is premi.med that it was carried dOWil_:from..Surigao by" either tarn� or wild atrlmals, probably the latt�. This outbreak

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

, ,, '::pi;oy�n. ,;�t;; l;;!;;f��·:��n�!e·;��sJ;�.!�;��.:��al• gciyenipr'. of1the :prOviuce �n�lied nbould. �ve·. the. . , · �i�ctiqi_ � ind.b�·responsi�.for t}l8 iµeaeiiie&, ilo.p��ribed°:: '· In the annllal re"poit !Or the year 1914,. aftet this act had ·been �: fol'Ce<i'or· a .rW,<tlie U:nderslsn"ed.-mad8· the followillg·.�a� ' ''· ��1.�s\�b��e_d;· · . ip��-i�-�·�,�·�..1f�;

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

"It may be said, in general, that while Act 2303 has elintlnated conflicts between the Bureau and local officials and owners.- and has greatly decreased the expenses of the veterinary work of the Bureau, it has 1I111.de it difficult to secure prompt, complete and reliable reports of local outbreaks and has resulted in almost complete cessation of. work outside the immediate vicinity of known infection." Thls statement still holds good today. Prior to 1914 there may have been some justification for �e opinion that the measures adopted by the Bureau were too stlingent owing to the fact that at that time- the majority of the veterinarians were AmelicRnS, a· great many of whom were ignorant of local dialects and cust.oms. It was, therefore, nat" ,, ural that misunderstandings should occur. This cannot be true ··':· . today when more than 90 per cent of the field force is composed ". "'" ; --"·-�-cif.Fii.ipinbs. · The only logical conclusion that can be drawn from the results obtaUled in the last five years is that the· direct.ion of measru-es for the COD.trol of dangerous and communicable animal diseases should be VESted in the Director of Agriculture. , Cattle Importation and Rittderpeat.-The course of rinderpest outbreaks in these Islands during the last four years and the disCOvel'ies that have been made during this period demonstrate the effect that the importation of animals from rinderpest-in fected countries has on the local situation. To properly under stand thie relation" one mUBt t.ake into consideration the peculiar features of rinderpest. The English Veterinarian Walley in his work entitled "The Four Bovine Scourges" written in 1879 makes ;the following st.atement in regard to Cattle Plague (�derpM't) : Cattwplagwi in those countriea In whlch it is enzoiltie ia uauallyof a. very benignant type, and not ·only do many animo.11 run the gauntlet r,£ �eetiQTI quite sca.thlesB, but the majority of thOlle which· � attacked reecr.:et', and tlM, symptoms are comparativelyb11t slightlydeveloped. Thia ia J!l"<lhllbly one of the WIJ!st and moBt deceptive :featuns of the malady, arid not._11n)y so, but in addition, an animal which does not show the sllgbtest sign 11:f the existenoo of the Infection !n itll own IIJl'l!tem, :frequently heciimi=s the means of propagnting it In its most virulent form t.o every "animalwit.hwldchit ia hrought in contact.

The work of all the authorities on rlnderpe3t since Walley's time have constantly conflnned his conclusions. The celebrated vetel'inarians Hutyra and Marek in their recent work (1916) :make the following observations in regard to this diseases:

Natural infection rel!Ul.ts ei"ther by direct contact with affected animall5 or i�tranamitted through theuw produets of such anirn&ls, rnch oaparta of �-•-., u wall as by persons contaml.-1111ted by 11111:h cnrcasseB or by infected secretions and euretlona. l"ood, drinking watGr, stable utensils,

'.B��,OF:AoR.tco1,TuRE

fuf�r.,. ,�i::��f;

elo�;. ��.:,'� al,;, ti'.�ni;mit·tiu, In 9!0Bt i�tances,' hoWOffl, d ir !�1/;!�t�1t%h =�::1n�e��t! af1'..;,,9! a:i:: may',b� '?Jlly ve�·1lig�tly llff�ef:!ld'a[!d yat,retnin·the·,vh»s, bi ·the l:iody fo�.14 di,,ya, in ebronic,caBeR pro�bly even ·110?m1wh.at ]o�r. Aeeo':'ding _l.o ,thi·Q"ooervntlon of Russian a»thol'!l:and)ilis:eb.reclit the dille!llK!_ mwmgt11,eee breede. (r11J1gc cattle) of eattli! may ·be rwu:,,if�ted Ol1Jy:by:a.feb:ri\6coiidltioni11atin�fora.1J!w�ys,antl,hy_&mjldcatllrrh of, the :i:n�.OO)ls niem�anea·or'�e ��pirat-0'.ry owalllli as·we� iis ofthe digestiv.e·.tracf;_Ji:S-:a,l'.l!S»lt of tl!ese tbe.d!&easll may ' ' 80llliitlme · s 8V'lll pellll �noticed in·� larger herds:. . 'The a;bo;�:para·gr.aph i,\ppli� exactly·to the.-eattle.o(French Indo-Ghina, or· at.l!!i!st those. imported Into these Islands which com� from the. vicinity Of P.nom I,>enh'. · A!I the sh!pllle1;1ts of cattle that,'have'arrived'from: thareountry durfug the p�st·four yea,rs,'witJ.i the posl!ible exceptioll of a·few of the very small lots ·which'wete·�ne:<r 9ff Wit'i'!iJ!-a :tew, ·aays·-after arrival, hliv'e'beell infected. with· rinderpesL: .The .number of atypical eases. hi,is been .very- l8J.•ge: that js;·ardmals.',Whicb havi:! b,een.�ppa�·ent1y· normal ,upon ante-mortem examinatiOD. and have shown lesions of rinderpest-·on post-mortem exainlnation, It is a hopeless tu.sk to try to eliminate these ·cases . during the · ordiriary periods of quarantine.. ThiS is' very well brough,t 01,1t .in the report of the then· Chief .Vetel'iriarian for:the·fiseal year 1911-12. · In ,regard .. to the iin:Ported anim?-18 he makes the following staiement: These anfo,.al.e had bean passed by a vetel,inarian of the B»rea.11 of Agri��Wl'll in' Indo-Chlna, by a .Frem:h ve . ter!n;!lrian there, and belllde11, had'undergone tm daye quara�ine in the Philippines. In spite of these pl'l!CBlltlona rinderpll!lt wwi int'°411Ced and nothingfl!lIIBiMd bu� to put in eil'eet a ninety day quarantine on mhipment& of �attle from this territory. The elt!)eriments conduct:.ed by Dr. Boynton during the past two years show that the virus of rinderpest in the visceral organs ill very tenacious. It has been proven that extracts of liver and sple�· kept in one per cent - carbolic acid for 21 days are s�ll virulellt. It must also be born in mind tb.!'!t �ese extracts �el:1l made from animals which were bl�.to dellth on the second or third day of temperature at a. time when in all other respects the aiiim�ls were appaxen,µy normal. It thus becomes easy to undel"sbmd how linderpeat can be sprOOd by the liver, spleen, or . other v:iscei·a. of an animal Which was in the first st.ages of the disease at the tlffle of 'slaughter and upon post-mortem exa.mina tion showed no evidence of being infec,ted. Walley. in 1879 wrate as folloW9 in regar� to importation of animals from rinderpestinfected countries: ui.rul�n·sugsUSted tbat;fimportationlllallOWlldatnllfromacbedoled ,:oi,ntrlm,inspecbmofolll'OWllllP!'Ointingshouldbeatationednt the

EIGHTEE.N'rH ANNUAL REPORT

Ca.alwlorepe.atorytol>llooplo"don alabloforb!"dl,a

Partial ,1,w of on, ,ï¿½,a of th, !mmu,;,100 Sh\lon al Soi, Fe,n<l'OO, Pal.oanoa

ing' �eason; .Witli _ thf exCepiioJl. ci'f _ _i(TI_gele�-wbiC!i ii_'ijJ_ 'the siig'a:r_ _ \!ane. b_e!t·.. \V:or]t _w?s res1.nne.� -in -._Sepl.�IT)be_r� ._bu�)n -Octob�r ·it became n�cessary)o closo.a}htatio�s. on' accou_nt:,of th� virulent epizootic _of foo�--und-Tno�th disease -which·was·r�pid4"-�pre_ad.ing ihrough_out Pampa'nga ·Pro_v!nco,__; -This disease-by itsel,f_-lfOduces �: .. ;mortality that _is·::negligible,·_ bu_t. · ,coltlbined .. w!t_h_ :riJ!_�erpest the rcsultJJ· are liab\e_·to _prove,h,igh\y--disastrn_ll�· _ ·.It )"1a4:·n_ot be�n found P?S�ib_Ie:·:to .r_eop_�n-,a�y of. these· statio_Jls. by:_thc end ,of the year.· .. Ther_e were 5,_313 CU:rabaos and'. ca_ttle, illllllunized _in Painpanga-during _ _the-yem:;-w_ith_a total mormlitY.-Of 133 or 2.5 Pel' ce11t. -In this regard it is interesting to··note _that the. highest death r,ate occiirred ·at the Luba·o· _mid.)l�abebe _satic:ins,.'and _the lowest a\·Ange]es.--··The country around_-the two first�mentioned places is 'low lying;_ with_ !arge_swampy arens, while that around An_geles is higher, drier, and sandy: . The__ animals _o.f_ the, former places a_re pretty-heayily, infested. with parasites while ·. those at the latter place"are comparatively _free from such infesiatjon,s. The immunizifig station at �an Miguel,· Bulacan, was OJllmed on __ the _(ith of March, at which tim�.- e animals_ were_ -presented for -immunization.". The succeeding_ lots have been- small .and scatterEld and a total of only 95 .ailimuls have been ilnmunized during the.yei.r.· No _ animals have beEin received since the mid dle of October, due first to the influenza among the people and later to the foot-arid-mouth disease affecting the ·Uvestoc\1. · '1'0 have received · o\J.ly·. 95 · animals over a iie�·en-mouths -period (March .to '()ctober) . is very.discouraging to say the least.: The•

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

people there want immunfaation immediate!:,•. Of course then it is already too late; the propm: time to imr.iunize is before the enemy arrives. When any provincial board decides to have the animals of any locality immunized, iheJ should be prepared .to have the work pushed to eompleiion within the shortest possible time. By the exercise of good common sense combined with a little diplomacy that can be accomplished without seriously injuring any agricultural operntions. The present method of appraising and paying for the dead animals as provided for by section 3 of the Act has not proved to be entirely satisfactory. In the first place the payment of 75 per cent of its value· is not a fair proposition. This leads to el'l'olleous statements in appraising so that the owner may really be reimbursed the actual value of the animal. The first thing to du .is to see tlmt the ani.m::1 is appr,'lised at a fair value and then if it dies pay e:i:actly that sum, not a cent more nor less no matter io whom it llelo11gs. The law now authorfaeo the provincial board to ·make the appraisals. This does not work ouf in practice, as the board cannot visit each station for this pllrpose eve�·y time animals are brought in. So it resolves itself into one member of the board making the appraisals, which in the majority of cases are not made till the dead animals have already been bUl"ied. It would be a much better arrangement to have'. a board of appraisers consisting of the following mem* bl:!rs:. (1) a representatfre of the Director of Agriculture, (2) the provin'ci:i.l treasurer or his representative (which would very likely he the municipal trnaslll"er), and (3) a repntable property holder re.siding in the municipalit}• where the immunizing station iii situated, to be appointed by the Director of Agi-iculture, upon r.ecommendation of the provincial board. In any case where the board of appraisero fails to reach a unm1imous decision the mutter shall be referred to the Director of Agriculture whose decision if Upproved by the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources, shall be final. This method will give justice to every party concerned and will also fix a better standard of prices to be paid for the animals. FOO'.r-AND-)IOUTH DISEASE

On August 12, 1918, a shipment of 105 head of cattle arrived from Saigon, French Indo China consigned to Lich�.uco and Co. They _were found to be badly infected with foot-and*mouth di sea1>e of a virulent type. Everything possible was done to pre vent the escape of the infection; the animab were sent on lighters to the Pandacan Quawntine Station where they were

B,an�lnofmmunlzodm•b&os.lmmun!•lngSlatT.,,.

S...F,m•.-Pamoanga

Preoariog m,.skâ&#x20AC;¢ f<rbleedlog ot lmowolz,,g.Slalioa, S,o FcmunOo, P,moanqa

E!GHTEEKTH A:t-..NUAL REPORT

very serious problem. However, sections increases, the death rate proportiollll, and it wi.11 then very undertake the preparation of Anthrax ,·accine. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTlCAI::,HA

'fhis disease is more widespread in these previously thought to be the case; in fact it is ·,my province that is absolutely free from makes its appearunce at the beginning of the On account of its rapid course medicinal treatment the question. Prevention consists in the removal of the well animals from the infected pastures and keeping them away until the l,ater, heavier i·ains have commenced. A preventive vaccine is being used in lhe United States which from all reports ap pears to be giving very satisfactm-y results. CONTAGIOUS PLEURO PNEUMONIA

During the year no cases of this di�ease have been found either among ilativc or imported animals. The quarantine order

BUREAU OF AGRJCULTURE

SAN LAZARO IMMUNIZING STATION

During the entire yea1â&#x20AC;¢ used . by the College of Philippines.

to and o.E the

VETElUNARY RESEARCH LABORATORY

During the year work was continued on locathig the various 8Cats of rinderpest virus in the animal body. It was found that water extracts of liver spleen and lymph glands three days old

43 were highly infectious to susceptible animnls. That a 0.5 . per cent phenol extract of lh•er, spleen and lymph glands five days old was highly infectious. 'J'hat 0.5 per cent phenol extract of heart musdo five days old was highly iufocLious. That an e.xtmct from skeletal muscle was not inf€ctious. That a 0.5 per cent phenol E,xtract of liver, spleen and.lymph glands could hold the virus of rinderpest in a virulent form as long as 55 days. That ·a 0.5 per cent phenol extract of caecum and colon five days old was highly infectious. That the larynx, pharynx and base of·tougue WCTe not suitable tissues to hold the infec tion. That the pancreas was not a suitable tissue to hold the infection. That a 1 per cent phenol extract of lymph glands seventeen days old is infectious. That a 1 per cent phenol ex- · tract of liver, spleen, caecum and lymph glands seventeen days old is hig:hiy infectious. That v. 1 per cent phenol extrv.ct of liver and spleen twenty days old are highly infectious. That a 2 per cent phenui e.xtract uf spleen live ilays oli! is in·fectious. That in a 2 per cent phenol extract or lymph glands eight days old the' virus is destroyed. The organs in which the virus of rinderpest _is well seated are the live�·, spleen, lymph glands, heart, fourth stomach, caecum and colon. The real place where the virus multiplies is e,·idontly inside the tissue cells, and the virus in the blood ·str�am fo merely a surplus which is thrown off from these tissue cells. These organ extracts can be used in place of virulent blood in simultaneous inoculation against rinderpest and also in hyporim munization. Ii was found that quantities as large as ·2,000 cc. could be injected into small Fuga bulls without any ill effects providing the extract bad been kept at a temperature around 15"C. I:[ it had been exposed to air tempen1ture bad results were liable to follow dne apparently to protein decomposition. By the use of organ extracts the virulent material obtainable from an animal can be greatly increased. The principal work of the year has been the continuation of perfecting a vaccine which has been developed for rinderpest. Plans have been drawn up for the remodeling of the Veterinary Research Laboratory so that the vaccine may be still further perfected and produced in larger quantities for use in the field, The results obtained up to date are very encouraging. It is possible that this method may supplant immunization by simul taneous inoculation, as it can be more quickly applied and will not necessitate withdrawing the animals from work as has to be done at present.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

BUREAU OF AGBICULTURE

CHANGES IN VE'.)'ERINARY FORCE

Another factor of .weakness in the situation was the fact that most of the veterinarians sent to the field w8re just out of college, young and inexperienced, who never before had handled men nor dealt with conil.ieting political interests. They were by force of'nec.essity, on account of the � of ou7 veterinary persom1el; given large. districts which even for an experienced veterinarian would have been quite a pro position. Thus, they were often at a loss as bow best to handle COlnplieated. si�u.ations. This condition is not serious, however, for theae young veterinarians as they grow older and gain experiElTLce, will learn hoW to better handle men and complex and changing conditions. Also, ns more ve�inarians become available it will be possible to reduce the districts in size. DEMONSTRA'.l'lON AND EXTENSION DIVISION THE FOOD CAMPAIGN

During the year, the most important work of the fteld agents of the Bureau of Agriculture, or the agricultural inspectors and their assistants, was that pertaining to the food production campaign, for which an appropriation of 'PIS00,000 was set .aside for the Department of Agricrilture and Natural Resources. As this work properly pertains to the Department let ,it suffice for the purpose of this report, to make mention of it and of the part taken in it by the field' employees of the Bureau in this brief manner. DEMONSTRATION ·PLOTS AND PUBLIC NURSERil!E

Much attention was given to enllating farmers to set aside suitable pieces of land for cotlperative demonstration plois. Cotlperative demonstration plots ars an excellent means of dis seminating knowledge of progressive farming among the people, as it is through practical demonstration in the hist analysis t.hat we can hop� to c.onviitce farmers of the advantages of scientific cultural practicrJs. The e!rl;ablishmenf of provincial and mun icipal nurserieii was encouraged whenever local appropriations provided for the maintenance were adequate to insure success. AGRICULTURAL SOClETIES

For the purpose of banding the fai'llters together and pro moting closer relationship among them for a better under standing of their needs and to point the ·way to meet those

ElOHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

needs, agricultural s®ietie5 are organized in the different municipalities of the Philippines. At the end of the year there were 286 municipal agricultural societies organized in 29 provinces. All members of the agricultural societies receive copies of the Philippine Farmer free of charge and copies of the weekly reports of Manila market prices on staple farm products. For the benefit of the sugar growers, weekly telegraphic reports were sent to Occidental Negro.s, Oriental Negros, lloilo, Pampanga, and Batangas, of the sugar prices as reported from New York every Saturday. This telegraph service was greatly appreciated by the sugar growers. SUMMARY OF THE WORK IN PROVINCES

Abra.-Except for the storms whieh vi.sited the province in ·. June and July, weather conditions throughout the year were · favorable'. A provincial and a municipal nursel'y for growing seedlings of local and exotic plants for disbibution among the people of the province ,vere established in Bangued and �figitang re& pectively. All told, the employees in Abra kept in touch with 24 cooperators. The rice coliperators were very suceeaful, pro. ducing an average of ,78 cavans per hectare as against an aver� o! 61 cavans in the adjoining plots. , Second generation seeds were .used by Bureau co!Sperators. Seventy-two lecturw on agricultural topic were delivered by the inspectOrs in fifteen municipalities and raneherias. Atbay.-A drought during the planting season de1ayed the rice·planting and the flood and typhoon late1· damaged the crops considerably. Of the 50 co!Speratou, only one, who Planted early and produced about 80 cavans to the hectare, had a- good Crop. A provincial nursery was established in September with an appropriatiOJ'.! o� H,liOO at Camp Doraga. Am.bas Camanmis.-The upland rice crop was fairly good but the lo"'.land rice and rice seed selection work suffered from the Chrlstn;as · typhoon. Weather. and other conditions were unfavorable in general. The corn campaign, however, pro· duced good results and the provincial governor bought 20,000 eara for distribution through tbe inspectors he appointed. The provincial nursery at Naga had .an appropriation of only P270

/\o•rilonofU..P,..1nolalDomon1trollonF•,m•ICol•..,., M1n doro, do,ol•d lov,ooto•1ooenl••

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

· -.�RID!S§fv�tRb)e.. s�dad_tl�.th0yW.> . _ • ' '!l¢k1��'.ln O�p�; �h"eie'�s c�Si¢ierable ��ug�t a� the'�d_ �f.�8-Y!l&_l'.atl.d..mu,el{f,o.in in·j;lte_fir�f qlJ.�, -�hich_��t : ,I �� the 86·.�o�!!,�

. _

.-�el].'.Pliµr�c!f:i.i:>·-M,oro co_r11. aild

ce: .All_ytere �i:hg', 'Yell at_� !lnd_ophf�.,c the_r :; ,:�:r 0

EIGHTEENTH A:t,;NUAL R1'PORT

BUREAU OF AGRICUL'l'Olm

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

were mostly well attended. Only two tobacco iru;pectorS. were available for assignment to thla province. Nueva Vfaca.ya..-Irrigation canals bave been dug .recently in many parts of the province becau.se so much damage was done to rice by the drought where there have been no mealls of irrigation. Of the 12 plots of the coiiperators 115 cavane per hectare was the everage crop from the selected seed. The :fl.Vii! eaVans of Binicol rice obtained from the Bureau did not do we11 . because of strong winds and the depredatioris of birds. New lands were planted to tobacco and the estimated crop is 7,000 fardos. These-sold at from.P9 to 'P'lO per fardo. FHty crates of Burbank potatoes were distributed as seed to farmers who had had previous experience in raising potatoes. 1'he sugar cane promises an average, and in some places an excellent crop. Qi,O'.lidental Nsg,•oo.-Both upland and lowland rii:e crops were poor, due to the drought and the tobacco crop also suffered. In San Carlos, Dog and Kabanka1an, the sugar crop is very pi:omising and it will be up to the average in other localities. A provincial nursery was established at Dumaguete and the �'.'._prtivineial board appropriated f"800 por its upkeep. Oiisntal Ns117·os.-Hot weather in October damaged the entire rice crop, which was extra calamitous in view of the fact that the rice acreage had been inCll'eased 50 per cent. Corn thus remaining as the principal food staple took up most of the atten tion of the agricultural ingpeetors. Seed ears were distributed free and the crop,h! December was most pl'omising, a.a were the secondary food crops. A provincial nursery with an area of one hectare and an ap pl'Opriation of 11'800 was established at Dumaguete. Pamptmga,-Increased acreage in rice produced enough of that ·crop to make up for the Joos caused by the drought. The inspectors superintended l!O rice co!>perators and 862 planters who had selected their seed, also 20 col!perators in &orn, 21 in tobacco, 8 in mongo, and 1 in tangan4angan. From the demon stration at Mexico sugar cane pointa to the value of 1"450 were sold. A municipal nursery was established at Floridablanci:i and one at Mabalacat. Pa1igasittan.-More tobacco than was ever produced before was harYested and it brought a better price. The drought and influenza prevented the planting of next season's crop in many districts, however. The rice crop, because of increased area pla�ted in uplands, was normal.·

---

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPOR'T

planted on a lar"g e scale. Propm: cultural directions were given to planters. . A provincial demonstration station was established late in the year at Lucena and fruit and vegetable seedlings distributed Zambalea.-The rice did quite well but aa there was so much influenza much of the bin-vest was lost. Vegetable and sseondary crops were good. A provincial nursery was established at Zambales in May and municipal nurseries at San Antonio and San Narciso in Sep tember, the latter, because o f the lateness of the season being planted to mongo and vegetables only. Progi•ess of the Wcwk.-The year 1918 proved to be a success-· ful one for the agricultural credit eoOperative associations, or what are more commonly known as rural credit associatioiis. On December 81, 1917, there were 82 incorporated associations while on December 31, 1918, this number had jncreased to 242, If the fact is taken into account that greater attention was paid· to developing the associations already organized than to organiz ing new associations, the increase from 82 to 242 is indeed remarkable and indicative of the desire of the people to organize themselves into cociperative societies. The work of organizing rural credit associations and guiding those already organized must neceasarily be slow, as great pa tience is required in explaining the fundamental rules of cotipera tion. It should be borne in mind that we have to deal with small farmers who, in the majority of eases, are borrowers r'a.ther than capitalists, and that much tact has to be used and a great amount of painstaking efforts exerted to organize these into a solid group for mutual help. In no other kind of Bureau work is there a greater need for able organizers and patient promoters than in the work of rural credit associations. Much depends however, upon the rurnl credit agent whether the cause of rural credit shall progress or fail, As already stated, though, great progress was recorded in tbs life.of rural credit associations during the year. Starting with as small a capital as 'l'-260, in numy cases, most of them now count with one to three thousand pesos of theil' own capital, and a few control larger amounts. Bsing made up of small farmers who are borrowers rather than capitalists, rural credit associa tion& must necessarily look to out.side sources for capital for

BUREAU OF AG!l.lCULTUIIB ANHlAL INSURANCE

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

General Variety Test.-In carrying on a general variety test, the different varieties used for the·trial are planted side by side in small duplicate plots so located that soil conditions will be aa nearly the same li.s possible, and given the same treatment. This is done in or.der that a fair baais for comparison as to the individual �erits, physical charaeteJ.isti.cs, yield, adaptability, resistance to dlseese and period of growth of the varieties under trial may be afforded. The variety test conducted at Alabang during the past year embraced 187 varieties consisting of 85 nonglutinous, nonbearded; 87 nonglutinous, bearded; 7 glutinous, nonbearded; and 4 glutinous, bearded. Of the total number of varieties tried, 150 were varieties continued from the 1917 ex periments and the remainder entirely new varieties. '·:iMost of tfaise varieties l'l.re continuation from last year's test. There were a few new acquisitions and transfers from Alabang, Head-t0-the-Row Tcst.-This work is conducted at Alabang ,1mly. It has for its object the improvement of a variety by sele<;tlng the most meritorious individual plant of a variety of acknowledged superiority. As stated elsewhel'e, by this means, the Purifying of a variety can be carried to the highest degree. Once the strain desired is secured, the matter of producing a sufficient quantity of seed from the selected plants for extensive trials is one of time only. Seed Propa.gation.-The next step after the head-to-the-row test is the multiplication of the desirable varieties obtained. As much land therefore as is available at Ala.bang Ml devoted to the Pl'Opagation or multiplication of the selected varieties to produee seed for general distribution. Pw.7."ng the Leav&.-The object of this expel'iment is to determine the effect of cutting the foliage of rice as some·farmers do when the plants tend to l'Un to tops. Two paddies of the variety "sefi.ora" located in an open field were selected for this experiment. Each of these paddies was pruned back to 56 cm. and one section of the other paddy to 63 cm., the portion of the blades thils cut off being about 48 cm. The other sections of each paddy were left intact. Pruning was done on July 19th. The yield was in favor of the unpl'uned section. Sinn1ar results had previously been obtained from pruning shaded plants. It would appear therefore tha� the practice of reducing the foliage of rice tends to reduee the yield. This coDclusion, how ever, should not be accepted as final, as it might be that the pruning in these cases was not done at the pl'oper time nol' to the proper proportioD,

benf, over or broken do\vfl. by_ the wind almost jmme_diately, after they were plant!,ld ._an4 _ the damaged por�ons soon began to wil_t. This, more·than anything_ else,.account.s for t!1e·low per cent.age ·_qf · the surviving plants ·.an. d__ the· consequent reduc.ed the.oth,e,·_hand,re yield.·- 'J'lie p,:une� see\lljngs (Plat I),,on· _ mai�ed upright and kept on'pr_oducing new·le�ves,_practically without any intcrrnJ)tion. Pruning of· ·rice seedlings a good pru_ctice. Dfa_t·rib11,tion. of Seeds.-The amount-' i;if seed· distributed _in 1918 was.much.grcater . . than in.the previ1;1us year, .. In.addition to seeds prod_uced ;,;1_d purchased by,the Bureau,'870_· Cavans of seed .of. diITerent va,·foties were bought from. the Central Luzon Agricultural·Scho_ol_ in ·Nueva Ecija_.by the ,Depadment of Agricultural and Natural ·.ResOurces. an_d .tU:riled over .. to_ the Bureau of_.Agriculture. The· Bureau .. produ_ced for Uie year 331 seed- rice, of which 148 was upland rice grown at La and 183 lowland rice grciwn at. Alabang. SUGAR CANE

The La Carlota Station was used to grow cane for experi mental purposes as well as for producing points for distribu-

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

tion to plantel'S, The cane grown at Alabang was for distribution only. 'Ihe plot at the Singalong Station was set aside for growing imported canes under observation for diseases. The work at Lamao Station was confined to-'·the propagation of cane from seeds. P1'01)aga,tiO'li f,W11, Seed.-This work was sutrted in. 1914 ·for the purpose of producing Rew vru:ieties of cane. that will be especially suf�d to Phil\ppine condl�ons instead of importing new varieties from abroad. By this manner, the danger of introducing new �ane dilleases into the country will be largely elim.inated. 'Native Va1'ietU!8.-'Xhe common varieties of cane found in the different sug_ar districts of the archipelago have been col lected and are being·carefully studied for the ,purpose of ob taining comparative data on yield of cane, yield of sugar resistance to drought and excessive water, resistance to insect pests and other cane diseases. Foreign Variiitit!B.-Alongside � the experiments on native cane, imported varieties are being ti.ied to determine their relative merit.s a!!, explained under the preceding subhead. Distrifl'Utwn of Ga.ne.-There should h11.ve been more than a hundred thousand points of various varieties available for distribution to planters, if the cane could be cut early enough to permit B or 4 points to be taken from each stalk. Unfor .,.. tunately, due to lack of funds, the employment of the necessary labor was prevent.ed so tliat a red11ction of more than 80 per cent of what would have been available for distribution was experienced. Edw:atim� .and Dmnonatration WO'i·k.-Arrangements were made with the owners of modern sug11r ;factory to empioy a limited number of selected men at a nominal salary and permit them kl acquire experience in factory and plantation manage ment under the supervision of the sugar techriologiat of this Bureau. Six Mlifioz graduates and oue named Vicente Pascual of Pangaeinan who has had considerable experience in sugar making were 8elected for this purpose. The Mufioz men were paid :1""50 per month ea.ch, while Vicente Pascua.I was paid P75, plus quarters. These men were given instruction in laboratory alfd analytical work, the handling of the various pumps and machines, about the faj!tory In sugar boiling, the handling. of locomotives in transporting the cane, the handling 0£ steam and oil bumlng internal combustion tractor11 in preparing and

the expenses Swingle spcaldng, the same outline as has been followed in previous years was followed during 1918, with the addition oI vegetable growing for seed which was· ,initiated last year. In ,;ew of th� gl'i•at demand for vegetable seeds, as a result of the food production campaign, the station paid greater atten tion to seed production for general distribution than usuat Exchanges with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and with Mr. P. J. Wester, Agricultural Advisor to the Governor of the Department of Mindanao nnd Sulu, were maintained and as a result, appreciable quantities of seedlings, seeds and other plant materials were re�eived.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

It is the aim of the station to establish a permnnent orehard that will serve as a complete collection of the different kinds of fruit trees founci. in the Islands, as well as those whieh are introduced from time to time; to select and bl'eed those varieties that have already been established; to propagate vegetatively all species planted; and finally to carry on hybridb.ation work as materials becoine available. Many.:imPorted trees blossomed and fruited during the year, ttudluitS of whieh were carefully studied to determine thlrlr commel'cial value here. Among those that showed sufficient merits to justify a more extensive propagation are: the rambu tan, alpay, caynito, biriba, cherimoya, hevi, avocado, breadfruit and serali. Shield budding was tried with Chieo-mwney, Tlesea, Chico, M11oopa, Corica, Lauriva, Caimitillo, Pitanga, Mastic, Caman ehill, and Cinnamon; the Rambutan on the Longan and the AIPBY and vice versa ; the Longan on the AlP!!Y and the Alpay on the Longan. The Lauriva ·and the Camanchili were budded successfully. The budding inserted in the Corica took but further triats·are necessary before any conclusions can be made. It was also demonstrated that the Soncoya can. be budded on the Maron. Tiials in propagation by means of cutting to de tennine the relative ability of different species of fruit trees to reproduee by this method were initiated during the year. Thls work will be continued next rear under a more systematic plan. It is planned to tl'y to propagate by m'eans of cutting the different kinds of tropical fruit trees in order to find out which varieties can be grown in this manner and· what part or parta of the growing zones are the best for any purpose. The work on the citrus eonsists largely of the selection of Philippine species for propagation and stock purposes and the acclimatization and propagi\tion of introduced species and va. l'ieties. In the work of propagation considerable attention was given to the selection of such species and varieties as are highly resistant to diseases and wh\.eh at the same time might prove· of commercial -value. Different native species are being tried for stock purposes to determine their relative merits as etocks :for use in budding the species and varieties of cib.•us of commercial importance. One hundred and twenty-six plants were set out during the year in orchards A. B, C and N, including the citrus hybrids and other .miscellaneous species which are being experimented

Threono,ooldo"""°"ol,l<o,A<h<doHpols.fftdtioafo'.!ho"aondll"''" L•"'lO'HorH°1'lhJralS1atlon,

La"'""• Bllloan

F"I "'" old buddo; mMOO fml!loo fo, l��i::;�' tlmo, Lama, Ho,lloult,,.I Slalloa, L•mao,

;;o��1��:�·Lrie.;;1;��i1/;;��·;h�;� �:li'��;:i��

e�_�:

crop purpp_ses: Ta.h�re be�_, �i�'hybrld �flatl�'Ata.1? b�ncl(bian,' . ·'Pala.wal). t,ean,\oo�eas, i,atiuii, -C��i;na P1llrniel."i bean ant{ B�rgel;lj P.o�e; 1?�11t"..T,h.�e �sts �sho.w ·th,t _the ,Atab �lack l:iea�, is pr�babir .th�{��:f9F �!ill'. !;rop, -?ith the I� �br_!4 bean

::� v�;�i�Jii!t:·:��:r:,�d· sT!:�e:��::��=�: ·. · ing as _cover Cl'?�s. , ·. ·

·. < ·: ··· < . W11r�.-Under. theae J1ls11elutff.e01'.ts 0,grmwmy are included slleh activities ·as pertain· to the acclimatizatfon test, ,culture.I meU.od exp�lmellf.a µ.d.th& growing ?f vegetBble.and field seeds and plant materials received from tim:e to time.

Root Crops.-The American large white, New.Jereey Red and Momungan Sweet Potatoes were the varieties grown. .The American large white and the large New Jersey Red aI'e doing·, better than the Momungau variety. A variety test of yams is bei11g carried on at the station. Legumes.-The diffel'ellt kinds of legumes tried are the Florida beggar weed, Guar, PalaWan bean, Atab blaclt. bean, soy bean (Japanese yel�w), Lamno lim.a bean, seg11idillas, Celebes beall, Tahore bean, peanuts, eoy bean, Japanese mongo, Burger's pole> bean, Panubigan bean, green -mongo, yellow mongo, New Era eowpeas, brown patani, Indian lima bean, white 1·ound patani, whlte ha.tao and Lyon bean. Vegetablee.-TwelV'e square meters of land was planted in November, 1917 to each of these kinds of vegetables: peehay,., mustard, radish, endive, carrot, Canadian Wonder bean, Ken:-"' tncky Wonder bean and Davis white wax bean. With the excep"ijon of·the beans which suffered greatly on account of excessive· ::Ta.in and of insect pests, all the vegetables tried did well, but the carrot and endiye failed to prod'uoo seeds, while the pechay yielded but O.S kilo of seed, the mustard .25·kilo and the l'adish 0.2 kilo, The veget.ables were harvested during Februa1-y, Mru.-eh and April. In April, 16 square meters was planted to each of the following: pechay, mustard, and radish. Begining July, 1918, the growing of vegetable seeds was carried on a larger scale at the" station.. Since then, monthly planting of different kinds of vegetables· to show: what are the best months for growing "Vegetables, have been made• . · O�h er �p8.-A plot of ground measuling 0.42 beet.are was _ planted to castor oil bean in October and 10 hills of 40 square meters were planted to Cnruba (Sicania odorifera). The CUt'llba, which was planted in the latter part of December, 1917, is now ·· !Je:aring flowers·but no fruits yet. 64

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

SlNGALONG PROPAGATION STATION

The growing.of seedlings for general distribution, the sorting, packing and preservation of seeds- of all ldnds and the seasonal test of vegetables 00I1Btituted the principal activities of the Sin galong Station during the past year. Sea.sonal Tost of VegetablB8.-About 1,440 square meters of field A at Singa!ong was devoted to vegetable growing for the purpose of determining the kinds of vegetables best suited for planting during each month of the year. As this test was not

,' ,, ·, \.\ ' · ·· {: ' ·

··· · ,'<

·' . �· ·,. : •

Y?,�_�es

,Vuelta �bajQ a�d-TexllS, Cribari' prodll,Ced,0Vei- _2·qitintals' of·wraPPefleaves !fliieli �Y ,be·c�pared. fa'l'.�rably�� -�:the Su�atra wrappef after some-�perillletlting. The)e� obtai�ed · from:the',mothel.' phµlts ,�,ill be.-eu'fficient -� illsu°r_e 20,0�0, SE1ed�' lings, ·2,0�0 ,(!f·"'."hi�h ·htid already been·,set m�t. 1:m"e� more foreign varieties wel'e l'eCe!VE!d 'fri:iih th0 Unitea ·S�ates;·.-namely, the Vuelta Abajo (_Cuban), �8'!'1.1J18·a'nd Su�� which are. now ready .for traneplantli:tg. l!\nother ·yartety· received ·is the Blu, menstiel, prea.oma)?ly from Cuba: which is now being trie�.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

Very little selection was done during the past season, owing· to the searcity of mother plants, relatively few of the foreign varieties having been acclimatized. .Another reason for this is the long dry spell during February and Mal-eh. Anotber serious drawback t.o the work on seed seleetion which waa liegun in May of 1918 was the poor quality of paper hags available to inclose the flowers witb. The paper was thickly coated with paraffine a.nd after a rain followed by wind, they were easily torn to pieces; hence it was neeeseary in some cases to change bags as often as three times before the seed pods

closed.

Se!eet6·d Seed.-The plants obtained from planting selected seed were uniform and could eaeily be distinguiehed One field of Romero of more than 4,000 plants had only 17 which could be r.onsidered a variation from that type. The Vuelta Abajo (Cuban) vnrieiy did not prove very satisfactory as the plants of this variety began to flower when only about a meter high, The leaveB were short and broad, resembling the native Pampano. Ha1·11ellting and Curing.-The harvest season eovered from May to· .Jm1e, inclusive. Just about the time the plants were ready to be primed, thelaborrers asked for moTil pay and refused -' ·;.to bsrVest the crop. It was therefore necessary to call laborers from other places. The lal'gest nul!:lber of these new laborers were obtained in Gamu, a town aboui three kilometers from the station. The new laborers returned to their homes after each day's work, so that .the harvesting proceeded rather slowly. Some of the lower leaves were priined. too green while other too ripe. .Tlils fairt explains the reduced quantity of wrapper leaves secured. 1�'fermonting, the leaves were stacked up in a pile of approxi mat�y 1,600 kilos of leaves. The temperature was allowed to reach :is• 0. then the pile was broken up and remade, allowing the"teinperatur e afterwards to reach 44 ° C. later 48 ° C. ·and ° c- !finelly,52 C. The ilne wrapper. tobacco produced under partial shade was only �Uo""'.'ed to reach a temperature of 48° C. for fear that the leaves wb:ich are o:l' a silky texture might be overheated. Seed Beds.--A high location above flood level was selected in the woods fol' seedbeds. After the place had been cleaxe d and about 60 beds with an area. of 20 square meters each prepared and the seedbeds sown, the laborei•a with one exception went on a . st1,ke. The �eedllngs on these seedbeds were all Jost. It be came necess.axy to get day laborers to prepare the seedbeds. It

EIQHTEENTH ANNVAL REPORT

wi� the aid-of powerful torches of petroleum ·during the wet : '�· season. When the·day was dry, the µ.se of dry_Ieaves for· kindling was re.sorted to instead of this more expensive lnethod. In all cases, the trunks of trees affected were ei�er de.stro� or used for firewood or buried, as they constitute breeding placea for beetles. In order that the spread of bndrot may be checked, it will be necessa.ry not only to send iDl!pectors to all the coco�t provinces b11t to make � periodical reinsp�ction of _an su� provinces, to insure that any reappearance of the disease is promptly checked. Loeuet Emterminatwn.-Durlng the ti.seal year, locust infes tation was at a very low point, having been reported from a :relatively few provinces and then only in a :mild :form. Of the municipalities infested, Buluan and Cotabnto was the . ,, most difficult to free from the infestation, owing to the !nae-, cessibility of the Infested places and.the scarcity of men avail able to fight the peat. Locusts here were found in places far from Moro rancherias, whe!'e eogon and talahib abound. The a!'ehipelago lD.lgbt be said to be :free practically from locust infestation during the year, for as will be noted, although locusts were present in several municipalities, the extent of infestation was limited. � Abaca Pests awl, DiBeaBcs ...:....The first work undertaken with Bbaca peats and.diseases was in the province of Cavite. in the latter.part of 1917. Inspectors were° flrBt sent to the town of Sil&llg but they gradually. extended their work of inspection and er adication to cover Amadeo, Mendez..Nufiez, Alfonso and Indang, finishing that part of the province early in September of 1918, when the province. of Cavite was declared free from heart-rot and root-rot. Alt.ogether, 6,085,191 abaca plants were in.spected during,the fiscal yeAJX, The amount of. money allotted for this work was M,600, of which there is still a balance in the Provincial Treasury of Cavite of 1"87.79. The cost of inspecting an abaca plant at this rate was 0.0005 cent.avo. The method of inspection followed was similar to that em ployed in inspecting coconut trees for budrot, In other words, as soon as either t4e heart-rot or the root-rot was discovered in one place, the owner "thareof was notified in writing, As a role, orders for the, dEiatrnction of diseased plants were ca:rr:ied out.without protest. 'ln:aome cases, however, the imposition

BURBAU OF AGRICULTURE

of fines was-resorted to which, being nominal, the owners of badly. diseased plantations preferred to pay to carrying out the orders, as the latter involved a greater expense, It was there fore necessary to use mueh tact in dealing with the people .. to get .them to destroy the plants thus affected or at lea.Bt help the inspeeto:rs in destroying them, as otherwise it ·would have be·en a · diflicult undertaking for the inspec.tors to make any headway with the woxk. The inspection of abaca plant!! was extended. to the province of Laguna in the municipalities of Pangil, Longoa mui Paete, where aha.ca plants wsre reported to be suffering seriously from diseases. An allotment of 1"2,000 for the work in Laguna was made and nine inspectors provided to carry it on. T:: the end that suckers from the lliseased ubaea plants of this part of Laguna might be stopped for planting elsewhere, General Order No. 64 prohibiting the transporting of abaea plants from these districts to other districts not infecied, was i1111ued. Rat Eii:termination.-Rats were reported to be doing espe cially heavy damage in the northern part of Camarines in the rice regions which have lain fallow for maiiy years., Other parts of the Philippines reported the presence of rah but no great damage to ei•ops was done. As far as funds and facil ities at the disposal of this Bureau permitted, poison (white arsenic) with instruction for. its use was given f:ree and rat trapa were loaned to farmers. With the limited number of inspeetors l.n the employ of this Bureau-and these needjng to be completely occupied with the more imported work on bud rot and abaea.-rot eradicstion-it was not possible to give steady attention to the work of exterminating the rats. The work of extermination was also handicapped by the fol lowing difficulties: (1) Failure of. a great number of farmers to report the presence of rats in time; (2) unavailability of poison in many of the IOeal drug store.s; and (B) impossibility of supplying farm61'l! with poison due to limited appropriation. With additional men, howevel."', and a larger sum of money tor the pureha.se of poison aµd traps, a more systematic ca.m pajgn against the rats can be inaugurated. It is hoped that the Bureau may be able to do this during the eoming Ji.see.I year. Pink Diaease.-About August, 1918, the attention of the Bu reau was called to the pink disease, which at the time ·was

EIGHTEEN'l'li ANNUAL REPORT

l'llll,;Jt DIVJï¿½I0:11"

FIBER GllADING AND INVESTIGATION

Th• AOaoa (Monilo Homo) mu,! conform lo lilo Gomnmool ,la,1�0,d• before It ;, """lo<I from !Me Phll1pp,n, l,lon�,

BUREAU OF _AGRICULTURE

During the yenr,.-there and 113 grading es�ii.blishpients, a1J und four grading est..ii.blishments over the preceding year. , , . The total production of hen\p since ,1915 has been steadily increasing. The increase in the number of bales,of grades I, J, G and K is explained. bir the_ eone�pondiug decl'<la�e in the production of the lower grades, L, DL, M and DM. 'I'he prin cipal reasons for the decrease in the. production, of grades L, lack of bottoms and other related C.'luses, DL, M and DM fer fibf.ll'.S of I, J, G and K gnLdC.'>. and the higher in the production of l, J, G Another reason and K fibers' is the price demanded for the higher grades which resulted in United States Nav)T being the only one buyel· of the higher grades. The Navy bou�·ht grades ranging from C to F, for rope purposes. It will also J;ie noted that the production for 1918 o.l' L, DL, M and DM decreased, these being the grades shipped to Eng land, with the exception of grade I, ,which, 1-hough it is ranked

EiiJHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

among the u. K. ·grades, was bought by the United States Na:vy:/; - in large qqantities owing fy the high prices asked for the_�� gri.dea. MARKET FOR MAGUEY

In 1918 we,Jost our roa.rket·in the United States for maguey, OWing to·the"aetion of.:the United States Government in ta1cing over the control Ill the binder twine industry and purchasing large ·quantities of Mexican sisal which were distributed among the binder,twine,m.anufacturers. �NSTRA.TION AND CoiiPERATION

With a view to improving the fiber producing plants, plant materials are distributed to· fiber· growers all over the PhiliP- · ..

Y _ 6o:::�veU:0fe:1:i::: . ::�h!·p��:rtie::��:. B 2 ::i:��,P::� ;�e r!:ts :�: . ::n��/)ifant!:. obtained are quite gratifying. n

Owing to � slnmp in our maguey market, greater attention wap giveri to �e distribution of sisal bulbils and suckers, aisal biling �ettei:: el,lited for stripping by ffiachlne. The Buteau dis tributed sis�l bu}bils and suckera from the La Carlota Experim�t St.atf�n aii.� ft:om II sllpply obtained f:rom Hawaii through -th.a_ courtesy of Mr. H. T. Edwards, formerly Dir�tor of the the U. S. Department of BuNln'u of· Agrieultu:te, and now Agriculture. Free distribution wasof limited to 1,000 plants, !"3 - : •J'l. being charged for every additional thousand.

:=�.

�EXPERIMENTS

Experiments with abaea, agave, kapok, cotton bast fibers, and miscellaneous :fiber plants are being carried on by the Bureau at the La Carlot.a Experiment Station in Occidental io 111 et t�8 ::s. ofTh: ::� :t La Carlota has· been going on for r:ceveral years now and tl.J.e plan is to publish the results of these experiments as soon a.s they are. properly confirmed.

��!rs.:�:;

ABACA INVESTIG!TIONS

'!'here are planted in adj�ining experimental plots at the La Car�ot.a E�erlment Station the most common varieties of abaca cultivated m Southern ·Mindanao (Davao), Eastern J:.eyte,

:� .. I

"•!Ive apparatu, for ,hloolng oboe• "'•wing hlll'l io iil1<0 Ille lool O�,olh •ndor Ille knlfo , 0

EIGRTEEN'l'H ANNUAL REPORT

be found successful and profitable in the Philippines, on "a large scale. (;OLLEGE coOJ>lIBA'.rIOl\"

country, that it is felt only just to mention in this report. The Bureau has done all it could to reciprocate the good will of the College of Agriculture, realizing that it is only through intelli gent cotipei:ation that the different agencies of the Government ca,1. be madetorender efficieniservice. In concluding t..1iis report, I have the honor to submit the following rilcommen'dations; 1. That the Department of Agriculture and Natural Re· sources establish, through coOperation of the Bureau of Science, 4griculture, Lands, and the \Veather Bureau, a comprehensive farm su1'Vey of the Archipelago, to compile information con ceuiing' farm areas, soil analysis, rainfall tions, etc., in connection with the Division of the But;eau of Agriculture. There are many formation of this character and the need of the cooperation lihove Outlined is urgent. . . 2. That for the best ink_1'ests of the public serviC?e, the muUer of the location and administration of irrigation projects be placed in .charge of the Bureau of A griculture, leaving the construction work only, to the supervision of the Bureau of Public Works. 3. That the amendments to the Immunization Acl, as ex plained at length in the Annual Report o! the Dfrector of Agri culture, be enacted, in order tl1at ilie immunization of cattle may be carried expeditiously a11d economically. V,cy HERNANDEZ, of Agl'iculture.

To the Honorable, the SBCRETAUY OF

AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RIJSOURCES,

Manila,P.l.