3.1.5 PLANNING, CIRCULATION & FUNCTION

• The surrounding site has a wide variety of land-use patterns, but most of it is academic.

• Theparkingis situatedalittle farfromthestadium,henceon-roadparkingalong the abetting service road is used the most. • The abetting land uses of academic and hostels heavily influence the planning of the stadium.

3.1.5 PLANNING, CIRCULATION & FUNCTION

3.1.5.1 STADIUM CIRCULATION

40 CIRCULATOIN

• There are 13 entrances in total. A road abetting the stadium serves general entrances 2-6 and the VIP and players entrance. • The rest of the entrances have to be travelled to by foot owing to security

reasons.

• There are 10 general entrances in the stadium which cater to 16 stands. • The stands can be accessed via a staircase situated in the centre of every gallery. • TheMediaentranceis ontheback entranceandhasits ownparkingfacility(cap50).

• The VIP/players entrance to the stadium has a 1:12 ramp which gives direct access to the VIP seating and players’ rooms. The underground parking facility is also situated below the stadium. Flat slabs have been used here.

• The main feature of the VIP entrance:

•Has an overhead PTFE roof which can be used for rainwater harvesting. •It’s supported by 3 sets of40 metre tall columns which support the overhead structure by sets of 6 steel cables help in keeping it stable.

3.1.5.2 PAVILION, PLAYERS& V.I.P AREA

• The pavilion area is on the ground floor accessible through a 1:12 ramp and just below the ramp is the parking which has flab slab construction technique. • The dressing rooms, coaches and staff rooms are just next to it. • The first floor is only for V.I.P guests and can be visited by the players. The commentary box is opposite to the pavilion area and has 2 commentary rooms, one changing room, a cloak room, a pantry and a media service room.

3.1.6 SITTER DETAILS

3.1.6.1 TIER 1:

• Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases. • There are 8 sitting chairs. • Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

• Its’ supported by a column every 8M • No. of occupatns-3500 • Width of accessing corridor: 6M,Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance

41 IMAGES

3.1.6.2 TIER 2:

• Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases. • There are 10 sitting chairs. • Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

• Its’ supported by a column every 8M • No. of oocupatns-6500 • Width of accessing corridor: 6M • Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance.

3.1.6.3 TIER 3:

• This tier was made after the renovation.

• There are 5 sitting chairs. • It can be accessed from the second tier via 2 staircases of width 2500mm.

3.1.7 SERVICE DETAILS

3.1.7.1 WATER SUPPLY:

• There are 8 water tanks sets around the stadium.

• Each one of those sets has 4 tanks.

• Fire-fighting tank of 8,000gallons.

3.1.7.2 SEWAGE

• The sewage is expelled via 10 drains on the site.

3.1.7.3 ELECTRICITY

• The electricity is drawn from a 11kV electric supply. • There are 4 substations, and 4 DG system. • 4X500KVA for floodlights. • 20,000 ceiling bulbs of 25W.

3.1.7.4 FLOOD LIGHTS

• There are 520 flood lights installed in 4 corners of the ground. • Each light has a power consumption of 2kW • Maximum intensity of 3200lux. 1800 lux for practice, 2600-3200, national and international matches.

3.2 CASESTUDY ONKALINGASTADIUM,BHUBANESHWAR

3.2.1 LOCATION

• INTRO: The Kalinga Stadium is a Football cum athletics Stadium. • CAPACITY: 15,000. This makes it the second • CLIENT: D.Y Patil University, Nerul Campus. • PERIOD OF CONSTRUCTION: 2014-2017

• STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE: Modernism

3.2.2 BACKGROUND

• HISTORY: The Kalinga STADIUM has successfully hosted many sporting events, both in cricket and football. 2017 - Asian Athletics Championship 2018-19- I-League matches 2018 -Indian Super cup 2017-18- Indian Super League. 2017- U17 FIFA WC

• MATERIALS USED:

Prefab Concrete over steel frame- Stands Steel Roof supported by steel tubes. • TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM:

o The stadium makes use of prefab concrete stands supported by 2 beams. (Tier 2&3). o Sixteen vertical staircases form vormitories that help in accessing the stands from ground level. o The roof is made of Steel supported by girders and bracings. o They are in turn connected to the slanting beams situated below each gallery and in turn they are connected to the straight columns in the

concourse.

3.2.3 SITE PLAN AND ACCESS

42 SITE CIRCULATION

3.2.3.1 GENERERAL SPECTATOR ENTRY:

• The spectator entry is situated opposite the main road (Bidyut Marg road).

Two gates are for spectators. (GATE 4& GATE5). • Provides a direct access to spectators from the bus stand. • Access to the stadium is via skywalks on the road inside the complex.

3.2.3.2 V.I.P ENTRY:

• The V.I.P Entry is situated on the north side of the stadium, again accessible from the main road.

• The V.I.P entry has a separate entrance and the guests are taken to the V.I.P reception from there (GATE NO.5)

• The entry is secluded from all other access points.

3.2.3.3 MEDIA ENTRY:

• The media entrance is from two points on the north hand the other on the south.

• They have a parking area abetting the entrance. • Direct access to the media zone from there.

3.2.3.5 SERVICE ENTRY:

• The service entry is towards the south of the stadium, hidden from the general public and the access goes towards the service yard and the subsequent service

areas.

3.2.4 CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• The annual mean temperature is 27.4 degrees Celsius. • Average monthly temperatures vary by 12.4 degrees. • Total annual precipitation averages 1505 mm. • The climate zone is tropical. • The summers are hot and dry and the winters are cool and dry.

3.2.5 PLANNING, CICULATION& FUNCTION

3.2.5.1 SPECTATOR CIRCULATION

• There are 5 skywalks at level +4.5m which is connected to all the lower tier stands. Access to the other floors is via staircases.

• After moving through the skywalk, thy have a clear space of 5M in all the tiers’ concourses, apart from the south stand as it has a tier under construction. • After the event is over, the spectators can go from their seats to the ground through the same way. The tiers are divided as: •TIER 1: +6.5M; 3500; 4 •TIER 2: +12M; 6500; 14 •TIER 3: +20.5M; 2500:2

3.2.5.2 MEDIA CIRCULATION

• The Media has access to the stadium through gate number 4.

• The media area in the stadium is in the second tier. (lvl +12M). • The areas in the media zone are:

•Press conference room

•cafeteria

•media centre room

•TV broadcasting room

•storage rooms • toilets: 2 toilets have been provided in the media area for the users.

3.2.5.3 VIP CIRCULATION

• The VIPs enter from gate 9. • They can access the stadium seating via skywalk-3. • there is a VIP reception and a waiting lobby, and the lounges can be reached after the reception. • there are 10 lounges for VIP. • Area of lounge- 500sqm

3.1.4.4 SECURITY CIRCULATION

• There are police booths every 50M. • For spectators up to 5000, 250police are required. • For full capacity, 700 • There are 8 police control rooms situated in strategic locations across the stadium.

3.2.6 SITTER DETAILS

• TIER 1:

•Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases. •there are 8 sitting chairs. •Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

•Its’ supported by a column every 8M •No. of occupants-3500

•Width of accessing corridor: 6M •Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance. • TIER 2:

•Entry is via ground level through skywalks and staircases. •There are 10 sitting chairs. •Dimension: 800mmX 420mm

•Its’ supported by a column every 8M •No. of oocupants-6500 •Width of accessing corridor: 6M •Every 50seats there is a 10ft wide entrance. • TIER 3:

•This tier was made after the renovation.

•There are 5 sitting chairs. •It can be accessed from the second

tier via 2 staircases of width 2500mm.

3.3 LITERATURE STUDY ON ALLIANZRIVIERA, NICE.

3.3.1 INTRODUCTION

• Period of construction: 2010-2012

• Architects: Wilmott and Associaes

• Style of Architecture: Modernism • Seating: 35,0000(Match day) o The ESPRIT Arena is a football stadium that has a compact, ‘cauldronshaped’ form that would reinforce the urban plan. The main materials used in construction are:

o ETFE o Wood o Reinforced Concrete o Steel frames

• The architectural parti was transparency: eliminating the distinction between inside and outside, providing views, and making the stadium glow at night.

43 SITE IMAGE

3.3.2 SURROUNDING LAND-USE

• The site is located in a mixed-use location beside the French Riviera.

• The location beside the affluent residential areas allows the stadium to assert it’s identity. • There is a fair amount of green areas on the site. • It’s located by the 45M wide National Highway.

3.3.3 SITE PLAN& ACCESS

• The site includes three projects to be built in a seismic zone, each with a different completion date: • A stadium with 3,000 seats, multi-purpose facilities (sports and concerts),

UEFA approved, well-integrated with its urban environment, and in line with sustainable development principles • • the Musée National du Sport (National Sports Museum) • V• a real estate development plan (PIA) including 29,000m² of retail space designed to animate the area

44 SITE PLAN

3.3.4 PLANNING AND CIRCULATION

• the Allianz-Riviera Stadium occupies a strategic position within the Eco

Valley project. Responding to the programme’s first requirement - integration within the Eco Valley landscape - Wilmotte & Associés designed a stadium with an undulating form, evoking the flight of a bird.

• With the goal of constructing a slice of the city, Wilmotte & Associates designed a compact, ‘cauldron-shaped’ stadium that would reinforce the urban plan. A network of public spaces and bike paths aligns with the existing urban fabric and roadways. • The car parks are located beneath the building complex, leaving space for gardens and landscaping that connect the complex with the rest of the city.

45 SECTION

3.3.5 SECTIONS AND SITTER DETAILS

• Wilmotte & Associés paid special attention to the stadium’s ‘skin’ which animates both the interior and exterior of the building. The architectural parti was transparency: eliminating the distinction between inside and outside, providing views, and making the stadium glow at night. • This concept is achieved with the space frame structure, clad with a transparent membrane (ETFE). By day this envelope brings in diffuse natural light, and by night it makes the stadium glow.

• The structure is visible from the exterior: there is a play of light and shadow between the ETFE and the wooden lattice.

46 STRUCTURE

• The lightweight, airy, and luminous silhouette of the building owes much to this membrane that is set off the structure by metal braces. Acting like a protective veil, the membrane sometimes shelters and sometimes opens the stadium up to its surroundings • . From the motorway, the stadium’s closed facade accentuates the iconic presence of the impressive facility. The veil lifts slightly on two sides, opening onto the concourse to welcome the spectators.

• This openness, reinforced on the building envelope by the numerous views framing the landscape, contributes to the spectator’s comfort and wellbeing: the relationship between inside and outside can be felt from every point of the stadium.

3.3.6 GREEN FEATURES

• The Allianz Riviera is a true model of eco-design and eco-construction, with the implementation of innovative technologies, constituting one of the first eco-stadiums in the world.

•AIR

The Allianz Riviera is the first stadium to be equipped with a natural ventilation system that channels the winds of the plain of Var.

SUN

•The central photovoltaic is made up of more than 4,000 panels solar panels (around 7 000 m²) of European manufacture.

•WOOD

This construction, which combines wood and metal, and offers a savings of 3,000 tonnes of carbon when manufacturing compared to a conventional structure.

3.4 LITERATURESTUDY ESPRITARENA,NICE.

3.4.1 INTRODUCTION

• The Düsseldorf Arena was constructed over a two-year period between 2002 and 2004 in order to replace Fortuna’s previous home ground, Rheinstadion. • Dating as far back as 1925, Rheinstadion was steeped in history having hosted matches of the 1974 World Cup and 1988 Euros, however it featured a problematic athletics track and was slowly becoming dilapidated. • Costing a reported €240 million, the arena features a fully retractable roof similar to that of Millennium Stadium and Amsterdam Arena and was originally capable of accommodating 51,500. • After some sections of seating were converted to terraces in the Summer of 2010, the capacity increased to 54,600, and for concerts Esprit Arena can welcome up to 66,500 revellers.

47 AERIAL SITE

3.4.2 SURROUNDING LAND-USE

48 LAND ANALYSIS

49 LAND ANALYSIS

•It can be used on non-game days.

•It has good access to public transport.

•extra Parking spaces are not in close proximity.

3.4.3 SITE PLAN& ACCESS

• The Site consists of a 45,000 seater stadium,4 Football Practice Pitches, 3 Clay and 3 Grass practice Tennis Courts, An athletic cum football practice pitch and A Hotel behind the South stand.

50 SURROUNDING ANALYSIS

51 SURROUNDING ANALYSIS

3.4.5 PLANNING& CIRCULATION

52 planning

53 planning

3.4.6 TYPOLOGY OF SPACES

4. SITE SELECTION &ANALYSIS

4.1 SITELOCATION

•The site has been chosen by the DDA for the development of a football stadium of capacity 40,000.It is surrounded by recreational, residential and commercial uses nearby as the master-plan suggests.

54 SITE LOCATION

55 SITE LOCATION

4.2 SITEDETAILS

Site area: 60.3 acres

Site owner: state govt. Of Delhi Location: Sector 19, Dwarka, New Delhi Coordinates: 28°34'16.5"n 77°03'00.2"e

Average elevation: 213m Nearest railway station: 1.5kms (metro station) Nearest airport: IGI airport-6kms Surrounding site North: St. Mary’s school East: commercial building West: AIFF building, empty plots South: najafgarh drain

4.3 SURROUNDINGLAND-USEANALYSIS

•The site comes under zone K2 which has been envisioned to remove the burden in the heart of the city. The AIFF building is next to it. A Diplomatic Enclave has been proposed next to it.

4.4 SITEDIMENSIONS

4.5 DEVELOPMENTCONTROL

The development of Dwarka in 10 years has been explosive and a stadium would only enhance the amenities available to the tenants of the surrounding area.

4.6 SITEPOTENTIAL

The site is located in such an area that it can be utilized by the large no. of people due to connectivity. Reahing the site wouldn’t be a problem due to the many modes of transportation available. Since the main road of width 45M runs towards the east side, the main road can be situated along. The service road runs along the main road.

4.7 EXISTINGVEGETATION

There isn’t much vegetation on the site except few shrubs and trees which is marked below.

The site has no existing buildings or structures. Surrounding areas only have green spaces in the areas shown in the masterplan.

4.8 SITESERVICES

ELECTRIC SUPPLY: •There is an electric line running along the boundary of the site which can be used for powering the stadium by providing the adequate substation/transformer.

WATER & DRAINAGE SYSTEM: •There is no provision of water by the municipal authorities. The pipeline runs along the main road. So water supply can be taken for the site from there. • The drainage can be discharged along the Najafgarh drain situated along the

south of the site.

4.9 CLIMATICANALYSIS

•The climate of Delhi is a monsoon influenced subtropical with heavy variations during summer and winter. •Climatic Zone: Sub-Tropical • Hot&Dry: upto 450 •Cool&Dry: upto 250 •Warm&humid upto 350

5. AREA ANALYSIS& DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

6. DESIGN PROPOSAL

Different types of stadiums along history were studied and how their function changed from a simple structure for footraces into ever larger venues for mass entertainment. Stadiums continue to push the limits of technology and aesthetics and serve as powerful tools for political and artistic statements—and profit.

Accessbility is a key factor in deciding whether a stadium reaches the green goal for transport. There are green areas throughout the site in small and large parcels. Since the site is located in Delhi, green areas would be necessary.

The structure adopted here is a truss system for the basic core structure and a fabric cladding with vibrant colours to make the stadium entering experience even more colourfoul and joyous.

Green Features are present throughout the stadium.

7. DRAWINGS AND DESIGN SHEETS

8. CONCLUSION

By this Thesis we can conclude that stadiums can be critical mass capable of sustaining city life: a critical mass containing the residential, commercial, retail, leisure and transport components which encourage cities to thrive. The main challenge while designing a stadium is to improve the urban vicinity of the area, to make them living parts of entire cities. Today, major sporting facilities are a mainstay of urban regeneration and their potential has been recognized. However, a stadium alone will not transform a blighted area; it must be a part of an overall plan to attract commercial and recreational activities.

And most importantly, people.

9. REFERENCES

1. Football Stadiums-Technical recommendations andrequirements(FIFA) 5th edition 2. ARUPJournal 1/2009 3. FIFA(www.usyouthsoccer.org) 4. Vtechworks(https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/35260/stadium.pdf?seq uence=2). 5. http://shodh.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/216/2/02 _introductionj.pdf 6. http://pifa.co.in/academy/learning/indian-football-history/ 7. Construction and Designmanual-stadium Buildingsby Martin Wimmer 8. Master Plan Delhi-2021 9. DelhiDevelopment Authority

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. https://www.football-stadiums.co.uk/ 2. https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/categories/football-stadium 3. https://www.stadiumguide.com/present/england/ 4. https://footballstadiumdigest.com/