Landscape Architecture Portfolio Roselle Wu 2018 www.rosellew.com wuroselle@gmail.com
MA Landscape Architecture
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Explanation of the design language: Pointillism
Illustration of the evoluation
How noise from highway hinder the movement of birds.
At the very beginning, trees When time goes by , they form are growing individually and tree groups and traffic developseparately. ment separates tree groups.
Then they defined green spaces in Bristol. But urbanisation hinder thelinkage of the woodland,
The Giant Branch a the woodlands. It ta and forms a tremend work.
A Manifesto Drawing in which the pink dots represent wildlife, green dots represent trees, blue dots represent river.
MA Landscape Architecture - Individual - Conceptual Design The Giant Branch I believed that trees are growing individually and separately at the very beginning. Therefore, it is like numerous of dots mark on the earth. Then, they accumulate and form green spaces. Unfortunately, humans bring urbanisation, buildings and traffic network
separate the green spaces. In some theory of biodiversity, it is always better to have one big patch of woodland instead of clustered green patches. Furthermore, river is also a wildlife corridor but noise from highway over the river hinder the
flow of the birds. In addition, urbanisation brings a series of urban problem like heat island effect, air pollution, etc. But it is quite inevitable in our city to eliminate urbanisation. I have come up with an idea that the traffic
network can facilitate us to travel around, so we can also create a huge green infrastructure to let wildlife travel around in the city. Also, tree branch is one of the key habitat of wildlife. Therefore, it inspired me to create a huge green infrastructure to let wildlife travel around in
the city. The Branch would be linking all the green spaces. In the future, The Giant Branch could take over the urbanised city atmosphere in Bristol with rewilding. At the meanwhile, it provides humans a second layer and 3-dimensional platform of green spaces for leisure,
growing crops, more spaces, etc. instead of the existing common green corridor plan which is planting more trees to bridge several parks.
Layering of the future Bristol
The Giant Branch
Buildings, Infrasructure
Traffic Network
aims to connect akes over Bristol dous green net-
Fragmented Green Spaces
A master plan showing The Giant Branch Network links to different separated green space.
A perspective shows how The Giant Branch Network weave along the building structures and take over the whole city.
MA Landscape Architecture Model of Rewilding Bristol
Master Plan
Water Management
On the Branch It is estimated that the UK will be going through drier summer and wetter winter. In order to face this challenge. The Branch is designed to be sustainable. There is a infinity swimming pool up on the rooftop. During the winter, it will be closed as a water tank for collecting rainwater, which will then be used for irrigation in summer time.
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Bio-connectivity Flying route of the birds One of the main purpose of this design is to enhance the movement of wildlife. Leighwood National Reserve is a home of the wildlife living in Bristol. As the elevated highway is designed to be enclosed with greenery on top. It raises the mobility of the birds. Along the rooftop garden, the birds can travel through the trees plants along the garden and also the trees planted on the ground. Main Concept: The Giant Branch
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The Giant Branch relies on the existing structure of the elevated highway bridge. The highway is designed to be enclosed so as to mitigate the noise pollution. It would be covered with a rooftop open spaces on top to facilitate leisure purpose. In addition, the space under the bridge is then designed to be mixed land with retail, eateries and sitting areas. The current existing squirrel staircase would be further extended to reach the rooftop garden.
Rooftop Open Space +
Garden, Crops fields, Swimming Pool, Open Spaces
Covered Highway
Highway
+
Mixed Landuse Retail
Under the bridge
Outdoor Cafe Open Space
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1.Infinity Pool 2.Edible Garden 3.Resilient Waterfront 4.Pocket Park 5.Bridge for wildlife
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6.Sitting Areas 8
7.Outdoor Cafe 8.Free Open Space
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Rooftop Open Spaces Summer-Infinity Pool Programming The infinity pool can give boundless and board view to the swimmers. It is a massive leisure swimming pool that is 100m in length and 1.4m in depth. Part of the wood deck provides space for sunbathing. The bridge above the deck is another planting area that gives secondary path for visitors to prevent conflicts between swimmers and visitors who do not swim. The changing room and toilets are located on the ground level right under the swimming pool.
The space on the roof is limited by the area of the highway. As the swimming pool is preferable to be a massive one, it covers a large portion of Summer Zone. Therefore, it is difficult to plant in Summer Zone. An extra bridge is placed up on the swimming pool in order to connect the greenery of other zone. At the meanwhile that bridge over the swimming pool can also act as a shelter for swimmers.
Planter Primary Route Drainage covered with pebbles
1/F Infinite Pool 1/F Wooden Deck
Secondary Route
Fish Pond
Lift
2/F of Infinite Pool: Garden on the water
Legend
1/F of Infinite Poo
Pond
Pebbles
Planter
Crazy paving concrete flagstone Bench
Gravel Stone Pavement
ol
Swimming pool
Swimming pool
Wooden Deck
Changing rooms,Shower rooms and toilets
Wooden Structure: Resting place for swimmers
Legend
Project: The Giant Branch
Wooden Deck
Drawing Title: Detailed Area Plan
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Drawn by: Roselle Wu 1709568 Scale: 1:200 @ A0 Module: Design Studio Assignment 2
0
4
8
SCALE BAR 1:200
20
40m
F
F
1:50
RootRain Urban irrigation system installed around the guyed root ball Ensure inlet is slightly above finished surround level 300mm blinded and well consolidated sub base Brick (212 x 105 x 65 mm)
1500
950
k paving on 50mm sand bed
Underground services F
1331 2000
Tree planting details of enclosure at Roof Garden 75mm mulch layer - by others
Soft landscape
anchor system base as shown to aid root penetration and pit drainage Root barriers extend a minimum of 2m beyond the expected canopy of the mature tree along the length of the trench
in situ concrete foundation (150mm) 50
Project: The Giant Branch Drawing Title: Construction Details Drawn by: Roselle Wu 1709568 Scale: 1:10 @ A0 Module:
F
1:10
Design Studio Assignment 2
Poa annua
5 no. Ligustrum ovalifolium 'Argenteum'
5 TB
35 no. Atriplex halimus
115 no. Euphorbia myrsinite
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54 no. Lobelia 'Queen Victoria'
Poa annua
14 no. Lobelia 'Queen Victoria'
42 no. Buddleja fallowiana var. alba
33 no. Achillea millefolium
42 no. Sambucus nigra 'Guincho Purple'
1 PY 31 no. Iris Spuria
27 no. Foeniculum vulgare 'Purpureum'
29 no. Cynara cardunculus 12 no. Eryngium giganteum
11 no. Cotinus 'Grace'
1 MF
1 MF
14 no Berberis temolacia
Poa annua 3 JD
9 PC 12 no. Lilium lancifolium
Poa annua 31 no. Cupressus arizonica var. glabra
7 no. Sedum 'Ruby Glow'
Planting Design Statement:
91 no. Sedum 'Ruby Glow'
15 no. Atriplex halimus
Yellow is a bright and cheerful colour and reminiscent of spring. This roof garden has planted abundance of yellow and orange flowering plant. The plant flowers in mid to late summer. On the other hand, In the autumn, orange plants transform into bright tones by low sun and look completely natural. This foliage with the elegance of lilies, the tangy scents of houttuynia stays moist throughout the year and it must be regularly replenished with organic matter. Besides, the curving path and the enclosures in the garden encourages the visitors to explore. The enclosures provide shelters and resting place for the visitors.
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11 no. Mentha pulegium
8 JD
Project: Roof Garden Drawing Title: Detailed Planting Plan Module: Design Studio Assignment 2
Drawn by: Roselle Wu 1709568 Scale: 1:100 @ A0
29 no. Cynara cardunculus 12 no. Eryngium giganteum
1 MF
11 no. Cotinus 'Grace'
1 MF
14 no Berberis temolacia
Poa annua 3 JD
9 PC 12 no. Lilium lancifolium
Poa annua 31 no. Cupressus arizonica var. glabra
Poa annua
Poa annua
6 no. Mimulus cardinalis 1 MF
11 no. Houttuynia cordata 'Chameleon'
31 no. Rosa glauca
15 no. Foeniculum vulgare 'Purpureum'
14 no. Mimulus cardinalis
11 no. Sambucus nigra 'Guincho Purple' 1 JD
Poa annua
7 no. Foeniculum vulgare 'Purpureum' 42 no. Papaver rhoeas
10 no. Blackberry 'Oregon Thornless' 1 MF
8 no. Oenothera biennis 6 no. Verbascum bombyciferum 27 no. Cotinus 'Grace'
12 no. Kniphofia 'Ice Queen' 12 no. Stachys sylvatica
11 no. Hemerocallis 'Hyperion'
32 no. Hebe 'Red Edge'
27 no. Borago officinalis
30 no. Stachys sylvatica 8 no. Mentha pulegium
5 no. Phalaris arundinacea var. picta 'Feesey'
12 no. Sedum 'Ruby Glow'
13 no. Achillea filipendulina "Gold Plate"
11 no. Phormium tenax Purpureum Group
3 JD
Drawn by: Roselle Wu 1709568 Scale: 1:100 @ A0
Details of the conjunction of planter and footpath edge Branch
Edge board raised to provide upstand to prevent spillage of gravel to grass areas
300 mm Soil
50mm fine gravel on 100mm binded consolidated sub base 25mm 100mm
A
A
1:50
Gravel
Crazy Paving
1:10
A Details of the conjunction of fish pond and planter
B
B B
B
Details of the conjunction of fish pond and footpath to prevent spillage of gravel to grass areas 50mm fine gravel on 100mm binded consolidated sub base
100mm
C
1:50
C B
1:10
B
A
Project:
Drawing Title:
The Giant Branch
Detailed Area Plan
Drawn by: Roselle Wu 1709568
Module:
Scale: 1:10,1:50 @ A0
Design Studio Assignment 2
Branch
1:10 200mm
0
200mm
400mm
600mm
800mm
600,00
450,00
2300,00
1:10
1:10 Details of the conjunction of fish pond and bridge
A
Edge board raised to provide upstand to stabilise the structure of the bridge
50mm fine gravel 100mm binded consolidated sub base
D D
1:50 1000mm
D
1:10
Details of the conjunction of the enclosure and lawn B
6 mm dust blinding
Soft landscape 75 mm angular gravel 100 mm blinded and well consolidated base
E
Soil
E
1:50
Edge board raised to provide upstand to prevent spillage of gravel to grass areas
D
Feasibility Study
Legend FoD
Slope 0 9.29 18.6 27.9 37.1 46.4
5
Agricultural Land Grade
Environmentally sensitive areas
0
5
10
15
20 km
Slope
Legend FoD
5
Connectivity
Hydrology
0
Llandovery Lower Lias Lower Old Red Sandstone Lower Westphalian Ludlow Permian and Triassic sandstones Silurian limestone Tournaisian and Visean Triassic mudstones Upper Old Red Sandstone Wenlock 5 10
15
20 km
Geology
Legend FoD
Legend Flat NE E SE S SW W NW N 5
0
5
FoD points_of_interest2 clinic hospital pharmacy school
5
10
15
20 km
0
5
10
15
20 km
Suitability Map Summary of Criteria Avoid Grade 1,2 agricultural land Avoid Sensitive areas 1km distance from any transport route Slopes that facing East to West Slope that is 3-15 % degree Within 100m from river
Woodland
Settlement
River
Agricultural Land
E c o -V i l l a g e i n Forest of Dean
Landscape planning strategy Low rise settlement
Water Management & Check Dam
Population: 1000 There would build around 85 low-rise buildings. The settlement structure is low rise building with 2 storeys and 2 flats for each storeys. The house is suitable for young adults and elderly. It promotes shared house scheme which encourages the youth to take care of the elderly.
The dam is to catch surface runoff and stream water flow in order to regulate the water flow in areas below the dam. The storm water go over the check-dam during the heavy rain, and the landscape in the flooding zone can slow down the storm water and absorb superfluous water. Therefore it acts as a buffer to another side of residential area ,reducing the damage caused by flooding or to manage the flow rate through a channel.
Riparian Planting
Financially sustainable
Youth-Elderly Community
According to Forest of Dean research in 2015, the Forest of Dean has a greater share of the population with caring responsibilities when compared against the county as a whole for every age band. As the elderly population grows so the need for effective targeting of support becomes increasingly important. Therefore, this village provides low rent housing but the young adults are responsible to take care of the elderly.
Social Enterprise-Job Opportunities
Direct riverwater to collect freshwater from the hill and collect the rainwater at the dams for irrigation in the agricultural land. At the meanwhile, riparian planting will be established along the river to encourage biodiversity.
Community Garden and agricultural land provides platform for residents to interact. The garden will be growing crops other than flowers. They can also sell their food so the village can be financially sustainable.
There will be social enterprise restaurant that employs the elderly so they can make a living. Furthermore, the ingredients will be sourced from the local farm.
MA Landscape Architecture - Individual - Planning Strategy & Character Assessment Eco-Village in Forest of Dean This project includes a feasibility study of Forest of Dean and a suitability map by QGIS, and landscape planning strategy of the new proposing area. Feasibility Study is to analyse the existing characters of the Forest in different aspect below, • Agricultural Land Class • Environmentally Sensitive Areas • Connectivity • Hydrology • Land Use • Aspect • Slope • Facilities
Therefore, we can set a series of criteria to determine what requirement we need for our site or what kind of land we should avoid. Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) helps urban planners to make decision in land use in a short period of time. Having a series of criteria mapping will be very convenient in making a suitability map of which place will be the most suitable place of the new planning. A suitability map was produced in this task in order to find the most suitable location of building an Eco-village in the area of Forest of Dean.
BA Landscape Architecture
Year 4 - Individual - Design Proposal Chi Fu Valley Eco-heritage Park The Cows Are Back !
With the evidence verifies a series of activity in Dairy Farm is heterogeneously distributed disturbance, we should bring back those activity when designing a eco-heritage park, so as to maintain and encourage biodiversity. One of the obvious disturbance is putting the manure to fertiliser the crops and the surrounding landscape. Such organic farming practice is the main concept for the whole ecoheritage park. The purpose of the
park is to encourage biodiversity and heritage conservation. I proposed an forest enhancement plan and butterfly garden. Some Dairy Farm relics would be transform to Cha Chaan Teng(a kind of British Hong Kong style restaurant), cowboys’ quarter, storage,etc. Cha Chaan Teng creates income for the whole park so as to attain sustainability. There is jungle walk and board walk to facilitate visitors to explore the park without disturbing the habitat.
Roselle Wu Supervised by Mr. Michael Thomas
The cows are back! Pok Fu Lam
Chi Fu Valley
Being one of the biggest enterprises after the establishment of Hong Kong , Dairy Farm had an important role for the history of Colonial Hong Kong. It was the first company that provided milk to the public, it improved the public health and changed the diet style of Hong Kong cuisine. After the closure of Dairy Farm, Chi Fu Fa Yuen took place of a great extent of Dairy Farm. Fortunately, some parts of the ruin structures are left in Chi Fu Valley. The ruin structures and the plants create a unique habitat that allows numerous of stone wall trees to grow and attracts some endangered species. Therefore, with the evidence verifies a series of activity in Dairy Farm is heterogeneously distributed disturbance, we should bring back those activity when designing a eco-heritage park, so as to encourage biodiversity and conserve the ruin structure. One of the obvious disturbance is putting the manure to fertiliser the crops and the surrounding landscape. Such organic agricultural farming practice is the main concept for the whole eco-heritage park. Meanwhile, the park also includes a series of programmings in order to raise public awareness of eco-heritage relationship with a sustainable approch.
Cowboys bringing pails of new milk to the dairy at the farm.
Background
1886
In 1883, Sir Patrick Manson moved to Hong Kong and found that Hong Kong had no milk supply on the market, thus lacking a nutritious beverage to enhance patients’ health. He founded Hong Kong’s first dairy product industry, The Dairy Farm Company with 80 Holstein cows imported from Scotland in 1886 (Cameron, 1986).
Site Analysis
Bauhaus style cowshed
The husbandry method was captive breeding, the cow was kept in the paddock
Not much trees
1972
Unique Vegetation Status
Significance of Chi Fu Valley
Some of the trees were found weak or fallen along the route because they grew on concrete. About 30 Ficus microcarpa grew very strongly and healthily with a very big crown and massive in scale. Only Ficus microcarpa can grow healthily on the wall and on the packed earth in the ruin area where the ground is packed earth because its strangler can support the whole trees in a strong grip on vertical wall surface and adapt to such harsh growing environment. (Management Guidelines for Stonewall Trees, 2013)
Dairy Farm Ruins
Roads Grass Silo
After 1967, Wah Fu Estate was establishhed at the back. The site was still covered by elephhant grass.
Dwelling
Butterflies Packed earth inhibits plant growth
Meanwhile, there are abundance of shrubs, climbers found in the site that creates habitat for the butterflies and bees. Many other trees except Ficus microcarpa can not survive in the ruins where is low in soil depth, this situation allows various of shrubs and climbers to spread. Apart from the area of ruins like paddocks, trees are growing normally, healthily and tall. It verifies that the hard structure really brought disturbance to the forest, causing some trees stop growing.
Dead Trees
Climbers on ground
Internal Circulation Manure Tank
Piggeries
Paddock
Paddock
Shrub attracts butterflies
Stone Wall Tree
Fodder: Elephant grass
Existing heritage structures
River
High biodiversity 1886-1972
Referring to the old photo of Dairy Farm, there were not much trees covered in the valley, elephant grass covered spreaded all over the site.
Stone Wall Stone Walltrees trees
River
Vegetation
After 1972
Dung wash away from the paddock Cows excrete to the paddock
When it rains or the worker clean up, Stone Wall trees
Lesser Spiny Frog
Elephant grass
The faeces will go from the opening gap of the paddock
Fodder Stone Wall trees
Short legged Frog
Fodder is fertilised
Faeces act as a nutrient by decomposing as organic matter
Organic Farming Method Cowboys do the clean up the dung Fodder
Recycled waste:The dung will decompose in manure pit
Harvest:fodder grows well
Grow:Manure will act as fertiliser to grow fodder
Chi Fu Valley Eco - heritage Park Plan
Chi Fu Valley Eco - heritage Park Site Plan
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2 13 3
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Entrance Grass Silo Dairy Storage Manure Pit Organic Farm Cow Paddock and cowsheds Piggeries Butterfly Garden Cha Chaan Teng Milk & Cheese making workshop Cowboys’ Quarter and Storage Tree Nursery Jungle Walk Board Walk
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The organic field is in the old paddock, the concrete on ground will be removed to make it suitable for farming. The general principles of organic production, from the Canadian Organic Standards (2006), include protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health, maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil. Demonstration of organic grazing like process dung as fertiliser can be introduced to the visitors. Organic farming can use the fertilizer made by dung in order to promote sustainability. Vegetables like sweet potato, tomato, potato, beetroot, carrot,etc will be grown there and be sent to Cha Chaan Teng for food ingredients.
Dung Manure Pit
Planter for wheelchair users
Fertiliser
Farming
Beet roots Ingredients
OrganicFood
Vegetables
Food Waste
Shelter +
Piggeries
+
HK cuisine +
Bauhaus style
13 Forest Enhancement Plan
13.1.1 Plant Species - Shrub
13.1 Biodiversity Enhancement Plan
Forest Enhancement Plan helps to enrich the richness of species of the trees in Chi Fu Valley, in or- There are 36 species of plants that attract butterflies. Visitors can visit butterfly garden and know more der to attract more animal species. In order words, the existing trees in the valley are not big enough to create a adventurous atmosphere for people who walk onto the Jungle Walk. Therefore, a plant- about plant and butterfly species. It is also a nice place for taking a rest after the journey. Visitors can enjoy ing plan has been carried out to grow trees over the valley, after many years, the trees would grow higher than the Jungle Walk elevated trail, so people can weave in the jungle by walking along the the scene created by plant and heritage structure. elevated trail.
Cinnamomum camphora
Liquidambar formosana
Magnolia Ă— alba
Cycas rumphii
Metroxylon sagu
Hibiscus tiliaceus
Duranta erecta
Eranthemum pulchellum
Zanthoxylum piperitum
Verbana bonariensis
Laelia speciosa
Ligustrum ovalifolium
Ixora coccinea
Pentas
Lonicera ciliosa
Ruellia tuberosa
Celosia spicata
Vitex negundo
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Adaptive Reuse of Paddock Dairy Farm Revitalisation
Planting Design 1:300
Ixora coccinea
Pentas
Lonicera ciliosa
Ligustrum ovalifolium
Cows & Chicken Ruellia tuberosa
Celosia spicata
Vitex negundo
Laelia speciosa
Steps
8
Jungle Walk
Concrete
Preserving the the current appearance of the site is also considered. The heritage structures and also the tree gives a mysterious atmosphere to the site. To encourage and facilitate more visitors to get there, a more convenient and comprehensive route system should be constructed there. Jungle Walk is a step-free elevated walkway with the highest height 10 m that covers a great part of the site. There are different route that visitors can discover the river or weaving in the jungle in a convenient and safe way, but both are connected.
There are wooden boardwalks that includes moderate and adventurous level for visitors, the two level of boardwalks are connected. Moderate level boardwalk is a route lies on gentle slope, while adventurous boardwalk is longer in length and is a route that lies on steeper slope, so there are more staircases, however, it leads you to reach the river where is a scenic spot. Both of the boardwalks is elevated to a certain level that prevents destruction to the soil and protect the habitat of the existing animals. During the journey on the boardwalk, visitors weave through the elephant grass, they might have a chance to see the farmer cutting the grass.
Year 4 Model of Chi Fu Valley
This is the topography model of Chi Fu Valley for the proj-
ects of “The Cows are Back ! “
Year 4 Model of Dairy Farm This is Farm “The
the
for
Cows
model of Dairy
the
are
projects Back
!
of
“
Year 3 Sustainable Redevelopment - From Soil to Stimulate Your S Hong Kong government has planned to develop a new town in Kwu Tung North including Long Valley, where was ever famous for rice production. I have an idea of merging rice production into residential areas. As the site covers about 450 hectares and cater 10 thousands people. There are inadequate places for farmland out of long valley. An integration of residential area and agricultural area is a good idea to attain both goals and sustainability.
Senses
Construct three water channels to direct the rainwater from the hill and collect the rainwater in front of the dams for irrigation in the lower land. The dam is to catch surface runoff and stream water flow in order to regulate the water flow in areas below the dam. It can also reduce the damage caused by flooding or to manage the flow rate through a channel.
The rice will grow along the channel as shown in the picture. Residents can get close to the rice field when they pass by the dam or get into the vegetation. The rice will be supplied to the Kwu Tung residents to attain the goal of self sustainability. At the end of the channels, there is a flood plain. the storm water go over the check-dam during the heavy rain, and the landscape in the flooding zone can slow down the storm water and absorb superfluous water. therefore it acts as a buffer to another side of residential area. The paddy fields are not only for rice production but also for a buffer of flooding.
Year 3 Urban Regeneration Weaving through Sun, Moon, Star I was inspired by the character of the streetscape in Sun Street , Moon Street and Star Street as well as Dutch painter Piet Mondrian’s painting on the wall of Star Street Public Refuse Collection Point. Wan Chai is a culture hub but it lacks a place for residents to share their thoughts and to nurture creativity. Therefore, I have designed the streetscape as a place for leisure and fun. The programmings include exhibition area, cafe, cinema, green house in 3 glass houses. There is children play area in Sun Street. Car Boot Sale happens in Moon Street. There is a therapeutic garden on rooftop in order to create relaxing place for Wan Chai residents and workers.
The project is to create a landscape shared by public and two clients. The whole site would be demonstrating the integration of animals habitat and human living place. The first client is a famous chef, Jamie Oliver who loves organic cooking and who needs interaction with visitors and privacy space for family gathering. The second client is Jane Austen, a novelist and she is a single woman. She is autonomous and quiet. She loves people’s appreciation but she prefered to have a tranquil place with nice vista for writing.
Year 1 Model of Chai Wan Park
The model was about the real appearance of part of Chai Wan Park, Chai Wan, H
Kong. There were tennis courts, amphi-theatre, plant buffer, etc. Other mates took in other parts of the park. We finally grouped it together to make it a complete
Hong
k part
one.
Year 1
Model of 1:1 Natural Landscape The topic is to imitate a natural landscape. The model shown above is a volcanic rock. It is in human scale. The project was conducted in teamwork. Using aluminium foil made it
looked more sharp and clear with the shades.
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Year 1 Model of “Fairy“ This model was the first model that I made during my bachelor degree. The top-
ic was to make a model that I was inspired by a music that I chose. I chose “Fairy” by
Tchaikovsky. The music made me feel a invisi-
ble fairy wanted to join the ball but no one can see or notice her. So there were many fenc-
es to represent the feeling for being isolated.