The cows are back ! - Roselle's Bachelor Thesis by Roselle's portfolio

The cows are back!

The eco-heritage relationship of Chi Fu Valley Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong BA (Hons) in Landscape Architecture DLA5496 Graduate Project 2: Thesis Report Final 1 Roselle Wu 130586474 wuroselle@gmail.com Supervised by Mr. Michael Thomas 2016-17

& Dairy Farm

Acknowledgement I wish to express my special gratitude to Mr. Michael Thomas, my supervisor for support me with his professional advice. He is very patient and reliable that he always answered my question and he often took us to have field trip. I enjoyed and cherished the time during field trip. I also appreciate him for understanding and listening to me from doing the thesis to design. My gratitude to him is more than words. Doing this thesis somehow made me stressed, but he never made me feel under pressure. I also feel thankful to Mrs. Elizabeth Leven who answered all my enquiries about ecology. She is so patient that she always spent an hour for our chats. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Edward Yiu , Mr. Steve Sau and other committee of Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Association. I did not even know about such an amazing place, Chi Fu Valley without the the petition and the advocacy of the Eco-heritage park. I really appreciate that they have done research and the record of living species in the Valley, these background information have greatly helped me with my research. I feel grateful to Mr. Sau who shared all the research information they have in hand about the Valley. I would also like to thank my mom who accompanied me to field trip once, she took care of me during the field trip, and she fully supported me during the process of my thesis. Sampson Yeung, one of my old friend who also accompanied me once for the field trip, I really feel thankful to him who spared time for me and it is rare for a teenager to feel interested about heritage ruins adventure.

Declaration

Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi) Declaration of Academic Integrity

Student Full Name: Roselle Wu Student No.: 130586474 Programme: BA (Hons) in Landscape Architecture Module Name & module code: Graduation Project 2: Thesis Report (DLA5497) Lecture/Tutorial Session: PM, Monday and Thursday Supervisor’s Name: Michael Thomas I declare that: 1. I have read and understood THEi’s ‘Policies on Academic Misconduct’ (Section 9.3, pp. 66-69, THEi Student Handbook). I am aware of the penalties for academic misconduct. 2. I understand the meaning of ‘plagiarism’ (Paragraph 9.3, THEi Student Handbook). 3. All individual assignments and all of my contributions to group assignments submitted in this module are my own work. I have properly acknowledged all sources and I have not plagiarised any part of the assessment tasks. 4. I have not previously submitted this work or any version of it for assessment to any other module. 5. I have duly acknowledged all the sources consulted and enclosed all quotations in quotation marks with accurate citations. 6. I have appropriately documented all the sources cited in this work in a reference list.

Signed: ________________________________

Date: 27 Apr 2017

Abstract Keywords: eco-heritage, Dairy Farm, Chi Fu Valley, biodiversity,

Being one of the biggest enterprises after the establishment of Hong Kong , Dairy Farm had an important role for the history of Colonial Hong Kong. It was the first company that provided milk to the public with the aim of improving public health and changed the diet style of Hong Kong cuisine. After the closure of Dairy Farm, Chi Fu Fa Yuen took place of a great extent of Dairy Farm. Fortunately, some parts of the ruin of structures are left in Chi Fu Valley. The ruin structures and the plants create a unique habitat that allows numerous of stone wall trees to grow and attracts some endangered species. This reports assumed that Dairy Farm made Chi Fu Valley rich in biodiversity. To understand the relationship between animal husbandry and biodiversity in Pok Fu Lam, it is a must to have a deep understanding about the grazing operation of Dairy Farm in the past. A series of methodologies has been developed in order to convincingly and comprehensively answer the research question, and to propose design solution. By referring to the report conducted by Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents Association, the heritage structures have given some revelations in this regard. Firstly, one of the social significance report shows that the manure tank was where the cow waste was composted for organic fertiliser (Sau,2016). This is one of the factors enriching the biodiversity. Secondly, the husbandry method of Dairy Farm is also a key in knowing whether the cattle brought disturbance to the environment. Thirdly, existence of Dairy Farm for 86 years from 1886 to 1972 has preserved the nearby environment from development, thus the biodiversity at least can be maintained. Therefore, there are several potential factors enriching the biodiversity. The results can help the related area to be conserved and it emphasised the importance of the site, so as to design the proposal logically. Several programmes have been designed for the Eco-heritage park in Chi Fu Valley in order to conserve the heritage structures and the nature, in order to promote the eco-heritage relationship to the public.

The advertisement shows the variety of the food service they provided and it implies the business is big in scale that is inflential to Hong Kong. Source: The Industrial History of Hong Kong Group

Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Background information of Dairy Farm 2 3. Literature Review 5 3.1 Cultural Landscape 5 3.2 Petition for making the first Eco-heritage park in Hong Kong 6 3.3 Why is Dairy Farm heritage structure worthy of conservation ? 7

4. Discussion 8 Case Study : Hong Ning Dairy Farm 8 5. Research Question 9 5.1 Hypothesis 9 5.2 Research Objective 9

6. Methodology 10 6.1 Indicator of Biodiversity 10 6.2 Observation 10 6.3 Old photo of Dairy Farm 10

7. Data Collection: Site Visits 11 7.1 Site Visit 1 on 27 Sept 2016 11 7.2 Site Visit 2 on 25 Nov 2016 12 7.3 Site Visit 3 on 7 Feb 2017 13 7.4 Site Visit 4 on 14 Feb 2017 14

8. Site Analysis 15 Dairy Farm Ruins High biodiversity

17 17

9. Data Analysis: Factors enriching biodiversity 18

9.1 Revealing the animal husbandry method operated in Dairy Farm 18

9.1.1 The unique situation of the vegetation in Chi Fu Valley 19 1886-1972 19 After 1972 20 9.2 Traditional farming creates high biodiversity 22 9.2.1 Dung as organic fertilisers 22 Organic farming method 23 9.2.2 Observation: Hints from the building structure of the paddocks 24 Dung washed away from the paddock 24 9.3 Abandonment of Dairy Farm 25

Case Study: Disturbance in military site 25 Case Study: Mediterranean Basin 25 How do agricultural activities enrich biodiversity? 25

Case Study: Fuyang Eco Park, Taiwan 26 9.4 Assessment of the Relative Ecological Importance of Sites 27

10. Analysis 28 Design Case Study1 for Design Proposal 29 Kaasboerderij Hoogerwaard, Netherlands 29 Design Case Study 2 for Design Proposal 30 Gardens of Ninfa, Italy 30 Design Case Study 3 for Design Proposal 31 Kranji Heritage trail 31

11. Theory of the design 32 Design Proposal 33 12. The cows are back ! 35 Chi Fu Valley Eco - heritage Park 35 Main Circulation 36 Pavement 36 Jungle Walk 36 Boardwalk 36 The whole circulation system 36 12.1 Agri-tourism-Adaptive reuse of paddock: 12.1.1Dairy Farm 37

12.1.2 Chicken Farm 37 Cottage Garden Design in the Dairy Farm 1:300 39 Model of Dairy Farm and cowsheds 40 12.2 Economic: Turn Piggeries as Cha Chaan Teng 12.2.1Cha Chaan Teng 41 12.3 Organic Farming 42 12.4 Milk and Cheese Workshop 43 12.5 Jungle Walk 44 12.6 Moderate and Adventurous Boardwalk 46 12.7 Cowboysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Quarter 48 12.8 Tree Nursery 48 12.9 New programmes location 49 Organic Farming 50 Milk & Cheese Workshop 50 Cha Chaan Teng 50 Dairy Farm Cowshed 50 Butterfly Garden 50 Cowboysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; quarter 50 New programmes location showing in Model 51

13 Forest Enhancement Plan 55

13.1 Biodiversity Enhancement Plan 13.1.1 Plant Species - Shrub 58

14. Conclusion 61 Reference 62 Self Reflection 64 Appendix 65

Record of Assessment of the Relative Ecological Importance of Sites Carried out by Roselle Wu 65 Tree Survey Prepared by: Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Association 66 Bird Record Prepared by: Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Association 67 Surviving Physical Heritage Record Prepared by: Mr. K JR Borthwick 69

Dissertation

1. Introduction In order to increase land supply, the Hong Kong government proposed Wah Fu Estate would be moved to a valley, next to Chi Fu Fa Yuen which is known as Chi Fu Valley and is surrounded by Green Belt area. However, the residents of Chi Fu Fa Yuen stated that the valley was the original site of Dairy Farm, a local dairy production company and they discovered that Chi Fu Valley is covered by a series of heritage structures of Dairy Farm as well as the valley possessing high biodiversity. Therefore, they were strongly against the construction of the relocation of Wah Fu Estate and they advocated establishment of Eco-heritage park in the valley.

Pok Fu Lam

Chi Fu Valley Location of Chi Fu Valley

Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association suggested the government to establish the first Eco-Heritage Park in Hong Kong. Although the association recorded the findings of heritage structures, flora and fauna, to date, there has not been an adequate information or report to elaborate the relationship behind. The high biodiversity in Chi Fu Valley may be subjected to the existence of Dairy Farm, this hypothesis was set with a research objective for the ongoing thesis. Before any conservation design, a comprehensive site analysis should be carried in order to record the best status of the environment. A complete baseline can also convince the government of the importance of figuring out what made the valley high in biodiversity to know the relationship between Dairy Farm and the Valley is to provide a suggestion for a design to link the heritage and the environment together as an ecoheritage park. This thesis is to conduct further related research which has a closer look at the site itself, and also designs a comprehensive methodology. It furthermore consolidates the research objective and hypothesis in order to assist the ongoing research. A design is proposed at the end of this report.

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The plan is showing the proposed area is in residential area but surrounded by green belt area. Source: OZP (S/H10/15) http://www2.ozp.tpb.gov.hk/plan/ozp_plan_notes/en/S_ H10_15_e.pdf#nameddest=RB

The red line covers Chi Fu Valley where the Eco-heritage park area proposed by Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents ’Association Source: Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents ’Association ( 15 Feb, 2017 )

2. Background information of Dairy Farm Sir Patrick Manson, founding father of tropical medicine, had worked in China since 1866. In 1883, he moved to Hong Kong and found that Hong Kong had no milk supply on the market, thus lacking a nutritious beverage to enhance patients’ health. He founded Hong Kong’s first dairy product industry, The Dairy Farm Company with 80 Holstein cows imported from Scotland in 1886 (Cameron, 1986). It aimed to provide safe milk to the local public by following UK milk production methods and standards. The government offered him land in Pok Fu Lam, in a wind and drought resistant location, for free because it recognised the company as a charity because it provided milk to public hospitals at a relatively low price (Chuk,1996).

Cowboys’ quarter were built next to the cowsheds

Piggeries

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After 1967, Wah Fu Estate was establishhed at the back. The site was still covered by elephhant grass.

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3. Literature Review 3.1 Cultural Landscape The Antiquities Advisory Board has graded 1444 heritage structures in Hong Kong. However, heritage structures should not be limited to buildings. The landscape where human activities happen is also undeniably important in reflecting the story in the past (Nicolson, 2016). A petition to designate Chi Fu Valley as an ecoheritage park attracted 3,000 signatories. Unfortunately, Hong Kong government does not recognise any cultural landscape as declared monument yet. Hong Kong government should start considering cultural landscape as declared monument because it showcased different cultural stories of Hong Kong. Definition of Cultural Landscape is a landscape that has tangible or intangible heritage assets that require to be seen as a sum of individual parts, Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China described cultural landscape as a ‘‘humanistic landscape or setting’’ (Agnew and Demas, 2002) . It expresses a sustainable and close relationship between humans and their natural environment. It embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment (UNESCO). Pok Fu Lam Village is named in the list of World Monuments Fund. Cultural Landscape in Pok Fu Lam is definitely not limited to Pok Fu Lam Village, it is about the village, Dairy Farm, the surrounding valley, the flora and fauna found in the valley. Apart from the tangible elements, those intangible cultural activities and beliefs in the village, history and story behind are also essential.

Cultural Landscape is the “combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment. ” - UNESCO

Pok Fu Lam Village Source: http://pokfulamhongkong.blogspot.hk

Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association avodates Chi Fu Valley to be the first eco-heritage park in Hong Kong. Source: Nextmedia (2 Jul 2016)

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3.2 Petition for making the first Eco-heritage park in Hong Kong The petition to make Chi Fu Valley Hong Kong ‘s first “Eco-heritage Park” which raised by the residents in Chi Fu Fa Yuen, Pok Fu Lam has drawn public attention. The petition stated that Pok Fu Lam Village possessed rich history and it reflects people living style in old Hong Kong(Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association, 2016). In 18th century, Dairy Farm was established there to provide milk products to Hong Kong people. The structure has been left there and is often explored by adventurers. Moreover, in the research done by the association, they have found a more interesting result, the valley possesses a high value in biodiversity as several endangered species, such as Short-legged Toad and Lesser Spiny Frog which are classified under The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species as Endangered species and Vulnerable species respectively. More than 35 Ficus microcarpa have met the standard of Old Valuable Trees (OVT) have been found there.(Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association, 2016) The village, Dairy Farm heritages and nature value shows Chi Fu Valley is one of the high-valued cultural heritage in Hong Kong.

Stone-wall tree found in Chi Fu Valley Source: XXXXX

Short-legged Toad

Lesser Spiny Frog

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3.3 Why is Dairy Farm heritage structure worthy of conservation ? Social Significance of Pok Fu Lam Dairy Farm remains near clanmore property Pok Fu Lam became a community where East met West. Over 1,000 workers including many villagers, worked for Dairy Farm since 1886. They learnt to speak English through working with the Europeans. Cattle grazing was practised over the Valley. Children played on the farm and rode on the cows (Cheung, 2016). They also slid down the slopes planted with Elephant Grass which was the feed for cows. (Tso & So, 2011) The activities mingled cows, locals and Europeans at that time. Dairy Farm came to process an important role within Hong Kong. In economics, it supported families in Pok Fu Lam. More importantly, being the first local dairy farm, it was a pioneer of industry co-operation between the UK and Hong Kong. The dairy products entered the market and boosted the economy of Hong Kong. Drinking milk made people improved health helping to lessen the burden on the Hong Kong medical system. In terms of culture, it witnessed the harmonious interaction between Europeans and Hong Kong locals. With the popularisation of milk came new eating and culinary habits for Hong Kong. It led Cha Chaan Teng-invented milk tea in later days. The contribution of Dairy Farm was undeniably tremendous and influential. It has also influenced the Chinese cooking style. Before the establishment of Dairy Farm, Chinese cooking had never used butter. Dairy Farm introduced milk to the public and maintain Hong Kong peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health. But it also contributed to local Hong Kong food culture. Milk tea, Steamed Milk Pudding, that kind of unique Hong Kong style food would not have been without a local supply of milk. (Sau,2016)

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Cowboys bringing pails of new milk to the dairy at the farm. Source: Cameron, N. (1986). The milky way: The history of dairy farm. Hong Kong: Dairy Farm

Dairy Farm was the catering supplier of Cathay Pacific Airlines. Source: Cameron, N. (1986). The milky way: The history of dairy farm. Hong Kong: Dairy Farm

Hong Kong Style Milk Tea

Case Study : Hong Ning Dairy Farm Referring to other dairy farm in Hong Kong in order to notice the operation of a farm. Hong Ning Dairy Farm was located in Yuen Long where is sufficient in water supply from river. The farm planted arable crop, elephant grass for cow fodder. It practised a sustainable grazing method, rotational cultivation. Firstly, after the cattle have eaten all the elephant grass in one field. The worker would plant the elephant grass in another field and let the previous field rest. Likewise, the feces of the cattle and the grey water released from milk production would fertilise the soil. There is a sustainable cycle of milk

Demonstration of milk production

Hong Ning Dairy

Visitors loved feeding the cows

4. Discussion The species record identifies Chi Fu Valley is high in species richness. But an assessment of ecological value has been carried out in this research, in order to clearly verify the level of the value. The case study of Hong Ning Dairy Farm used manure as fertilisers for the fodder also enhanced the fertility of the soil. The research of Dairy Farm should also refer to this case study, research for any evidence of verifying that the soil has ever been fertilised by feces.

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5. Research Question 5.1 Hypothesis Dairy Farm made Chi Fu Valley rich in biodiversity

5.2 Research Objective

Base on the record of existing species in Chi Fu Valley, carry an Environmental Impact Assessment to determine the level of value and sensibility.

Carrying a comprehensive ecological analysis and get to know the unique vegetation status of Chi Fu Valley.

To understand the change of Chi Fu Valley from barren land to a valley with dense woodland and high biodiversity, and the reason behind it.

To find out the relationship between Dairy Farm and Chi Fu Valley, regardless of the past and the present. The operation of Dairy Farm may have fertilised the soil , and the heritage left by Dairy Farm may maintain a balanced relationship with the environment.

The ultimate goal is to enhance such factors that enriches the biodiversity and integrate them into an two concept design which can conserve the environment and raise the public awareness of the local history and biodiversity in Hong Kong.

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6. Methodology This research focuses on the relationship between Dairy Farm and the biodiversity of Chi Fu Valley. First, assess the level of the ecological importance of the site based on the flora and fauna, migratory birds and any other valuable or endangered living creatures. Secondly, to determine their living requirement to prove the site condition, whether it is good or not. In addition, research for the factors that encourages high biodiversity from reports and observation.

6.1 Indicator of Biodiversity According to Legislative Council Panel on Environmental Affairs New Nature Conservation Policy, CB(1) 214/04-05(01) . Hong Kong Government has set up a Scoring System for the Assessment of the Relative Ecological Importance of Sites. The assessment of biodiversity of Chi Fu Valley was done after a more comprehensive research on species found.

6.2 Observation

Site Analysis is the first-hand source that can tell the facts. The heritage was observed to see if there is any evidence to show the relationship with the ecosystem. In addition, water stream is also an important factors for ecosystem, the tree near the water should also be carefully observed.

6.3 Old photo of Dairy Farm The old photo of dairy farm shows the atmosphere and environment of the farm in the past. It showcased the husbandry method and the status of vegetation in the old days.

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7. Data Collection: Site Visits 7.1 Site Visit 1 on 27 Sept 2016 A site visit was carried out to Chi Fu Valley on 27 Sept, 2016. A map was not prepared. The heritage structures are scattered and hidden in the valley. Dairy Farm residential buildings were blocked by a fence. One heritage structure which is the grass silo was discovered, covered by climbers and was in a hidden space.

The Dairy Farm former quarters were under construction.

A sign showing that any passer-by is not allowed to enter the Dairy Farm former quarters without permission.

The silo is next to the hiking trail, but it is not obvious.

Grass Silo for elephants grass storage.

Dairy Farm ruin

A old sign showing that the direction is accessible for horse.

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7.2 Site Visit 2 on 25 Nov 2016 Another site visit was carried out on 25/11/2016. The visit covered the ruins at the south-west side area of Yat Chee Villas. We entered from the gap of the stone fence. Numerous of ruins were discovered, including a grass silo, some paddock and manure tank. There are numerous of stone wall tree, Ficus microcarpa on the structures. Evidence of bee and ant circulation was discovered in the cavity of the stone wall tree based on the paddock. It showed the inter-independent relationship between the animals, plants and heritage structures. Skull of a boar has also been discovered. There were elephant grass spreading on the hill. Furthermore, the soil of the site is in dark brown colour which indicates that it is rich in organic matter.

Manure tank

Paddock

Ficus microcarpa

Ant circulation

Dark brown colour soil

Bones of boar

Grass silo

Elephant grass

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7.3 Site Visit 3 on 7 Feb 2017 The third time of visit aimed to record the ruins location and tried to find a way to reach the stream. It is very steep to get to the river from Chi Fu Road. Therefore, another way from another hill side, that is accessible to the river has been discovered. It was a very spectacular and clear river with the volcanic rocks nearby. It is worthseeing.

Top view of the river

Pond surrounded by volcanic rock

The water is clear

Overview of the river

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7.4 Site Visit 4 on 14 Feb 2017 The forth time of visit aimed to find the piggeries as stated in the Dairy Farm map. Climbing over a slope, the structures of piggeries have been discovered. It was still good in condition. There was a series of piggeries and isles made of brick constructed. Next to the piggeries, there was a grass silo and a dwelling. Referring to the old photo in the book, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The milky way: The history of dairy farmâ&#x20AC;? , the dwelling was as similar as the one that was discovered today.

Isles of the piggeries

Piggeries

A dwelling was discovered next to the piggeries

A grass silo

The old photo shows the dwelling is as similar as the one that was discovered today.

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8. Site Analysis Roads

Internal Circulation Existing heritage structures River

Vegetation

Elephant grass

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This plan shows the structures found during the visits. The blue boundary is the site boundary of this research.

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Dairy Farm Ruins

Grass Silo

Dwelling

Paddock Gate

Piggeries

Paddock

High biodiversity

Stone Wall trees

River

Stone Wall trees

Lesser Spiny Frog

Stone Wall trees

Short legged Frog

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9. Data Analysis: Factors enriching biodiversity 9.1 Revealing the animal husbandry method operated in Dairy Farm The husbandry method of the cattle influenced the surrounding environment. Referring to the old photograph, it can be seen the cattle were kept at the paddocks which was made from granite were an outdoor area for foddering and exercising the cows. The old photos also showed the cowsheds which were the shelter for cattle. Dairy Farm was located at a very steep and hilly area where there was unlikely to be a pasture for shepherd grazing. The argument of the cattle bringing disturbance to the field while digging up the soil does not stand. Although shepherd grazing is a form of disturbance making boosting in biodiversity, over-grazing would degrade the forest. Therefore, captive breeding more easily to control the influence on the nature. The husbandry method used by Dairy Farm was appropriate enough to let the nature to recover nowadays. However, we should be noted that the construction of the farm, like the cowshed, peddocks, grass silos did contribute disturbance. The construction in some areas stopped the vegetation from growing. But the other space that did not covered by the construction is possible to possess biodiversity.

The photographs shows the cattles were kept in captive breeding. Source: Cameron, N. (1986). The milky way: The history of dairy farm. Hong Kong: Dairy Farm

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9.1.1 The unique situation of the vegetation in Chi Fu Valley

Fodder: Elephant grass

1886-1972 Referring to the old photo of Dairy Farm, there were not much trees covered in the valley, elephant grass covered spreaded all over the site.

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Butterflies Packed earth inhibit plant growth

Dead Trees

Climbers on ground

Shrub attracts butterflies

Stone Wall Tree

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Some of the trees were found weak or fallen along the route because they grew on concrete. About 30 Ficus microcarpa grew very strongly and healthily with a very big crown and massive in scale. Only Ficus microcarpa can grow healthily on the wall and on the packed earth in the ruin area where the ground is packed earth because its strangler can support the whole trees in a strong grip on vertical wall surface and adapt to such harsh growing environment. (Management Guidelines for Stonewall Trees, 2013) Meanwhile, there are abundance of shrubs, climbers found in the site that creates habitat for the butterflies and bees. Many other trees except Ficus microcarpa can not survive in the ruins where is low in soil depth, this situation allows various of shrubs and climbers to spread. Apart from the area of ruins like paddocks, trees are growing normally, healthily and tall. It verifies that the hard structure really brought disturbance to the forest, causing some trees stop growing.

Dead trees Source: Photo taken by Roselle Wu

Only Ficus Microcarpa can grow healthily on the wall and on the concrete in the ruin area where the ground is concrete because its strangler can support the whole trees Source: Photo taken by Roselle Wu

The water is clean and clear Abundance of shrubs, climbers found in the site that creates habitat for the butterflies and bees Source: Photo taken by Roselle Wu

Apart from the area of ruins like paddocks, trees are growing normally, healthily and tall. Source: Photo taken by Roselle Wu

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9.2 Traditional farming creates high biodiversity 9.2.1 Dung as organic fertilisers Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) was grown to be the fodder for cattle. Planting elephant grass brought disturbance to such area, because the workers put dung to the fodder. The manure tank is one of the heritage structures left by Dairy Farm. The tank was used to store cow faeces and dead animals so as to make fertilisers for the fodder. Manure is a source of many nutrients including nitrogen which is often the major nutrient that helps most of the crops to grow. Putting fertilisers to the field of growing Pennisetum purpureum help plant to obtain nutrient and enrich the biodiversity.

Pennisetum purpureum is still growing strongly in the site Source: Photo taken by Roselle Wu

According to â&#x20AC;&#x153;Farmland abandonment: threat or opportunity for biodiversity conservation? A global reviewâ&#x20AC;?, The literature suggests that the traditional farming management has little or no input of artificial fertilisers and pesticides. Also, nutrients are recycled ,e.g. manure+compost forms closed cycle. Therefore, traditional farming is beneficial to the environment. Change of land use is one of the main reasons for biodiversity loss. That is to say, if there is no more disturbance to maintain the previous effect on the land, biodiversity is no longer encouraged. Conservation should be carried out to actively maintain the biodiversity.

A manure pit Source: Surviving Physical Heritage of the Hong Kong Dairy Farm by Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents Association

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Organic farming method

Cowboys do the clean up the dung Fodder

Recycled waste:The dung will decompose in manure pit

Harvest:fodder grows well

Grow:Manure will act as fertiliser to grow fodder

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9.2.2 Observation: Hints from the building structure of the paddocks However, according to Surviving Physical Heritage Report of the Hong Kong Dairy Farm by Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents Association, the structure of the paddock is the evidence revealing the secret of how the cattle contributed to the fertility. Rectangular gap openings were constructed in the walls of paddock, letting water and waste wash away through the wall to the outside. Therefore, it allowed the nutrient in feces to fertilised the land near the paddock. through cleaning up or rain run-off.

An opening gap found on the paddock Source: Taken by Roselle Wu

Dung washed away from the paddock Cows excrete to the paddock When it rains or the worker clean up,

The faeces will go Fodder

from the opening gap of the paddock

Fodder is fertilised

Faeces act as a nutrient by decomposing as organic matter

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9.3 Abandonment of Dairy Farm Dairy Farm was closed in 1972. It is isolated from human activities and it remained untouched by outsiders for nearly 44 years. This let the ecosystem develop in good condition protected from human disturbance like building construction which might cause wall effect, noise pollution, air pollution etc. Through the establishment of Dairy Farm for 86 years from 1886 to 1972, the site covering a vast area that favours those living species which adapts to spatial, tranquil, and natural environments was created.

Case Study: Disturbance in military site Activity brings disturbance which enhances biodiversity

Biodiversity and the heterogeneous disturbance regime on military training lands:

â&#x20AC;&#x153; the mosaic left by heterogeneous disturbance provides habitat suitable for disturbance-averse species, disturbancedependent species, and many other species along the continua of disturbance and succession. â&#x20AC;&#x153; Military sites bring heterogeneous disturbance which encourage high biodiversity because it satisfies the needs of both disturbance-dependent and disturbanceaverse species. The high biodiversity and large numbers of threatened and endan-

gered species are found on military training lands because there are varied conditions that serve different species. A large military site which is virtually untouched favours the dependent-averse species. The literature stated that after the termination of military training, high populations of disturbance-dependent species are threatened with extinction (IUCN 1996). Scientists and environmentalists have to practise the activities that bring disturbance to the nature in order to enhance biodiversity.

Case Study: Mediterranean Basin How do agricultural activities enrich biodiversity?

Increasing competition for land is a global issue.Land abandonment is common in the Mediterranean Basin which is a biodiversity hotspot. Human activities have shaped ecosystems and have enhanced biological diversity (Bugalho, M. N,2011). Cultivated land commonly sees more disturbance brought by agricultural activities and the species are more diversified from natural ecosystems than are pastures. Therefore, species richness will increase after agriculture, and longer-lived plants become part of the habitats because soil disturbance has reduced (Batary P, 2011).

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Case Study: Fuyang Eco Park, Taiwan Referring to other place that possesses activities that bring disturbance to the biodiversity Fuyang Eco Park is a 3.5 hectare park in Taipei. During the time of the Japanese Colonial Period (1939-1988), the site was formerly a military ammunition depot. After the departure of the army, the local residents urged the military department to conserve the depot and rehabilitate it to be a park in 1991. The government then approved and handled the land use issue in 2000. In 2005, the park started the construction. Due to the long period of military control and absence of human activities, the biodiversity in the park remains as high now as a hundred years ago. The government has appointed National Chung Hsing University to carry out a 4-year ecological resources survey and investigation, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the distribution of the living species. Furthermore, the University has also produced a documentary on the ecology in the park to let citizens to appreciate the beauty of Mother Nature. The government referred to the results and suggestions given by the site analysis, and the park is divided into different zones, such as a military heritage zone, a natural succession area, a butterfly watching area, a formosan giant flying squirrel observation area and Taipei treefrog observation area. The Park possesses 5,000 trees covering 331 plant species, a military dependentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; village, preserved forts, culverts, and vicissitudinous stone steps (Department of Information and Tourism,Taipei City Government). The military use of the land produced a secondary forest. When the land was under military use, slight deforestation was carried out in order to release more space and build canals and emergency routes. Plants grew in the deforested area after withdrawal of the army, forming secondary forest. Therefore, one of the significance is the mutual existence of native forest and secondary forest.

Pyrops watanabei Photo Source:Cheng. J.T . (2014). Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://taiwantravelforever.blogspot.hk/2014/05/ blog-post.html

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9.4 Assessment of the Relative Ecological Importance of Sites An Assessment of the Relative Ecological Importance of Sites was carried out by myself, based on the findings of flora and fauna recorded during site visit and reports. The scoring system referred to Legislative Council Panel on Environmental Affairs New Nature Conservation Policy, there are five categories as follows,

Naturalness (2 scores) :

As the woodland was disturbed due to the establishment of Dairy Farm. But the natural woodland recovered rapidly after the abandonment.

Habitat Diversity (2 scores) :

There are two kinds of habitat, woodlands and rivers.

Non-recreatability (3 scores) : As the woodland was fertilised under the operation of Dairy farm for nearly 90 years. If there is no any enhancement, the nutrient in the soil will be washed away one day. It is very difficult to recreate the unique habitat where the potential OVTs, flora and fauna, heritage structures mingled. It took around 100 years for the animals and plants to adapt to this habitat from the existence to the abandonment of the farm.

Species diversity and richness (3 scores):

There are a population Ficus microcarpa , Ficus elastica, many butterflies, and also two frogs, Short Legged Frog and Little Spiny Frog have been discovered.

Species rarity/ endemism (2 scores) :

There are a population of potential OVTs. a Auilaria sinensis has been discovered. It was listed as “Vulnerable” in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species published by The World Conservation Union, as well as the China Red List (2004). Two kinds of endangered frogs, Short Legged Frog and Little Spiny Frog have been discovered. To conclude, the ecological importance of the site is relatively high. The biodiversity will be degraded without further maintenance or enhancement.

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10. Analysis Dairy Farm used manure as fertiliser for the fodder which also enhanced the fertility of the soil. In addition, the small openings in the walls of the paddock allowed water to escape and dung to wash away and decompose in the soil. As stated previously, photos showed that the surroundings of Dairy Farm were covered by grass with no trees; it was not a woodland. Therefore, secondary forest is not existing in the site, it is not the reason for high biodiversity. More importantly, weak trees were commonly found along the route because the concrete stop the roots for growing , but meanwhile due to this reason, the shrub which does not require deep soil depth can absorb nutrient and sunlight, making the shrub grow well and attract the butterflies. The species in the valley are diversified. We should note that discovering weak and fallen trees does not certainly mean low biodiversity. Referring to the literature, biodiversity can be brought by heterogeneous disturbance regime. The reason why endangered and threatened species occur may be due to the existence of various conditions which satisfy different kind of species. Dairy Farm have created a microclimate by constructing paddocks scattering across the hills, with low impact on the environment, so a certain level of biodiversity can be retained. At the same time, planting elephant grass and manure fertilised the land. As Dairy Farm heritage structures have not been touched by the public for a period of time, the flora and fauna has adapted to the environment and their habitat has not been destroyed. The heritage and biodiversity might be inter-independent. Military training is not the only ideal disturbance that can enhance the biodiversity but we should take it as a reference that any activity that a heterogeneous disturbance regime provides suitable habitat for species that are disturbance-averse and disturbancedependent, reestablishment of a disturbance encourage biodiversity. The practice of Dairy Farm is heterogeneously distributed disturbance that contribute to biodiversity.

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Design Case Study1 for Design Proposal Kaasboerderij Hoogerwaard, Netherlands Refer to Agritourism Milk is the major product of Dairy Farm and it is potential to attract people to come to try making milk. Agricultural tourism in Europe is a big business other than making milk merely. Referring to the farms that is a tourists spot can give ideas of creating various kinds of activities in Dairy Farm. Cheese is one of the most representative food of the Netherlands. Kaasboerderij Hoogerwaard is a traditional cheese farm in Gouda since 17th century. There are cowsheds, grassland, cheese factory, a house for various activities like cheese making workshop, they also have another house for souvenirs. They have also keep chickens, pigs. Visitors can join various kind of activities like cheese making, visiting the cheese factory, cheese tasting, etc.

Cow pasture

Souvenirs

It gives reference to combining cow farming and tourism. Revitalisation of Dairy Farm can be a potential in attracting visitors to join milk making workshop and enjoy interacting with the cows .

Cheese making workshop

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Design Case Study 2 for Design Proposal Gardens of Ninfa, Italy Refer to an example of eco-tourism Gardens of Ninfa is in Cisterna di Latina, in the province of Latina, central Italy. It is a landscape garden that creates numerous of picturesque scenes. Various types of plant species such as several oaks, cypresses and poplars, grassy meadows, a wide range of exotic plants are introduced in the site, the monument structures and the plants are merged together. It is known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;the most romantic garden in the worldâ&#x20AC;?. It gives reference for turning heritage structures into a tourists spot. The paddock in Dairy Farm also look attractive so that it is potential to be a series of scenic spots.

A series of scenic view of Garden of Ninfa

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Design Case Study 3 for Design Proposal Kranji Heritage trail Refer to the programmings in eco-heritage park There are different goals for Eco-heritage park, such as promoting history, eco-heritage relationship, providing leisure activities to the public,etc. Referring to the existing heritage site that have many programmings can help the design for Eco-heritage park. The Kranji Countryside Association (KCA) wants to introduce â&#x20AC;&#x153;agritainmentâ&#x20AC;? to Singaporeans. Along the route, there are several cultural heritage structures relating to military, such as WWII first landing site in Singapore, military barracks and memorial. In addition, there are some places regarding to ecology, such as Sungei Buloh nature reserve, frog farm, Bollywood veggies farm, hay dairies. It aims to raise the awareness of sense of nature and also provides a place for Singaporean family gathering on holiday. It gives reference to designing a variety of programmes in a site that possesses cultural heritage strcutures and ecological value. Programmes in Dairy Farm can also conserve the existing structures and environment, as well as educate the public about the culture and the old stories behind.

Map of Kranji Nature Trail Source:http://lyanlua.com/travelogue/guide-to-explore-the-kranji-heritage-farms-in-singapore/

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11. Theory of the design According to â&#x20AC;&#x153;Biodiversity and the Heterogeneous Disturbance Regime on Military Training Landsâ&#x20AC;? , The great amount of threatened and endangered species found in military site verifies the benefit of heterogeneously distributed disturbance on a landscape. Landscape-scale restoration effort should consider the reestablishment of a disturbance regime. Therefore, with the evidence verifies a series of activity in Dairy Farm is heterogeneously distributed disturbance, we should bring back those activity when designing a eco-heritage park, so as to maintain and encourage biodiversity. One of the obvious disturbance is putting the manure to fertiliser the crops and the surrounding landscape. Such organic farming practice is the main concept for the whole eco-heritage park.

Dairy Farm brought heterogeneously distributed disturbance like planting the fodder, making manure as fertiliser, keeping cows and pigs. Source: Cameron, N. (1986). The milky way: The history of dairy farm. Hong Kong: Dairy Farm

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Design Proposal

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Chi Fu Valley Eco - heritage Park Site Plan

12. The cows are back ! Chi Fu Valley Eco - heritage Park

2 13 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Entrance Grass Silo Dairy Storage Manure Pit Organic Farm Cow Paddock and cowsheds Piggeries Butterfly Garden Cha Chaan Teng Milk & Cheese making workshop Cowboysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Quarter and Storage Tree Nursery Jungle Walk Board Walk

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Main Circulation

Pavement

Jungle Walk

Boardwalk

The whole circulation system

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12.1 Agri-tourism-Adaptive reuse of paddock: 12.1.1Dairy Farm As the research has revealed that the faeces fertilised the soil, it is preferable to bring back this practice. As the condition of the paddock structure is still good, the structure can still be used. As cow dung contribute to biodiversity, revitalisation of cow keeping can keep fertilising the soil. Revitalisation of cow farming and milk production could happen and turn to a business operated by Social Enterprise, which would be a local brand promoting local uniqueness. On the other hand, revitalisation of Dairy Farm is the best story telling method to draw public attention and to educate the public about the local culture and history.

12.1.2 Chicken Farm According to the old map of Dairy Farm, there were places for keeping poultry. Reintroducing chicken to the farm can also encourage biodiversity. Chicken manure is a good fertiliser because it is high in nitrogen ,potassium and phosphorus. However, raw chicken manure can burn plants, therefore, the manure needs to be carefully composted before applying to the soil (Rhoades, 2015). Furthermore, chicken eat foods, like vegetables, fruits, flowers and grass. They scratch the soil and find bugs to eat. Their habit can bring disturbance to the soil.

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Cows & Chicken

Steps

Concrete

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Cottage Garden Design in the Dairy Farm 1:300

Ligustrum ovalifolium

Laelia speciosa

Lonicera ciliosa

Vitex negundo

Pentas

The cottage garden design fits the atmosphere of the dairy farm and it creates scenic view. The flower is placed outside the paddock because the cows would destroy the plants easily.

Celosia spicata

Ruellia tuberosa

Ixora coccinea

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Model of Dairy Farm and cowsheds

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12.2 Economic: Turn Piggeries as Cha Chaan Teng 12.2.1Cha Chaan Teng

As mentioned previously, milk, milk tea, steamed milk pudding is representative for Hong Kong. Those food could not have been invented without the establishment of Dairy Farm. Taking advantage from the piggeries setting, the column in the old piggeries will be turned to be the booth seat in Cha Chaan Teng. In order to promote this uniqueness and to attain sustainability, establish a Cha Chaan Teng which is operated by Social Enterprise, that serves these local food is possible. The heritage structure can provide a backdrop of the restaurant. Therefore, people can experience the atmosphere of historical structure of the paddock and also have local food at the same moment. Although it is Cha Chaan Teng, it is more preferable to make it more western, besides making it more unique from the typical Cha Chaan Teng in the city, it is because Dairy Farm was operated by British during Colonial period. In order words, having a restaurant can bring income to the site, it attains the goal of sustainability. The income helped to maintain the operation cost of the farm.

+ Shelter

Piggeries

+ HK cuisine

Bauhaus style

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12.3 Organic Farming The organic field is in the old paddock, the concrete on ground will be removed to make it suitable for farming. The general principles of organic production, from the Canadian Organic Standards (2006), include protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health, maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil. Demonstration of organic grazing like process dung as fertiliser can be introduced to the visitors. Organic farming can use the fertilizer made by dung in order to promote sustainability. Vegetables like sweet potato, tomato, potato, beetroot, carrot,etc will be grown there and be sent to Cha Chaan Teng for food ingredients.

Dung Manure Pit

Fertiliser

Planter for wheelchair users Farming

Beet roots

Ingredients

OrganicFood

Vegetables

Food Waste

Carrots

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12.4 Milk and Cheese Workshop Gr as sS ilo

Bu tte rfly

ard Ch en aC ha an Te ng

Mi lk &

Ch ee se Wo rks ho p

Next to the Cha Chaan Teng, there is a milk and cheese workshop where visitors can try to make cheese and milk.

Butterfly Garden

Cha Chaan Teng

Milk & Cheese Workshop

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12.5 Jungle Walk Preserving the the current appearance of the site is also considered. The heritage structures and also the tree gives a mysterious atmosphere to the site. To encourage and facilitate more visitors to get there, a more convenient and comprehensive route system should be constructed there. Jungle Walk is a step-free elevated walkway with the highest height 10 m that covers a great part of the site. There are different route that visitors can discover the river or weaving in the jungle in a convenient and safe way, but both are connected.

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12.6 Moderate and Adventurous Boardwalk There are wooden boardwalks that includes moderate and adventurous level for visitors, the two level of boardwalks are connected. Moderate level boardwalk is a route lies on gentle slope, while adventurous boardwalk is longer in length and is a route that lies on steeper slope, so there are more staircases, however, it leads you to reach the river where is a scenic spot. Both of the boardwalks is elevated to a certain level that prevents destruction to the soil and protect the habitat of the existing animals. During the journey on the boardwalk, visitors weave through the elephant grass, they might have a chance to see the farmer cutting the grass.

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12.7 Cowboysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Quarter

12.8 Tree Nursery

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12.9 New programmes location

Page 49 | The cows are back !

Organic Farming Dairy Farm Cowshed Butterfly Garden Cha Chaan Teng Milk & Cheese Workshop

Cowboysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; quarter

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New programmes location showing in Model

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13 Forest Enhancement Plan

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Forest Enhancement Plan helps to enrich the richness of species of the trees in Chi Fu Valley, in order to attract more animal species. In order words, the existing trees in the valley are not big enough to create a adventurous atmosphere for people who walk onto the Jungle Walk. Therefore, a planting plan has been carried out to grow trees over the valley, after many years, the trees would grow higher than the Jungle Walk elevated trail, so people can weave in the jungle by walking along the elevated trail.

Cycas rumphii

Metroxylon sagu

Hibiscus tiliaceus

Cinnamomum camphora

Liquidambar formosana

Magnolia Ă&#x2014; alba

Syzygium jambos

Celtis sinensis Persoon var. sinensis.

Mangifera indica

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13.1 Biodiversity Enhancement Plan There are 36 species of plants that attract butterflies. Visitors can visit butterfly garden and know more about plant and butterfly species. It is also a nice place for taking a rest after the journey. Visitors can enjoy the scene created by plant and heritage structure.

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13.1.1 Plant Species - Shrub

Ixora coccinea

Pentas

Lonicera ciliosa

Ruellia tuberosa

Celosia spicata

Vitex negundo

Duranta erecta

Eranthemum pulchellum

Zanthoxylum piperitum

Verbana bonariensis

Laelia speciosa

Ligustrum ovalifolium

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Boehmeria nivea

Viburnum opulus

Fallopia aubertii

Lantana montevidensis

Alpinia zerumbet

Senna petersiana

Ricinus communis

Lilium michauxii

Gardenia jasminoides

Citrus japonica

Evodia lepta

Alpinia zerumbet

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Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Magnolia figa

Serissa japonica

Lantana camara

Hamelia patens

Crotalaria retusa

Herbs

Abacus Plant

Cassia accidentalis

Flemingia macrophylla

Citrus limon

Cuphea hyssopifolia

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14. Conclusion Dairy Farm, the surrounding valley is a combination of culture, history and environment. No part of them should be missing. Together it made a comprehensive cultural landscape. During an interview with Dr. Siu Kwok Kin, who is a Hong Kong historian, has suggested that every heritage should be promoted by its â&#x20AC;&#x153;point, line, planeâ&#x20AC;?. Point means the historical structure itself, line means heritage trail and plane means the story behind. Only preserving the buildings is never enough, a successful conservation should introduce its function, and tell the story behind eventually. Therefore, preserving the heritage structures of Dairy Farm and appreciating the living creatures are not enough, the most valuable treasure is to know the hidden relationship behind. The hidden secret of the relationship of the farm and biodiversity has been revealed. The design proposal is comprehensive with having conservation of ecology and heritage structure. It also educates people for the local culture as well. (7303 words)

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Reference Agnew, N., & Demas, M. (Eds.). (2002). Principles for the conservation of heritage sites in China. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. Barlow, J., Gardner, T. A., Araujo, I. S., Ávila-Pires, T. C., Bonaldo, A. B., Costa, J. E., ... & Hoogmoed, M. S. (2007). Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(47), 18555-18560. Batary P, Andras B, Kleijn D, Tscharntke T (2011) Landscape-moderated biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management: a meta-analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 278: 1894–1902. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1923 Bengtsson, J., Nilsson, S. G., Franc, A., & Menozzi, P. (2000). Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests. Forest ecology and management, 132(1), 39-50. Bugalho, M. N., Caldeira, M. C., Pereira, J. S., Aronson, J., & Pausas, J. G. (2011). Mediterranean cork oak savannas require human use to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(5), 278-286. Butler, R. (2012). Types of rainforests. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://rainforests.mongabay.com/0103.htm Cameron, N. (1986). The milky way: The history of dairy farm. Hong Kong: Dairy Farm. Cheung, P. C. (2016, February 28). 【薄扶林有個大牧場？】街坊憶述牛奶煲飯：好香！. Apple Daily. Retrieved October 10, 2016, from http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/ news/art/20160228/19509215 Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association. (2016). Make Chi Fu Valley HK’s first “Ecoheritage Park“. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://www.supporthk.org/en/petition/ make-chi-fu-valley-hks-first-eco-heritage-park

Chuk, C.T. (1996). 香港商战风云录—激荡的百年史. 廣州出版社.

Duelli, P., & Obrist, M. K. (2003). Biodiversity indicators: the choice of values and measures. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 98(1), 87-98. Department of Information and Tourism,Taipei City Government. (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://www.travel.taipei/frontsite/en/sceneryEnListAction. do?method=doFindByPk Ford Robertson, F. C. (1971). Terminology of forest science, technology, practice and products. English-language version. Terminology of forest science, technology, practice and products. English-language version. GovHK: Register of Old & Valuable Trees. (n.d.). Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/conservation/regoldvaluetree.htm IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. (2016). Retrieved October 13, 2016, from https:// www.iucn.org/resources/conservation-tools/iucn-red-list-threatened-species Lau, C. P., Ramsden, L., & Saunders, R. M. (2005). Hybrid origin of “Bauhinia blakeana”(Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae), inferred using morphological, reproductive, and molecular data. American Journal of Botany, 92(3), 525-533. The cows are back ! | Page 62

LAU, C. P. (2007). 《新安縣志》香港史料選. Lee, A. (2013, November 17). Preserving Pok Fu Lam village is a chance to save some of city’s history. South China Morning Post. Nicolson, K. N. (2016). Landscapes Lost and Found: appreciating of Hong Kong’s heritage cultural landscapes. Plieninger T, Hui C, Gaertner M, Huntsinger L (2014) The Impact of Land Abandonment on Species Richness and Abundance in the Mediterranean Basin: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 9(5): e98355. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098355 Rhoades, H. (2015). Chicken Manure Compost - Chicken Manure For Vegetable Garden Fertilization. Retrieved December 13, 2016, from http://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ composting/manures/chicken-manure-fertilizer.htm Warren, S. D., Holbrook, S. W., Dale, D. A., Whelan, N. L., Elyn, M., Grimm, W., & Jentsch, A. (2007). Biodiversity and the heterogeneous disturbance regime on military training lands. Restoration Ecology, 15(4), 606-612. Wong, C.H. (1819). 卷二〈輿地略都里志〉. In 新安縣志. Tso & So (2011). 香港开埠早期的奶牛业. 古今农业. UNESCO. Cultural Landscapes. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://whc. unesco.org/en/culturallandscape/

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Self Reflection I have already found out the reason of the high biodiversity in the previous submission of thesis. This time is to do with the design proposal. In my view point, a good design always come from comprehensive site analysis because understanding of the site gives hints for design like what the problem is, what needs to be removed, what should be enhanced, etc. Although I know the site generally and I have the plan and photo of the ruins that I had not visited yet, I still feel confused with how the ruins really look like in the reality. Therefore, I have been to the site for many times. I insisted on getting to the river,piggeries that shown in the plan, I felt so excited when I found the way and entered from the hole of those broken steel net. Although the field trips were really dangerous, I always keep in mind that it will pay off. The feeling of discovering the hidden ruins successfully is indescribable. Since year one, when I paid great effort on designing a good proposal, I always hope the design will be constructed in the reality. I bumped into Dr. Yiu who is the member of the Legislative Council who advocates for this Eco-heritage Park and told him I was going to give him the thesis and design proposal when ready. One of my old friends who lived in Chi Fu Fa Yuen accompanied me once for the field trip. He was so happy to discover many treasures in his â&#x20AC;&#x153;backyardâ&#x20AC;?. It was my pleasure to take him to learn about the ecology, at least one more person knows about this nice place. I feel proud of myself for paying effort to research and analyse for new findings instead of just refer to literatures. I really hope my thesis can bring new inspiration and give reference to the proposing eco-heritage park design. It is always my pleasure to share my knowledge, understanding, findings of this project. Please let me know if you want to talk further on this project:)

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Appendix Record of Assessment of the Relative Ecological Importance of Sites Carried out by Roselle Wu

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Tree Survey Prepared by: Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association CHINESE

LOCAL TRUNK DIAMETEROVERALL

NAME

AT BREAST HEIGHTHEIGHT

AVERAGE

HEALTH

SPREAD

CONDIT'N

FORM

AMENITY

SURVIVAL

VALUE

IF TRANSPLANT

POTENTIAL RECOMMENOVT

DATION

GPS

REMARKS

REFERENCE

EXOTIC

(M)

(G/F/P)

(H/M/L)

T001

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

18.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO1

wall tree

T002

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

18.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO2

T003

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

22.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO3

wall tree

T004

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

25.0

22.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO4

wall tree

T005

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

25.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO5

wall tree

T006

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

22.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO6

wall tree

T007

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

22.0

25.0

Fair

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO7

adjacent to wall

T008

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO8

leaning

T009

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

OO9

T010

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.100

22.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O10

leaning

T011

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.300

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O11

wall tree

T012

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

25.0

22.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O12

wall tree

T013

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

22.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O13

wall tree

T014

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.300

27.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O14

T015

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O15

T016

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.100

25.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O16

T017

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

22.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O17

T018

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.500

28.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O18

semi wall tree

T019

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

22.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O19

semi wall tree

T020

Aquilaria sinensis

土沉香

Local

0.100

2.0

3.0

Good

Retain

O20

Protected

T021

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.300

22.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O21

T022

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

27.0

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O22

T023

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

20.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O23

wall tree

T024

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.500

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O24

wall tree

T025

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O25

wall tree

T026

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O26

wall tree

T027

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

27.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O27

T028

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

22.0

30.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O28

wall tree

T029

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.300

27.0

28.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O29

wall tree

T030

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

27.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O30

wall tree

T031

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.200

28.0

30.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O31

semi wall tree

T032

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

25.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O32

wall tree

T033

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

0.700

22.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O33

T034

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.000

20.0

Fair

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O34

T035

Ficus elastica

印度橡

Exotic

0.800

30.0

40.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O35

extensive prop root system

T036

Ficus microcarpa

細葉榕

Local

1.100

28.0

25.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O36

T037

Ficus elastica

印度橡

Exotic

0.750

30.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O37

extensive prop root system

T038

Ficus elastica

印度橡

Exotic

0.750

30.0

50.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O38

extensive prop root system

T039

Ficus elastica

印度橡

Exotic

0.750

40.0

50.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O39

extensive prop root system

T040

Ficus elastica

印度橡

Exotic

0.750

40.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O40

extensive prop root system

Local

0.820

20.0

28.0

Fair

Medium

Low

Retain

O41

decay, significant size for this species

22.0

30.0

O42

significant size for this species

TREE NO.

T041

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Celtis sinensis

朴樹

Medium Medium

(F/T/R)

朴樹

Local

0.640

Fair

Medium

Low

Retain

細葉榕

Local

1.250

25.0

30.0

Good

High

Low

Yes

Retain

O43

wall tree

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.450

8.0

7.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O44

Protected

T045

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.410

8.0

6.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O45

Protected

T046

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.240

8.0

4.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O46

Protected

T047

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.100

7.0

4.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O47

Protected

T048

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.440

7.0

5.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O48

Protected

T049

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.220

8.0

5.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O49

Protected

T050

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.390

8.0

6.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O50

Protected

T051

Lagerstroemia fordii

廣東紫薇

Local

0.280

10.0

5.0

Fair

High

Low

Retain

O51

Protected

T042

Celtis sinensis

T043

Ficus microcarpa

T044

The cows are back ! | Page 66

Bird Record Prepared by: Chi Fu Fa Yuen Residents’ Association "Kei Lung Wan" Green Belt Area Birds Species