DA Annual Report 1923 by roldangorgonio

Tril':OOVERNotENTOFTHEl'HILll'l'JNE!SLANDS tlEfAHTMENTOFAGRICULTUREANDNATURALRE.SOLlRCES

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1923

ADRIANO HERNANDEZ DIRECTOROFAGRlCULTUllE

206555

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE: OF CONTEN'l'S

'"''"' '"''""'"' '"''"' '"' '"' WO

102

LIST OF ILLUSTRA'l'IONS

LIS1' OF ILLUSTRATIONS

TWENTYMTHIRD ANNUAJ, REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

HVENTY-THIRD ANNUAL RE1'0RT

PALAY (MUGH mcE)

Despite the presence of swarms of locusts, the occurrenee o1 typhoons and the loss of many working animals due to epidemic <lisooses at the time of planting the seed beds, there was sown during the year under discussion the largest area ever planted to palay in these Islands and the largcITT c1·op gathered on l'C cord. It was necessary for the farmers to replant the areas desh'oyed either by typhoons and heavo• rains or locust or to delay the planting because of swarms of locusts. It was also necessary to delay the plowing for lacl1 of work animals or because of the anthrax quarantine, but the c1·ops were a success

TWENTY°-TRUtD'ANNUAL REPORT

nevertheless tho�h lt ls estim!'l,ted ·that the .losaes from ty phoons, bee� rains and locusts reduced the production of this yearby7per cent. · f The total areaplanted du�ng the year 'Wai �, 675 , 870 hectares againstl,661,4BOhectaresforthepr�,year, �r an�ase of 1 per cent. The production was· 4$, 790,-500 cavans of palay, which iB 1 per cent larger than last year, whic� � turn Wall .the largest C\'OP ever gathered, or 48,486,830 eavans. fa the ·&Vfll': •yieldper beet.a.re this year co�pares identically 1111 � y�r, 26.cavans, but it was sold at twellty ooni'4Vos �her per cavan than then or at 1'3.40 and brought to the farmers i!"149,475,950 against '1"139,985,080 tha year before. 1 .The,te� leading pi-ovlnees, in the production of palay are Nueva Eclja, Pangasl�n, ll.oilo, Tarlae, -Pantpat!ga, Ticl008· Norte. Bulacan, La Union, Ca'piz, and Batangas. During the year. there mre all together planted �86,280 hectares ag&inst 925,980 � year, or an increase of 1 per cent and theypi:odu.ced 28,070,000 · ca.vans th1B Year �i,,.gainst 28,129,080 ·.'caVana·-:1aat

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�- wlal-produetion. respeetively,.t� deuease �',hi:'Patt 'due to a greater area planted·ito pa.lay, by"other provi� Sa.mar, Leyte, Mindoro, Oriental Negro&, Sor80£on,. ruic] ·5� whichplanted 10,990 hectares more this :s_eason,:aJULp·artlj. d�: f thisye&r':=:1:t;�r�ned �; !�=s:�:� '.['he following table show the area mi��vated, the produc tion, the-average yield per hectare, the average priee, and the total value of palay in the Islands f-or 1908 and from 1910 to 1923. TABU:iI

17 SUGAR CANE:

Due largely to unfavorable weaiher and scarcity of cane points

and partly to hw.k of money and labor, the area of mltivation of this crop for the 1922---23 season decreased by nearly 6 per cent from 1921-22 and the combined prod�ction of sugar ari.d

panochas decreased, too, by 11 per cent as a consequence thereof and becaus,:i of a reduction of 5 per cent in the average yield per hectare for the same reasons.

The area put under, cuLtivation this year was 227,290 hectares against 240,820 last year; and the production was only 6,446,800 piculs of sugar and 370,780 piculs of panocha against 7,200,070

and 447,460 respectively last year. Likewise there was reg istered a noted decrease in the production of "basi" and molasses, this year the output being only 7,531,230 and 9,876,230 liters, respectively, against 10,537,980 and 21,185,320 liters the year before. There were, however, during the year reviewed better prices for sugar, panochas and "basi" than last year and this explains why with a srnalle1· production, tl1e total value this year for all sugar oone products was '!"87,831,550 a1pimit it>59,948,250 last year,or anlllcrease of 46 percent. The prices for the different products of sugar cane for 1922-23 compared with those for 1921-22 were as folloWs: sugar, 'Pl2.74 per-picul agaillst �·17.11; panooha, 1'"8 per picul against P'6,84; basi, '!"19.65 per 100 litera against '1"18.53; molasses, 1"12.50 per 100 liters against 'P-13.33. With-the exception of Batangas which planted 2 per cent more hectares this year than last, all other leading sugar producing pro,,inces recorded a decrease both in the area cultivated and the production of sugar. The three highest percentag<:,s of re duced area cultivated corresponded to Cebu, Iloilo, and Laguna. ·'l'he crop in the Province of Occidental Ncgros again fell short this year 8 per cent and in Pampanga 4 pei- cent. In production, all provinces, too, registered corresponding decrease, except the Province of Pampanga, which had this year produced 23 per cent more than last scasoll. The production of muscovado st1gar again decreased this year in favor of the centrifugal sugar. Of the total production of sugar obtained this year 3,711,430 piculs were centrifugal st1gar and 2,735,370 piculs were muscovado sugar. Comparing these figures during the three years of 1922-23, 1921-22, and 192021, which were 57.6, 47.3, and 36.1 p,e r cent rcspedively for refined and centrifugal sugar again& 42.4, 56,3, and 63.9 per cent re�pectively for rnuscovado sugar, the influence of the cen-

TWENT\'•1'H!RD ANNUAL REPORT

,tralS on 'this industi,y becom�s evidertt .. Dudng the tear there were 33 centrals operating with.a daily capacity of 22,870 tons Of canes. Two small ones.dosed down ·at the close of the year, Table III shows the area cultivated,- the production of sugar, panochas, basi, and molasses; the. average yield of sugars and panocha per hectare, the average p_rices value o1 this crop fo1· 1903 and from 1910 to 1923. TA�LE III

'l'WEN1'Y-THIRD ANNUAL lillPORT

ABACA .

This crop, the fiber par excellence in the world, which declined considerably in its production aftBl' the signing of the Armistice

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

because of a glutted marktlt, was reatored this year to its former rank the largest production ever known in the Islands having been racorded. During th8 decade prior to the signing of tho Armim;iee, the annual produmon of abaca was 2,468,090 plcule and the largest· crop known was that foir 1911, which. WBS 2,717,460 piculs. This y�r the production was.2,986,380 p!euls, which was 21 per cent larger than the 10-year average · of 1910-19;-10 per cent larger than the.record crop for 1911 and twice' as much last year crop. This excellent ·result -0btained by the farmers despite their difficulties' in securing sufficient labor was reallzed because of the big demands this year for abaca fiber in the world markets and a proportional rise in the prices commanded, from '1'10.41 per picul last year to 1!"18.16 this year, .This price was !P'l.88 higher than that normally prevailing before the war, but the· prices during the war ranging on the average from if.1'25 to "'31'i per Picul so intOJdcated growers and labor, that the former are still expecting these abnormal prices and the latter not satisfied with the share allowed-them in the Production which before was ordinarily one-third and thereafter demanded as much as one half and even two-thirds. The ·result.was that in the three years 1920-21 to 1922-28 the loss in the area cultivated :l'or the Phil ippines was 21 per cent in _favor of other ci:ops such·as coconuts and 'palay. It is ti:ue, however, 'that in this loss there are in eluded other losses from typhooils and· plant pests, but com paratively speaking, it is believed that the proportion from these two latter causes is not so very great. The prevalence of abaea diseases had also some share in this reduction of the area cultivated, and the. provinces most affected the.reby, so far as were reported, were Cavite and Laguna. These two provinces lost severely in several of its different towns. There ii.re no data by which to gauge the lo'ss from heart-rot and root-rot, but comparing the area actually planted with .that existing ·June 80, 1920, both provinces lost fr6m all causes 48 per cent but mainlY. due t-0 these pasta, The total area planted to abaca June .30, 1923, was l'il3,421 hectarea, or 4 per cent larger than last year which was 494,990 he.ctal'fls. The area productive was 844,240 hectares this year against 264,l'iOO hectares last year, or an increase of 80 per cent. It is believed, however, that this increase was not all obtained during the year under discussion, but that there were more hectares productive last_ year that were not so reported because they were neglected for lack of an at.<tractive p1ice. The crop was valued

TWENTY-THJRD ANNUAL REPORT

year, or 97 per cent at •1�9,317,490 against '1"19,918,860 last

Tobacco registered this year a reduced production due great]Y, to m1favoi·ablo weatlier, The crop is planted in the latter part of the year, but the season.was too rainy because of typhoons that damaged. the crop. The province worst hit was Isabela where there wern several floods that washed away man,, sead beds and plantations which could not be replanted for lack of seeds, so i11at both the area under cultivation and yield per hectare of tobacco wei•e greatly reduced. The crop oi' 1021-22 was the smallest on record, due to the low priceE that prevailed to the discouragement of the g're>wers who therefore dicl not plant tlwir usual area. ThE! 1922-23 crop is 8 per cent larger in the area plan�d and 10 per cent in tlie production than last year. There were planted during the year 64,730 hectares against 59,870 last season which Yielded 713,170 and 630,580 quinbI.i respectively, In the yield per hectare there.was also this year a slight increase------.1 per cont o-ver last year, or 11.02 quintals per heclal·o against 10.87 last season-because of improved weather conditions in some regions that followed the typhoons. The prices did not ·advauce sufficiently io become attractive to growers, but were highel· than those bcfore the war, when

TWENTY-THIRD AKNUAL REPORT

they averaged 'l.�6.93 per quintal. During the five years oi the war (1915-19) the average price was '1"10.57 per quintal. Last vear was 'P11.55 against �.26 the preceding season. The total �rop was valued at 11"6,814,800 which was 1 3 per cent larger than the 1921-22 value, or 1'6,019,870. The tobacco region in the Island of Luzon is ma<le up of the Provinces of lsabela, Cagayan, I\oeos Norte, I\ocos Sur, La Union, Abra, Pangasinan, Mountain Province, and Nueva Ecija. With the ro;ccption of Isabela and Nueva Eeija which this year planted an area of 30 and 22 per cent, respectively; smaller than last year, all other provintts increased suflicienth' to offset the losse� of Isa.bela and Nueva Ecija. and even exceed b�· 3 per cent the aggregate area planted this year as compared with that of last year; but this year these provinces planted only 71 per cent of the tota�tobacco area of the Islands, while last year they planted 75 per cent. The Visayan tob�co region includes rthe Provinces of Iloilo, Cebu, and both Occidental and Oriental Negros and all together planted 51 per cent more land this year than the past season und planLetl 20 pei: cent of the Philippines tobacco lm:id cultiva.ted this year or 6 per cent more than the rear before which was only 14, The following tnble gives the area planted, pNduction and' average yield per hectare for 1903, and the same data and aver age price per quintal ruid value from 1910 to 1923. TAIIJ.ls VI1

MAGUEY This fiber, !ilte abnca, registered this year the largest produc . e to the same reason, i. e, a great demand !:�0::��t��t::

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

SWEET P01'ATOES

During the year reviewed there was registered an increase ol 8 per cont in the area plante(l to this root crop as compared with the preceding year and also a slight increase, .5 per cent, in the production, but on accomyt of t1nfavorable weather the averuge yield per hectare fell short by nearly 2 per cent. The total hrea plantetl this yeal' was 80,350 hectaros and the production was 188,482,800 kilos against 7,J,580 hectares and 187,570,000 kilos, respectively, last year. The average yield per hectare for the same years was 2,346 and 2,515 kilos, and the total value, ')ďż˝3,751,100 and 1"3,742,GOO, respectively. In the order of their importance, Samar, Leytc, Cebu, ALbay, and the Mountain Province lead in 'the production of sweet potatoes, with a total of 98,085,300 kilos or 49 per cent of the total crop of theÂˇIslands. The weather was not favorable this year, however, so this production was 8 per cent smaller than last year, although the area planted was 11 per cent larger.

T\'i"ENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

Table IX shows the area cultivated, production, averaic Y ie\d , per hectare, average price per kilo and the total value/of sweet potatoes for 1903 and from 192.0 to 1923. TJ\Br.!l lX

CACAO AND COFFEE

Of these two ci·ops the former registered a slight increase, 0.613 pet• cent, during the year and the latter because of .typhoons, a . slight decrease, 1 per cent, in the number of trees under cult1� vition. There were last year, 1921-22, 1,912,700_ cacao trees and 2,205,300 coffee trees against 1,925,400 and 2,184,500, re spectively, this yeai-. Because of heavy rains and strong winds which destroyed, the flowers the yields per tree for both products deereased also this year, and therefore the production of cacao was 4.95 per cent smaller than last year. As to coffee, however, new trees coming into })earing offset the loss and the prodt1ction this year was ,a fraction of 1 per cent larger than last, the respectiv(l production beiug 1,045,400 "kilos of cacao and 1,155,700 kilos of coffee again.st 1,078,200 an<l 1,148,900 kilos. The cacao was sold for il'l,145,500 and the coffee for 1!"767,300 ag�inst 1'1,244,400 and .P.822,800 respel!tively Jast year. The following table shows the number of ,trees eultiYated, the production and the value of cacao and coffee fo1· 1903 and from 1914to 1923.

'rHE OUTCRY OF THE FARMERS During the year the Division of Farm Statistics made inqui ri,:is as to thll- handicaps encountered by farmers. Most of these have already been mentioned, but the most important and eom mon to all is the Jack of credit and means of conununieation and transportation. The Jack of a ch�ar title to his lands, shuts the bank to the small farmer, nnd thtl present Rur::l Credit AsBO·ci::tions �re too few and poor to meet the needs of all. I\1any suggestions have been made to the effect that these associations be capital ized by the Government. from funds of the National Bank, there by extendmg to small farmers the benefits thereof, and that thcil' actuallandtitles in the ahsence of theTorren's titlebe considered enough for the purpose of getting credit. Indeed, the condition of thCl!e small farmers--usually pa.Jay growers-------is most pre carious and most of them have to assume onet'Ou;; obligations to produce the food needed by the 00U11try. Granted that good prices are the best inducements for fa1mers to produce more, but even when good prices are paid the small farmers do not share them, for they have to pay a ver;• high rate of interest on the money loaned to them with the result that they are unable to pay off their debts completely. Because also of their lack of capital or credit, tbey can not start the new plant ing of their lands without first disposing of their produce and soare forced to sacrifice it. Another mearis suggested to finance these small the establishment of bonded bodegas or warehouses can deposit their produce and get credit thereon. The lack of means of communications and transportation as before said is another serious check to the natural den!lopment

31 TABr,D XU.-Compa,.,,tiva stat,numt cj e"l)enses mid inc<»nc of tho Bure""' of Ag1'kmlturc dm�n!I tire yea:n, 192ft Mid 19iiB

At the beginning of the year them were :�6 permanent and 29 temporary cmp]oyoes. These employees were dfa;fributed among the genernl service, records stenogrnphic, collecting and disburs-

'J'WllNTl:-TilllW A::lNUil.L REPORT

CORRESPONDENCE

ANIMAL nUSBANJJlt"l'." DlVIS10X

The Animal Husbandry Division this yea1Â· has confined its efforts as best as possible in following the outline Illentioned

1'WENTY•'l'HIRD ANN1,1AL llEPORT

To carry on this work only 1'"80,675.41 was set aside but this as compared with prnvious ycan was entirely too small. To avoid any overdraft it became imperative to reduce this year the number of technical men aud laborers carrying the work of.the division and consequently had to close several small breeding station. _ The .selection and distribution oJ Jive stock were follo\.ved as heretofore done by loaning good breeding animals or selling them to the public. The breeding animals of the Bureau are found distributed in different parls o£ the At'clt.ipelago al, �Lock farms, public breeding stations, farm schools and other Gov ernmenfinstitutio.ns. Th&re are some' animals too, that are di rectly unaer the care of private pa1·ties. Ai the sfock farms the.main object is to raise horses, cattle, carabaos, sheep, goats, swine, and poultry for distribution to all parts of the Islands. At the breeding stations the main ob ject is public-breeding service although a few sto�k is also raised to supply the local demand. Pigs and chickens are loaned to farm schools to enable the pupils to study and lean1 how to care for and raise them. The principal of the achoo! is directly responsible to the Bureau of Agriculture for the stock loaned as well as for rendedng the reports required by the latter. The animals loaned to private parties are on the majority of cases bul!s. These animals are loaned under the responsi bility of the agricultural exterision agents emplored in .'lame provinces br the Bureau of Agriculture and also through the provincial and municipal treasurers. The party borrowing guarantees the sa(e-keeping of the animal loaned. The limit for keeping animal is shoi·l-usual!y a year at which time it is transferrer] to another interested party unde1· simila,· condi tions. Stallio11s and hogs are being loaned to colonies under the Bureau of Prisons. 'l'he Plll'Posels encourage the colonists to raise horses and pigs as wdl improve the native stock in those colonies.

RUREAU OF AGlllCULTURE

ALABANG STOCK FARlf9

at pres�nt has been the ex adaptable to Philippine con bred stock with already

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'J'WBNT'i'â&#x20AC;¢'l'Hml) 1\NfUAL REl'Ol!'I'

BUREAU 0�' AGlt!CliLTURE

boring provinces. Pigs alld several breeds of chickens are raised to su))ph• local demand. This year i:h{l ,public-breeding work has not been so satisfactory _as in previous years, especially that with ,horses dlie to the 'fact that the StaUon does not have enougli stallions. Two .of_ the three stallions ha"d to be trans ferred to the Dumaiuete Breeding Station.. Furthermore, the m\lnicil)alities that used to maintain the pubiiC-breeding animals of this_ Bureau were unable to provide fonds· for maintenance this year due to money erisis so ·the animals were returned to the Bureau There is a big demand .for· chickens". 'The pe/Jp]e always ask breeding. chickens from this statioll to improve the\r BATANGAS BREEDING STATION The Batangas Province·used to have three stallions; one ·at Batangas; one at Lipa, and one at Balayan. · Of these only the first was maintained last year, the other two were closed due to .shortage of funds and.shortage of preedirig stallions._ The . breeding of horse.<;, cattle; pigs, and goats, comprises the most imJiortant work at this station althouih poultry is· also raised to ·supply _Joe.al deriland-. ORIENTAL. NEGROS BREEDING This station has two substations. which are located· in Gt'!i huli'igan and Zamboanguita. The centriil station .is in Duma guete. Poultry is · mise_d i1_1 Dumaguetc to supply the local . demand. The people around Dumaguete are getting very _fond of chicken raising and many of them visit the station to buy eggs· and chickens. In foct several parties have already established small, poultn• farms in the·pro.vince. .Au the Bureau '·public-breeding: sires have done satisfactory service during the ,'ear iu this stati,mi. With the. excepUon. of the superintendent's salary, the sta tion's expe11ses are"paid by the pro,,_ince; wnatever,income had goes to the provincial treasury. BAYOMBONG CATTLE BREEDING STA'l'ION This station raises Indian cattle primaril�· to promote the .cattle industry in Nueva Vizcaya a.nd adjoining provinces. A iiuniber of bulls have ah'eady been loaned to diffe1•ent cattle ownel's to improve their herds. The cattle men are ve1'y en� lhusiastic over this line of work as they 'find it greatly benefits them. 'i.\'ith the opening of the ·provincial road connecting

TWENTY-THIRD lll'NUAL REPORT

Manila to this province, -the' cattle industry iu that region will receive more attention froI!J.tha cattle men. rANDACAN CHICKEN HOUSE

This station has been kept by this division primai:ily for the purpose 0f. qllAl'antlmng impotjed stock that is suspected ·mek of any,eont.agious disease. Howevtir, as importati�:ms are seldom made and the stock are rarely sick, this place would have to be clo.sed lllld for this reason. when not otherwise used, it serves as a· p"ublie:.b�Wng station for pigs and horses and also as a station to keep animals temporarily while awaiting shipment. At present it raises also some Rhode To)and Red and Can-· tone.'!e eroes that are under direct observation of this Office. l'UBLIC BREEDING

'h( order to give an Jdea of the pubHe-bi-eeding work done by the. Bureau of Agriculture 'this year, reference should be made of tlie s�mary,. of the. breeding records appended ·� e dis with. It will be noted that.the publie-breeding sires tributed at different . places in 25 provinces and that they rendered 1,982 services and had 2,729 ot'fepriµg a11 follows:

. .'Eetima� tbs i�erea�ed value of the offspring at !"50 for. co1W, NO f�r calves, 'P'lO for pigs and ,,z for kids and lrunb.s, it �11 be Be� that at least N0,450 worth· for improvement has·:i,een given by thEI Government to the public throughout the Islands. As compared to previous years, it will. be noted from the table below that there has baen a decrease In the total number of offeprings, This decrease Is due to causes·already discussed ln...previous part of this report.

(I,) A olo,o vlow of tho nlD1u <>If s]md O

i l i-• """ No. 1418 from l•dl,a �<llo,c oow �t �; ;

BUREAU ·o�' AGRICULTURE POUL'rRY-SWINE AND' COOPERATIVE STATIONS

The poultry-Swille stations were established iii connection with the food production campaign, a moVerilel'!t to e:1courage the pr,��uction. of more food stuffs and se�ondar ily to raise the quality of produce thr_ough _ the intioductfon of high-grade ani mals mostly imported from foreign countries, such as cattle, horses, ·swi e and poultry. The year .1923. started. with ·19 co n ope_r1ttive station s under .the Bureau of Education and 2 under , this .Bure�u .w:hlch·were,_ geogra.phic_ally ;cli.stributed as follows: _14 in Luzol!; 4-in th�'.Yis�yan l'egion and 8 Jn ·Mindanao. The· raP._ld _ growth of_·.the number of these rlations bids fair to the improyellle"nt,in. animal. raising in this country... Th� sending of moi� anima'is .to �indanao for the improvement of the stock in this part of the AJ.:chipelago'has -further expanded our aetf.v ities on ,animal raising. The total rillmbor of animals in these stations were as follows · 21 · boars 8.nd 31 sow.s rejirelienting the Berk-shires,, Duroc., J8rsey,'Poland Chinas and Berkshlre-.Pofand Chinas ; and, 69 cockS ali.d 146 hens o f the Canto.riese, ·Shanghai -Red,- Rhoda Isl�nd Red,. ��te Leghorii/ Buff..Orpi�_gtori. and Buff Orping� ton-Canton�se ,b!'.e�s. -.·:. -. · · The_ li'!S_nl_t.s :' obtrone<1: ·.fro� ; th_e·_ breeding ·al'.l.irruuii· Were. hi(:_al culable judging from f;he jnterest therein_ o_ f_the.p_eople jnb�bi� s

�!g!t::h�� _;:: �!�e:��: ru:::: !t··1::c::�� o��,i�= to buy these .aiiimals frorri the Bureau arid.the-latter has ·gJadly aceed�d and quoted t hem at their_.. book values. --·As ·a result, _ three of the cooperative stations bought·the animals loaned·by the Bureau. . ·_ . : · .. Economically speaking, these_ statlohs (coOperati_ve) , do not spend nor invest: capital except labor as nearly· all of them rliise the feeds they give to the animals while whatever returns they miiy""get; flom them wjU be··_theirs. B esides this ·advan• tage the students become-familiar with the animals .bY actually lmndling_them and through the instruction and srii;iel"Vfsion of their teachers they appreciate animal raising.

The mixed feed forms the principal fee,d given to the animals iii the station. This is given mo.stly to horaea, pigs, and poultry. The mixed feed consists of tiquitiqui, COrn meal, ·mongo meal, and copra meal in proper proportion.

'l'WENTl'-THIRD ANNUAL REPOlt'l'

Forage crop's such as Guinea grass, Japanese cane, Napiel' and Para grnsses, corn and sorghum, are .raised at these sta tio:ris as supplefuentaryj'eeds to the animals. _Camotcs, cassava, iihd:Jegumes are also raised for feed. Papaya and banana trunks are �lao given· t_o the animals as roughage. ·The' Wta'! quantity of feed produced at the stations are:

During - this year l'inderpest and surra broke out in places near Alabang Stock Farm,and later in the rear anthrax pre vaillid in the Pl'ov:inces ofRizal, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija which caused a heavy toll upon cattle an d cambaos but fOrtunatelr it did not enter the farm. Shict quarantine regula tions were carried out at the :farms; no outside vehicles or men could -�nter preiJJises without disinfecting first. EXPERIMENTS aO!.!PA1llSON OP TIIE EGG rMDUCTION 01' INDIAN RU!'l!'IE!l DUCKS ANU NAUV8 DUCKS

The present wor·k- is a study of the egg production of the Indian .Runner clucks .and of the native clucks in the shore of Lagunn Lake near a rive\' in the barrio of Alabang, Muntin lupa, Rizal. _It was begun l\fay I, l!l23.

41 'l'wentr-five· Indian Runner due.ks,· 1! years old, 5 males and 20 females and 25 native· ducks of about the same age were used. They were divided into'two lots according to their breed and were housed in. cogon shacks' _of the same size near the river. Each house is proVided with an incloirnre in the river -where they can swim. Every.time there is a rise of water· in the late, the houses and ducks am' transferred to a higher place. ·Both ducks received the same kind of feed (paiay and 11us,J) and practically the same t1:eatment. - .The .number of eggs pro durM and the _amotmt of feed consumed Ure__reco_rded dail;)'. The following tRbles showed the ·results so far - obtaiped ·

This experiment i8 a stud:ir of sorghum grain as n chicken feed in relation to egg production and growth of the laying hens, The experiment was begun May 14, 1923, and is supposed to last one year from the time the experiment was commenced. Thfa is performed at the Alabnng Stock Farm.

44.

TWENT1'-TH1RD ANNUAL REPORT

Twenty Buff Ol·pington-Cantonese hens wel·e divided into two lots of 10 each. One Jot is fed with sorghum and the other 1ialay and corn combined. Sot·ghnm grajn is given whole. Palay and com in the pro portion one part palay and one part eorn also fed whole. The weight of each hen on two lots Was determined separately once a month. The result so far obtained may be .'!een on the following

tables:

TN!L�:XVIII-Lot No.I-Sorgh,,,n

BUREAU QIâ&#x20AC;¢' AGUICULTORE

TWBNTY-TBIRD ANNUA.l, �ORT

In case of the hens :fed with corn and palay the average gain 'in weight of one hen a month is ,039 kilo and the nmnher of egga laid by a hen a month fs 5.4. Estimating at Pl a kilo of meat 'and il"'o a hundred eggs the .total" production will be NJ.089 plus 'P0.27 or 'l"O.S09. The coat of feeding per hen a month is (P(l.165. Therefore, the net profit per hen fed with palay and corn a month.is !"0.144.. Consequl!lltJy, the net profit, of !l"().82 a hen a month on the lot fed with sorghum is hlghu than the net profit, of 'P0.144 a hen a month on the lot fed with eorli and palay, a dilference of ¥0.176 in f�vor Of the hen fed with sorghum. The experiment consisted of four Iota of 20 chicks each. Lot I was given finely. ground adla,y, fnst.ead of corn meal. and bin!id, -with the mixed, feed in the p1'0portion of 6 parts rice bran (higher. grade), 4 parla adlay. 2 parts copra meal (low· fll·fatJ and l_part mongo meal; Lat II and Lot m with 4 parts of bmUd and. eom -meal respeettvely -in the 1mme. proP.Qr tion; and lot IV the-regular.mixed feed CODsistlng of 8 parts rice bran (tiqni-tiqui), 2 parts mnngo meal, 1 part corn meal, 2 parls copra meal (low in fa,t) and 1 part binlid. This last lot WS5 used as chek in the expedment. T)te nutritive value of Lots I, II, III and IV are 1:5.1; 1:5.5; 1:5.6; and 1:4.0, respectively. The experiment.lasted 10 weeks from April 26, 1928, t.o Jurie 28, ·1928. · Each lot ·was weighed ev� week to determine the Weekly,gain. M,f;h� end of the experiment, the average �eekly gain of e� ehick in each lot was: For adlay ·····---·-·-·······- · ....--····-··--·-··-..:·-···· .. 19,06 For bblil ---· · ·-·-··-···--···-···-·-···-·- .: ····-· .••...•. 13,91 'F(I]' corn · _,......-...-·-·-···--·-···-····-··--··�--···-··- ····- lB,44. For Q)leck· .•. .. ·--· · ···--···- ····.-··--..·-·········--.."..···- 11,71 . The percent.age of mortality were 60, 73.68, 78.95 and 76, reapectively. Thia reault in_dicates that the C�ato adlaY is a good chick f� and in this exp&1iment pr-0ved �er than �rn and binlid (t�e �gular feed given at the farm) and it is claimed that its cost � 'Pioduetio!1· Is very much lower than palay or com. This is a preliminary repprt on the experiment and it will at some � time in order to make a definite :=n!i:'::!�

47 CR08Blill�l"IGEXF)llll'1ENTSWl1H CHICKENS

Of these the White Leghorn-Buff Orphigton-Cantonese prom ises to be the most sucessful but. it will require a few more years io arrive a\. some· definite Conclusioii. On April 8, 1921, in Ayrshire buIJ' was purchased ·frl'.lm a local breeder for �.000 a)ld·was sent ,to Alabang Stock Farm to cross with several Nellore·cows that were gradually placed with ·him at the tim'e 'they dropped their calves. At Cn•st tl1e bull would alwi.ys stay under shelter as if it feared the hot sunshine and it was feared no results would be obtained from it. It was therefore deemed Dellt to keep him in a stable during the day where he could be attended as a _well-groomed stallion would be, and at night it was put with the. cows in the co·l'ral. During the rainy days it was allowed to. pasture ln the open as it seemed to enjoy the rain. In 1922, it .has 2 male calves that showed characteristics of both 'breeds. This y6ar it again produced 2 male calves in February, 2 female calves in March, alld in December anothel' 2 female calves and one male calf. The youµg are i:ery promising stock and that thel'e are several, pregnant crows which arc expected to drop their calves early next yea!'.

'rWENTY•'l'II1RD ANNUAL REPORT 'r,liAr HAO llEJSN (ROSSEii '1'0 AN MILi( PROl>UCJION o,•_Nf.f,lilRE CU\\'3 ,1.Y�Slll�E BULL

Cow No. 3.-Begun milking when calf was 2 months and 19 day:, old. Cow No: 264.-Begun milking when calf was l month and 9 days-old·. Cow No. 3415 .-]egun milking when calf was 1 month a.nd 21 daYs old. This record credits "Ko. 3 with .7 liter per day, No. 264 with .58 liter and No. 345. with .59 liler whicb of course, are poor rriilk re"cords; however, the Nellums are only a work typo which has been used in preference to the nutive cows that are very suBceptible_to·rinderpest. It would have been better if Multan! cows had been used but thse were not available at the farm. (The Multani iii an Indiiin milk breed.)

BUREAU. 'ob' AGIHCULTIJllE

The nanny _goats under test we1:e sep'arated from the kids during the night but were allowed t o go_ with them during the day. The feed consii;te& of ihe native pasture and shrubs found in the fields. No 0th.er food was given. · -

The purpose of this test was to detet'mine the weekly increase in weight of kids of the· goat herd at Alabang ·Stock Farm. The dams were allowed free rilnge in the pastures during the day ii.ncl ·were penried uv during the night. _No extra feed was given. A few days a!tei.• the kids were dropped; weekly weighlngs were begun.- · The followihg sh ows the results of the ,yeighings:

According to these . results, it will be seen that the weekly incre.ase of single kids is greater than the duplets, although the tatal .increase of the latter gives a higher increase in weight · tlian·.the former, The average weekly increase of all the kid� io"oiily_one-ba\fki)o each. &de. of .Btwc<>,, anf�,ala /01' tko year U�B

�:;:-,\.':-.. � N;:•.

:J:::::::::i :"';i.:�;:::.1 iit m �g 1

38 io

061)�01;

71 6�8,1106 a�&

'H�

l&OGK

,:ii

�-�1:" . i

B,0(!1\B �

100

30 oo

81600

TWEN'l'Y-THIRD ANNUAL REPOl'.l.T

cal employees to be put in churge of projects that are at prusent handled by one pexson. Act 2758.-Jnusnmch as the technical ailvicc of the Animal Husbandry Division is constantly used in managing this act, this project shoulu be placed under the full control of ihe Bureau of Agriculture, as it will reduce e:,;:pcnses in personnel and it may use such savings for other animal husbandry work. .4NUL\L INSUna:xm•: lllVISTQ;-;-

During the year the personnel of the Insurance Division con sisted of"three employees only. The activities of this division were confined only to the continuance of the previous operation ilf the Work Animal Insurance Society. A partial statement of the work of the association for the period from May, 1�20 to December 31, 1923 herewith follows:

53 case if the operations of the Insurance had not been suspended, and the sources from which indemnities wer.e paid were cut off. 'rim ·result naturally was that the Association )lad to use the funds appropriated by law. Rad the idea of increasing the rate of premiums in proportion to the rnte of mortality been carried out as was proposed in order to check the increasing number of losses, perhaps the result would have been ditrerent. _From May, 1920, to December 31, 1923, inclusive, there were 11,281 .draft animals insured and 959 died. The rate of mortality, therefore, was 8.5 per cent which rate would have been in propotiion to the rate of premium char)'.led. 'l'his division handles the greater part of the information i;erviee regarding farm activities of the country; supplies seed and plant materials as fflr as possible either direct from the Central Office or through its fieldsmeu; wages food production campaign which quite effectively prevents food shortage in dis tricts badly hit b�· typhoons, devastated by locust or affected by drought or floods; and assists other divisions in their fiehl work, as for instance, in the campaigns against lo�uts1 anthrax, well as iii. securing data and plant ·materials for investig:a-

TIVENTY-TlllRD "ANNUAL REPORT

FIEWFORCE

Tho lie!d force durini the year consisted of 24 agricultural e..'rt<msion 11gents and 16 a8J!istants. Of this, nine are in charge of prOvincial nurseries and demonstration stations, as well as doing field extension work in their districts. RE()RGANIZATJON AND PRACTICAL T,RAININ"G OF

FIELDMEN

In acCordanrn with the 11:mrganization plan which was made effective in November, 1922, the fieldmen of the division were called in from their respective stations and fempomrlly detailed to the nearby experiment stations, namely, LamM Experiment Statiori, Alabang Stock Farm, Tanauan Citrus Station, and Singalong Propagating and Testing Station, where they were given practical training in matters calculated ti, equip them for more acceptable service to thn farmers. FIELD A.SSlGNll!ENTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE

After the training period, which lasted until the second· week of Mar�h, the fieldmen were·assigned to cert.a.in provinces, mostly around Manila. 'The rµain idea in the reorganization so effected was to ho ahle to make a eloser supervision and to concentrate the efforts of the �eldmen by dividing the province into small districts with spe cial attention to the development of a particular line of agri culture which needs improvement and make such modifications th:�in as rnuy .�e possible to get definite and tangible results reaa of taking u p many pro.iects and t ::�� :��n ��:h:�

(•) Aodoul!"'al E,t,nslon ,,�enlo who altoadod tho annual oon,o,!ioo of ln� tooothoi w1\ho,o,;aol,1,ffi,;,1,,floouaaln a v1"tlOS'"laC,u•P,o,l,ol,INu,,.,y,Luo"'a

B"\jREAU OF AGRICULTUR8

PROJECTS, ACTIVJT,IES, AND_ ACCOYJPLISll.l\lENT� the work of-the

9. Ri_oe p1•oduction campaiirn. 10. '.l'obaeco production campaign. 11. Sugar curna production campaign. 12. Abnea pro,luction cnmpai,<:n, The organization of Local Producei"S' Associations.-To give the produc\lri,Jegitimate returns for their labor by eliminating middlemen; t.o saYe.thcmJroin tho:, _dutche� of mmrers_ anrl pro.-_ fiteCrs, who :ilways prey upon the uli.organized Small formers; to encourage the development of the,JOcal induStries and'others that.are cipable _of.deve!0Pme1�t'. and'itii"a :whoie to ifilp_rove and . _ make the couutry people. contented and prosperous-are the chief aims of organizing producers' ·aSsoci:i:tiims. An intensive campaign wa� starte_d in.April, 1923 arid attempts were made to organize associations of milk producers, poultry raisers, fruit grnwers and tobacco p)·oducers, vegetable misers and·othe1· producers·?f a.gricnltural er.Ops in ihe district w�ere the agents baye·been assigned. In tJie·beginning, many difficul ties and trnubles were encountered in 01·ganizing the_rprodncers' ass'ociations. · Much pessimfam was met with though late1· some of the people grew very enthusiai.;tic. The most dimcult palt µf the work of the ,agents is: 1. To convineo 'tho people of cOOpe.-ative nsaocia,tion•, ospecinlly in the m'lrkeling 1.llis idea. being newly in, trndueed into the countt)', 2. To prevail on the iutelligcnt farmers, especially of the YoU:ngcl' generation to i,;nin the approval of the old, and gcncrnlly con'servativc formers, nnd �. To b"'t the confldcnce of the people as " wliol" in U,e underlnking, The following table shows the main activities in the organiz..'\· tion work and the number of local producers' coiiperative as sociation orgallized during the year:

'TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TABLE XXVl

BIJREAU OF AGRlCUL'fURE

With ours, therefore, there need be no surprise if no great immediate results are obtained along this direction. That farmers now realize the value of grouping themselves· in an association for �arketing their products and thus eliminating tho middlemen is a step forward. With the view to assisting the prnper functioning of the· dif ferent associations, the Central Office is conducting a campaign in Manila lo find good markets for the products of the different associations. As a start iwo central ageneies of milk producers' associations were established i n Manila durjng the year to handle the produch ·.of the diffcrcmt milk producers' associa tions. Only fresh milk was, furnished by Raid agencies and through them quite a reputation in Manila has been established by the local milk. There v,ras also an agency of milk put in lhe province as in San Fernando, Pampa11ga, where milk has been handled in quite big scale. Lorn! sale� have been quite exten siveh- made, Both agencie� boil their milk and put it in steril ized bottles with saaitary parafined paper cuvers. Competition batwunn lGcal milk producers and the perniciou8 practice of adulterating milk before it is sold are also re�ponsible for the slow progress.in this work. The Bureau, through the field agenLs entrusted with in this campaign. has,· huWever, greatly helped the consumers in 'that adulterating and watering of milk has been minimized through the•inspeetion and at timEls in the·use of hwtomcters. The fieldmen through rtheir< association with the milk producers have encom·aged the farmers in the sanitary handling of their milk and· also in the use of proper feed fo1· tl1eit' animals to enable them to produce_ rnol·e milk .. In some regions though, the quantitY of milk produced was increased to some extent as animals never ml!ked before are being milked now. But because of the outbreak uf anthrax in October the activities for milk production have been suspended temporarily, but the�· will resume as soon as the disease is suppressed and the quaran tine lifted. ln the

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL Kl'JPORT T/\BT,)a XX\'[

' BUREAU OF ,AGRICULTURE

With ours, therefore, there need be no surprise if no great immediate results are obtained along this direction. That farmers now rcalir.e the value of grouping themselves in an association foi· marketing their product.s and thus eliminating the middlemen is a step forward. Wlih the view to assisting the proper functioning of the dif ferent associations, the Central O!lice fa conducting a campaign in Manila 1.o find good marketa for the products of the different a.ssociations. As a start two central agencies of milk producern' associations were established in Manila dnrjng th.e year . to handle the products '.of the different milk producers' associa tions. Only fresh milk was, furnished h:, said agencies and through them quite a reputation in Mauila has been established by tlie local milk. Tl1ere was also un agency of milk put in the province a8 in San Fernando, Pampanga, where milk has been handled i n quite hill" scale. Local sales have been quite exten· sive]y made.. Both agencies boil their milk and put it in steril ized bottles with sanital'l' parafined paper coven;. Competition between local milk pi·oducers and the pet"llicious pnu:iice of adulterating milk before it is sold are also respon�ihle for the slow progress.in tbi;; work. The Bureau, through the.field agents entrusted with in this campaign.has,:howover, greatly helped the .consumers in tli.a't. adulterating and wa�ring_ of milk has been minirnfaed through the•inspection and at times in the· use of lactometers. The fieldmen through rthei!' association with the milk producers have on�ouraged the farmets in the sanitary handling of their milk and· also in the use of proper feed for their animals to enable them to produce. more milk. In some regions though,· the quantity of milk pt"Oduced was incl·eased to some extent as animals never milked before arc being milked now. But because of the outbreak of anthrax in October the activities for milk production have been suspended temporarily, but they will resume I\S soon as the disease is, suppressed and the quaran tine lifted. In the

'l'WENTY,THIRD ANliU.�L REPORT

!:i;:!� ��c�� :::: �;:.:�:�� .:!:t:� ;�a:t:�1:� :: c

ar;��v�:1'. or� their products not having enough materials o�_!mnd as the ganizations have just been oriJanized. The Qumgua �nd Bulac�n poultry raisers' cooperative associations am _P rogressing. :'h.e1r tho bm\d1ng and production increased the in are main activities of proper quarters for the chiclceus. . . The only Tobacco Cobperative Produced Assocrnt1on so far considen�d to be fairly well organized is that of Nernmatun, Jones, Isabela. Although no big transactions have been made by this association, the campaign for bett�r methods of culture and handling of tobacco products is considered very valuable. The Mango Growers' Cooperative Association in the town of Taytay, Rllial, has already made a good start. !he main activi ties so far have been with regard t.o the smudgmg of the trees. Individual members have tried the smudging method and trees which never fruited before have been induced to fl o wer and fruit this season. Individual nurseries for mangoes have also been established in several places wiih the view to incnms ing tlie heetarage and ultimately to increase the production. Ho1iic1Utumt ca:rnpaiyn.-This year the Bure1!U waged the most active campaign for the growing of fruits ever waged before. The Philippines has an unlimited field for the develop ment of the industry and a vsst.number �f good fruits which if grown extenillvely would mean a saving annually of millfons of pesos through the reduction of iruporlntion of foreign fruits .and br the possible export.ation of mangoes, bsnanas, and other fruits not hitherto (',xported, and beside., about 50 per cent of the fruit trees already growing' now are not producing any frnits but could be made so by smudging, 'pruning, top-working, and proper cultivation sllch as practised with the citrus trees and mangoes, especially. This is one of the main works of the di vision. Smudgiug mangoes for instance has been started by the extension agents in their districts where it bus not been done beforo thus causing some mango trees that never fruited at all to bear thisyear for the first time. Due to the l!mitcd field force, however, the c.nm:paign bas been confined mostly to the towns of Cavite, Bulacan, Rizal, Batangns, Laguna, Pangasinan, nnd Ls Union alt.hough activities have also been started in othe1• provinces at the request of some farmers. Preferable. attention was given to the improvement of mangoes, citrus, coffee, pineapple, and Janzen bttt in fact all other fruit trees of economic impo11:ance were attended to.

BUREAU OF AGJ\lCULTUHE

The materials distributed by the division were as far as pos sible grafted or budded plants eSpecially mangoes, Janzon, santol, and citrus; the idea being to shorten the fruiting season which is prolonged in the. case of seedling besides the fact-that.the qual ity of fruit is improved by getting the scions from trees of good quality. The campaign has gone lo the extend of doing the budding or grafting work for the .!a1·rners right on their farms for demonstration pur:rioses and as a result many farmers have already been attended to as will be seen elsewhere in this report. The following table shows the total number of different fruit trees planted in the districts eovered by the· e:,,.i:ension agents. The materials were either sui,plied by the Bureau or planted or procured through the help of agcnfa.

89,TOO crop, 'I'hc work of the field agent,; have been more appreciated by the farmers as ocular or praetical demonstration was illore em phasized this year instead of giving talks and lectures. Th•w have performed aclual practical demonstration on the proper care of orchards and fields, laying out new orchards and renew ing old one. There were 2,735 tree a grafted, 577 budded, 680 mareotted, and 2,059 pruned or top worked also. The gmfting of mangoes along the provincial roads in the provinces around Manila has been done this year for the first time. At least 1,000 plants along the roads from Dagupan to Urdaneta, Pungasinan, were grafted within a month. This wol·k will be continued until all the mangoes in the roads of Pangasinan are grafted. The campaign was started in that province as it is the only one nearest to Manila that has mango seedlings at the right age for grafting. Similar work will be started in Bataan. The purpose of the campaign is to shorten the time for it to bear fruit as weU as for demonstration purpose.

"'°"

TWJiN,.;,THllID ANNUAL there The poultcy raisers' cof>perative organizati.ons,. of whicb any of are two prominent OlleB, were -unable.to _&elld to Manila . their producls not bayplg enough lll:8terials �-band ae the or ganizations have jnat been organized. The Qum�ua �d Bu��n poultry raisers' eo!lperativil associatiOJJS are progressing. Their main aclivttiea are in the increased production and the building . of propel' quarters for the ehiekenS. , . • The orily Tobacco C_oi!perative Producers .Assoeiation so far considered t.o be fairly well organUlld is that of Nemmatan, ;rones, Jsabela. Although no big tralll!actions �ave been made by thia.allllociation, the.campaign for.bett�r methods of culture and handling of tobacco products ia C0!1&1dered very valuable. · The Mango Growers' Co6p6rative Ass:oclation. in the town of -'!'ayta.y, Rizal,,has already .made a good start '!118 main activi . ties so.far have been with regard to .the smudging of the trees. Individual .members have tried the smudging method and trees which never fruited before have been induced to flower and fmit �is season, �ndlvldual nur�e& for mangoes have .also b�n ·established in- several-places witb:the view to increas ing the hectarage and ultimately to Increase the production. Hortic-UlttiTat campa.il)'n.-This year the Bureau waged the !ll()St aeti.Ve ca,mpaign: f\'.lr the growing of fruii:s ever waged before. · The PhilippineB has an unlimited ,field for the develop ment of_j;h.e industry and a va!lt.number. of good fruits ·which ff growll.extensi,vely_would.mcil.n 11. savi_ng annually of millions df pesOll through the· reduction of importation of foreign fruits · -and by.the pos'si)Jl8·expcirtation of mapgoes, bananas, and other fruits not: hitherto �orted, and besides about 50 per cent of the fruit trees already growillg now 8l'e not-"producing any fruits baj; could be made so by �l,ldgiug, 'pruningi top-wor�, and proper cultivation such aa practised with the citrus trees and :i;nangoes, especially, This is {!ne of the main works of the-di vision, Smudging.mangoes for instance has been st!lrted by the extension agents in their districts where It has not been done before_ :thus causing some mango trees 111.at never fruited at .". ·· all t.<i bear this year for. tbe first time. Due to the .limited fie ld · �oree, however, the campaign hae been eon�ned. lllOl!tlr to the towns of Cevlte,. Bulacan, Rizal, Batangas, �ir:una., Pangasinan, and La Union although activities have also been_ started in· ot}!er provinces at the request, of some farmer�. ];'referable. att.ention was given to the impro:vement of man�, citrus, coffee, pineapple, and lanzon -but 1n fact all Qther fruit trees of ec<>I!,omlc impcrtance were attended to,

59 The materials distributed by the division were as far as pos sible grafted or budded plants espedally mangoes, lanzon; santol, and citnis, the idea being lo shorten the fruiting sea�on ,Vhich is prolonged in the case of seedling besides the fact that the qual ity of fruit is improved by getting the scions from troos, of good quality. 'l'lie campo.ign has gone to the exlend of doing the budding or grafting WOl"k for the .farmers right on their fanns for demonstration purposes· and as a result many farmers have already been attended to as will be seen elsewhere in this report. '£he following table shows the total numbet· of different fruit trees planted in the districts covered b�' the extension agents. The materials were either supplied by the Bureau or planted or procured through the help of agents.

Misedlmrnous root �rops

by The work of tho field agents have been more the formers as ocular or practical demonstration was more em• phasized this year instead of giving talks and lectures. They have performed actual practical demonstration on the proper care of orchards and fields, laying out new orchards and ronew ing old one. There were 2,735 trees grafted, 577 budded, 630 marcotted, and 2,050 pruned or top worked also. The gi:afting of mangoes along the provincial roads in 1..he provincef:: around Manila bas been done this year for the fil'l\t time. At least 1,000 plants along the roads from Dagupan to Urdanek'l, Paniaasinan, were grafted within a month. This work will be continued until all the mangoes in the roads of Pangasinrin are grafted. The campaign was started in that province as it is the only one nearest to :Manila that has mango seedlings at the right age for grafting. Similar work will be started in Bataan. The, purpose of the campaign is io shorten the time for it to bear fruit as well as for demonstration purpose.

TWE��rY-THU\D ANNUAL R:EPOR'l'

This, practical demonstration has greatly imp�essed �he people _ and the big farmei·s of Pangasinan Provmce m particular and as a result, requests to graft mango trees in their own planta tions have been J"eceived. One man of the divioion has been detailed to this work and it is the plan to extend this c ampaign of grafting mangoes on a large scale and also on citrus, santol, Janzon, and othex fruit trees where stocks are available. Grafted mangoes have become so popular that the Bureau has ,received more requests than it can supply although many peoJ)le have already been supplied with. As many grafted and budded plants as possible have been rnised by our stations but the demand far exceeds the supply and, therefo:t·e, planters taking an interest in thi�- matter were encom·aged VJ establish private nurseries unde1· the supervision of exienE<ion agents t o produce their own stock and the grafting work v.'111 be done rig.ht in their plantations later. This is more economical and makes it possible for anybody to n1ise the desired number of. grafted plants at very little cost. As a whole, the interest taken into the'gro,�illg of mal1goes especially the grafted and budded unes now is·very great and many well-to-do and influential men othe1· than those mentioned above hiwe solicited the help of the Bureau. The campaign on citrus has likewise been intensive and nu merous stocks ·have been prep3red both in our stations and vineia1 nun;c'.ies as well as in private nurseries. ThE' of mangoes and citrus used for budding work were taken the best varieties. -Ou.r campaign in extended coffee growing has also been responded -to very. enthusiastically by the farmers of Cavite,' Batangas, �guna, and Rizal Ninety-five thousand, six hundred sii.'.·coffee seedlings have been· plnnted throughout the district covered by the·extenston agents. Ar; a· whole',the �arrtpaign for horticultural improvement h;s received the f?ll �pertt.tion of the people and the efforts of our • agmts �n this <lireetion have been quite fully justified. .Pi •ovinci�I and mimicipa.f. 1l'!U"St1'ies.-The demand for fruit trees seedling throughout the Philippine Islands has always been �rent. The present means of the Insular Government to mce1 t��t demand has always been inadequate in spite or the p1·csent an�ngen:ent to ha�? all Insular or municipal nurseries and stations m Cebu, Ilmlo, Lipa, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara San Pa�lo, Malo]os, and Singalong to produce enough seedlin�s of fruit trees to meet the demand. In view of thfa, efforts are

BUREAU 'OF AGRlCULTU!ill

made;_ to enc_ourilge ;the st11blishment of mOre pio,incial nur series and·if possible to have one in every province. Provincial as well- as municipal officiali,i are. being interested in giving financial support to_ do this. As a result. thei·e are now 6 pro,•incinl ntirsm.'fos nnd 15.munidpalnurseries.· The Province of La Uiiion alone has 12 municipal alld 1 provincial nmseries and Bat,i.ngas P1·ovincc has 2 ni.unidpal nurseri_e� and Laguna lias'·l municipal and 1 provinci�l nurseries. Totnl numhei· of·h:ortieultural plants in thi:: p1-o.v!rici:il imd ,riunicip�l 1924) .........................--.············-···-·······················-·· Total n:imber of ho�tieultU_ral plant.� still in private nurseries handled. by ·agents....___................._ ............ T�a1 �uniber of _'coOperators in the pfanting- of fruit 00 Total number of municipal nurseries·... .Total nnmhe1· of pro�incial nu,aedes....

i'::•:�:;::,,'.:·

18,642 15,074 121 15 6

by \h<, ihe �;n"ont o\>.tio"'I o, nurmie, f,nanc.ed

Du,!:��;:�:.�,';';)��:� M-ilk indust/11 campaign,�One of'the act:iviti8s eo_ndncted by the diviRi9n this year .is 'tlie native milk industry campaign. 'l'his was carried on in the districts uear Manila with the follow� ing Principal aimB: 1. To fo1p1:ove the quality of milk sold to the people_in·M.ani\a,and differnnt towns where milk is sold at present <>�·-inducing the milkmen 110t to adulterate the milk and by waging .in �ducatiOnal campaign for the sanitary ha11dling of it, 2. To increasc the production of milk. by means of prope1· care and feeds given to the animn\s, and . a. To �nwurage the develnpnlerit,of the industry in plnces wh.-ro. there ur£ pos,ibili\.ies for aame.

Associations of milk producers were formed in several places, as in Alabang, !1-luntinglupa, Caloocan, and San Pedro Macati, Rizal; Baliuag and San Rafael, Bulacan; and iff San F"ernando, Pampanga. In this work big problems were confronted in view of thll newness of tbe business· in the ideli- of tbe people and opposition on the .part of the middlemen who, in·moSt cases exploit the actual producers and who always make strong efforts to discourage the farmers from joining the association· as in imical to their (the middlemen's) business. Another· main dif ficulty met in the organization is the fact that animals used :for mjlking pUl"JlOSes are· also used for field work and tliey; are scat tered about so that the collection of milk early in the morning is very difficult.

TWI<:NTY-THlliD AN::SUAL REPORT

Because of-the campaign the quality of the carabao milk sold in Manila has greatly improved although there are always at tempts on the part of the. naih•e milk dealers or teddlers to market their milk in adnlterated form: to make big profits. The pure milk was sold in :Manila by the agencies fol· '1'0.15 per "tansan" bottle and lf>0.25 a "beer" bottle. The demand for milk is so great that tlle agency bas hardly enough to meet the demand. A large amount of milk was sold to the employees of the different bureauS and otllei· Govcrnni.ent oflkes. Thero fa no doubt, therefore, that the campaign will, put the milk indus try on a s()lid basis and will reduce the importatfon of canned milk to a gNat e;i:tent. The regular dairies p!'Dduce too small an amount to supply the demand fol· frecih milk in the city, so any amount of carabao's ffiilk priiduced by the associatiClns can be disposed of in Manila with�? trouble and with big rrofit so that the industl")' is vei·y 11rom1srng. of cheese in the Cheese mo:lcing.-The demand. In places has great possibilities in fresh milk is produced in quantit�, and where priceS are cheap-part of the milk produced is made into cheese. There are only few places where cheese making is quite ex tensively made, namely: Santa Cruz, Laguna, Cebu, Leyte, and Muntinglnpa, Rizal, alfhough there are other places where cheese are·made in a lesser scale. In recognition of the great possibilities of cheese and with the v1ew ·to- increasing the loct•l production and the encOur agement of induslr� with the ultimate aim· of reducing the importation of cheese and consequently helping local producers' campaign along ·this line has been staL'ted. An agent who llil.s shown proficiency and interest in the work a'ssigned to him had been sent t.o Santa Cruz, Laguna, Cebu, and Leyh, for the Purpoae. of acquainting himself of the diil'el·ent methods employed in the manufacture. F1'om the knowledge of

popular acceptance eonstructed for use PouLt171 and. duel, industry camďż˝pai_rpi.-A compaign for the promotion of the poultry and duck industries was also waged by 'the divisionÂˇthis year. Due to the limiWd pei-sonnel, however, the work was started ln a few places only; namely, Malolos district, Bulacan; San Juan de! Monte and Pateros districts, Rizal; and in Lipa district, Batangas. Besides the material resnlts obtained the poultry farms in the places to which the have been improvetl. The people were encouraged improved methods of handling chickens by means of of ihe desirable stocks, sb:ict sanitation, the use of and proper feeding of the animals. In the camphign, culling of undesirable stocks either by complete separation the flock or by caponizing was also taught. From this definite results have been obtained in that the prevalent chicken diseases such as chicken cholera, roup, diarrhea, etc., It bas been estimated that an increase been obtained in San Juan dcl Monte, '""'"'"" -,,.,-,. districts. In Malolos district, tbtre eggs and 1,132 chicks by the different Association thet'e.

caponized, 711

(:i4

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

was waged Swine indvstri;,-The campaign along thi.: line to rehaonly in the Jalajala district, Rizal. 1'.he obJect wa.� i e 1t!s ::r�� :!1!:t ��c �:1:�;: �r!:to: :�;�,'��

:�Y ::i:�

��!

; ��t:�:t:eie::gt,:�: ��te�v� ��: �/:�d �:l:1�;ec m � breed by crossing the sows with Berk.shire boar�. The pajgn was slarted by the formation o! a coilperat1ve org.amza tion of swin,;, producero !11).d a Derkslnre boai: was supplied by of ·the association· m lmp1"0ving tbe the Bureau for ·the br;i :i ng the year there were' 42 s·ows served by the B�·kshire p_regnant and 6 farro:ved durm;: t�e became boar, 34 of which. p�riod covered _by this' report. In the campaign along this line proper feeding o:f pigs was taught the people. Vegeta!ilc growing ca-mpu.ign.-Field agents assigned to this have waged an intensive campaign fol" an increased projeet: _ produetion of vegetable0. The I1lanila market is suppli ed with vegetabies locally mised_ mostly i n the Mariq_uina VElley and in Bagui o, Bulacan, Calamba, Siiang, and other nearby towns. And some vegetables are grown in the city but still a bi g amount of ,cimned aml fresh vegetables are i mported every year. In creamid Pl'oduction br Mlertion and p roper culture and by grow ing vegetables. that are in great demand to produce importation is the: aim of this campai gn. Loia! ,produeers' _cooperative associations have been organized and the_mcm1iers encouraged to lncr-ca�e their hcctaragr, i n vege tables and to adopt i mproved methods of gardening such as clean culture, the use of i mproved seeds, the eradi cation and contro,l .of pests and dismise, etc. The-fl.Eld agents·._Jrn.ve done all lhey could to enCourage the establishment ·of more eomniereial vegetable gardens as well a s home gardens i n _thei r respective d i stricts. During t h e year the agentl! helped in-the improvement of 398 commercial gardens and · the establishjllent of 4,200 home gardens, havi ng a total area of appro:dmately 1,000 hectare�. The main thi_ngs that may be consi dered accomplfahed by our field agents i n this work are the additional market days in a ;-·eek i n ·Calamba· which Wied to have only onee a week while lll Cagayan tbe ,agent hail .organhsed rural markets in tDwns where they had none before and the i ncreased amount of veg'.: tables- han,dled in the markets of Tanauan, Batangas; Bali uag, Rulaean; and San·:lriateo and .}fariqi1ina, Ri7.al. l

Singalong, Malate, Barbara, Pangasinan. Laguna.

These stations have been reorganized this year to care for only the most important economic Cl'Ops· and fruit trees suit. ablo to the locality, the idea being to c9nvert said stations foto real nurseries where budded, grafted, and mal·cotted plants will be grown on a commercial scale for distribution. SlNGALONG PROPAGATING AND SEl!:I) TESTING S'tATION

This station is the center of seed and plant distribution of the Bureau. The work therein along propagation is carried on a largo scale and it serves as a sort of school where any bOdy includin.rr fieldmen who need more sldll in the different methods or propagation are sent there from time to time to study nursery work and to practice budding and grafting plants. '.rhere were also private parties who sent their laborers to thi� station 'to learn general nureery work and know how to bud and graft plants success.fully. In th,is &ation, monthly seed tests of the different varieties of vegetable seeds both of im ported and of native origin are made, in order to be sure of their germination bofore they are distributed to the pu.blic. Although quite a large numbe)· of such plant material'> have been produced in ihis sW.tlon still the demand cannot be Sup. plied. The same work is also dono now on a large scale in other stations �o the division ho:pes to be able to fill next year all orders received from the provinces with plants produced in the nearest station. During the year thero were 1,632 mangoes, 79 lanzones grafted, 925 citrus budded. A total of 3,370 of miscellaneous fruit trees of which 2,260 were mangoes, 548 citrus, 336 mabolo, 102 santol, 336 duhat, �O tamarind, aud 98 alpay were trans planted iu the nur13ery flats for stock purposes. Three thou sand one hundred forty-nine (3,149) grafted mangoes were distributed.

TWENTl'-THlRP ANKUAL REPORT

y of the dif The following list shows the a:mount or quaniiiferent plants propagated in ihe station;

The following figures show the retur'ns from the station: _

2,098.70

. During the year the station made 382 shipments of plant. material.sto different parts of the!slands bcsides local deliveries. LIPA DEMONSTRATION BTA'rION

This station, like other stations, facilitates the distribu'.iion of the. djiferent plant mate1ials in Batangas and neighboring prov inces especially a:; regards coffee-seeds or seedlings either direct from the station or arranged by the agents from the local growe1"ll, Budded citrus plants are also distributed in large sea�. This is the first time the station has propagated mango of which about 1,000 grafted plants are now ,·eady for dis tribution. Dul'ing the year a total of 33,835 coffee seedlings of different varieties, 298 native mandarin, beside.; 3,380 sugar-cane points and miscellaneous vegetable seeds, such a s radish, lettuce, and mustard were raised and oold at the station. A total or 635 miscellaneous fruit trees of which 130 are coconuts, 427 coffee, 12grafted mangoes, 32 cacao and 3Sbudded citrus of different varieties were plantW in the demonstration orchaid of the station. The following figures show the returns and expenBf8 of the station:

Total

Total expenses of the station for 1923...

4,934.93

3,099.46 1,835.47

In this station more attention was given to the propag'ation of E�cel8a.-and Robusta. varieties of c,:,ffee. These two were found suitable to Batangas conditions and what the farmers demand.

'fhe Robusta was distributed in the high towns of

Batangas and Exce/sa in the lowland towns. A consider_able number of Liberian coffee plants were also distributed during the year, but this kind is not ·so well liked by the people as

the two varieties mentioned abOve.

The station wlis reorganized this year to facilitate the dis tribution of seed and plant materia]s·'of the inost desirable fruit trees in the southern islands:_ Attention.i s conce)ltrated on the production of fruit-tree seedlings· although' there are other pr'o jects that are being carried· on such as suga1· cane, poultr;,,• and swine which also offer big interest to the people of that com munity. It is the plan next year to extend th:e area planted in fruit trees in this station as much as personnel and financial help will permit so that it can supply all requests from Tloilo, Neg:ros �nd Capfa thu s avoiding tho shipments of plants from Manila which involves milch expenses. The following figures show the returns and expenses of tlie station:

1,469.60

Total................................................................

Total expco�e., of the station during the �-e,.,.

2,902,J5

2,471.05

TWENTY-THifill ANNUAL REPORT

Total ------- ---- -----------------

- -----···-··----------

17,959 8,816 10,011 5,'/47 1,200 4,000 47,733or 4.7733 Ba.

SAN'l.'A BARBARA l'ROVJNCIAL DEMONSTRATION STA'i'ION

This station has alao been reorganized with the view of mak irig it -the center of distribution of plant materials in the Pan gasinan distriet. As in other stations. the propagation of cacao, c?rn, coffee, citrus, _rice,. tobacco, and mangoes especially are made on a big scale. · p·oultry-i'afaing and·swirie·-are also done at the station. Soine of the · best -virieties of . Isabela tobacco as wcll as wrapper v&rieties. have been propagate_d in the s'tation this year for distribution _in-the provinces. . _-, The labor employed is_ pai_d by _the Province of Pangasinan iilthough '·in_ tlie latter. part _of the yea).' additional help was given by the Bureau.in order to-put.the station in better shape, The nursery of this station as of the others has been enlarged to take care of thl'i big ·number of .seedlings now being prop agatect there. _Speci�l attention is _given to the budding and graf-ting_ of seedlings before they are ·serut out. A total of 8,090 mil;!eellaneous fruit-tJ:ee seedlings and 4,354. of mfaeellaneous veg"et.able ,plants were raised in the Station dur:ing the ,,ea;; of the _fruit :trees, 1,845 were distributed. .At the end of the year, there are. 6,245 · fruit treec'I, mcistlY coffee, mango, citrus, and drpas. There are also -available in the station 9,889 seedlings of the best varieties of tobacco· including that of wrapper tobacco. The following shows the retums and expen�es and are� under cultivation:

Totnl .................................... Total oxpensos dmâ&#x20AC;¢ing the Iear 1923 l;et income

...................... .... ........... ......

1,268.40

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

The division has waged a campaign to encourage the coc011ut owners to utilize the spaces .betweell: the trees by planting cacao and coffee besides lanzon. These were found to grow under coconuts with fairly good results and without hurling the co conut trees. In view of this, there is a growing interest on the part of the peop]e of the community to grow coffee and cacao, besides lanzon. And _ a,\\ !l result the Lanz on Station needs'to be transferred to a larger pii:ice of land where the propagation of the5e plants can be done in a larger scale. To effect this trruisfer, the municipality has allotted '1'"-3,500 for the expenses of the station for 1924. As soon as a new place iB selected.the work of transferring the station will be started. Sfu."\"TA CP.UZ DEMONSTRATION STATION

This station has also been reorganized and the propagation of different fniit- trees during the year has beep. on a large scale emphasized. This station is expected to give good re" sults, as others as the provincial officials are taking' very keen inter�t in its welfare, Prisoners are used to work in the sta tion. · The provincial board has also allotted funds to employ a per_manent laborer for the fftation and an additional appropria tion for 1924 wil) be allotted by the province. This station will be the center of l:leed and plant distribution to take care of all ordC!rs from Laguna ,especially for coffee, cacao, and lanzon. As the extensive propagation of seedlings has just been started about the middfo of the year only 399 coffee pl�nts, 254. papaya, 118 .avocado besides several gantas of corn lilnd other seeds were disfributed during the last six months of the year but fruit troo seedlings were planted for distribution about 5, for the coming.year and more are still being propagated The f?IIO\\ing shows the returns and expenses and the ;rea of the station under cultivation: 185

800.00

Total �:�..;;··d�i[��·-;_i;�··;��;··192;;:::::·····

Not !"come ............ ................. ........................

894.00 886.BO

II ,loN of o o,i,ale nursorï¿½ ;" Cainla, oslabliohod aod supmlrnl b1 Iha Agrlcul\ural Eden,ioa Di,i,ion

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

Area under_ cultivation:

''" TotaJarca

.. ..•............•................................•.....�

This station i� financed by th(! provinc<J, bnt the man in cha,-ge is paid by the Bureau. The propagation of inangoes in large scale was given more attention in this section than any other fruit trees-Blllacan being a mango province. There were dis. tributed about 300 grafted mangoes and 896 seedlings are available for distribution at vresent. Many of these were given tci the farmers in Bulacan by the provincial board, some· were sold while others were vlantcd in the provincial plaza at Ma lo\os, to replace the acacia trees. The provincial officials are taking much interest in the work of the station especially in the propagation of more mangoes for planting along the pr6,.. viucial roads. The sum of '1"4,000 was allotled by .the Province of Bulacan for the expenses of this station next year. Besides mango, the propagation of coffee, cacao, ates, rimas, citrus, etc., was done for distribution purpose9. There are 896 seed· lings of miscellaneous fruit trees available for distribution at p1·esent, a great number of which are grafted plants, and about 4,000 citrus seedlings fo1· stock purposes. There are also 342 pineapple suckers for distribution. The station is also taking · care of a Berkshire and a sow for bi:eedil1g purposes. The following figur.es show the returns and expenses of the station:

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

SAGAY AND TABONOC DEMONSTRATION STATIO);'S

As in the other stations �der this division in the Island of Luzon; the nurseries of the.se stations ha\'e been enlarged and the number of fruit trees propagated for distribution purposes incr1iased. More are being planted in order to supply at least in payt the demand for iruit trees and for seeds in that region. These stations are finaneed by tho Province of Cebu and only the fuchnical supel'Vlllion and the seeds are given b;v the Bu reau. Due to the limited funds, however, only one agricultural extension agent could be assigned t-0 Cebu although an addi tional m:e would gr.eatiy increase the efficiency of the work inasmuch aB the two stations are very far apart. The man in charge, however, is doing all he can to produce as many plants as possible for distribution purposes and special efforts are being mll.de to raise more budded or grafted plants like mangoes and eitrus in view of the policy of the Bureau now to distri bute as nrany budded _or grafted plants as possible. · During the year a total o:f 3,63'1 seedlings of fruit trees and 6,862 miocellaneou� v-egetables besides 824 packets and 6 gantas of seeds of different kinds weru distributed from the station. There were also a total of 1,308 fruit trees of miscellaneous kinds planted permanently in the stations. The following shows the returns and expenses during the year: 'J'otal co11eetion frum sales of c�ops and seedling

There ar� 9,84 8 seedlings in the stations mostly coffee, man goes, and citrus and 5,5 00 seedlings of miscellaneous yegetables

73 available for distribution next year. Of the fruit trees, 160 are budded or grafted plants. SPECIAT, PROJECTS

onlY" one man was done only in Albay. The· critical situation of the a'baca growers on account of the slump of price of that commodity and dullness of the market has presented a problem to our :fieldmen assigned to this prO ject-growers became discourage, abandoned thek plantations and planted coconuts and rice instead, Efforts are made to keep them on thefr plantations and encourage them to use superior 1...arieties and to pr11ctice clean culture in their plantations be sides renewing old plantations which have proved unprofitable with desirable ·varieties. Also attempts have been made to stop the prncticc of harvesting immature stalks (poads sysfom) which practice is·detrimental to the industry as a whole on account of the poo1· quality of fiber produced therefrom. The prope1· striping of the fiber was also taken up. The formation of farmers' coOpemtive associations hns also be()Jl suggested to the growers as a means of improving the industry, as in this way they could get together and adopt measures and practice!'. that will 'tend to protect the abaca industry. Rica industry campaign.-The rice campaign this year has been Concentrated in Central Luzon and only a limited district has been allotted to each agent.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

The drought which prevailed in those provinces before the heading period of the rice crop this season and the typhoon which caused the inundation of extensive rice fields-that -dis trict being the granary of the Islands--would have caused a shortnge of rice if not some of the fields have been replanted thi·ough the activity of the local officials and the field agents. A considerable amount of com, mongo, root crops, and vegetable seeds was distributed by the Bureau and those seeds Were re ceived on time to have damaged fields replanted. An intensive campaign will be waged in the rice region same as those in other provinces, for the purpose of uniting together the growers to save them from the clutches of usurers who usually deprive them of their legitimate shares of the profit. This might be realized by the organization Of rice pro-ducers' associations and the encouragement of the construction of Gov ernment bonded warehouses where the rice could be stored in by the growers 11,t low charge. The Government can do a great deal ;(or the growers who are 1n bad need of help,by constructs ing these warehouses where the farmers can Jitore iµ their palay as necessary mortgage to get a loan from the Govern ment,paying the legal interest as well as for the s\.omge, until such time as the price of palay is good. The rice farme1·s gen erally do not get good price for their p1·oduct as just after the harvest some time even before that time they sell their palay at a yery nominal price as they have no means of getting money somewhCl·e else except from the usurers 01• rice bnye1·s. S,uyar-mme ca.mpaign.-The sugar-cane campaign was car ried on in some of the sugar-cane districts o.f Batangas, Laguna, Iloilo, Pa:mpanga, and Occidental Negros because of om· limited personnel. The extension work on this crop has been carried on afao side by side with ,the investigational, the purpose of which are to improve the· p1·esent sugar-cane industry b y tlte use of im proved ,varieties, p1·oper cultual mc,thods, and eradication of pests and discases,etc. Great interest has been shown by many planters in the use of introdnced rvarieties of cune proved to be bigly productive and resistant to diseases in other places. Numerous requests for cuttings of these varieties liave been received but onlv a limited amount could be supplied. Effort was made to dist�ih ute those tried varieties to rui many people as possible so that tho Bureau can get more information as to behavior and re sults of these varieties when planted in other places. This policy is strictly adhered to whenever possible.

As the Bureau could not supply all requests fot· cane mil. terials received due to tho limited amount of material available for distribution, the extension work has been carried on "to the extent of connecting certain growers producing the best ;varieties i_11 quantity, with those that need the material. Tobacco industt11 ea.mpaign.-,-The Campaign .along this line was· ·carried on only in the Cagayan Valley. Two extension agents were assigned to the extension and investigational work on fobacCO Rll well as-.in the .organization of-.coOperativ e to. bacco producers' associations in that valler. The tobacco-problem in the Caiayan Valley in rillation to the native growers-is -quite u big one and an attempt has bi:,en made t o Rolve it by the formation ·ot. tobacco groWers' l'lssociations in places where such were possible. Preliminary work hru; already been started. One association has been partly formed in NEimmatan, Jones, Isabela. There has been no ap preciablo w-0rk accomplished by this association so far, how ever, except that in connection '\\ith the planting of introduced varhities and better methods of cultivating and. curing tobacco to wliich the farmers have shown great interest. In the organ ization of producel's' associations, the_ main aims are to help the producers, especially small ones· to ge t 1egilimate ret11rns from their labor. The .agents have 11.lso· given advice as regards the use of improved seeds, clean culture, etc. The Bureau ·hail distributed in the valley seed tobacco of the varietie� F'lorida Sumatra, Dammao Middle Broadleaf, Anipa-Sumatra, S'pada Dammao, Fisu, and a sp ecial wrapper varie ty which are proved to be the best var:ietiE!s of tobacco. The influence that the fieldmen have exerted in their district m,iy ha classified as: (1) educational and (-2) financial. The results from the educfltional though if e�tim,ated in mon ey are al ready considerable. As to the financial side, the figures from the horticulhiral campaign alonCl-726,090 fruit trees valued approximately "P-500,000 planted in the districts covered by our fie\dmen--show that they have done much for the benefit -Of the country. The r e 0 0 P :2��;0P:�1 �;;� S:1� ;:: :�:;:a�fe ::::. paigns at 11"5,000. These values, of course, do not include the advices and helps made by the field agents, tha value of which cannot be estimated.

:::�!�, !!ai;if. ;�0

�TY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT SEED AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION

The distribution· of seeds and plant materials is · one of· the mllin activities of thlg division. For several n,asons the prac tice of loaning seeds was. diseonti�ued last year but distribution n ree s ta fee:!!i� :::�:!; efl':�t:�� ::: ::ii · ·plant inat�& to all fan:i:ters who can afford· � pay in order · to ·ra1se'·revenuei "for the Government, This'.divisio�· always trieii to:give � help .ilJ·the'Way.. oj;'seeds either'direct.o� thl'Ough:-its extenijlon ��Ul,-�lally t.o thoa� munici�ities ·hit.'Dy":cyi,Jioon-wher& relief work has to b� don!. -�· division'a1one has.di�buted du�_,-the ye&.r_-39,150 �iiclcets ..BJ:1.d 1,71_9:io·�_los,oLveg�bles e:nd .misc!!llaneous _

=��¥lint:5�.:i:;v:r; �r�1�� a:;�?f!

of ��rge, m9stly .fOr eduC-ational, ·CO!!Peratiye, ·and �iaf works. . Of fruit treea and other _plants thei.-e 'werli.dist�ibuted "18,820 _ plarif.s ·valued at M,5�5-:_'0f � _'14,204' plants, valt1ed .. at P4,566,15 l'iere:·_SQ!d,; -�d---�,f19-plimf.!{valued at' P978.45· were distfjbµ.ted f�:o£ cl;largEI:' Of ,th:e l)lants distrlbul:ed �ere were 4,902 budded or grafted p]allt.s valued at IH:,899.96 and 91 mar cotted valued at N82. There were· also distributed miscellaneous plant materials, eonsiating ,princlpally of 11uga.r cane, forage ·graeBl;B, .and �orne ·ornam"ental· plant13 "valued ai· �6.69. The plants distributed

.i:i::n�:l ��::a::1�troi:�:��a=:::. ·4 Ciirlota,'or Lamao Experiment S�ationS of the Plant lndus.'tr;vpivj.eiop.. ed

. BECcililMENDATI0NS

Fo�·fn�ed efficiency of the service the followlng· reeom menda�ollJI "are hereby eubm!tted for consideration: 1. In view cif the demand for the aerviee;i.of .the field agents i� tlte provinces-personal and writtel!- reqnests for them have b� �de- by Governors; Representatives, Senators, ·and prom� il:ient f armera-and in order that the ·division ·can oover ·more pl'OVinces the fiel\l force of the dlvisioi;i should be�hlereased liut only graduates ·of �e COileges· of agriculture with enoug_h ex perience ehoUld be· 1:al:«m into service. -2. Thoee· who have 'rendered iiatisfaetory service should re ceiVed promotion. There· are ,at present a numher of extension �ts in this division who' ha� rendered faithful and · efficient . service fo? !'-� least five years. without receiving increase !n pay.

77 Unless _these men are given what they deserve, this Bureau is likely to Jose them and even if not cannot expect the efficienc:r from t11em it could if they were encouraged by better pay. Furthermore, the inadequate salaries they are receiving do. not permit them to associate socially with the local officiuls which r,ssociation is essential .for the proper conduct of their work. PERSONNEL

At the ·beginning oJ the fiscal year cover(!d by the· present re:port"the pel"Sonnel of the Fiber Division consisted of 1 c�ief, 1 assistant chief, 3 supervising fiber inspectors, 17 fiber in spectors, 26 assistant fiber inspectors, and 5 clerks. 'fhe above number of employees remained constant throughout the 1•ear with the addition of 1 permanent and 2 temporary fiber in si:,eciors appointed during the year. Notwithstanding the fact that the Fiber Division was hand icapped for lack of personnel to supervise and hlspeet the enor mous (jnantity of fiber produced in 1923, the division as a whole, functioned with remarkable degree of efficiency in maintain ing the official standard.for·the claSSifieation of the different · kinds of fibers which werci grac]ed and baled during the -year in the various grading stations throughout ihe fiber producing p:rovinces. During the year some of the aBSistant fiber inspectors were detailed on locust campaign and others were mnployed in the fiber producing districts to instruct the fiber producers in im proving their methods in extracting and preparing their fiber for the market. other assistant fiber inspectors were detailed to make scientific strengt!J. tests, and 10,320 str-ength tests were made of fiber from different disil:icts to determine the tensile strength of the different GovernrnCllt grades of fibex 'in ordG:r to have accurate data. of the average tensile strengh for each Govemment grade of the different fibers produced in each district. FIBER GRADIXG AND INSPECTJON

In enforcing the provisions of the Fiber Law it was neces sary to stat.ion fiber inspect-On, in two additional ports of ex portaUon; namely, Zamboanga and Davao. Opening these new export stations saved the fiber producers in those regions th6 enonnous amount of :freight which they would have had to pay had the fiber been shipped to Manila or Cebu instcnd of having

TWENTY•THIRD -ANNUAL REPVltT

been exported directly from· the above-meritioned ports. Not.. wiihsfanding the ·fact that during the·year fiber insp·ectoci .in spected 1,666,605 bales o-f fiber no serious. compla'ints were received about the classification. of the bale6 certified by the diffElrent Government inspectors throughciut the fiber producing districts. SinCe our 1·eport regarding coriiplaints from London was made recent trade letters which we have received seem to straigtlJJcn the opinion expressed in that report that the complaints .wern not justified b:,· fad and were miida for ulterior motives. The following is an extract of a leiter :from London dated November 8,1923:

It can be easily seen 'fr-0m the statement ''AS BALERS CANNOT DO MORE THAN DELIVER "J" GRADING AGAtNST "J" that the Lon don <lealers want to.be in a position to buy "J" grade fiber but have an "I" grade or higher grade delivered to them. In other words, they seem to want to buy "I" or some oth�r higher grade fiber at the price of "J" grade and are not content with the enforcement of the Fiber Law in such a way as to assul'e them that when as they express it "The manufacture cannot expect as.sistllnce from the shippers, AS BALERS CANNOT DO MOR.E THAN DELIVER "J" GRADING AGAINST "J," as long as the Fiber Ltiw continued in force." Attention is also called to the following st atcments: "The fact is that more Manila than ever known will _

· BUREAU OF" .AGRICULTUBB

go into actual ooneumption." "Pra:eti.ca.lly on1:t one fiber is being UBed in the.UnJted Kingdom,· arid that is Ms.nile. hemp." Then tp.e follOWink ''Let" .US· go- bl.ck to. '.£air ·cui-nmt' quality, fibre, �.'.<;tJurt, al1d the consumption of Manile. will increase." U:�e� .d ate,of London, Pe�ber 1S,J923, we quote the follow: i]!K extracts from a. London ·trade letter: .�aare befuzllll\ed,Jiito. .a;ienaaoi.l8Cllritywiththelde� th.I� then . are huge qu_antltlas of un!IO)d hemp �float. _ . The"l:!ai:i:a�.counter, bawev:w,,·;a emPtJ:." llll . there ilno no •peculators

1�°:�t

�;i: �;�o:�'.� r::�\: t��.�r1:a�;,_ that �omt.al�g a re qulcldy picked 11}1. ·The ofll:<,ial stoob Jiei,., !"au . Jll1811 p&'they have ever been, and althollgh one bears of·111:casional "�.l"'1"•111"par<elagoine:,cheaply, theyara�edlngl111C11J:Ce81:ldbuyero. a?tieag&l']ywaitlng to secure them. Thequantityo:fhemp ailoat'appeara to be larga when shown in bat... but if. :r,,daced lnto tona it.does not a�r.11-� aJ]°heavy. We believe tJ,at fully 70 per cent ot' the hemp s h!p�hilll:fGlllldbuyersbcfom.itleftl\£11nila,andtbebalaneel1nS11ally dl&Jiosed·of before the V911'!8la arrl.Ye:. A strong e1fort ;. heing ma<ki to getth8 trade oil. to a. proper quality bii1ls. GoV8mment gra,ding ban out lived itaelf, and imrely Engllah iinDa-are capable of judging what is right withouthavini: a tag pot upon the'bales telling them what It aho,,,I� be,��arelyl11. 0

an!11:a:0�

:::=�!1;e;!:

�tb:°ig�?�=·a':t:�

pereenfage of weak and damaged �er Begl�ted �Om -normal · · · ' . flher ee.ch.yoor:

. GRADING S'I'.ATIONS AND ESTABLISHMENTS During the year the Fiber Divisio'n m.aintained S8 fiber grad� ing stations, an increase of 12 :fiber grading stations over the previous year, with a total of 145 fiber grading establi,ihments or an increase of 8 gra.dlng establillhme.nts as compared. with �e previous year.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

� ,:BU��-'.-�\AGRI�rtJRR

· ., , "ai:��f ji;�(:�;:i:;: "::11gf / · e� �i;�>-=:: :::�}�=--==�::: 2:: 1

•••

. ::J .

Can!nfl.•••-•••••n'•·"-:.: ". • ,' ., ....... ·:. - Pacol •.. _............ -,Mm________________ .._ R_e.ieel:ed .Olier• (al!, kindsj ••�:-'.-.:.....:..__:�--··-

2,180,40, '150 1,1'7.4.0

:· - ,::f��1::1i1��:r�f��?�.-.\_

I��N:·�#·._:�: ·"·�'. < ;: ·.;;-:.·;:.'·'.:·

. • • ...... _ ... • -,!�f < The :fol�wi�g �'!!I_Ji;h.owa oomparati� sta.temen:�-o the total ·numDel"" of'bales o�)iber-�aded, �led1 ··and,i11BJ.>ect.ed .by �9: . · ' . Governritent fiber �·spectors � 19_22:and "1923.

'·.1.Plant.audoocds'elactiou. .. 2,Vnriety.teet11ofdifl'arentuop1. 8, Accllmnti1111tion �sts. ,. Ferti"llar tests. 5. Hyhrldfaatlon work,

TWENTY-TlIIRD ANNUAL REPORT

publication.

The fol!ol\ing table show.s a' comparative. summary of activi ties of the division;

The division is divided into two main �ections; namely, the Agronomy and Hort:iciulture. During the early part of the year there were in all 41 em ployees-of the Plant Industry Division. At"the end of the year thllre ·were 40;' a decrease of 2.5 per cent.

PERMANENT lMPROVEMENTS

The Pikit Tobacco Station completed one new building and one culvert this year. Two cement culvert.� were constructed and the underground. fruit storage chamber was reconstructed i:1to cement structure at the Tanauan Citrus Station.

83 This year a special allotment of M,358.72 was secured repair of buildings, propagation shed- and fences at the Experiment Stat_ion. · The work is still in 'piogress.EXPERIMENT STATIONS

During the _Year· the. Abaca Trial Station was cstablis!led at Binogsakan, Guinobatan,. Alb�·. That station began operation on September 25. The list of the stations of the Plant Division is. as follows:

Acdimatization te�t.-The Alabang Rice Station has received from Ex;porimental Farm Statioo, Echo, Manchuria, China thre€ seed samples of rice, named Hokkaido; Handjonza and Korean Glutinous, respecth'ely. With several other samples, these were planted in February. The resulting plants were. dwarf and prematured. Better gro,vth was made by the rice� from Madagascar and from Per�ia, which had been under aeclimatization test for some "time. The most promising ones, however, are the Vato and Lava Sumab:a rices, from Madagascal". At the Rosales Rice Substation a number of native varieties were subjected to dry season acclimatization work, including some recently acquired "palagad" rices. Gen�ral va,riety test.�One hundred sixty.four named varieties were grown at the Alabang Rice Station and 150 va1·ieties at Rosales Rice Sub;;tation, making a total of 314 varieties, ex clusive. of up]aiid. rice. A number of decidedly poor yielding varieties were dropped from the test at A\abang, but on the other hand certain new ,·arieties had been added.

TWENTY-THIRD ANNU<I.L REPORT

85 in PV>t No.- 2-the s1:1�erxence depth was- marked at 5 oonti� mej;ers; in Plot·No; a, at 10 centlmetera; in Plot No. 4, at 15 :OOOtimeters; i,il. ·�ot No. 5, ·at 29 centimet.ers; and in Plot No. S, . the.SuppJy·waa·fiuctuating, · , Ea4li�_theae plots COJJ.tejned a: planting ai;ea:of. oii.e are, 10 meters s<i.ua,re, bounded by" a single dike,· measuring 25 ·to BO eentitrniferi '-wide at the base and 80 to 40 centimeters high. The whole system was connected on:thelnlJre al1Nated situation, with- the irrigation Cana( and e: d!:&inage ditch on the ·opposite . ·. . :"- ..' side.·· -:!··· :·. ·. i ··eonn�·-rfoe \va8 pJall.kd in' the plot& August ;t.4, 1928 •. At that'-time .seedli� wm· 50 dayS old: It ·was planted in hills l eaeh, spacfo1(the bills !tPProximately =-:.U::et!r� � a:;.. '!;he plot& were allowed to remain in the mud state until Augtist 21, when a trial submergwce. in. Plob!. 2, S, 4,. 5, and 6 was started. Adjustment of the wat.er was nei.t made and in � the- afternoon of August 24, tbs·first riiadings were· recorded. Two readings ·had been takw: daily; that is; one at 2 p. m. and the other at 6 a, m. � the next day, · the two being considered · · as peri.ahrlng to·the first.day... Tl:i.e _:peri.Od_ 0:v&r""Whieh·..the SUbmerg8Il.ce had· b�.e;arri�a on, extended from .A.uguiit·M,,1923; �fda": ¢'.':fl.� 'reM.big<.'to November 4, inclusive or 78 days. At this time the ;plant was i� doug]J stage, ·tis Conner is an early maturing variety•. All , surface water was draWIZ out frolll every one of the subtn&ged plot. WMre water had stood deep as in Plots .8, 4, aitd 5, the l"!ll!Ulting :inud-around was ·much· softer, thinn9l', as compareli · with other. plots submerged to lesser depths, and this· fact bas . given risa to a rehttive difference in the drying capacity (If the plats b� ae well as the maturity and-lodging of the nsulting crop,. The following tab1es show the. depth& of. water applied,' or 8ubmergence depths friim oonsolidated morning and afternoon �dings, which ran fairly uniform. Table showing the 1werage of '73 readings for each of .the series or the readings taken through tbe ment of the experi ment..

TWEN'l'Y-THIRD A�'NUAL Rl;;PORT

It is thus seen thal with exception of Plot 5 no difference resulled between the 2 o'clock readings and the 6 o'clock read ings. The lower water height registered for Plot 5 as observed at 6 o'clock was due in a great :measut·e to the difficulty of con trolling the water in that plot. Just about two weeks from the first flooding, September 10, the young plants were attacked by the rice case worm, Ny1np h11!,:i depw1,taJis. The insect cuts off a good portion of the blades and spends its pupal stage in rolled up portions of the blade. The damage was most severe in Plot 5 where water was flooded 20 centimeters deep, Plot 4 was attacked badly enough though not so severe as Plot 5. In Plots 2 and 3, where �ubme.rgellce water was shallower, the h1jury by the insect was relatively slight. , The c6ndition of Plot 1, kept under moist or thin sheet of water, might well pass as normal. The Beve.rity of the insect attack increased for some time and at .such a rate that on Sep tell1be.i· 18, all plants in Plot 5 and a good percentage of (.hose in Plot 4, were completely defoliated. Changing of the water did not help the situation. The attack was made in the form of an outbrea.lc and the fact that ii ,yas particularly intense on the deeply submerged plots leads one to believe that the activity of the insect was associafod with the depth of water. There was no way of ascertaining the extent of the damage done, consequently the yields of plots given below are not to be considered relative and consistent experimental data. The �xi:mum damage was about 27 per cent, When it is assured that yield of Plot 1, to be normal or nearly so and the difference between this yield of Plot 1 and that of Plot 5 , which is 370 kilos to the hectare, to be the Josi;. Hectare yields were directly computed from actual plot yields. 1rn,ont1mo!e,-) -- -·----

�---·-

Plot 1 which was only mmst, was ovcrrL!n hy the common rice weed� largelr by Eleoclwris w.pitata; and. Cupenrn diffo1mi,;,·. Ii wus thus necessary to wred this plot out. A thinner stand of weeds was also evident in Plot 2, 5-Mntimeter depth of water and some hand cleaning was given. These weeds, however, wer�

BUREAU OF- AGRICULTURE

not noticeable in the deeply submerged plots. Plots 4 and 5, indicated that deep submergence of 15 to 20 centimeters was cffective in controlling that claas of weeds. The deep submergence in Plots4 and 5 had caused the matur ing period to proceed slowly, as a re,;ult of the wet condition of -the ground obtaining fm· over a week after the water was withdrawn from the plots. Plot I matured November 15, e..'l:actly 179 days counting from the <lat@ the seed was set to sprout, whereas Plot 5 matured November23, or8 days longer. This relationship was also noticed i n other plots. In Plots 4 and 5 th1; plant fell down to the ground, which was not the case in Plots 1 and 2 and in Plot 6. Water /osses·in t'iae irriaatim1.-It was aimed by this preli minary experiment to measure the losses of water from evapor ation, transpiration, seepage and percolation in rice irrigation. The main experiment was eonducted in a paddy at the Alabang Rice Station whose inside dimensions arc 20 by10 meters. The l'Oil is of clay type containing 13 per cent ;:1\ay and 32 per cent fine silt. Seedlings of the rice "Conner" were planted to this. A week time was allowed to elapse, and then the land was sub merged to about 8 centimeters deep. The rating tanks were located near the experimen�l paddy. No. 0 tank was used to measure the free surface evaporation; Nos, 1 and 2 were planted at the same time in the paddy with the same variety, and gave the evapo-txanspiration measurements. Five evaporat ing cans were distributed in the paddy for taking readings on shaded sur!aco evaporation. These cans are 34.5 ceutimeters long, 23.7 centimeters wide and 18 centimeters deep, each. Each of the tanks has a depth of 91 centimeters and a diameter of 183 centimeters clear. These tanks were sunk one near the other in a paddy, with 30 centimeters of their brim being ex posed. The small cans were securely fastened to the ground so that submergence water in the el.perimental paddy just coin cided ·with tho level of the water contained in the cans. Tho same depth of water was kept in the two planted tanks as in the experimental paddy. The depth of water in the cans varied from 5 to 8 centimeters. Af3 in the paddy the plants in the tanks were not in hills of 3 to 5 plants each and the distancing centimeters. was oppro:dmately20 : The weather was very much out of the ordinary this year. A long droughty .spell occurred in October. A stormy weather followed in November, registering on November 18 the heavie6t amount of rainfall for many years 1 ( 21 millimeters in24 hours).

�NTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPOR'l'

These.brisk changes of the weather had affected t.he experiment greatly especially .as concerned precipitation as a faetor involved in calculating evaportion and others. Tbe- 1"8Bnlts had been· much upset by, the illaeet outbreak del!eribed in tbe sllbmergence test whleh brought about a com� plef.e ·defoliation of the p�nt.s in the experimental paddy. ·The eKperilll.e,nt will be repeated. �;-nrv tie�on-:ctiips-Palagad.-The"planthlg of six varieties, was .dOne iii.Fe� �ch varit!o/ occupying an area of about

:-.::o::d·��n'.��;i�:!:!

·and ·I?in&g�:t:t.king the secood · and. third.places, respectively. ,The��tij_f.romRosal�!!aliow�ipotalso in the lead, then come,� �ill�! ·and Sangiay �11:ii:. ·saigorbt ·and �padan � the tivo :t1!�:�r:�n��ve.s.o:f the bearded class.to do well in · - . T�;;�l'idduafl.d!AJ•mat11ry1101)F'!oda

,,:.-Th,;�a��)hh, :'�d·"i.ampadan;-gr.own .in Rosalee, alone,. �;�o. a very�- crop•. P�sing an awned grain, the -�p,dan,vati&ly._is looked for t o b1i"the most �dapti!d where pl'o�on :froon tJ:ie bi�ds.Js'a n�ity. .· · ·Probable that:�inico!/ :.;1,t. �1 � a popular table rice would df _be�.lf plant� !?��--so.as tO"remedy its defect of pro� -d ueing .uneven stand:; . · ··.·· : · . '.- ·' ·;.�du Of weeds......Tlie �wiY � rice �� with a. 'view to their . �tri>l is .� eomplielited nia�r,:OJl_ 11.ecoUnhf the vast number �f tbem ':��.:the vil.riabi.llty..'with' whicli some of them appear in -��;· ��-��io·� W��ifolloWs · ref�rs � : llum�r of tJt,se plants, �uch � _ come to.:t�� D0,i!:6 qf � Bureau dt1r:ing a · );ll"!�per�ofon��.-..·:- :. .' �f-�<frir·oa¢ta�.{Oy{.)...'.,;rbi.s plahtofthe Balangot·family,Jaone· <>f.tba,1nost troub��weedsin'rlnepaddla,. lttbrivesbitatln11hallow _ '.W"t�,�tormmg. 11 jbiiik tufted <:over and 11,ainong the first w, ·apJ)Cllr in �lfdd.·Th':'B�!lro.�orthaTIJb,att:afolltgrnore-than30oontimeters

TWEN1'Y-THlRD ANNUAi, REPORT

Cooperative ferti!faer experiments: Expe1'imm1t No. 1,-The field was planted iD "Magasawang pala,y" on August 16, just after the fertilizers were applied as top dressing and harrowed in lightly. The seedlings at the time of transplanting were 50 days old. The field was only slightly weeded, for the weed grov.1h was thin; irrigated only by rain. Tha yields of paddies computed to one hectare, follows: TADLE XXXI

Increased yields were obtained in all plots which received amÂ monium sulphate, alone or in combination with other fertilizers, Ths increase amounted to 324 kilos on average, and was equivaÂ lent to 40 per cent of the check crop.

:i=� �

BUREAU OP AGRICl!LTURE..

An .estimate ot" the profit which would accrue if ammonium to �e u,s�d oti one hectare of rice crop is here sub,Tb_e·.m...;,ket va.iul! of S24 kilOJi or'1,43 eiivans ot �lay g'IW!.edby,fetti11zo.tlon,atNpereavan__.._.....-..-.•.'1"29.72 ' Cast ,Of �00 kUo• .ammon�u"'!' sulphat_o, for 1 • hectare ..........,..,.... , ____·--···········-· · ····--·--··· 'I'll.SO Frelghtehaiges and"""tolapplying_.........._...

Tot.I expe:nBl!s....----·

2.50

···-······---··--·······--·--·-·····

12.00

Ga:'a·.. .-._ ................ _ ..___ _ Collilemt.ive' E,:perlment No.·S.-The teat was-carri�d. in.two sei;iara:te flelds at Alabang, herein designated , a!l rield No. 1 and Fie1d No, 2. Both lands were rated third or fourth class with respect to productivity, and depend on rainfall for water supply. Field No. 1 was planted August 13, 1923to Macan !'iee, ·t1ie·SE!'edlings being' about 50 dayii old. The crop was harvested December ·21. · Toward the close of September the plant presented atunted ·appearance; arrested growth and paling of the leaves' color. Search for insects had failed; and the condition was at tributed to physiological disturbance in the soil The disease a"ppeared in more or leE!s severeform·fn the.two fertilized plots, although during the course of one month or so the plant eeemed to have been able to recover normal eolor and the general condi tion looked better than the two non-fertilized plots. Field No. 2 was planted on A11gust 5, 'with· Macan seedlings 41 d� old in the seed bed. The crop was ·out December 81, 1923. The fertilizers were spread just before the last harrowing Was given preparatory of planting. The following shows the resu1t.s of the nitrogen fertilizerll tests: Y!old�

In Field No. 1 copra meal has prod11eed an increa.ee of 488 kilos of palay oveJ:" the non-fertilized plots. This increase is equal to 64.3 per cent. Cattle dung made, likewise a surplus yield over the check plots, of 108 kilos of palay, equivalent to 14.3percent. In Field N,o. 2 the gain obtained with copra meal amounted to· 55 kilos per bectal'(!, which is equal to 14.8 per cent. In the

'l'WENTY-THIBD ANNUAL REPORT

CB.se of cattle dung, however, the crop obtained fell below that oftnecheek, byS1kilos,1ittle over8per cent. 'l'hus it follows, that in both tests copra meal �ade an in crelll!�d yield, consJderabJe in one, almost insignificant in the other from wbillh no definite conclusion can be drawn. At least in the first year of eitperimentq.tlon the dung may be suppos�d to be without effects on the rice crop, according to the resul�. , l!Ja:pfJri:nient No. 8.-A third year experiment with a fertilizer mixture containing 3.3 per. cent nitrogen, 11 per cent phosphorus anhydride and 4 per cent pot;lsh, was conducted in Rosales.

'The

,�f:.year Cultlire Was made of Maeikaek riC0, a nati�e variety maturing in i95 dais· and Ryuchu, -a weU established variety from Foriposa,--matu!Jng in HIS days and which is repiarlrable fo-r its ereet, non-lodglng chamcter, · Severa:! of the pedigreed straina had been propagated. Fo"ur new val'i0tiesWill be·ettblnitted tp·thls-test.. , ' ,. , d)rii/JMJB, Bf'oadcait planUng...:....Thiti was a test on the efficiency ofi·�-.�o· metbods·of :i_,Ianting upland riee-dri."U ·method and bro-adcasting. The sel!d used was Kinaznpupoy,· , On one Jot of ready ground, the seed W11!1 sown broadcast{ aJld . the� �d ai:id harrowed in. On another lot of the same :field .it·was:drpl'ed in ro?1"9 15 centimeters apart with a "Van Brunt"

•.. J�!�·e;.:/��·.�::·. ·:-:.�.=:�.::.: :=�:�:.·: . .�:.-��-: ::-.: : =. -

�:e,=:��-Jectare are: {

i�:�

,.Ho�e,)ieet treatment.-Thii hot-wat:er (or' Jonson) t_reat �ent, l?fl !ice seed .attacked with a fungus was tried. The seed . ': used was �t of·i,t;atb;isod, a_glutino1U1 rice from Siam, Treated ' s"eed showed fungus �wth �U!i11,g germin�tiim test, so was the crop grown from·that·seed. . · Seed jwopa��he bu_lk of the _propagation erop in Ro sal� jvas destroyed by the flood; At Alabang the yields had biien much ?educed by the unfavorable weather, characterized by cb:ought followed by heavy rajns.

98 Sotne 2.00 cavans of lowland rice seeds Would be produced from both stations .. UPLAND RICE, The_exp eriments 'on upland rice Were performed at the Lamao EXJ)erlmant Station. They were experiments devoted to find-· _ ing. sup erior varieties and to 'impn;>ving the most worthy of these by pedi gree on line selection. One hundred·thirty-.four upland varietiea .were planted in the reiola� �riety_ ,test. . Unfortunately; though, .the flooils which swept. the station � November 18-19 .had earrled awa·y .the , Cl'OJll>jUsbbEifol'e they-could be harvested. Of the pedigree culture all that was wanted for the contini,iation of the work, eould be saved. In the Lil. Carlota EXperiment Station at La Carlota, Occiden tal ·Ne g ros over 36 hectares of land were planted to upland rice; and the crop is being dispo.sed off largely as !eed for the station stock, and the small.better portion as seed of coliperatf.v.:i planting. OORN LAl!AO Eli:l'Bllll!IE!M:S IITATnm, VAIIIIITY U:S'r YEl�DS TA8� JGtiII.� �-. ;lmtmg,

-·

�oloborir.1-<!&, lH2. e:..,...(ed.Folmm...,. &-ll, lill, .ATOa o!unll :,,lo\o, 418

,...,...m

Till.!! XXXIII.-Wot 1eoB011 pl iintitt,g

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL BEPOJ!.T

.. Spealdrig generaUy, the growth during the dry season was vi-· gorous, of even stand, and producing ears of large- size. Ca lamba Yellow, Bohol, Cebu, and Calipus were the best y!elders. The last two named varieties produced practically the same yields; P<Jor yiekhl were o!Jta.in,ed from the wet seaso� cnip because the first plant;ing; made on May 16, 1923, was attaeked by Ioc.nst, �nd the el!00:ii.d one herein-report.ed-:was greatly daillftged,by the rai�s. · Many of the plaitts produced no ears at au: The Ca.lamba, Bohol, and Kalaylay gave good yields. They ha�, together with the ·Ferguson ,varieties, gi'ven "high· Pl"OPor-: ti .�;: ·d��·.pµin_iing_·of �e:.·��:oliW��d-�.

:t:0

:!t:ti=:�:-s�=\�!�::rii;�O:::a��·'

>' ."'rietie�.. ;""

,., ·

··

': ;·4�ma��rr;ie·:riati� Biid for"eign vatletieB.had b�eii .. . . " ;- procured.,: The, f0Uowing_.: �:re Planted: Glutinous corn, Red .:�aiz, C�, Kansan Sunflower, Argentine Pop com, White Flint, Boone, Diktt; M-exican JnJl!!, Botero, Davao Barley Flint, Waimsa, Cutete, and, Forlon. The Glut.Inoue' variety, 1.25 kilos: of seed 'WCl'e obtained:. Tbree .. small sized e!U'B of Arg8?ltine Pop and '�O·of '_Dl,ldt corn Were harvested. These have been· planted for further.test.· ·othe'rvar.ietieshad failed. Diata.nc.e Of.vlantino.teBt.-The experiment has been.carried o_n)n con;.unction with t;he variety 'OOst during one rainy season · and one dl'Y �ason.

Poor yields were gotten from the wet season test as the cul

ture suffered from excessive rains and high winds throughout the gr<iwing period. Rats and wild hogs had also shared in the

destruction.

With four out of nine variet;es under the dcy season planting, . the yields increased with the decrease of space; four were indif ferent with spacing; and one yielded in direct ratio to spacing. Of the varieties planted for the wet seaeon test, the best re sults were obtainedfrom the 1 meter by .90 meter spacing. This distance gives ample space for the corn plants to properly de

velop, and allows room for cultivation. Manifestly, if the aop is. to be disposed of as animals' feeds,

then cldse spacing of, :,ay l m<.,t(lr by .70 meter should be

adapted. For grain production, 1 meter by .90 meter would be preferable. Another sel'ie/l of experiment was sta1ied with Calamba yellow corn in accordance with the following scale:

The work is in progress. Fertili:m· test.-The test was confined to six plots only, each having an area of 264 square meters. Cagayan corn was planted in July. Thefollowing tablegives thekinds of fertilizer used, estimated eost of same, rates of application and l'esults obtained, from the experiment.

TWENI'l'-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT TAllLE XXXVI

Ver;' poor results were obtained from this test because lhe culture was bad!y affecled by rains. Much of tlie fertilizers was Washed out. At t.a.sse!ing, the plants were attacked, by corn hoers; arid no ears were found in most of them: · ' lfil! ·'IJn. Fla,t cu!tiva.ti-Or{ and green m-a_nuring.--EX.p�rilnents along these lines were carried ·but no results can• be reported as ye _ i,,vp�i;ation.�Th� �bjec� i�_:to �-�p��tC .i�. �-��-�r,)€�:�-.:,tenai•.'c,.w::y,-t�.:; -LeSi· variet1es·-or Col'n_ fol:". di�tribution to ilje · fairners. · BelOw is a detailed at:coulii of the work. TAE).El XXXVII

Culture Nos. 1, 3, and 4 were planted on caifi.yin land. Hig1i initial cost of operations was occasioned by the clearing :md dif ficulty encountered in planting the field. LACAR1.0TA IOXPEIW,lllNT STATION

Vaiiety test--pla1,t cane.-There ·were grown in this test 16 varieties of sugar cane, including the NDgros Purple, which was used as check. Each variety occupied 4 rows 150 meters long, �e distance between the rows being 1.20 meters. The spacing between the plots was also 1,20 meters. Planting wrui made December 8--15, 1922. A block measuring 66.7 square meters was harvested November 8-15, 192:J from each plot. Sample canes were submitOOd for analysis. The re• suits are given in the table below.

'l'AMI, XXX1X.-De,c_,-iplioi. of .stools

·.g::.::l, :1e�t�tn:a�. =�\:_n;::.:r:�-�t;'��', -98 .

TWEN'.l'Y·THIRD ANNUAI. BEl'OR'l'

Java ·:M�, Yellow caledonia, New Guinea·ziA. aan;_-(N.�

:l:�eu:�. '.fh� res��,r-��a,� �-is�.�. b.�.

Variety t6f!t-{i.r.8t ti� mtooti.-Of �.�6:Y&ri!!�f!s ratoo,ned,·,

Fertilizer e:t'Pe1·i111ent.-Negros Purple can� was planted in the first week of Decmnber, 1928 in two 1Jeries of plots. Hills ,,,,•ere distanced one meter apart from row to row and 40 centimeters in the rows. Plots measured 50 meters long and 10 meters wide each and were separated by·str!ps 1.5·metera wide. Fertilizers were applied on May 9, 1923 ·approximately fiv� months from the date the cam, was IJianted. The following table shows the'kinds and compositions of the fortilizers and rates of applications Used. The figui'-es on tonnage alld sugar yielJs being of sample cuttings only do not 1·epresent the final yields, which wlll be submitted after the crops of the entire cane has been milled.

lQQ

TWEN:r'Y-1'HIRD A�NUAL R;EPORT

Dzl!tr.nee of pfo'(lting test.-The results so far wero ·not so marked with respect to yields as those-of last year expel'iment, but it was again evident that.close spacing,_80 by IO centimeters, for instance, gives ·a higher net production· of c.ane 'and sugar than the_ op(ll planting, 1.20 by 40 centimeters; and this rel� tion appears "lo be fairly well kept up for every graduation of spadng, Whereas it reqllired 6k ·tons of cane tci'make a ton of sugar ill closeJy_pianted plot, according:to analysis, it.. took littl8. Jess than 6 tons of mrne ill open planted plot to produce'the same amount of sugar. The ability of Badila plant to_ maintain an erect position·, as compared to Negros Purple, is: a distinct advantage. from agronomic view point. · · M9sai,e dis"ease· d.:perf:rifrmt.-The_ n:i9Sai<;_ iriJ,d iio_ri-mo_S_aiC �C gros Purple cuttings were planted on December 28, 1922; On Febrtiary 26; 1923, hills were" examined for· the number of dead alid number of living hills. Another counting was made on Oc tQh c r :31;·_1923. ,_

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

101

Aouli'lllati:mlion teet.--Several new varieties were introduced in Lamao. The more promising varieties and strains arc the H-109 seedling, Barbados Striped, New Guinea 40 sport, H-27 seedling, Inalmon No. 2--Pl, Inalmon No. 1-Pl, Nalagacho and Tapol. The "C, A. C" strains from tho College of Agrieultnre, University of the Philippines, are adapted to local conditions. Ewpei'imont an !U,rge vs, smal!"sked points.-'rhe experiment involved the planting of 25,000 points (Negros Purple) with the aim to £ind out if there was any advantage to be gained in select ing large-sized points with well developed "eyes" for pla'nting. Accordingly, the points were sorOOd and grouped into large-sized points and small-sized points. A third lot was made up of mixed sizes. The crop was still in the field when the report was 'being writ-. ten, yet to judge from the results of measurements there would be little or no differmiee since the selection was not based on individuality of plants.

Seedling ou11e productio11.�Lnrger collection of seeds bas been obtained this year, from a number of leading varieties of sugar cane at La Carlota and Alabang. At La Carlota the Inalmon and Hawaii-109 seedling canes, which were grown :from seed 1921 are still under observation. Of the 1922 stock, there have been just l'€cently planted in the nursery two selected stools of Java 247 and one stool of Formosa variety. The seedling plants of tamato did not survive at La

102

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORl'

Carlota. Inferior individuals have been discarded. In Alabang Rice Station ratoon plants of Badila seedling<! W<!re allowed to grow, One of these has produced a large number of fine stalks. Cuttings of same have been set out in the field. Gi·owirig of s11,ga,··eanG for seed; costs of production of.-The La Carlota Exi:ieriment Station ho's rnadc an estimate of the ex penses incurred in connection with the raising of sugar cane on four hectares, and ghes the cost of production per hectare as follows;

Bee./C3.'1tes· fw·ien"eral d_istrib1ltio� arE'l ·propi.:!(�ted on a iarg(l_ scale at the_._L_a_ Carlota ;Experimen:t Station, _:while li...mited.qu!u tities are grown at the Alabang and Lamao EXJJeriment Stations. Dilllll.AOTOM.CCOSTA'.l'!ON

The activities cif the Dammao Tobac'co Station at Gamu, Isa bela during the yeai hnve beeh prin'cipally the further testing of promising native varfoties and strains and the acclimatization of equally Or more promising 'foreign varieties. The fo1·mer were on the whole, bred for high yield and the latter for wrapper suitability. Two hectares were employed for the teats. It is expected that 'barring adverse conditions during the tobacco season, at least 30 fardos of wrappers, 30 fardos of binders and 140.fardos .of fillers will be raised incidentally from all the ex: periinilntal cultunrn. Seed' bed.�.-Because originally it was intended to· ·supply ped:igreed seedlings to all the cooperators of the station, 2 hectares of seed beds were prepared and sown but these were destro,•ed only by the reeord November flood. However, the other soeds in ·stock were sown immediately on seed beds cover ing an area of one hectare. The good germination of. these insured a sufficient supply of seedlings for the cultures during the ensuing tobacco season; for which at ]east 40,000 seedlings will .be required. Vitality tests of seeds.-This experiment wns incidcntaJly carried out in connection with the open beds and the germinating boxea of all the seeds of the different varieties and strain� used

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

1,03

in the. varie:y· alid prOpagation tests· conductiid -by the station. Three important points were observed.· First,, under the _same conditiom;, different varioties and strains. of tobacco exhlbit different degrees of ,viability, rallging from 65 to-95 per cent for 'fresh Bee� arid froin 10 to. 50-_per cent for 1 year-old se"eds. Vigorous strain.s of11-Espada Dam1111J.O and12-:'Dammao Broad leaf··.showed as high a.gerrrirui.tion as. 80 pe1· cent when.the seeds are stored in well-sealed paper packages kepi; in Mason fruit-jars.. '.Experience wit!"! thCse jars show though. that the viability of seeds _stor� ·in: them falls after one. year, �o about 50 pe1•. �ent. _ Second,_ a Vel'y high germination percentage-iii obtained under. controlled conditions as in the case of germi nating·boxe.s ":hich· could be kept safely in a shed. Irregularity in ·weather conditions.in the C_agayan. Valley is responsible for irregil.lar_ germin'atjon -percentages for. thc;same strain or :variety in, different:_ seasons. _ Third,- pro,•ided · germination is well contrOl!ed,-1.0.mother pl�t,s can easily supply seedlings to plfmt.two':hectares :Of .. toba'cco-land. In thfa year's-seed beds a.n individual plallt of 18--Flor:ida Sumatra produced at least 3,000 fine healthy seedlings. Acc!iraat!tlition_ teBtB.-The foreign varieties 18�Florida Su matra, 35-Sumatra, I-Connecticut_ Havana, '28-Havana, ·35Dumbara and 36--Babis, we.re used. .Of these yarietie� only the IS-Florida Sumatra showed normal performance altho\jih father markedly suSceptible to mosaic. Geneni! vu.riet-!J_test.-In-.addition to the sii..foreign varieties already referred to, 10 native varieties were u�ed in this experi ment, namely: S4-Anipa Sumatra,· 53-Damn-\.ao ]\,[edium Hyb1id (three types),-12-Dammao·'Broadleaf, 14-D:ammao Medium Broadleaf, U-Dammao Espada, 4-Palilttao _Broadleaf, 49-Ca uayan, 10-Dammao Medium Repollo, 0-Anipa Broadleaf, · and 51-.Angadanan. · Four noteworthy. points were observed in this experiment. First, the native variety as a whole showed the best vegetative performance whereas the. foreign varieties· with the: exception of the18-Florida Sumatra, were deficient in. .some way or other. Second, .12--Damrnao Broadleaf ahowed the greatest number of standard leaves (26 as well as by a very high breadth index [47%] for a tyJiical filler strain.) Thh-a, ll�Dammao Espada proved itself to be the most. prolific grower but unfortunately possessed the lowest breadth index (39%). Fourth, 0-Anipa· Broadleaf showed itself. to be a great possibility by surpassing by 1 per cent the breadth index of 12-Dammao Broadleaf al though it bad 3 less leaves.

104

TWENTY-1'HIRD ANNUAL REPORT

Effect of spa,cing on planting.-Tbe varietieE IS-Florida Su matra, 12-Dammao Bro;,adleaf, 14-Dammao }fedium Broadleaf, 54-Anipa Sumatra, and 58-Dammao Medium Hybrid No. 1 were used in this experiment. Two distances were employed. (a) 70 by 70 centimeters. (b) 50 by 80 centimeters. No favorable results were obtained in thfa expe:t'iment owing to the May showers which washed away the gum from the leaves and which incidentally made the leaves stisceptible to all kinds of leaf spot diseases. A noticeable change iu texture was, however, observed which· warrants the repetition of this expe riinent .Wrapper vaiiety te,sts..:....In· this Eixperimellt, the vadeties 53Dainllla.o Medium Hybrid No..1; 54-Ariipa Sumatra, 14-Danunao Medium Broadleaf, 11-Dammao Espada, 12-Dammao, Broadleaf, 4-f:'alattao, 17.:...PamPano� 10-Medium_Repollo, 49-Cauayan,·50Echangue and .1-Con:hecticut-Hnvana were·used. Shade was provided by:._ a partially cleared .young forest and by alternate rows of corn. In_ the.first-case the plants were set-out 50 by 50 centimeters apart and in the second, 50 by.80 centimeters. The first-method was G.uite successful especially in the case of the native 4--=-Palattao. The second method was a failure as the plants were very mrich affected by mosaic. Ou.11,ng expei'inwnt.-This experfment was conducted in m·der to compare the modified native method with certain foreign ap proved methods, namely, (1} Face-to-face {ll.ld back-to-back, (2) ·Face-to-bii.ck, a.nd (3) Cubani_n-which the -Jeaves are pierced with t-wine so that they ride alternately on the poles. -The con� trols were the native methods of (1) partially curing the leaves in the sun and afterwards hanging them up in the curing shed and J2) .partial sun-drying- and afterwards hanging them under the house. Observations·madtl during the experiment showed thut all the methods tried with the.exception of the two alteniative native methods, were satisfactory. "With the Cuban method the leaves cured one·. day- earlier but this difference is immaterial. The method followed at the station is a sort of the modified native method, The l!=aves a�e strung side by side, folded in prdillos capable of holding at least 50 laaves and allowing a finger breadth, between the leaves. The leaves are racked directly into the shed for complete shade and slow curing. This method showed as favorable results as the approved foreign method. Prdimillary histological studies'.-These stu.dies were inciden tally started in an attempt to account for. the so-called "quality"

. BUREAU OP AGR!CULTUBE

105

of wrapper leaves. The :relativeJy well-devel� cuticle of the Sumatra seems to be respOllsible far its ability to stand the stress to which it is subjected to in spite of its.thinness whieh amoants almm to t:ranspa,:rence. On the other hand, its central l)_al'ellchyma1;ous cells appear to 00 very weak as they (cells) cannot.be well-defined when the leaf is cured and fermented. Curiou.sly enough, these facts are reversed in the native Dammao Medium Broadleaf, that is, the latter has a relatively poor cuticle but a stronger central parencbynui: l Seed and seedling diBtrlbutioil.-There were dhitribut�' In all 19,470 seedllnga representing-seven different varieties and 61.62 kilos o:f Seed of ten-varietiesThe work of the Pikit Tobacco $tation bas been in the mafa, the continued planting af tliE! wrapper varieties, and the experi ments· for the e.cclimatizatipn_ and JlllPl'ovement of same. The acreage devoted to the crop inCl'eased from two hectares in the · 1922-1928 eeason- to three heclart!S during tbe ensuing eeaeon. The_J11'esent crop, if conditi.ons remain nOl'mal, may be ex:pected. to be about 1-,000. kilos of. wrapper tobacco and twice that quantity of bindel''"1d flller"Ieavii,s. Se6dbeds,-Two nurseri8S were _prepared.• There were · 94 seedbeds of moderate size. Over 100,000 seedlings were ·raised, pricked and distributed. . Spwing was done in, October. . E1!:perlm67Zt on t1ie intensive Mid. eaJtsnrive meth.ods of pllmt ing.-Tbe extra amount of care and CQnsequent outlay per unit area with the modern way of planting is greater tlum in the ease. of the native method, but, it bas been obser:v:ed that theN is a· greater development and more uniform stand of the plants than by the former method, that may more than oompl!]lllate for the extra, work and expense. The experiment is b¢ng tried in four plots having 1,000 s'quare meters each.· The· Florida Sumatra tobaeco'waaused. . Sea,sonal pltmtitig.---Seasonal plantings at Pl1dt have been carried on through two sets of ex:periments that is, the first set was planted ln· the months of April and May, for off' BeRSon erops,.and the second set was planted In September and October for regulai- season crops. �n the. first set the variei;y" used was- Baker Sumatra. The area planted was limited. In the second set, however, several varieties, al� of the wrapper class, have been used. The September planting !nelnded the Baker's Sumatra, the two newly received S. P. No.land S. P. :N"o. 2, and Florida Sumatra; while the October planting has compi•.lsed all

106

TWENTY-TlllltD ANNU� DEPORT

. these varieties plus some hybrids. . Greater ·acreage has been !ffllployed with the two regular seaSO.!l plantings. The erops planted in April for trlal during the off season was a failure. on account of the seedlings having been attacked by insect· borers during the seedlings stage. Better results were secured with the crop planted.in May. While the growth wns uneven Ell! a mult o:f different ages of seedlings transplanted. The produetion was large, and the per centage of wrapper was correspondingly so. The sowing of this Cl'op was done on May 19 and the seedlings were traztsplahted beginning .July 16, 1928.· Harveat was begun on September 6 and continued up to ()etober 20. The lea�·were classified into two _classes;. �e wrappl:1' claBB, . and binder-filler class. The quanti"!W of the4e 2 ela.BE!l!s follows': TAIILll xr.vnr·

The teenlt.a indicate that the raising of the· off season crops planted in :May is more or less profitable. With regard to the regular season plantilll:' the Jlrst sowing was done in September ,and the second sowing in October. The crop plaMed in Septem be;i'. has be·en:�Sidel"ab]y delaied in transplantl.ns, and thus ;aVe ,rise;:to, the poor stand of the Flo.rida�umatra variety. However,·thia· delay did not affect In anywa;y the Baker's Suma-, tra·and the two S. P. varieties, all of which. showed good growths. The h!n'veiit of these ·!l,l'Op.s have-been made in December. _.. Plant--to-th6--row te8t8 'Wtth h,j/brid plants.-Approxhnately 2.,000 . square meters of ground have been planted to several selections of the following bybridl!.

A::

B·.-: .,

A test i;m distances. of planting for these hybrids ia undenvay. There are grown separate plob. of 13-X hybrids. Florida Suma tra hybrids show distinct impl'ovement in the texture of leaves over �e parent plan�.

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

107

Tepk1,'Q8ia .ca,ndida is being tried by the station as shade plant for tobacco •. It was_ planted at the end. of June in rows running north and· south;· and set 4! met_ers ap_art. In the middle of f u \l :::::::�;:e ;1!:!� 1::::::-!o;:;.'::a !::�� from one anothar; also five ro\Vl! .�t_a·_ distance of 90_.centimeters . eaeh"of. B.aker's Sumatra, S. P. No.__1, S. P. No. 2, and BMX .hybrid, at a_disfanee of BCi centimeters from one_an�er. The total. area covered bi this experiment is 7,830 sqµare meters. Varie_ty anzd acclimatization tests.-Inasmuch as filler varieties, or ii.t least most·of them, do well in the Cotabiito Valley th(lre is no need of. further . experimenting with .them. The station was specially interested.in the wrapper varieties arid bas therefore set out Baker's Sumatra, S. P. No. 1;· and S. P.· No. 2, and Flol'ida Sumatrs, in cotiiledion with the vaxiety test. S. P. No. 1 and S. P. -No. 2- are-new varieties of the Sumatra cla.ss. S. P. No. 1 resembles Baker's Sumatra in fonn and gen,., era.I appearance. S. P. No. 2 lias wider and greener leaves tb-an No. _l. Cultur!) of _the latt_er v¢ety under the seasonal plant ing expetlment indicates that it is quite suaceptible to chlorosU!. The two .new varietieS and Sumatra Amerii.:,an-grown, Bohia and 199-H.ybri!l Montiomery are growing in the a<;climatization test plot. Distames of pllmting with. wrapper vffleties.-Distances have been arraJJged to· confonn to plant types, thus with Baker's Sumatra, whic.h is small leafed type the distances are: 90 cm,x50 cm. 90 em. X 40 om.

80<:m.::,;40cm. 50 cm.x50 cm. With the broad.leafed Florida > Sumatra w:ider spaces are provided: 100 cm.x 50 em. 100 cm.x 40 cm. 80 cm.x 57 em, 90 cm,x 40 cm. Distribution.-There have been distributed from the station seedlings and seeds of wrapper tobacCO, in quan:tities stated elsewhere in this report. Lamao ezperi1nent station-Gompamtive test.-The following tables give the number of cuttings and aggregate yields obtained from each species.

108

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL RElPORT

The yields.incre,ise {IS di.irtances bi,tw<aen .�e_. pl4nta. decrease. J-0st· res)llt_s were .Produced,py. the.distan. ce of 25 ·centimeters · ' and :40 _centim�ers,in th_e.row. . - ·-.' · New intr_oauct{on.-,This wor,k:has for. its obj_ect the propaga tion. of introduced plants :found adapted to Philippine conditions. The following table' sho�·s a list of the new forage plants and record ·of trials';

"'°"

(a) A •lump of 6uat•n'ala (Trip"'"''�' la,""'·) Lamao Exp,cl1neolS(a\lon

In thi1deeding tem: bullocks were used, When the grass was out at 20, 30, 40 and 45 rlaya old, pradically all parts of the ,plant were !mtcn clean by the animals. The leaves and stalks of the grasses cut after 45 days of gi·o'\\'fu had become hard and tough, and were not all relished by the animals. The Cayenne grass b.ecomoo unpalatable as it advances in age and ehOuld be given fo animals while ret young. The leaves of Paspa!um. d'ilat(l.um_':tind Para'· gra&sios were· toi:i dry for soiling, when .the-p]aii.ts att�ine.d'.soine degree of maturity. · . . , . '. In the case of Uba · cane,.Napier,""Guinea;·arid Guatemala grasses, it iS the stalks tliat'Were rejected by the animals whe!I cuttlllgs were =de of old growth.

110

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

Cuttings of the Bugaion were all con3umed regardless of the age of ,plant, which remained fresh and excellent throughout the year. This experiment could givil hints of the palatability alone, and would take several experiments to test on the net amounts consumed and food values as measured by increased weights of the animals fed. Test of s01·ghum, ra.(Ji, millet, and a.'d!ay for forage.-To de texm.ine the value of these crops a trial ·plot w:i.s made during the year. Planting was made on July 6--7, 1923. The following table give;i the yields and percentage .o:f feed _consumed. TAilLJ;J LIV

Sorghum gives most stuff, but its acceptability is ]ow com pared with other plants tried. Ragi, millet, ii.nd adlay wre all Consumed .wheii given at ·flowering stage, 90 daJ's from planting. Prop0gu.tion.;_,__Thia work aims· at multiplying suitable forage plants for distribution purposes. · The fo.llowing table gives the names of grasses, area :planted tc, each,.etc.

At present there is at Lamao ample stock of Napier and Guinea grasses for distribution and a limited quantity ·of Uba cane, Merker, mid Guatemala· grasses.

aundl.,of8ra,.o ,o.1rhmn110,. lood7. L.,moofaâ&#x20AC;¢errm,.!Sfatlon

BUREAU OF·AGRICill,TURE e

bcl�i io: ::r�:;a!f:r::�t�t��/:i:�:t�;!; :a:�?i::a�� At_the _Aliibang Rice·St-ation, m_aniui.anian, an· uncultivated native legullJinoµs _p�nt is being: domesticated. -Wide cultivation of thi_s grass as_ horse feed; specially, is .to be encou_ r1;1ged. The_ va7:ietiel! ?f _sorghum,. Guinea g-tass,: Guatemala, M€rkcr, , n n a g grown at Alabang 011 about three :�� 0� :-�e�a\: �n ::z:. _ a ealle; Piira giass, Guin_ea, and In La·_carJQta_ the tJb . :�e gr()\vn,_.m:ostJy.-ns feed.for the.work .animals. FffiER. INVEST!GA'l.'10NS

· The Bureau hi:is established this year the Guinobatan Abaca Trill.I_ Station in the municipality. of Guinobatan,·Albay,;some two.kilometers away from the town proper on the Guinobatan Liga,:i roa'd. This station began - opem.tion_-011 ·sePtember· 25, 1928. Most.Of the··woi"k was given -to elearing of the ]and. This is half hilly' und half plain, comprising about ten het'tares. The reg_ion fa �_ uppoSed to__be_ typkal of abaca region with even d m ain disttjbuti•'.n Of-r!<infa11,__and- no·_,�rp·n0 " "·.'"'..�a,..im_u _ ._._:r .···. · ".'' o .. . . nor pronounced dry• ·sea.ion. _ . ._ .. _ · . . . _ . _ •· Experiments.-:--:_Very little_· was done·M ·yet in the" way of experiments. ·One ·experiment·set. Up is included.to :find.·oUt the age and size with which an.a�aca sucker must b(l, pl!ln�d so as to giv� .the best .results. ,An.other experiment was started with a view to measuring the' value 'of mulching in the abaca plantation. There are. two ways of. preparing abfl.ca 's· trips in vongue locally_known as "lucnct" and ."bacnes,". and the station has committed itself to investigate which of the two is the more advanta·geous. The co]]_ection of'pl:ints of the Ice.al varietiel!, together with preliminary claesifi.cation of same had been undertaken. . At Lamao Expiwiment Station-maguey awl" .s-faat--Small Plots lrnd buell planted to maguey and sisal, for future seed stock. An experiment is in progi:ess with_ these two plants, which would �etermine the rig'ht.distanec for pl_anting them at Lamao. Compar-atJ:ue yie1d test of ag(Jll)e .s-p., etc.-In this experiment nl'e incortf,orated, the maguey, ligave, zapupe,. Nenegucn, S,an· sevieria Zeylunica, s. zulcata, and othel'S. The size of· the plotII vary with the number of seed plants there were available at the time of planting.

�rY-i',liJRD ANNUAL i,EPORT

11i

T.1.ULIIL�·

Cotton planted in the months ·of" May, June, and July died :fl'Oin too much :ril.in. This suggests that. the planting th:ne ,Bho� � so.�anged so a,s to avOJd putting the seeds in_ v:i:ater w tu duri_ll(thei � oth to n �� ,.�i��r� -� � . b - � �. The ��t_percen:ta:i?e o� �nati�� with cotton-��

. ::�'.t!·:f:l·�dx{�.i8TATIDN

==��

.. Abci�t-'t1ie:ta:·C�tloti.'��em�t station the flb8l' pro-

-�Jr;tt��!!;1:�� = :!�: '?;::�::�:�:r�=�ot·��c:r; 0

a�

;;t/:S�s·:�:ed:� a_l>aca··rep�enting 27 vadeties. The plantation, despite of the '.��e.cate·thestation was able to give it, has been in good c� . dition. :,i�_w.ils possible for the station to colleet spedimens and · � J)el'form· experiment on �· relative proporl.ion of fiber con tents ·therein.. Comparison has been made of · plants from ,- su$n"S and thoae iaised frOl!l seeds. It appears from the data obt.ained that seedling plants gave on the average greater per centage of fiber, than sucker plants. There is also probability

,' '," ·. '.· ·;· .·;:/�+�

��A� LTUD 118 � th.\h;!l� ng:P.l�;&re·moiin·�t to h�rot diseea� than , t

rdl

. :·.�v=:=�:t�;c::e :�o�a�� arlota a ��:Umi:i'.lll': , 0{:P.ana�· Hat Palm �uekers that cau ·be distri- · · bleaching were atten:,ipt;ed the other ftber _p1a1:1.ts 1n

Septoglim. arilchldisi Wliich �ueeB.ieai 9;ots'. .&J>p'�ared fn''au plots when the plant V(1lB approaching maturity.

mo�ti=:u°!�:�:�!ti!�� : Jo1:!·�ug� damage Jn all plots.

TAIILIII LVIIJ;-Toot ...Uh Iha vGllow 11nd gr••n aJOngo •�opB·p�lod'

114

TWJ!NTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

Yields of ·vadeties grown for cover c.rops. December 27, 1922 te> January 10, 1923.

Crops ·planted:

BUREAU OF" AGRICULTURE

115

The best varieties to come _ott(; of the test are La Union. Red, Mountain Province, Mornungau,. Lamao White No. 1,. and La Union White. Di8tarwe of planting test.-Two varieties of adlay were under: this test: (1) Tbe'dwad type, Mountain' Province. (2)'Thc tall type, Bnkidnon.

Distances used: 1 l l l l 1

meterx meter x mota-x meter x meter x meter x

30centirneters. 40 eentirnetera. 00 centimeters. GO centlmetw.. 70 centimeters, 80 C<!ntirnetÂŤa.

Bukidnon was planted_ June 10, 1923; Mountain Province Was planted July 5, 1923. The cultures are still growing.

TviENTY--THIBD ANNUAL Rfil'OR'l'

�16.

COMl'AR&Tl�YD:r.IlTlll!'l'.oUllll'!lOP'AGA'l'ION or OOIIGHO!l:I ' 1. I!. ·' 3.. 4.

N11111berofvariel:iesundert&l---· Three. Date of plantin:-···-···-····--·-··- May U, 192S) .July 6, 1?28. Date of gru-m:ioatlo>n--·--·-.:.... Four daJ'II a:fmr planting. Metruid ,,f_ pl11.nling__._..__ •.• -•.•• By drilling .the �ee"d� in £urrowa .andtheneoveredwlthsoilby hmow••

. i ili�-:!��===�::'.Ef-t�:.::-�i:: ·

aud Jut?:r by the n�e of plow. --·- De�� _6-21, 1923. � :,: . --: 'i;AB:1.a.�-:-;:YU!tJ of oopi.�u toata of lll»'gl,um

8. Date o! hiiryeathl :: /7

"::shightlm and mill�i }_lhd b� -:recsi� fl,'Oi:ii-Manchur:.'�ja�! • · · '"Were made With thein. It loQked aa if none waa Superior to the ·oneil",p:revtOuaiy,tried.

•,.,., . ·'.).'.- ...<•:'..··.i'tLAOAIILOT.i�ll'l'A'ffi>l'I

J!:!iia£:�oow:�:: :;8�� an�:�hl': �:

plantec!- at the beginnill.8' of the rainy sellllon had •'made heavy -foliage there.·. Very few �s, however,'werB produced. The :rainy season ·crops of the bean, on the other baud, yielde<l abund ant beans. This was planted in October. A small plot·of pea nuts hail been r.aleed; much of the crop was prepared into fodder an.� fed :to animals. . AT ALAILI.WG llXl'IWllilN!' ffA!l'.ION �ew .l!lra cowpeas, kibal, and soy beans were alao cultured ch:l!lfir far the objoot of rotating with augar cane. GENERAL J'DlLD JWVB.STIGATIONS. A.ND CO!»>EJATI\'E 'l'RIAL l'LANT lNGS ON .Sl'BCIAL PRO.JDcrlS M..

Field activities ·other than those of the experiment stations have been and are bellti carried.

=:r:�

BOBJ.UU. OF AGRICUL'l'VRE

117

For: the purp�sa of lll'f8Stigu.tion' there blive bean: established s;:se!':1f��f:a:1::r!,�a��

.Thill investigation has been carried o,n· to find ocit the most pro!l�vi Varieties suittid to tbe locality and to. iliminate low Yiel!llng varieti11s fOu»d which are oft.en a'cause of low produc. tiona'' In the parts of Pangasman Province covered by this inveatiga.. ti�; that iS, the munic.lpalities .around Rosale.1 and ·'l'ayug the rice land is generally'· $oping and is tra� hsre and there by iltxeams coming from the Garaballo Mountain. The experi� "ments conducted with ,the dry seasOll planting with'a Dum.ber of varieties (Sip·o1; and Mallgasa) have given anoouraging re. sults, indicating that a eoond riee crop � be :profitably l(rOWl1 on land.provided with irri2&tion. Ex;tensivil rice fields· are located in Santa Rosa and Licab dfa.. 1;1:icts, Nueva Eeija. Cultural methods used are mueh more im proved than lliOl!e in Pangasinan. Oni;v the "Tagalog"'· Or beardless palay is.grown. Tbe land is fla't, and Ls watered by .�1:,:�:iay�!��!:!� � ;1:u��: !.: :: �:UU: 0

sys�. Tb�);�re.a.shing.-fi:done by. �ehinecy' in certa� see,. tlons of the0 provi�·- Kilns� ·hiillers are �"ed:�ten5lvely. In the Alabang-Imus district, which compriaeii the ·inuniclpal. ities of ImllS and '.]:a.nza, Cavite Province and Muntinlupa, Rizal, the soils are hllavy clay·and ·shallow. l\11:ost; varietlea cnltivated are early Ol' medium. late, except in oortahi irriifated- sections of Tanza and Imus,.wb.ere the 1ate sorts ,are also grown. There are 1'el\SOJls to'believe that su.ch varieties found in this ·dist;rlet:. will d� qutte we11 in N�eva· Eeija iind viee versa. Not less thllll 70 varieties have been tried in co5perators' plots in the provinces above named including that of Tarlae. The result.a were rendered obscured by the .abnormal clfmatii;: con� dltion dul:'inrthe see.son. HoweVer, the prelil1Ut1aey :results from. the coffperative trial p)Qnthlg indicate the adaptability of some of the, varieties introduced that have :proved. good in �Ji plaCes. In Cavite and Nueva Ecija a. nll1llber of. new varieties (Khan, Bal, Ori; and Ramal and Cabungni) had prnduced greater yields tban'the local dee.

·--

A {IIU'Vey.. of the leading varieti es of sugar �e grown in Pam• panga, Laguna, and Batangas Provinces was made, In Pa�· panga there is the Pampanp Red which is quite widely g1'0'Wll

118

TWENTY"TRIRD ANNUAL REPORT

in that province. Of the introduced varieties the Badila, Yellow Caledonia, and the Hawaii 109 now being tested by the Bureau, ,ivould br, likely to succeed. In the Province of Laguna, the Ne gros Purple, Cebu Purple, .and Pampangu lted are now more or less commercially grown. Of these the mm,i; popular is the Cebu Purple. Badila an<l Yellow Caledonia are planted on a small scale. The two parple varieties are known there to nlake a heavy ·c.rap and the sugar production is decidedly superior to the. native. white. The sugar indusi1:y ,in Batangas is not well developed. The average p_roduction per hectm:e in that· prov ince is about 30 tons of cane, as against 4() tons in Liiguna, ac. cording to investigations. At Lu. Carlota, Occidental Negr0& B5 hecUn-es of ,land have been grown to foreign \'arieties of sugar calui in coi;>pcration with the farmers. In Parnpanga there· ·are 2� coOpetative trial plots planted to different varieties ·while in_ �he Calamba dis trict six coe>pe:rators have ·also been secured. The varilities that are being tr,led include _the B/il4ila, Jii.va 247, and H-109. Siirvey of produation.-Tli.e ·extent to which this phase of abaca lnves'tigl!tion in Albay has been carried Wa$ far too sma!i to give even a superficial ·information on the value and cost of abaca :production. So far the visits made to several plantations in the districts Of Daraga; Camalig, Guinohatan, Jove-llar, and Ligao, have failed to reveal the presence of heartrot disease. 'fhe rootrot was noticed in Cainalig and Guinobatan, and two positive casca of it wore di.�covered in the station. This disease may be supposed to exist in large plantations ,in Albay. Advice as to control meusure to be taken has been giVlln to plantors. It can be said that the frequent typhoons crossing that country every year, would predispose the plant to colltract fung'us diae,ises as a second course. The tobacco co/.iperative trial planting is being conducted in Isabela, Cngayan, and Cotabato Provinces. Sb..i,-y-eight growers have planted Governmmt seed in Isabela, representing seven varieties most of which are of the Wl'apper type, including thli Florida:...Sumatra, Baker-Smnatra and crosses of wrappel: st1'ains and native varieties. 'rhe damping-off .a'nd hea.vy rains destroyed most of the seedling although the beds have been .replanted.

BUREAU OF AGl\lCUL'IURE

119

120

'rWEN'.l'YA'.HlRD ANNUAL REPORT

As to juiciness, 3660 Balanga has the greatest percentage of juice; 2668 Misamis, second; 1639 Ruby, third; 4128 Magnum Bonurn, fourth; and 3886 Duroi , fifth. Two thouSMd five hundred sixty-eight Misamis has the least number of �eds and 1266 Vt'hitaker, '4124 Carleton, 1720 Bahia, and 1634 Washington Navel occupy the second plaee, Among the varieties of orangM that bear fruits out of season thfa yi,�r are Balanga, Jiiis!!lllis, Pineapple, Ruby, Dugat, Brown, E;,:celsior, andEnterpriac, Pomela.-2265··Lukban gave the highest yield; 1633 Case wa� sewnd; 3678 Siamese, third; and 1995 Siamese, fpurth. The yields were as follows in the ,order of their enumeration: 138,63,60,and 18fruits. .Three thou�nd ihi'Be hundred ninetr-one, 'Pomelo has the largest.sized fl'!rifa. 3384 Sai,ion, second and 3678' Siamese, third.· As to quality 36'.3 Sia'.mese,is t�e.best; 3331 Yugellir, seconrl; and 344.2 Siamese, thkd ;,and as to ju:lcinei;s they m:e all e en a t u e eds u:e!::��r�� ; th 1�� ;�{! !::'..�lo :d �df;;;;\ra - G,tipcfi-.1,it'.�687 DUilcan gave'. a yield of 123 fruits 4118 Walter 96, 1631 ]IJareh 90,3882 McCarthy88, and 1682 Tiiumph 59. 'Triumph No. 1632 aud 1713are the best varieties. Mandv.t·in orange.-1272 Kiahiu wiis the highest yielder; 3388 C. nobili3, second; 5178 Saagkam, third; 2693 King, fourth; and 1265 Qhina, fifth with a yield of 100, 89, 65, 25, and 16 fruits, rei,pecti"roly. The Kishiu and King are the best varieties both in quality and flavor. Liine.-The �ame reault� as laist year were obta.iued from the limes. Ca/a.mondin.-The three best yielding varieties are P. I. Nos. 2513,2850, and 2332. The first variety yielded 2,710 fruits. From the yields given above it must be taken into eonsidera,. tion fue fact that tbe 'different trees were ulanted on different dat% and fields, and the yields were all per tree. Stodc test at L«m1a11.-To determine the value ol tbc different citrus eapecially lhc native speci€s as stock plants. This study has rcl'ernnce with the congeniality of stock and its influence on the sdon as regards the pro duetiveness nf the latter and tbe qualit' of the pi·oduct; and with the resfat.ance of the stock to diseases ;is well. Seedlings of fifteen varfo.ties of citms were alrearly transplanted in outside nursery for this purpose. At Ta1iati(wi.-The growth of ButAngas manda1in bt1dded on Calamondin and rough lemon and on BatMgas mandarin as a check, has been studied, and tht' obsel.'\•ations show t.hat there is

BUREAU .'�F · AGRICULTUllE

121

but _a slig��- suPeriority,_of hhe foreigl) stocks O\'er the·rnan_darin stocks,· �s far.&: gro\\1,h is__i oonoorned. However, this cannot � ta�en ill!. ftn�l,.because t_hi -trees are_ only_.in_.their prime stage pf._Qevelopment. _ _ _ _, _. .. . _ · . . ·: . . F'.<Jr'<inlcit'ril.l;I' at Lcim-M.-:--Smudging �ltrus tre_es has been trl_� : With/various _fon_.g:rown · trees.. in -the.· orchard that have nev_er·_ produced frujf.s.or that.are .Shy, hearer1;l_--with .the·obj_ect effect of-_ �mu�ii-r�·upon dtru� pl.ants. o(fin(,iing'out �he_app:i_rent _

::� 0

�hr::;;�� _t;;�:t�!n��!:/ �;::; O��; ��1:7�� 19 � t �:::!::n��:��:i!:�;"fi�::�t ·h�Ve·b�en tried ·on tila_n· 5

darin trees:

1. Smudging; 2,_Ri�?�·-- _:: ·::

a:. _Debarking:. '.... _.4.: Root·p�g•... ·--

•

SmudgiJlg' _ was p�acUsed with and :wi�hout �ulph\lr ._furn�. 0,lle ·s_et of_ tr�es__wer_e_ �mudgeU..{lurjng.-thc fattec;pa;.t o-f--�farch and anothei• _set during tlif! J_atter Part.of Apri_l, Smudgiug_wus done every day, cxce�t on- Sundays; fr1m ·morning until eve_n,ng! for nine_ day;,. The sulplmr u,sed ,vas broken into fine p.�rticlee, and small-quantities Were· thrown little .b.Y little over- tha fir1J duriilg the"'daJ'. The followini table _indicates the 1;esults _o]Jtaill_ect: in· :smil�g _ ing mandarin treell.

.122

'l.'WENTY-T1IIRD AN;:,,UAL llEPORT

There was no noticeable effect upon the fruiting of the trees by root pruning. Cover aopping and mulching at Larnao.-Fourteen different Jogumes and tho Passif/OJ'O, erlulis were tried as cover crops. G()Jierally, the planting was a foilur"e because of excessive rains. However, the Lyon and tho-velvet beans withstood the rainy season, a'nd they both grew luxuriantly and gave fairly g0od yields·. Thf! peanut produced a good crop but did not cover-the ground well. The cadios gave an excellent growth and· it is probably the best cove1· crop on a foll-grown citrns grove. For mulching sugar-cane leaves, bamboo leaves, c_ogon,- tal bak, 1•ice straw', and miscellaneous gi:-.asSes have been tried. The rice straw is the best material found for mulching citrus plants since it conserves t?e _.soil · moisture mid check_s _the growth· of weeds well. _._It is best �o)pread it ali over the irOund in the row _ of trees to brown oranges_dropµed to the ground before reaching nwturitr .. - ,' " ... · . _-_ Ref'WVlM!aiJion "at. Tana1m1i�The chn,nge in .the ·ruan.!lgement _ o_f _ the rundo'Yfi _ m�ndarin or_dmyd, from _a nonc_ult_ivate_d_ -and -c�owde<l;-con&tion-to .a cultivated and more open condition;·was begun four years ago.· The immediate effect of this"new treat ment was at first unfavorable to the fruiting of the trees. A compati�_on of this or�hard with an adjoining one, however, whlch was formerly thi:i better -portion of the plantation, sho'ws that the rejuvenated orchard is better, not only in its fruitfulness but also in the gcrier:l-1 c_ondition of growth of the trees. Top-;workillg the old mandarin trees has beei1 done extensively during the year w:ith the hopa to rejuvenate the qld trees by this system._ Several varieties of citrus have been budded, .and those that have been worked out in previous years <are growing vigo:r ous]y and a few of theITI fruited for the first time this year. The grapefruit filld pummelo scio_ns budded during the rear x·emained dormant. At Lamao.-Two methods a1:e being employed; one is to pile soH or dirt ilround tho base Of the trunk of the diseased trees to ind\lco thelU to produce a :liew root system and the other by planting stock_ plants around the trees fot· bridge-grafting after wards. Observations of diseMes and pruts aml their remedial measu:reir at Lam.ao.-The susceptibility of the various species are as fol lows: Citrus su1·111�tifolia,.---Only one ·case of pink disease appeared on this specieJ1. In general the different varieties under this species were susceptible to barkrot, and only one variety wa..�

(a) No. 1334 P,rnamOuoo Oraoo (C.,au�ima) budO,d on No. 21C2,"fros ,how"no ab,o,m,1un·on of,too>and

(l,)Als,m (c. ,.,d,1,cr,)buOdodon C. e,xel;.n rnooboo,m,rumon ofotoek ond;elon

,how

128

reslsta�t.- '.l'h,e,.d�ff�fy�iajes �ere .lXloia.Oi Je"sii �nt·

;:u��·=,;�::=kr��:� to�=��i ,-· �. M_ottled,'lea:f,W&!!,·found:�)n onevarls:tY, .

t�Jif:fi��;ic· .·. 1

�r;n:;�:ztz�;�r:::�+: �ll th_e.,'V�e.s)n, thls _8Pecies

-:we� ·atl'eeted° !!'1� �nkel'.' in

;: :ni=��:ra:�:;:::��!7!::;;:r1�, q;11,obz1is---:-It·was,-� oi: ).ese r�tarit �:�� ,On11

tbe year. Mottled leaf appeared ln·varying degrees. a. aiiienm.-=.'I'hrefl cases of.pink di!ea68. WmY observed.. Barl:trot' 9,!ppea.red in val'yi.:ng d� Nearly all the varieties · *·e �l!Ceptible to canker, Only one case" of footrot was :found. Mottled leaf appeared in ,nearly "!,ii jhe :varteti� lll; �ug df;lg:Neil,

·.

G.·aouthuritllrii.-It is more or less res�nt' to barkrot and· canker, · · a. 1oebbetii.-It was more or-,less re11istant to barkrot and canker. · :Mottled leaf appeai.-ed Jn a &light .degree, . · (J. lo11,gispina.-lt was more or· lass resistant t.o. canker. Mottled 1¢ appeared in v�g degrees. C. 'kybrids,......Nine cases of pink disease were observed during the year, and three trees Were Ia11e<f; by it. The _d!llerent hy brids. exhibited different degrees of reslatance to canker. Some of them were greatly affected,' (!t1ters were_ so in slight degfue

124

TWENTY-'.l'HIRD ANNUAL REPORT

only, while two of them were very iesistant·to canker. Mot tled leaf is affecting llearly all the varieties in varying degnes. Time of appearnnce of the diseaaes at Lamao.-Pink disease appears during the rainy seasQTI, barkrot and footrot during the latter part of the dry season, and canker and mottled leaf throughout the year. Remedial ineasi11·�s at Lamao.-In the-treatment of barkrot, ' the ca.rbolineum is .found better than the creoline treii.t\Ilent beCause the cut portions -0n the· former case Unite easily. It took two months to callus while in the ·creoUne·treil.tment it was much longer. Also in .the latter -treatment, ·the tree may be _sevejely affected that·it _ may die or- it will take time before 'the tree reeoven. In_ the lime su}phllr --spray for. tl,1.e control of

;'.��::e;1:�;:;::�e�riseet·Which attacked' ·.the citrus Jr!]'i�s: Is·� ¢rtain, f!r··:which- dep?sit _ her_ eggs in the . fr�t:ts an�.'.- 'fhen_ �'._eggs }l'al;c:hed the Ia� cause· the fruits _ _ .to;_f_all _ �fawn:·_. ' 1:'b-M&m�ial me rul?res 'app_Jied;_was s anitation; _ , f . .that:" i s. th_e · ·"°llecrtlon� ·an"tl';;¥M'ruc_tion ··o _fallen · fruits: '·: The : , _ Othe� ... il1Seaj;_..�V.emies·:are · the_·'meaIrf?ug, scale insect, and the _ _ _ _red ant black-ants which _make ·their. nest& on the twigs of the t�es,· Tlie destruction made by the mealy bug and scale insect is unnoticeable and therefore no remedial measure. Was applied. The _reme_dy app!ied'to _the ants was the-burning of th,eir nests with a torch; which is: very eff'eel;ive and economical .measure. _ _ _ _

:b;i;-

:rieighb�ri:i:ig J;J,t::�?!-, :��;;.! =�e.t!�w:}�a::��:�:: Plantittio:i:iS:

.ll'UREAU OF AGRtcUL'J;'URE

125

· lff;Ooulation of -barkrot to hiauh11 ·ma.naa1in w6es, at TaM.-1,fG'n.-A.n �ment was conducted to find out whether o� not b.a;rk,rot.was eont.a"g!mui b y inoculating the -healthy treeB with: 1. 8trlpaofhark:tt..uetakenfroman aetivelrarkr<>tdiaease, 2, StriJl,S_ofbark tween from the outside part at: the decayed zone of · the1na. a1fectedwitht.hdisease, :& The liqnedGXUding,fromBll aotivabaJ"krot. • 4,Suri"acescUtakentromthe,gr<111nduearatree.afl'ecteiiwlthbarkrot.

'l'he cuts made pr_evfoua to the inoculation .WBre: - disinfecled _ . With 5 per cent solution, of carbolic acid,. and thei mire all supposed to be strong and healthy portions of the trees. 'J,'he experiments have· sboWII in a deftnl.te manner the ·in f fectious character-o the. bai-Iirot.disease. The ftrst :inoeulation:, prooess has shown both positive arid negative results. The liquid "-.'C exuded b y the active barkrot, disease was shown to transmit readily, while tlie bark tissues ·taken from the outside of the affected bark and the soil from· the ground Dea! �n 'illfeeted tree ,�e incitpable of producing tlie dlgeaee. Remedial measurea at Ta�um.-Tb!! trees affected with bark rot we_re treated with earbolineoua, the trees _ were Pruned off and the trunks witewal!hed with Bordeaux mixture.. Aspbaltum Was used in dressing the · wounds. This material has proven better than the white lead in that it makes a good protective coating,' it is not mueh affected by the weather a1:1� it is ehellper. Vai'iety test of citrus at Ta114uan.-1I'he new mandarin orchard is at present planted to 4Sl budded plants,. 48 seedlings.. and Bl stock plants; and the variety t.est orchard to 8 specleB, 60 varieties, and 244 ti:e8B, A number of trees in the varist;y test orchard have blossomed during the year bllt Villafranca lemon, Pineapple orange, and ca.Iamondin are the only varieties that produced fruits. .Among the mandarin t�sea, the tree No. S17 gave the highest yield, B66 second, and· ES15 third. The yields were 545, 415, and 320 fruits, reapectively. The :followbig table gives the summary o:f all the eitrua plants under eultivation at the · station during the year as compared with those of 1922:

TABLIILXV

!\��.i........

126

TWBN1'Y-TH1RD ANNUAL REPORT

Storage of manilariii f?"uits at T.:r.naww.-It was determined in 1920 that it was possible to-store economically fruita o.f the mandarin orange in an under-ground storage chamber for 14 or 20 days, and after this time the loss was so great that storage would no longer be possible using the method employed as published in the Philippine Agricultural Review, Vol. 13, 1920, pp. 214-17. The, experiment referred to above was replicated this yea_r, the only difference is the USB of disinfectrints of 0.2 per cent formalin, 0.016 per cent copper sulphate, and 0.012, 0.025, and 0.05 per cent potass:ium permanganate; and ihe stor. age chamber was pro,•ided wi'l:h a cli.inmey- and a tight door for proper,ventilation.·, Immersion of fruits on the various dilJin. , ,Sectants was done in 3 and 5 'minutes, respectively, for each Jot . ,,, • &fr� The results show thut there was distinctly less decay of fruit in Jots treated with potassium permanganate soluti,on than in others. After six weeks of,stor11ge, the average loss of fruits in the lots disinfected witlf p�sium permnngana�e, was_ ?:5.3 per i:ent, in the formalin lots 33.1. per cent, in the Copper su]. phate Jots 34.3 per cent, While in the check Jot 33.7 per cent. After eleven W.eeks of storage, the lrits disinfected with potassium permanganate showed an avcrag� ]oi;s of 73.9 per cent, the formalin lots, 79.5. per cent, the copper sulphate lots 82.3 per cent, and check lots 80 per cent. A longe:,;- time may be possible to store the mandarin fruit.'! since S?me of the fruits after eleven weeks remained good. ,·The results. obtained as to the extent of decay in fruits Picked in the ordinary way and in those harvested with a clipper are the same with those obtaiJ:ted in 1920. Variety test at Lanwo.-The vat"iety test orchard reported last year has been extended from 6.97 to 8.41 hectai·e.s this year. Tho orchard is at present planted only to seven distinct varieties, namely: carabao, 303 plants; pico, 188 plants; pahutan, 158 plants; and 12 plants of four varieties of Indian mangoea. Fifty.two plants of misccl!aneous mango have also been trans. planted in this orcli.ard d"uring the year. Carabao and pico mangoes inarched 011 the different stocks, and set out during the year were included in the above figures. At present all plant� that are in condition for budding and grafting have a]. ready been budded and grafted. Generally the plants are making good growth.

(a)Ahalf\or>-wo,kc,tm,bolo.

LamaoE1<Pe"men!Slotion

_· ":_ .J&Om:.:th.�--l'eSl!Its..obfui�-� ._tl!ere·.fa.)injll1katkin: t1:-Jrt -m11ne<>. of matured leav�--aM. __ twi.gQ can :t,e_:-f�rced t_�_ ftower_ anr.time of _tlie year.· .Fr�l:taj�iar)i6_d�".78l0Ped·if �:;t.ill!l,;-d_o-_·n�'darnage the· I

-�O;e:��i:�t:11�ifu=:f�t�1�,��t�ngo

tiea_:,i>arti;iily:'lii-i#nti�Iy,.-.fus:J>eeii"iierfocin€d/dllri�g)Jie)�. New. spr<luts· _d_evelop_ed faster. in-�f Ia:tter_-j;bft,�'jn: �eJorm�; ·; In the-._case .·of ,_the . t_ree _:which__ -was -en�irely. -_tqp-Wl)rked ;-$ix. months - after _the ..o_P�_ati�,n -the - 1:1proµ�, call ei�- b_e bud_ded · ol" grafted -wll_ile.-i_n-'tlie .case -of__part\a,Ily-.,t op..wor�a- �l'W! . the·_ new sproµts · UJ! to the·l})resent. �II(e: __ ate :not; bu_ddl\b)i yet/whic� now about_ei��it.me:nths fr'om·-tlie the,tiin_e·of_ cutting the bran chea of the trees.- and· besid� there_ are very.. ��'\V sprouts ·that have·deveIOped.·· ·-.'.°:-· :·"'. .. · Viability tc�t at .La,m�---=:Moist·saw�dust, sand,· m?3s. a;11d charcoal- have .been _used,� the ,p_reservation o_f _mango,; seeds (husked): and that ,for -the _ air�tight containers, b-Ottle;i · were u� and bamboo-tubes for the open containers. Moist.cha�C6al .gave th� best results ili the.air-tig'bt co�tainers' Which is 40 per cennrermination:·after. 30 'days.· -· While in the ·open contrunel'.� ,moss ga'Ve the_ higheSt which· i.!!AO per cent after 80 days, an,d all the se. eds c\e<:ayed. after 68 days. Depth of pl&nting at La,mrro.-:..rt was found out that rillingo seeds planter} at a depth of one centiineter ga_ve 'a· higher per centage of - germination· and . germinated· earlier than. those plaii.ted deeper.

.is

·<

,:·.

128

TWENTJ;"THIRD A;,,/NUAL l!EPORT

· Fe1·tilizm· test on b'a;celsa. coffee at Lanwo.-There nro 10 plots containing three trees in each plot. The fertilizer was brOad· casted around the base of every.tree.in the plot on March 7, 1923 and heed afterwards. The following ta,b]e indi�ates the preliminary results of the experiment: - •r.o.BLE LXVI

Only one tree produced 6enie.si in Lot 3, two of each in Lots 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10. No definite' conclusion can.he drawn from the data presented abO\'e since the cofi'eo harvest corresponding to this year's crop is still in progress, and from which the fertilizers applied ma;'. l1ave direet etTeets, Propagation of coffee at Lamao.-The following table gives the comparative yields of each variety per hectare. TAJ)LF, LXVII

BUREAU OF AGRICULTUltE

129

Comparison cannot very well be established between the yields given in the above table since the tl:ees of the different varieties were plruitod at diffet:ont times. The average yield per tree·of the Excelsa coffee is 4.77 kilos berries; Liberian, 3.31 kilos; and Dybowskii, 0.05 kilo . .l).t·La Ca.1:/ota •..:.....From the old coffee tl·ees-27.99 kilos of cleaned seieds have been harvested ·already. Replantin!!; of the vacant hills was_ done, and_ the l;'anama-hat pahn field No. 2 has been interplanted with coffee planted i/1 the station covering an are2 of 4.57 hectares, Excelsa, 227; Abeooiuta, 134; Bukobensis, 14; and-.Liberfan, 237. Thc.l)lants·ar_e-in good condition. :· Viabilit-ij tast at Lamao.-T-he results obtained so far indicate that. moist charcoal, -rµoss, and sand are the good preservative materials for coffee seeds. The_- seeds preserved in dry stages · such as in.bottle, cloth 'bag, dry sand, and mo�s, empty can ar1_d' seed envelope only germinated during the first three months, while those seeds preserved in moist moss, charcoal, aJ1d sand gave 86, 46, and 50 per cent germination, respectively, after si:-:: months. Propagation, of cac&i at Lo:m1ao.-Thii:ty-seven plaJ1ts of a red variety of cac_ao received from the Singalong Propagation Station have been inte1'I)!anted -between the tropical_ troos during the year.• 1Ml'l'Cll0PS

l'arieDy test of sweet potatoes at Lanw;o.-The 1.928 culture is still in progress. The following table shows the results obtained from the different \'M"ieties included in the last year's planting but harvested during May and June ·of this yeal':

- ��-

'l'AHLE LXVIII

-�---- -

130

TWENTY-1'HIRD ANNUAL REPORT

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

131

The,tip euttings.generally yielded the highest ·except Case of the Chinese variety.- With this variety, middle gave the 'highest ·yield. Propagatlon Of BWeet potatoe$ at Lainao:-Du.ring the year an area of 0.192·heetn.re of ground have been planted to foill" of .the best.varieties of sweet ;potatoes at the station for distribu tioll.

132

TWENTYï¿½THJRD ANNUAL REPORT 'l.'ABLJ'l LXXII

134

'l'WBNTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPOR'r

'l'he five vii.rieties giving: the highest yields in the order of their enumeration are: Canton China, Â·Gabi No. 4, Semet, Tanay Gii.)ii,andLeyteWhite,

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

135

186

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL �FORT

PreirBN1ation Ot fom((,to(l,8 � L((,mao.--Thls experiment .was J;iegull on May 21, 1928. Ripe and matured fruits of native tomato Were med in thiEI experiment. They were divided into six portions, each portion consis,ang of matured and ripe fruits, Placed in ah-.tight jars. They were subjected under the follow ing conditions: l.Withoutau'ypreservativemat:e"rlalinbottle. 2. ln·aoetfu acid solution of about l per cent strong. B.Inlayersrdualt. 4.Inl�ofair-alakedUIII&. 6". In �ugu solution (sweet to the "lute). 8,·Witli,aut anypreeenratlye �ter.ial but boiled foi: 10 :minutea 1n water •: be:f<,re·� ·: .. • , .�he,:frnit�.-�d�:conilition 2·reJi;!�ed iooa"-U� to' Deeembe� 1

�

�t:r };;l1:;t:�4 �J:: t��v=r��: ..;

d��i��

for seed ·,':,·. 1 ;, :· ptirpO�. ''Saven thouaand eight hundred twenty-four {7,824) · Bqnare meters of ground were planted to eggplant, squash, upo, patola, watermelon, an4 �pis d_uri.ng the year. hopa.gatwn·and. alilectl.tnz; of pole beam at Lamao.-Eight varieties -of pole beans are under trial, ·covering an area of· 5,;'��-� sqtlare meters of ground. Bancma.-A;verage number of suckei·s prodneed per bill8109 Klum wns first with' 12 suekers; 9159 :aoraeho and 8100 T�rnate, seeo_M wlth,9 each; 8148 Dool, 8129 Num Keep Dum, and 8110 Chuoi Hot, third with 8 each; Toybol and 8 121 Chuoi La, fourth with 7; 8167 Klang Paya SRO, 81 50 Ideep, 8175 Rodoc Calm, Nos. 7 and 9 unidentified. fifth with 6; and No. 10 unidentified, 8086 Allsang, 8092 Liparot, New G:uinea Sugar, 81 58 Dkum, 8180 Gapis, 81 66 Musal Nanka, and 8173 Susu Petri, seventh with Ii auckers each. The ,.other varieties pro duce!l from 1 to 4 suckers du.ring the year. P1'0pagation of papaya, at Lamao.-As In the pravious ye!ll'II only the g()od varieties or &trains of papaya were planted for

BUREAU 01' AGRICULTURE

137

It; must be understood that nearly all the bearing tl:ees of papaya are still producing marketable fruits. F'rom the yield obtained so far lfowaiian papaya produced from 28 to 108, P-ointed from 35 to 74, and Round Solo -from 68- to 79 fn1its. As to the average produeion per tree, Round Sok, papaya w·a3 first with 73 fruitR; Hnvaiian, second with 67 fruits; and Pointed third, With 55 frui1.s. As to yield per hectare basing on the average produetion and a spaeing of 3 x 3 meters apa1·t, and exeluding the males pro duced, Round Solo gave'a production of 81,103 fruits; Hawaiian, 74,437 fruits; and Pointed, 61,105 fruits Pel' year. Effect of s1m!i,qht on the genni1wtfo11 of papaya seeds at Lanwo.-The result of this experiment may be stated as foJ.lows: The vitality of papaya seeds is. destroyed by an excessive sun light while seeds placed under the shade lay dormant for a long time. A limited a:nount of sunlight is, therefore, fo1• the germinal.ion of papaya seeds. • E:r;tnwtfon of pa.pain J1·om fl'uits of Haiooiia;1 papaya Lamao.-The latex of the frui1.1 in each tree were ex'.:raoted at different times so to determine the best time of icxt1·aci-ion, and the amount of Dfl.pain obtainable from an individual frui;;. The results-obtained in lhis expGl'iment are given in the follow ing table:

138

TWEN:TY-'!HlRD ANNUAL REPORT

BUREAU. OF. AGRICULTURE

139

crop. Segregation was - done by planting the crowns, slips or suckers produced-by the late ll1aturing plants. Comparative 11fold$ of rima at Lam-110.-There are 64 rima ,' _t_rees_nfafotain\ld at the _station but' only 13 trees are bearing at pi:e�eht. ·_The_. f9lJ0Wing· l:able gives the yield of the individual trees during, the _year· (twice bea1:ing) : _

BUREAU.:OF AGRICULTURE

141

The work .at Bontoe' consists principally of the acclimatiza� ti on. test of'semi�tempe#te fruit plaiits, and the· ti:ials. of several 'io'.vland···fruits···l�e the mango, arumnaceoUS,- ete; .At this stati_on. the soil, ·wheie the,_arelimatfa:ation plots were located is rather-stony-and.poor. Attempt has beiln made to-_:fertilize the: _trees with ni.aimre· ;it the rate of 4,0oo kilos p,ar hect are: By:tbe' use of this fertiliZef the trees· generally became h"ealthy alld'wjth,_vig:ornnsgrovtth... ·.. . ' . Several pests and diseases were found to attack the·fl·uit trees Bontoc. !he.:in�st-dnngerOuspCst is a· c¢aln: b"ectle: wJiich attacked :th_e .. �pples, Jnangoes,. ll.lld other fruit trc_ii. seedlings. The .beetJ.es are__ doing a coJlSiderable damag_e to the fruit trees s un e �:a!:i\�:/�:�J�:;!1�·�!�!: _ _;;iie �\:::�: ;: :ia :!�:;1!�� lJY ,a._'�hi�_,and :;:-ello.wi�h jl.uid.cbtning _out from the:affectfJd bark. mpion·,P-1.ace·-Of attaclds at t)l_e base of.the-trunk and large Jlb: QTllER:1ron.Tmucion.U.·Ac'IIYI'l'!ES

JiJ:1;ploration wofks.�Tw,o new types of mangoes have been folllld'_ iJ;i ,Buhwan. · .,-One ii{kiiown locally as "kahayo,'-' and is long..•md-' s]ender _yr.it)l .a ro�gh ..surface and very sweet._ ·..The l , 0 a t ��:��; �� e":e s� �;::��:e�:��.�f �\::f t_he ord_in�n-· pico. .. Many:_ .mango trc.os .. have been locil.ted Which have a high i:e putation locally for productivity and general excellence.. Several mfindarlri, orange, an!l purnmeUo trees reputed to be.ar su:pericir fi-uits have 'also been located. . A Spontan€0us Citrus hybrid o:f e;;:ceptionally vigorous growth locally )rnDwn .as sigara has be'cn discovered in Batangas and is being.propagated as of possible value as a stock for other citrus fruits. Goiiperative trwJ, tests.-A coOperatirve ,,ai·iety ,fruit orchard has· been started in Calriuang, Laguna, which wHI include a considerable number ,of durians a'nd marangs. Besides this a coiiperative trial planting, cspecfolly of the introduced .varieties of citrus, coffee, and miscellaneous frnit trees, has been started on the various fruit-producing provinces. The following table indicates the progress of this work;

·:a��::.11:J:

'r\,VEN1'Y-TH1RD' ANNUAL REPORT

TWENTf-THIIID ANNUAL REPORT TAB.LE LXXXIV.--f'll.,iento11{ of Beed mul plant mat,i� ,on lilU!d DDl>l11111STBl,lfl98

The :&:rllowing recommendations are eubmitte:d :

c .bys��!��;.. :·, :.:: ,�=, � � e f:'�!:i ;,e;; the·:Oood� .. "'. e

eri

2,Tbeconstru ctiOnofeoncretedika'oncertain phOBaalong tbebanke af tbe Lamao B\ve:,: :witbln "tba ·Lamao E:rpertmont St ation. ap,SJStel:a: at Lamao IIS alraady

�::!:'u: �\�::�: ..lf'!J� 4, 'J,'he COI1.iltruetion.of&canereteai,:,ragechamberfor fruitl,:raotcrop11,

etc. at the.Lamao EXJ1er:llllellt Ste.tio;,., Lamao, Bo;ta.n.n. 5. The trll�BZ" of buildi11gsfr6m theDamma.o Tobacco Station.at Dam· mao, G!llllll;, Isa�al:11 to f:be ptoposed new site at Ilaran, Liabul a, 6•.The transforof the- P_i kit.:i"obaeeo, Stntlcn at Pilrlt, Cotabato, to a · nuw·_slte at Dolawan,C otabato. .. · . ·'1.'Theestablli!h,mentof twolow�d rlce subata.tions,one inp0totHJt, , I!oilo and on� in tho Bicol region. 8. Th:e establiibment af an upland rice subatotfon either in Batangu� or C.rito. 9, The increase In P<ll.'SOODel doinll' lleld illvestigational and rese&rch " ·. work, 10.Thestondanlizationoflllllariesof tm,.techn�force.

146

TWENTY-TI-IIfID ANNUAL REPORT

The condition as to the mutual coii,peration between the divi sion of Plant Industi-y and Agricultural Extension and this di vision. is now ,properly defined. 'l'hc Plant Industry Division wa,; furnished with tho necessary .personnel to control. plant pests and diseases in the experimental stations. Periodical in spections arc made for diseases and pests. This was carried out in the experimental stations at AJab8.ng, Lamao, Slngalong, a11.d La Carlota. · This division a!So furnishe'd the necessarY in structions and the Agricultural. Extension Division furnishes the men to co1:iperate· with the work in the field such _as control . mea·sures and survey work.

ACTIVITIES

The activities· of this division for the year 1923 werQ confined in the following: •

.Although the locust infestation of 1923 was not as severe as in the year 1922, yet this year Wllll characterized by the breaking out of numerous other pests and. diseases prominent among which were the rice stem borer, whjch infested most of the

llUREAU OF AGUICULTUREl

147

rice plantations of Laguna, Bulacan, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and Pangasinan; rice diseases ·of Laguna and Cavite; the root grubs on.sugarcane in the Provinces of Batangas, the rice. bug (:,:ltangia) of LR Union, the white gr'ub feOOing on miscellaneous plants around Manila and vicinities; diseases of citrus in .the province of Bulddnon, the banana wilt of Laguna, the. fruit fly of Bataan, the small moth borer of sugar caries of Laguna and Pampanga, etc. Genernlly the neceSEary investi gations were made, and control measures given oi.' l"ecommcnded. The l�ust infestation during the yeax started _with 70 fowp.s infested on January 1, 1923, and endetl on December.31, 1923, with 51-towns infested ' · The allotments made by this Bui:ean to the different prov inces. from the "Contributions and gratuities" as aids amounted to ?27,350. There i"s, however, a healthy balance left in. ·the provinces for the coming ycar;totalling '!"46,065.38. The great amount of this fund, however, W!l.l! acquired by the collection of the redemption of gratuitous work as required by section 15 of the Locust Law In enforcing the Locust Act and waging campaign for the extermination of locusts, th6 co!'.iperation of the Arm;• was made. poasible through the intermediatimi.'. of His Excellency, the Gov ernor-General. The experime11ts of 'the Chemical .Wm: ·s.ervice in the ex-termination of locusts by the uso of pOisonous gases.has so far not given conclusive results. 'rite aviation corps also de tailed personnel and started expedments in killing locusts by dusting with calcium arsem1.te from an airplane assisted by one of our inspectors. The experiment wai; very successful. A request for the special detail of an officer who ha's perfected a hoppel' dosser has been made from the military authorities to explore the hiils of Mindoro for breeding areas and dusting them with calcium arsenate provided by the Bureau of Agri culture. The military posts were ordered to coOperate with the Bureau of Agriculture in Iocu�t control work. All available forces have been orde1·ed to suppress the locust infesl�iion in the reserva tions of Camps McKinley and Stotsenburg. The infelltation this year was not as bad as the pre,'1ous year, the damage caused by the locusts amounted to only about one half that in 1922. The rat extermination campaign this year Was carried on in the municipality of Coron, Palawan, and some towns of Pam panga by om· inspectors who took with them a big supply of white arsenic which was distributed gruti� and with it, instrnc-

148

'l'WENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

tio�s of how to combat ihis pest translated into the dialect spoken in Pala.wan. In other cases, instructions on: l y were sent to individual farmers, due to the Jack of inspectors. Abaca diseases were given preferential attention du:l'ing the latter part- of ihe year to prevent the spread and to control the two serious known diseases, the bunchy top and heartrot. Two inspectors we.re detailed exclusiv1:ly for survey work, and com munications with instructions and qucstionaires were sent to provinciai a'nd municipal omcials, teachers, rangers, and Constab ulary of!icers, to ascertain the areas affected. Quarantine orders as weli as instr.uction fo'r control measures were sent to those officials also Y;ith the· request �hat they· coOperate in· ordei• to minimize the difnger of the sprea-d of the diseases. - It was, however, thought better to study the diseases-before any reco:li1mendi.tion for'action· necesSitating exp6Ilditur1'!S_ be submitted. Woi·k on coconut <liseases was almost. at a standstill- due to luck -of personnel .to ca.mi: :the: ca_in?aign. ag1_1Jnst th�- _d_iseases _ _ _ _ know;l'as. "bud;tot;'C _.__ Elforts: i,yill,c libwevef; tie' made - to carry· on.-the.necessary:campaign·eariy in 1924 as even. new plantfl _tiOns i:i'i:th.e'Pl'ovinccs of Laguna, Tayabas, Cavite, and Batallgas ru; wen ·a:s _iri the bound:lry of the Calamba Sugar Estate planta tions were found to be so badly infected with bud-rot. 'l'he Plant Inspection Se:!.•i,ice is constantly growing. There were 682,.334 horticultural parcels inspected during 1923-ex ceE!ding that of 1922 by 112,858. To enforce the administrative orders recently dmfted which will take effect early in 1924, new buildings and equipment at Poi-t Area; Manila, and in -the rpm-ls ,o.f entry as well as the services of competent plant inspectors are reg_uired T'nis·Office was able to secure the perroissioh of the city au thorities_ for the use of about threc-hectares··of ]and belonging to the City o[ Manila for its faolation or quarantine stations and for plots where the studies of plant diseases a$ to be carried on. Intet·provincial quarantine on abaca and banaT!as froill known diseases infoded regions have · been in force, prohibiting the movement of abaca _seedlings or pa1ts thereof from infected towns of Cavite1 Laguna, Davao, and Zamboanga to other local ities. More and more abaca towns are reported to be infected with the diseases. Most likely, the diseases·are pi-esent in all regions especially where abaca haa been grown for a long while. The interprovincial quarantine on sugar due to the Fiji di Realle in th(! Provinces of Batangas, Laguna, Parnpanga, Larnao of Bataan· and San Jose of Mindoro, was lifted due to the fact

BUREAU OF AGRIUULTURE

149

that the disease has been folt.Ild, after a thorough survey, to be present in all principal sugar-producing regions. Insect eolleotion.-A great deal of attention is being pitid to the collection and preservation of life .history materials, espe cially of insects of economic importance for such matel'ials, be sides being of great 'l'alue to our pernonnel in the proper study of important plant 'pests, ure also of value for. the purpose of exhibition with the 'object of educating the 'public in our ento mological wOrk.. :More and more of 11uch materials are being 1:1-ounted in Ricker mounts. Insect pests attended to rlwri.11(1 the yem·.-llfallgo fruit fly (Da l)Us fei�ugineo·us). This insect attracted quite a deal of atten tion on account of the harm: it did to mangos especially in the Lama-0 orchards of this Bureau. Two men were detailed for the purpose of studying arid controlling the pest. Some impoli ant data were obtained on tho life history and methods of control found not only for this fly but also for ano�her rn!ated fly (Da cus sp,) which has been causing great damage to citrus and other fruits at the station. Rice pests.-Among the insects which caused a great deal of damage· during the year to rice is the stem borer (SchoenoUius incertellus). Because of this insect in the towns of Arayat and Santa Ana, Province of Pimpang'a, a lm:ge amount of the rice crop this year was lost. Statements from various sources in dicated that the infestation by this insect was quite general in the Province of Pam}langa. 'l'his pest was also reported as being serious in the Provinces of La�'!lna, Rizal, Cavite, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija. Another rice pests which have been reported dudng the year are the rice case worm (Nmnph11la depunetn.J,is) r the rice leaf folder (Gnaphalocrosis '!Jiediwilis), the cut-worms (P1·odenia iitura and Spodoptera maui·itia.), and the rice bug or "atangia" (Leptocotisa ac1ita). Cases were investigated by our technical assistants in the Ento:rpology Section in compliance with the calls of farmers as well as provincial and municipal officials, field and laboratory employees were detailed to make trips to those provinces, to secure important data and recommend control measures. Of all the rice pests mentioned here, the stem borer did the most damage especially in the Province of La Union. This peats was especially destructive to late rice. S11va1·.cane Pests.-White grubs did much damage in certain sugar ]llantations in this country during tho year especially in

150

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

the Province of Batangas. Last October, our entomologist, was detailed to go to Balayau, Batangas, in response to a request from a prominent planter in that locality: 'L'he grubs in ques tion <lestroyed sugar cane by feeding on the roots, causing the Plant to wilt. It was found th;it as many as 40,000 grubs were present in a hectare of badly infosted field. In a land that was being prepared for planting, as many as 14,000 g1;ubs were present. Inasmuch as the application ·of chemicals is an expen" sive method for the control of this pest, the collection of the grubs while the land is being prep[ll'ed for sugpr cane was emphasized, in orde:t· to reduce the number of adults that will develop and infest sugar can·e. A P.aper on white "grubs has . been prnpared and copies sent to individuals requesti11g informatio11 about this insect. In view Of its import.ance as ·a pest,·. �he insect is being' studied at the ii;iS&tary, ·as this pest �oes not eonli.11e its damage on,sugar cane alone but to many other economic plants as well. At 'the Sin"g-along Propagating and Seed ·Testing Staiiort, white grubs have killed 50 per cent fully of mango seedliniis.. Dig ging· out the grubs il.nd the injection of about 6 c. c. of carbon bisulphide near the base of ea"eh .inango seedling proved effective niethods of control. These grubs have also attacked the roots of Hawaiian pineapples quarantined for disease observation. .Moth borei· of canes.-On or about _Miirch of 1923, a serious outbreak of a _small moth borer ou canes at, Canlubang Sugar EState was reported to this Office through the entomologist of the Bureau of Science. Inspectors were sent to investigate the (lituation. It was foull.d that the infestation extended almost all over the estate and the damage done in certain field� in tho Central and Santa Rosa districts of the estate was close to 25 per cell.t of the growing stalks. This insect was identified as Grapholitha, s·chfatacerma, Snellen, or thi; "Gray bore:t-'' of sugar cane. It is also present "in Java Und is' also considered there as an destruction pest of sugar c.-'me. According to the information from the manager of the estate and the field foremen, this pest was noticed some years before but they did not pay much attention as the damage done was negligible. They claim that the seeds introduced from Pam pang!l. brought a number ·of this boi·er. In order to ascertain the validity of this claim, a plant inspeetor, was sent to Pam panga in May, 1928. He inspected many sugar-eane fields in many barrios of San Fernando and in the town itself. He also inspe_cted fields in the barrio. of Del Carmen of the municipality of Floriclablanca. It was reported that in the barrioB- of San

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151

Fernando, only a.fow p\anh showing signs of infestation similar to that in Canlubang, Laguna, ·were found. He was able to col· 1ect only two larvae but failed to rear any adult. In San Fer nando and Cannen he saw cases of infestation but the larvae wern different from those infesting sugar cane 'at .Canlubang. Whether or not the insect i,i present in Pampanga which is claimed as being the source of infestation at Canlubang, is still an open question. Othm· sugar-cane Pests.-The sugar-cane wooly aphids (Orea mes lenigera) was reported in several places in the Philippines including Negros. At the Harrison Park, Manila, tl1is insect caused quite a large amount of damage to sugar cane. Our entomologis'I; has found that spraying with ordinary soft, yellow Chinese soap at the rate of 1 kilo to 50 liters of water was very effccth'c in killing the aphids with.on� auy inju1'),' to the sngar cane. Weevils of the genus Rhabdocrwmis were by one of our field inspectors damaging sugar cai1e at Ambos Camarines. White ants.-The extermination of white ants which were doing considerable damage to the nurseries was ,i.ffected by the use of araenical and sulphur mixtures. Ca'rb.on bisulphide was also applied advantageously. Jl:fis()IJ/!aneoi1$ pcsts.-Complaints were nceived froffi various municipalities in differen� p1·ovinces regarding the damage done by insects not only to such of om· staple crops as. rice, suirar cane, but also to coconut, ubaca,_ cacao, coffee, etc., as w1;ll as garden and ornamental plants. Beekeepinu.-In certain countries in the Tropics such as Mexico of the Central Amti"t'ican countries, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Guam, beekfeping has been praeticed with a certain degree of success. In the Philippines, this branch of Agriculture is as yet i n a experimental stage. With the object of starting beekeeping in the Philippines, on a much larger scale, :Mr. Leo Hannegan, an American, with pmc tica\ experience in the business made a n e[ort at his own ex pense to obtain a fairly large number of colonies of Italian bees from the Hawaiillll, Islancls but due to lack of space in Trans Pacific liners he succeeded in shipping only a small number to the Philippines. This Office .helped Mr. Hami.egan in ev_ci·y way possible to take care of th1; bees he sent ahead from Hawaii. On June 29, 1923, twelve colonies in modern hives were received, from Mr. Hanne�an and these were placed .at Singalong Experi ment Station in chai·ge of Mr. Otanes. "When the hives were

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TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

opened it was found that more than three-fourths of the bees in each hive were dead due, no doubt, to the Jack of care while in transit. In September 1923, Mr. Hannegan arrived in Manila. with four colonies of bees, but a larger number of them died too. He started to try to establish this business by himself. He took away all the bees from Singalong to San Pablo. Later he sought Government aid by offering his services in the form of partnership, afterward as employee. HOwever, for reasons un known to us, Mr, Hannegan decided to abandon his plan and left the Philippines after a few weeks' stay. The bees he left-four colonies and al! the equipment-were sold ·to this Office at far below cost. The bees are now being taken care of at Singalong under the supervision of the ento mologist. The colonies are too weak, however, to give promise of success in increasing them. In addition, to these coloniea of Italian bees, a colony of one of the local-bees .(Aj;is indica,) .is also being take11 care o-": _ Th\1se bees _y,ere·found_ by Mr. Otan,es b�ildi_ng their combJn. a-petro leum box at S,ingalong, and were transferred·to a modern hive. In .view· of ,our limited personnel whose services are more grea\h' needed in pests eon_trol work and bwause of tlie lack of appropriation, the development of beekeeping in the fhilip-_ pines.by_this Bureau cannot _be given the' attention ·it �eserves. lnspectfon and idim-tification .of sp('eimetWJ.-1"'hen there are big ·_s_hipments of plant materials from other countries, the per sonnel- of this section (Pest Control) has been ordered by the undersigned to help in the inspection work at Port Area. Sp&!.imeus of interceptmi pests were forwarded to Lhe Ento mologist Section for identification and specimens of pests for identification and advice were received from all over the prov inces. Whenever needed, instructions for control measures are given :personna.lly by local inspectors under the <lirootion of the in charge of the section. Otherwise Jotters are answered and occasionally a small quantity. of insecticides or poison are given free of charge, Rat exter·mination.-Supervision of the work and the actual extermination of rat has been done by this Office in some munic ipalities of Pampan1;a and in the barrios of the town of Coron, Palawan, where the l'ah and field mice did considerable damage. Many reports and requests for adviee and help were received. Two plant inspectors of this Office, held meetings, instructed and distributed to people instl'uctious and white arsenic gratis. The

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instructions for rat control were Cranslated into Pampango and Cuyono. There were good-results from the campaigns as Â·was proved by the actual saving of the crops threatened by this pest. MISCELLANEOUS WORK

154

TWENTY-THIRl) ANNUAL REPORT

should be -provided because without them this work can not be carried on. Worlc performed.-Duting the year, 634 vessels from foreign countries arrived at the ports of Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, and Zam boanga. These vessels were boarded and carefully inspected for any incoming plant materials. Of this total number of vessels, 471 stopped in Manila, 96 at Zamboanga; 33 at Cebu, and 34 at Ilai!o. The port- o! Manila is the busiest of all the stations as the greatest amount of plant materials were received here, while Zamboanga ranks as second. On these vessels, 679,440 horti cultural parcels arrived, and the same were inspected in the fom· quarantine_stations. The distribution of these importations as inspected by the diITerent quarantine stations were: Manila, 545,528 parcels; Zamboanga; 129,338 parcels; Cebu 3,211 par cels, and .lloilo, · 1,363 parcels. The great bulk of these plant I11alerials consisted oi fruit and vegetables for provincial and local <;onsumption in the different ports of entry. 'l'he 'Parcels received and inspei',ted_ in th'e·post offices·consisted mostly of seeds, cuttings, and bud ITTicks•. These were C[l.reful].v examined in the Plant Pathology Laborator;,• SP.ecially whenever symptoms of diseases were found, In cases o.E the presence of pests, the material was referred to the. entomologist. There were alw a number of these stocks which had to be planted under observa tion in. the isolation grounds at Harri�on Park, to determine the presence of diseases and ·pests, and the same were released or destroyed ·depending upon the result of the test. Besides the above mentioned classes of plant material, different kinds of ornamental plants, consisting of chrysanthemums, dahlias, Chi nese water lilies, dwarfed cifa:us and manJ' other flowering plimts from China and Japan were frequentlv received with soil. Dis infection of the soil was always performed. At present, there are 416 parcels which include rice and sugar cane awaiting final action. Some of these are planted in Harrison Park, while the others are in the blinds of ths consignees for isolation. Disposal of matei-ials and /tvmigatim......:A great quantity of plant materials were fumigated this year. Of the total 679,440 parcels' inspected, 659,268 parcels were certified as free, 6,900 parcels were fumigated and Jmrlly disinfected, because of in jurious insects, while 9,113 rparCBls were pa1tly destroyed by fire on account of the presence o:f citrus scab (Cladosparinm dt·1·i) black spots, (Phom(!, citrica,rpa), and other diseases that have never been reported in this country, as well as those that are known hen� but not as yet widely .prevalent. Some of

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the most iillportant interceptions,: however, were the 2,446 par cels returned to s�pp·ers,. and 1,713-'parcels which were seized and destroyed by fire as they were :i.'mo11g · -prohibited mate rials governed.by special (!ilarantine orders. - ln-.th€! ciourse of insp�ction, importation of these important crops; like rke (Oryza sativa,) sugar:·i:i_ane (S1w_charum ·ojfwinarum),. coconut (GocOs nucifera), tobacco _seeds (Nicotu:/n.a tabacc1,1.m) from foreign count�ies and prohibited frl}its such as ap_ples iin�.grapes from Hawa.1i and Spain were frequently seized by the plmit quarantine inspectors; . These frequent _seizures ·of Contraband,. ·m.ateri_als ahow_.the.importance of .tJ!is wol'k, \vithout which important.di� seases and .pests �vould be. imported mto_ the country and would no doubt add to the many. enemies of c.rops which .are alrea_dy found in the .Philip:t)ines. _ . . ·.. Seizure.of , diseased inaferials' of 'ol'aD.geS.from Chi_na and -Japan wa_s don� at times, because it was the only way to minimize the pos.sibility o_f intr,odlJcing. diseases oflhese fruits." _The'-principal diseases found on these -fruits-were citrus .scab, canker, phoma spots, and melan_ose.- These diseases are·destructive to the citrus industry,"as have been the.c..-.::perience of oth� countries. While the Philippines iS stlll- free from thcs·c :inaladies, with the !!xcep ticin of the canker, it i1i'a wise pOlicy to haV,e rigOrol!S restriction agains.t the introduction of. these fruit:,. To this end,. a ·recom mencjation t? prohibit the �ntry of all the fruits attacked by _these_ diseases was submitted. This :is the only method to safely protect the country frOm the introduction· of these diseases. The present practice·o:t: seizing diseased materials is not very effective as· spores of fungi and other organisms cannot be seen on f:ru_its that may appear sound. Im;piwUon of .di.a-going materials.-The inspection of out going mater_ials int€nded for exportation to other countries was also vE!rfonncd in the different stations. During the year, 2,478 horticultural parcels mostly comisting of seeds, cuttings, root stock, and ornamental plants, were inspected. Of this number, 1,.317 parcels were certified in Manila an'd the"rest in Cebu and Zamboanga; More than half of these were fumigated before certification, while 'only 399 parcels were certified without treat ment. Disease/J and: 11ests intiwcepted.-During the year many plant diseases and l)esIB were intercepted in the port of Manila. Many • .of thelle, have been knovin in the Philippines._ · Among the most important of the diseases are the .citrus scab (Claclospai'ium ciiri) black spot of orangos (Phom.a citriCM'1)a), melanose.afao

• 156

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

causing stem rot (P/wmop8is-citri), (Alternai'ia bean seeds, black rot (Spluw·1·01w1na fimbriatum} on potatoes and many others. Among the pests that were intercepted during the year were a weevil (Bruchus tentis) ·on lentils from Spain, black parla toria (Parlatvria sp.) on oranges from China, the sweet pota toes weevil (CyUJ.8 formicaiius) scale insect (Chiona�i� sp.) on pears _from China, Florida red scale (Ch1·ysomphalUB soni di1im) on Chinese oranges from China. Many of these diseases and pests have been often intercepted by· the plant inspecto_rs. The foregoing will show very cl�rly that :foreign inspection aud certiftCation of .plant material callnot be well relied upon. During· _the enforcement of the Plant Quarantine Act, the- r_e.. inspection has given Plant Q\la�antine Boa!,'d here _a fairly jus_t . aJ!PrtJClatfon of .the -continuing· risk with the entry or" s1.1ch insp_yded ,and_.certified .plants in the.countries of qr-igin._ Again,

the.

··tt;�:tJ� :!�t\.ra��\i:� !'::/i1:;r:st:a:;:�i�·-te :� troductiOn of km:1:wn diseases was_rcduced to a minimi;im. _ - · �ny o_r- these intercepted d!'seases are .not_·now known to ·be e_stablished:· anywhere ·in these Islands, and numbers of them, i! established, would become important farm, garden or forest diseases. Ho-Wever, undsn· the present ,systei:n,.inspection is very often fl safeguard of little impo_rtanco since many of tho diseases are not discoverable by mere inspection or mny develop to a visible-stage· after a period of months or even years after lhe plants have been i.pmorted. 0

LOCUST INFESTATION

The serious infestation at the beginlling of the yea1• has bem:t ecoJ1omiCAll�- eontroll_ed by means of practical scientific methods. The readoption of ordinary soap solutioll spray a fter ti thorough study of the habit of the. locu_sts has been very successful. In the past, chemical method -of control was tried but it was re garded ineffective. This work was resumed since 1922. Aft.er . several triala of the use of arsenical compounds of different form alld after a thorough scientiDc study of tho habit of the . locust in tho field, it has heen proved that chemkal control is practical and economical. Several insecticides were tested such as kerosene and crude oil emulsions, red pepper solution, sodium arsenic solution (for�ea by combining white arsenic and sodium hydroxide ) resin�catrntic soda solution and ordinary Chinese yellow laundry soft soap. The two last solutions were found to be deadly to

,7Q;to�i��ii��.;

o:i:t;1t:�%:=

·�·Sprzj,Ulg"ruid "_dti�ti_ng lri_ethO<i.Wer��=:. /'\Y�-re11,1c�� adl\B1ly �:_12 Provin�s_ and.51 t<iwlls.; • ;I _ n, J):lB;llY - caSfJB, -_�he: hoj)pers_,do':notdive - over 15 : days •due . to . '\spraying ,aii.d dufting)n _ .the___place·:�here:·tl\er hatched:.: W _ hfl.e not·only _able .to live_ ,moch._'loiigoo; but � ,the c p,a,st,· �ey.we� _ ;many swa�s., of' hoppers Pe_coJlle -�iers;: .. · . · ·. _ :_, _·, · Due . to:: llmi_te4 :fu)!-dS,_the · _ B1,1reau. vi:as not able t_o send. ·expe dition --pa�es ..t.o_ unpopulated_ C(/gon--areas wh!U'e th,e. loousts usu_ally deV_elop into fliers .at1:d infest the __ populated ay_ ea._ The difficutly_o� cal'ryi� .Out the. provisions of th 1:1:_1ioeust·.Act in the _ unpopulated gra.ss _lands of this eountry_.is _ the .·(iirect failure to ,ext_erminate the loc{!st· completely. At least a consi�erabte'.percentage,_of,the·original s\Varms of lo_custs·tli.at _infest.t_he.culti�t!3d ai;eas·.have'their origin or_ at least· develop· into Iargey swa.nns in tl].e- .interior - of Jaabela, Nueva Vizcaya,.,Mindo1'o, Camarines, Masbate, Leyte, BulddnOn, Cota�ato, and other sparsely -seytled provinces, seores .of miles away fromjn�Wt� places._ We .frequently learn of the exist.. ence o_f:isolated swarms from Constabulary patrols, hunters, lumber llleii, et' al. In the interior, great di.stances away from the -Populated areas, it is usually some_ months-from about

TWENTY-'l'BIRD·ANNUAL·�ORT

158

, March :to�::May�efure· they: reach the cultiV'atecl. areas .and Bu'.d.den,J.f _becriille·a,serlou.s menace� ·the farmers begin to realize

- ;·t11;z:�;!::��::::�=�::mpulsory service under all- eo�tions, 8ufflcient·peo_ple··coul4 not-ba. l\llsembled p1:�an.Y such Places, and it wo!11d, be very_ �air;to �eP... the few people , tbm: VfQr)tjng -�. exteihµnate tb,e p�st: when -��r �milie� ,re lik�_:to.starve, i..f'they are.not Provi� fo�. ,T!J.e ·fact. is i:hat"/undei;Jhe J;!re&ellt systjlm, �be loe1:1st f.\ghters was� abo�t. . ·oo'fa,Qf·tbe �m� travelli� back and forth ootw een theti:, homes · ' ' and the uninh9:bif:e!1 regions'.

'that the !_nfeeta.tion generaily '1i�g\ns ·in a_ tsw: provill.ce(9::�

tim�.:=� =�=i� ::r:�:;��,�n;�p;�tJ;::· r

' gio!UI, it woµ.ld be :i:i��ssary to, hire'body,:crf·men; �r�e,t� . into seoutlng parties-_to locate and �nitei,��m, right, �n

::ro=!�M:;8;{=!11:; !:e=�te·:n��. :�'Z -

purchasing equipment and materials. Wl:L'lllUHl'INTS mm TIii USE CiF .ASPRY)W.TING GASl'lS FOK ll:ll,l,lNG ORASSBOl'PlilllB Wl'J'B THCOIKIPERA'l'ION 01' THCU. &. AIIMY Several tripa during tjle year were made by Capt.sin Walton into the fte1d for th8 purpose of experimenting with various kinds of gases available. During the year, the one ton of chlorine and 200 pounds of chlorpicrin reqnested by this Offics frm;n the Fsdsral Govern ment arrived. They were used in the fie ld so as to compare the results with tbose obtain ed in laboratory experiments carried on during the year before. Judging from the reports received from Capl:ain Walton that while the gases are :fatal to the locusts yet the application in general wa:y cannot be considered practical due to the cost and danger of the application to ·other anirii.al and plant life. The ingredients experimented with, so far are the following: Chlo rine, ehlorpierin, arsenical fumes, carbon bisulphide, and diphe-

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·nylamnieehalo rID"sine. Captain Walton was relieved by Lle11tenant Jennings, a recent arrival from the United 'States, who is eipeeted to C!Olltinue the investigat:ional work along this line. oOilPJCRA'l'tOW Oll T.IIE � s:EtmClll, o. s. AIWT The success obtained bY the UBe of airylane 1n dusting against the cotton-boll weevil · in .the United Sf;ates"" suggested the idea of usil.)g them to dusf; locusts in the isolated rogiooa. Arrange ment'! were made to �ave the Army Air Service COOpera� Mr. Fabian 0, Bugarin, 0 who ia 11, graduate air pilot, waB detailed to Camp. Nichols to collperii.te with Lieutenant Weddi�n ill the. prepa.l'ation of a hopper. As the Army.planes enilrely too r

are

:O� �� ::;::i,� :� fo!?:;;:t!t:�!��°!: Airplline "Co., one of the J N 4 -D pb.nes, fixed it BIid fttted with a hopper. Jilx-Periments in .dusting 'were lllade by the u·se 'of common· lime. Thia Pl�ne Y,8!1_ a�Yj'llld shipped .to Min\lo.ro, Mr. Bugarin also was sent to San loali witJi highly aiicces!!ful results. Lieutenant Harry Weddington, U.S. Army Afr Service has now invellted a hopper dosser which prevents the wasting and clogging of the dust placed in it. He is a real enthusiast in this mode of dg}rting Iocustis. PTevious to this, he.had a:wide ex perience in the United States In the killing of boll-weevils attack ing the cotton i n the Southern States, ben.ce the idea, of 1'.}le perfecting of the hopper originated.. This Bureau greatly ap.. preeiates wb11;t he has done. A complete report of his work in the extermination of locust.s done by the Air Service in co6J)el'ation With the Buniau of Agriculture and the Philippine Trllllt Company is now in the llands o:f His Exee1lency. the Governor General.· The success obtained ln the use of airplalle in. duffing locusts leads ua to recommend the adoption of this modern process of fighting tliis peat especially in their br'eedini;t places in isolated and unpopu lated areas. PLANT DISEASE SECT�N

For the firat half of the year 1923, the work of the Plant Diseases Laboratory was confined to investigation or report.ed 1ield diseases and giving control measures, .besides oooaelonal inepectlon of the experimental stations, and detel'llllnation of intoo·cepted plant diseases of the plant quarantine stations. At the aeaignment of Dr, N. G. Teodoro aa incharge of the laboratory about the middle of the yoar, the Plant Diseases Laboratory baa been made a distinct section of this division.

"ili"1920.in, the muliici})alities of Los Bafloa and Calamba, Lagulla; aJ11i izfthree· municipalities of 1311:tangas'Province. o�eryatio?e showed Jhat once· a plant :Is attacked, the entire . .. stoor iB -�lll'e to ''die sooner or later. Generally, the plant sue . eUllllis'to 'ita ·ravages jUBt Prior to the blooming pel.'iod, so that it ia not unusual to see drying plants with their bwiehea. half formed. It ia interesting to note that the disease is confined only to one varlety, the Latundan or Tordan. Othel' varieties like the Laeatan, Bongulan, Temate, Morado, Saba etc. have notl!O far �een o�erved to suffer from this malady even'if they 81'f) growing in the m¥st of a verij;able hotbed of infection. 'rhis <;ondttion Oi!era a means of controlling tbe disease. Abaca hea-rt rot.-In. April of 1920; Mel!Sl'll, Serrano and Lee stn.rted. their investigati'o:ii' Of an abaca disease, known IUI abaca heart 4 Reinking attributed the disease · to be due to bacterial organisms. holatlon and inoculation expelimenta were done by Mr. Serrano·in order to confll'1I! the earlier work of Reinking, and the results publlshed in the Phytopathology (Vol 18, No. 5, pp,25S-256, 192S).• Bacteria were found to be c<Jmmonly associated with advanced stages of the disease, but an li.nperfeet fungus belonging to the

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

161

162

'fWENTY-TllIRD ANNUAL P.EPORT

BlJREAU. OF AGRICULTURt

163

164

TWENTY-TlllRD ANNUAL REJ'OR'l'

ticularly of the low grades, and in addition (4) by &topping the production of low grades. Diseases of rice.-Specimens of diseased rice were received from assistant agricultural e:dension agent of the Bureau sta tioned at Tarlac Province. These specimens were identilicd to be due to SaleroUum 01'1/Z'-W Catt Stem rot of-rice caused by this organism is the worst disease that has yet been recorded on rice in the Philippines. Rice plants attacked by this _disease succumb to it, and new plants shoot up. But these new plants, or late tillers, yield very little or no-grain. In other words, it causeB a partial sterility of the panicles and foi: tills reason, it has wrought great damage. Its clil!tributiOD. -in the Pllilippines is not definitely known but losses occasioned by thi-s dfaease. have been fairly estimated at from 30 to 80 per cent. In the early part- of the year (1923) isolation o-f the causal fµng\!s _were successfully :.ll}ade by . Mr. G. _ �. �eye_s _fr6:rn. diseased.stems, and.:Crom sclerotia from leaf sheath, stem, - and root stock.' Culfo'1·es were made from specimens obtained frOm Arayat, Santa Ana, and Zap_ote, and the same fungus was produced. - The organism grows well on g]uco.;;e agar, rice agar, potato cylinder, potato agar, and stei,mzed rice tissues, but it grows more. abundantly on corn meal and on steamed rice. In cultm·e, the growth agrees very decidedly with the descriptions published by Risdale and Shaw on boiled dee and one glucosB agar, respectively. Obsexvations under natural conditions seemed to show that breeding of resist.ant varieties would greatly keep down this dis ease, but it would be well to observe also precautionary measures, at least i:q this country; such procedures as burning infected stubble, selection of seeds from disease-free fields, elirnimttion of diseased plants in seed beds, early plowing of the field, by not allowing irrigation water to run from one infected to a n un infected field, etc. In Pampanga, for instance, a variety of rice, i\fa'can San :Miguel, was observed to be quite re.sist.a.nt to this disease. It was also observed that Tice plants groWlng in some fertile spots were not seriously affected with this disease in the Phil ippines. The possibility is suggested of experimenting with the use of fertlizers as a remedy. This will also he investigated in connection with the same disease. Siigar-cane disease.-In September 1923, Mr. Medalla was sent to Batangas concerning sugm·-cane disease in the proviuce.

DUl\EAU OF AGRICULTURE

165

.TWENTY-THIRD ANNU.U. REPORT spot_ fungus· and .in that way the disease can entiiely be con troqed.bY introducing sueh ,.,arleties. Fie.Id.experiments on.smut.disease of sugar cane were con ducted by Messrs. Lee, Reyes, and Olar.a at Manila on a small llea1t! and duplicated at Oanlubang Sugar Eirtate on a plantation i,eaJe;

:=��1

·-The. objects � the experiment were:. (l) to determine the ex . tent OMransii'l.ieilion.of the disease by 110ints and CU:ltj.ngs;, (2) s t to 1 ) � o:�::!s o·�!�! :f\�! dl�a�: planted as ��-J! 1��im�is at.'Manii,a._��nsist;ed o(fO?,ur plots s

��:a:

hy � -e:'.�}:on�i•4.. �.·�w00:l:�� ·e�Ch' J.:ianted ��-12 enttings trom·heal� 11 i of .two ,:OWS, ea"eh pl":n� -.,vi� 12 cuttingo from .., lti��ca�:� � .:, ,_ '!" ;Plot R 'lS'��te� �ff.WO rD""';·i,t!'Qeh,TOW & cutti11P from_hea\th'f cane

��'-!:.�.?:;;':·�!��'mi:��;'!' I:

C , _; ...� ;The experimen� at Canlubang consisted of four plots planted

< as-·touows:

· Two_ plot!I plant.ed entirely with cane points from atools •ff'ected with i!lllnt.. -Two plots, ljling ·,.lij_m,;ent to. tlw first t.wo, planted entirely w\tb tane .poinbifromhealthystoole. · Tha- Uba--variety being extremely SlllleePtible to smut disease was.used in" these experiments. Froin the results.of these ex:periments the authorS.drew the following collclusions:. (1) ,that ge"rlllination Clf cane points from . stools··atrected with smut is decide.dly poorer than that of points from_·neal.thy ,Cane; (2) point! or cuttings from stools affected with smut repl"oduce.,the di� in a hig� proportion of cases; (a) tltere is no .cane yield -from pl&.l).ting points or cuttings from stools affeeted.with smut; (4) points from healthy cane allowed ·to soak-in .the same .receptacl_e with·-cane from smutted stools showed 8.88 per:.cent of the resulting cane. plants to be.:aliected. This is apparently one method of the spread of the disease; (5) in the ·au: months duration of_ tbe ;plant Cl'.OP the spread of the disease into the· �lthy stools. was veri Slight, only 0.75 per cent of, t)le stools from hel!lthy points showing th.e disease; ( 6) the increase of the diaease. -�r. ratooning amounted. to 68.97 per cent of the orlgin"al he"althy �tools; (7)· this gives us an

BUREAU _O)â&#x20AC;¢ ACRICUL'I'UllE

167

168

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL RJ,Jp0Il1'

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE

169

On Deccimbcr 5, 1923, authority to use additional tract of land was again obtaim;id from the Mayor of �Ianila. 'l'his last t1•act of Jarid is located directly south of the sug.i.r cane parent field. '1.'he total area acquired by the Bureau from the City is about 3

1. Fo1· the sake ·of efficiency, it is efil'nestly r€commended that the salaries of deserving personnel of the Plant Pests Control Division be. increased. 2. In dealing with the rice pests, as well as those of other staple crops, as sugar cane, :tobacco, this division is of the opi nion. that the only way in which we can obtain complete and accurnte data regarding the life history and habits of these pests and the methods of controlling them is to follow tlie example of other countries. For this J.'eason, it is recommended that ·a sufficient amount of funds be appropriated for .the creation of an entomological or rice pest station in one of the rice producing p1·ovinces preferably in Nueva Ecija, or Pangasinan for the purpose of studying such pests and trying out method9 by

172

TWENTY-THIRD. ANNUAL REPORT

port area with better fumigation boxes and other necessary ap paratuses. 5. It is recommended that Abaca Diseases established at Silang, Cavite, and at Paete1 Laguna, ing on the experimenfa on disease-resistant varieties 1md that the appropriation needed £o1· this work be 6. A careful. and thorough pl!mt disease- and rpest survey in val·ious · part8 of the Islands is ven' necessary. It should be continued froni'year to·year. This requires the appointmeut of nien trained in phmt.pathology and entomology. These surveys will give.])atl).ologica_l an.d _entomological workers a complete grasp of the,distribution_of th_e diseases·and pests,. It will be of value to research pa'tltOlogists and -entomologists in deciding where their w01·k lies in·. determining the extent and character of their problems and. in 'check_ing the .results of their campe.in'gs. It.: will acquaint .them. with_ pest· and· ydth disease couditioru; throughout-the cmmtcy. :Moreove�, th.fa m1;1st_be made in order that. intelligent quarantine_. �e_cti.o_l)._ ma)\ ,b_e__ tak�, ., '!'.be ,recoTl'j mcndittion on the a,ppoiutment of.more·person,neJ _trained ·along these lines of science iii. reiterated. l)lHSION OF PUBLlC/\Tl-O)IS

During the year ending December 31, 1928, there was issued a considei-able llumher of publications, which excelled- those of previous yeara. "I:he policy followed 'that. year was to give pre fo�ence_ to the publication of practic�l instructions as embodied in the Bureau's c.irculars, into S\lamsh and local dialects, so as to populurize better farm methods. This gave encomaging 1-.i sults as shown in the exceptionally large number of circulars in Spanish and local dialecl;;i distributed in 1923. The total number of publications issued durillg the year was :n as against 18 in 1922. These publications were a� follows: One annual report; 3 numbers oJ' the Philippine Agricultural Review; 18 circulars; 9 miscellaneous publicntio11s. Six admi nistrative orders were also . published besides. The number of publications disb:ibuied was 30,159 as against J.9,707 the pre vious yeur, an increase of 10,452. The Phi!ippino Ayi'icultiwal Review.-I!'our numbers of the Review were order<.d pl'intcd but at the close of the year only three were i·eleased, the last number still being printe.d. The total Jtumbex of copies distributed was 3,180, as against 5,922 in 1922, or a. decrease of 2,742. This decrease was due to the fact that the last issue, as just stated, was not yet released and that in 1922 issues for 1921 were pubHshed and distributed in

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1922. The following classification shows the variety of topics contained in these issues:

Bulfotins.-No bulletin was fasued in 1928. There is however being printed. the Spanish ti•anslation of Bulletin l\"o. 37 en titled "Rice in the Philippinw," intended for the use of rice .farmers who cannot l'ead English. The number of old bulletins clist1·ibuted was 1,168, as against 1,017 of the previous year or an increase of 151. Circrn.liirs.-Eighteen circulars wnre l)Ublished-9 in English, 14 in Spanish, and 4 in Tagalog, Visayan and Bicol-as againM 9 in 1922 or 100 per cent increase. The most important of these is that on anthrax translated in Spa.nish and Tagalog: Twenty thous.and copies thereo[ were printed and most of them were dfatributed among the farmers in the infested arilas in Central Luzon. Copfos in English and Spanish were also sent to all provincial govcrnoi•s enjoining them to translate them into local dialects and lo distribute them among the farmers or their re�pective provinces. The following shows the circulars published:

BUHl!:AU OFÂ·AGRICULTURE

175

were fur-

176

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

RURAL CRE.OI'l' :OlVlSlON ACTIVITIES

In the beginning of thi� year, the following positions were ·filled:

BUREAU OF AGRICUL'l'URE

17_7

As may be scen from the above figures, mally depositors with dr�w. their deposits from the association to meet their inost pressing needs, due to t11c prevalent financial stringency, but on the other hand many new ones either bought shares or began depositing the:ir small savings in the association. The most salient feature, hiiwever, which clearly denotes the succe11s of the operation of the rural credit associations is the con.siderable increl!Se in the income during the year, as well as the amount of e:>'6,000 added to the,rese�'ve fund. At the close of the year there were 547 associations in actual operation, six new ones having been organized and in cm·porated during the ye.ir, and three old oue.s dissolved. These are the following:

- �-----

TABl.E L:X:XVII.-lncorporatcd duriHg !he yeai•

TWEI'!'IT-TJiJRQ. ��\�POR�;

·fu reports from the -��nicl�I,:treasurers a!.ld in��ing ige;nt� of.t\ie _l'Ural cie'dit ·.aaSO�tf�ns·wmcp i�e.oif ¥�-��-w :t}lat;there �-s.b� a sli�ht ln.c�·se-in, ne�ly·.alJ associations. : A g09.{ maDY ,of th!9Yl- declar�d�divid�ds·and in no ca� has th.e :rate al'. divid.end _ eJ:tCeecjed the �im�m �f 8 percent p_Ell' . .The.fOiI��g �m��&ns 'd��-�: �r�iitCOnsfdi:rati�n:

!��;��!n?°w�'.; ��.i,:i�f:;:��r= ;ti��:f

-:�=;��e1:t;!�s;�=�a].E.�� :

mitcd,neans,heeo�ed;· .. •\< .·r.,":'.: . ,'. · -·., , .. · (�) ',l'hat a. purely _Agrkmltl\ral·�nk whl_ch ""rll· be ·pc1m�� to g�ai:it. ti

�:��.�.,��-,�'�.r�'.-�:.

�::; ll:!��.!� � ��:��-i��.�-� � '· _(d) That .a member of·the Rum,. C�dit forc'e ·be �ent a�'roiMho,m.�ke · r l\-

·( �:';·�= !:!:� P=:517:·:=

�1.1��·:;::!ti�� ::Jll��;�::�:�� t:t:ist::-=z

o s �:=��:�-� � �

0 ... ·. pn December Sl, rn22, "th� Were on the �oils 37 ;eterina riims-(of0 whom Sl were Filipinos and 6 Americans), S Ameriean livutoek ·l.nSJi�Ors 1S7 Filipino. inspectors, 1 American clerk, · · Qnd.1 Filipino clerk. . . --·. On,,Decinnber·31, 1928, the forces consisted ot ,j:5 veterlna , rians; ,39 of whom were Filipinos, and 6 Americans, (this in clud� 1 ·Ameriean veterinsrian on leave in the United States), 4- ,Am,erican livestock inspectors, 446 Filipino inspectors, 1 American clerk, and 1 Fili¢no clerk. This constitutes an in c� of 8 Fl)ipino vetel'inarians, I American, and 809 Filipino livestoekinspectors. ADMINISTRATION lm1)artation frotn foreign vo�11.-Dur� the year, 4,819 cattle �m AustraJia and 6,048 cattIB_and 1,662.carabaOa from P�om P!!llh, ])"ancb Indo-China, arrived at tlu! _port of Manila, At Ilollo, 26 cattle aJU! 1,143. carabao.s from Pnom-Penh were ad mitted in 1928. This shows a marked decrease In the importa tion of cattle and an increased number of carabllOI!, Compared

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with.the figures of last year, the1.'e was a total decrease o:f 11,020 head.of cattle and a total increase of 1,559 head of cara b= The·importation of C&tue for slaughter under contract entered into previous to the enactment of Act No. 3052, was continued' and more contracts periding recognition last year were finally accepted this year. -As ·already stated in the previous year, Mr. Ramon Soriano was· authorized by the Secretary of Agriculture and· Natural Resources to import 13,000 head of cattle. from Australia. Of ,this number, 10,.139 h'ead have been imported to date, which· leaves a · remainder of 2,861. He was· further authorfaed by the Secretary on No'vember 27, 1923, to import 8,000 head more, that added to the remainder makes a total of 10,861 head of cattle still to be imported. Mr. Faustino Lichauco was authorfal>d by the Secretary to import 13,000 bead o_f cattle from French lndo--China. Of this number 2,245 have been imported to date, leaving a remainder. of 10,755 head still to he imported. Mr. Eugenio Evangelista was also authorized to import 8,200 bead of _Indo.Chill6ll8 eattle and of this numbex, 3,302 were imported to date_ leaving- 4,898 t o be imported. There remains, therefore, to be.imported under contracts 26,514 head of cattle £or slaug'hter. Interisland shipments.-During, the yeai-, 18,649-head,of cattle arrived ln Manila from interisland pods as compared with 11,407 in 1922, There were 1,488 carabaos received aii against 2,126 the preceding year. !WJpections /01· which fees were aharged.-During the year, 161,566 animals of all kinds were ins'pected on arrival at Manila, fo1·- which feea amounting to 'P-31,625.40 were collected. Of these animals, 124,810 were swine. Postmwtem inspections in Manila matadero.-In 1923 there Were 184,685 animals of all kinds inspected at the �nila mata de1•0 of which number, 1,298.were COlldemned and 188,337 passed for food. The number slaughtered includes 114,961 swine. Postmortem inspectiom in,Pa1ndaca1i matadero,:._Five thou sand five hundred forty-seven head (5,547) of cattle were slalightered and inspected in 1928, at this matadero, of which 14 were condemned and 5,53.8 passed for food. Most of the animals slaughtered during the yea1· at this station were im. pm·ted from Pnom-Penh. Postmoo•tcm in8pections in Sisiman- matadero...:....During the year, 4,757 Australian catj;le were slaughtered and inspecrted a t this matadero, 263 of which were condemned and 4,494

TWEN'.llt-TIURD ANNUAL REPORT

_pa5S� for food. Owing' to an· outbrea� of anthrax among "cBttle awaiting slaughter this station was closed :from June 20 to November 9. COM°BATING OF ANIMAL DIBEASES

.Rutderpe8t.--:.During the yeii.i:-, 27,506-cases of and 23,220 deatba from rinderpeat were recorded ...Thie constitutes a euh i;rt4n-Ual decrease from the 46,�88. cases and 84,306 deaths re '.ported.11?, 1922. Rin�erpe.st appe�d in a2 provinces d1;1rlng the year but the only .serious Outbreaks or.curred in Batangas, Bula can, Masbate, Mindoro, ..Nueva _Ecl,ia, SorsOgon, and Tarlac. Other Infected provinces_ were: Abra, Albay," Antiq�e, Bataan, B9h0I,·0agayan, Cainarlnes Norte, ,Camarlnes Sur, Caplz, Cavite, · Cebu! Iloilo, �sahela, Laguna; Manila, lifountain, Nueva·Vizcaya, ,:Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros, Pampanga, Pangasinan, · Rii.al,· Barnar, Tayabas, and ·Zamahles. ' At the begirining of the year there .were ''?"O infect� towns in 22 pro_rinces and,on Deee.mb& 31, 1923/7� towns in 18 p�ovincea: Counting. e.i.ch ca;ie where a rtlunicipality waa:takert ·up·'as'_ iii "fected, or rejnfected with . rinderpest as a s_eparate outbreak, there wet:e 254 new ·Outbreaks during the year. Thil following table shows the number of rindet1)e!!t cases and deaths by 8-month period: . TABLE.LXX:X:VIII.--Rim!6l"jle81 caoe� a,,# doatke fl'/1 qu«1t"s

rh�

was, during last year, a d��se of 18,178 cases and 11,086 a1i"compariid with t�e cases and des.the registered during the previous year.· .Although the infection is widely scattered, no new territory has been infected which has been ·fre e from rinderpest for a long time, with the (»tception of Luhang, a group of Islands belonging -to the Province of Mindoro, where the deaths were high. With more adequate personnel to watch over the interisland shipment of animals, the lOSBes from rlnderpest could be furthel.' reduced by keeping islands freed from rinderpest clean. The present veterinary force should be increased grllduaUy to the point of two. veterinarians to a province paid out of the provincial funds, besides the regular force of the Bureau of Agriculture,. which can be concentrated in those provinces

BUR!M.U OF AGRICULTURE

181

182

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

injections after having received the as can be seen from the figures given above. on in keeping the rinderpest carried been have Exper:imcni..s virus under artificial condition. 'J'her<.l is one strain which is 112 days old up to date and which is still virulent. The virus at this age brought a susceptible animal down with r:inderpest on the fourth day aft.er injection. This same strain is to be te_sted from time to time to see how long it will retain its virulence. ExperimenUl have been carried on concerning the ability to throw the ,•irus of rinderpest down by centrifugal force. It is found tl1at the rinderpest virus can be thrown to the bottom of a centrifuge tube after three hours of centrifuging at 3,000 R. P. )1. The top portion of the material beiug non-infective to susceptible animals while the bottom part in the tube brought a susceptible animal doi.vn with rinderpest in the usual time, from three to four days., In these experiments 10 c. c. centrifuge tubes were used. The upper 7 c..c. of the contents being non infective while the bottom 3 c. e. were viru!ent. i;lome further work was done on the"swine disease caused by a pseudomonas. It was found that cultures of this disease 4 years 8 months and 23 days old still retained their virulence for Guinea pigs. As per experim(!nt August 27, two Guinea pigs were each given { c. c. suspension of pig pseudomouas culture 4 years 8 months and 23 days old. August 29-the two Guinea pigs, injected with the pig pseudo monas, got sick On the 27th. August 30-the two Gl1inea pigs, injected on the 27th, died on the night of the 29th These two Guinea pigs were autopsied and presented good lesions. Pure culture of the pseudomonas were recovered from the lungs, liver, spl�en, and heart blood of these Guinea pigs. Some work has been started in developing vaccine against this disease. Thls pseudomonas has been given to swine by feeding and by injection. When the disease is giv€ll by feeding it runs a rather chronic course. , By injection it is very acut<.l. All the rabies diagnosis has been done at this laboratory For the City of Manila and neai·-by provinces. This laboratory also did a greater part of the primary anthrax diagnosis when its presence in Sisiman Matadero was somewhat disputed. Antkrax.-This assumed the nature of an epizoi:itic in the valley of Rio de Pampanga and in the low-lying

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183

areas of Pampanga, Bulacan, and Bataai1 adjacent to the shores of l'.Ianila Ba:,', A lessor epizo6tic also oeeurred on the shores of Laguna de Bay and along the Pasig River at Tagig, Pateros, and Pasig, Rizal. Met1cOrological and climatic conditions this year were evidently very fa,•orable to the rapid development of the anthrax epiiotitic. The areas above referred to were heavily u h f i i o � � !� �:;::��:J :ni;; �:�::rJ� :�: ! !:!�th�� t;;�� ;;::� severe aa to affect the rice crop, About September 17 the veterinarian in charge of Pampa1�a Province he:u·d rumors of can1baos dying in the municipality of San Luis. Upon investigation it wrui found that animals had previous]:,; died and that the fact had been reported to th e· pro vincial governor's office by th e municipal secretary. For some unaccountable reason th!s report had been filed without having first been transmitted to our veterina,·ian, At this time live stock inspectors of this Bureau discovered that caraba o s were dying in the m unicipalities of Arayat, Crmdaba, and Apalit. A positive diagnosis of anthrax was made in the last clays of Sep tember on cases run to earth by our veterinarians and livestock inspectors. Within a short time cases were also found in thii Provinces of Nueva Ecija and Bulacan. As quickly as it became apparent that anthrax was taking an epizoOtic form iu the valley of the Rio Grande de Pampanga all available veterina rians and livestock inspectors from other districts. were rushed to that region. As many additional inspectors were appointed as the limited f unds llt Our disposal would permit. Arrange ments ware made with the Philippine Constabulary to fornish more s oldiers to act as qual"antinc g uards. Unfortunately, however, the number that co u ld be sent was very inadequate owing to the fact that so many soldiers were needed for oth er duty in )Hndanao. During the week ending November 10, cases of anthrax were found in Tadac, Rizal, and Pangasinan Provinces and during the week o( NoYember 17 it was diagnosed in Bataan. In Tar Jac, it was almost entirely confined to certain sections of the municipalities of La Paz and Concepeion in the valley of the Rio Chico, a tributary of the Rio Grande de la Pampanga. In Rizal, as previously stated, it was mainly confined to the low lying area between the Pasig River and Laguna de Bay. The cases in Pangasina11 and Bataan were of a sporadic nature. The funds at our dfaposal being entire!}' inadequate it was necessary to request a special appt•opriation from thio Philip pine Legislri.tu re. Act Ko. 3119 was approved on November 22.

184

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

In the PrOvince of Pampanga cases of anthrax were found in 20 1!1Ullicipalities. Tho 9 1µUnicipalities of Apalit, Arayat, Candaba, Macabebe, Masanlol, Mmalin, San Luis, San Simon, and Santa Ana had 4,414 cases and 4,152 deaths, or 93.8 and 94.9 per cent of the respective totals. All of these towus with the exception of Minalin are located along the Rio Grande de Pampanga. The land embraced in the latter municipality is verr ·low-lying and swampy. Large . areas of the Candaba Swamp are compl'jsed within the municipalities of Arayai and Candaba; Macabebe and Maaantol are both in swampy sections. Thesefour towns had68,5percentofthe totalnomber ofcases and 73.3 per cent ofthe total number al deaths that occm'l'ed in l'ampanga PL·ovince. Nineteen municipalities in Bulacan Prov ince reported cases of anthrax. The five towns of Bulacat1,

RUl!EAU OF AGRICULTURE

185

186

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

JLOJLO QUAl!ANTINE STATION