DISSERTATION ON IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS by Roshni Khandelwal

DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Undertaken by: ROSHNI KHANDELWAL Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARF40P107 V Year B.Arch. (C)

Prof. PARUL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE

COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-302022

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

APPROVAL

The study titled “Impact of Tangible and Intangible Constituents on Traditional Indian Markets” is hereby approved as an original work of Roshni Khandelwal, enrolment no. 16E1AAARF40P107 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted. 12TH DECEMBER 2020 Jaipur

EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI PRINCIPAL

EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH COORDINATOR

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

DECLARATION

I, Roshni Khandelwal, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘Impact of Tangible and Intangible Constituents on Traditional Indian Markets’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report. This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide.

Roshni Khandelwal V Year B.Arch. (C) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research titled, Impact of Tangible and Intangible Constituents on Traditional Indian Markets is a bonafide work by Roshni Khandelwal of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University. Prof. Parul Guide Aayojan School of Architecture,Jaipur

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I take this opportunity to express my thanks to the Principal & Director of my institute, Prof. K.S. Mahajani for providing a suitable and healthy learning environment even during the tiring times like the COVID-19 pandemic. I also wish to thank Dean-Academic Affairs, Prof. N. S. Rathore for his support and continued guidance, throughout the undergraduate course journey.

I earnestly thank the Dissertation & Thesis Seminar coordinator Prof. Archana S. Rathore for providing this prospect to conduct this research study and her valuable guidance and timely encouragements. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge with much appreciation and indebtedness for Prof. Parul for her support, critiques, advice, unwavering patience and perseverance throughout the course of this research and the semester. I sincerely appreciate all the guides, external reviewers and jurors as well as other faculty members who provided suggestions for the completion of this undergraduate research project. I would also like to thank my parents Mrs. Ruchi Gupta & Dr. J.B. Gupta, my brother Anmol Gupta and other family members for their constant support and encouragement. Last but not the least, my friends and peers Swechha Gupta , Rajat Bansal, Yash Baid and juniors and anyone remotely involved for making this journey an enjoyable experience.

Roshni Khandelwal V Year B.Arch. (C) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iii

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

ABSTRACT A haat bazaar or a haat, is a public market space, that provides a platform for local traders and artisans to carry trade. Markets have always played a vital role in day to day lives of the people. These public market spaces have always acted as a venue for exchange of ideas, engage in social, cultural, religious as well as economic activities. The markets that we usually find in India lack the social and the cultural character due to lack of space and growth in urbanizations. Markets spaces in the present time have merely became a centre for economic exchange. This research aims to understand the evolution of components in traditional Indian markets over the period of time, in order to create a contemporary space which provides the requirements of present time for the common man. The research has explored different components in traditional Indian market spaces. In order to understand this an in depth study has been conducted through painstaking of the literature study of various examples of traditional Indian markets in terms of their spatial organization, individual unit layout, buyer-seller interaction, temporary and permanent structures, recreational spaces, etc. and the primary study comprising of a a live case visit and a survey has been conducted using structured questionnaires from different age group of people to understand the perspective of people towards the market and the role of market in the daily lives of the people. Based on the information gathered from literature and primary studies the reasons for the amelioration and requirements of a new age markets has been analyzed. As new typology of markets has been developed and there is significant change in the different components of markets. A set of design recommendations have been prepared to revive the aura of traditional Indian Markets and concurrently suggesting for an integrated typology having the character and attributes of traditional markets which is suitable for demands of the present times. Key words: Traditional Indian Markets, Haat Bazaar, Spatial Organization, Buyer- Seller Interaction, Individual Unit Layouts, Recreational spaces, Temporary and Permanent Structures

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CONTENTS Page No.

Approval

Declaration

Certificate

iii

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Contents

vi-vii

List of illustrations

viii-xiii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1-6

1.1

Background of the study

1.1.1 Thesis Introduction

1.1.2 Dissertation Introduction

1.2

Criteria of Selection

1.3

Research Questions

1.4

Hypothesis

1.5

Aim

1.6

Objectives

1.7

Scope

1.8

Methodology

4 4

4 5

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH PARAMETERS AND HISTORY OF INDIAN MARKETS 2.1 Introduction to urban haats

7-21

8-10

2.2 Components of Markets

11-15

2.3 Origin and Evolution of traditional markets

16-21

2.3.1 Indus Valley Civilization

16-18

2.3.2 Mughal Period

19-21

2.3.2.1 Chatta Chowk Bazar, Delhi 2.3.2.2 Agra Bazaar, Agra

19-20 21 vi

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CHAPTER 3: OBSERVING THE CHARACTER AND NEEDS IN TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

22-37

3.1 Crawford Market, Mumbai

23-25

3.2 Mehrauli Flower Market, Delhi

26-27

3.3 Sarafa Bazaar, Indore

28-29

3.4 Sabarmati Riverfront Weekly Market, Ahmedabad

30-31

3.5 Kinari Bazaar, Delhi

32-33

3.6 Primary Case Study Of Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur

34-37

CHAPTER 4: UNDERSTANDING THE CHANGING SCENARIO

38-47

4.1 Formulating and Obtaining The Survey

39-42

4.2 Analysis Of The Primary Case Study

4.3 Analysis of Case Studies

44-45

4.4 Comparison of Case Studies

46-47

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

48-53

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations GLOSSARY OF TERMS BIBLIOGRAPHY

50-53

xiv xv-xvi

vii

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

viii

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

xii

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

xiii

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

SOURCE: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/151715081166538863/

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

1.1 Background of the study 1.1.1 THESIS INTRODUCTION URBAN HAAT BAZAAR, THANE A haat bazaar or a haat, is a public market space, that serves as a trading venue between local traders and the common man. Haat Bazaar plays an important role as a center to exchange views and knowledge, to engage in various social, cultural and economic activities. Such markets act as venues for both commerce as well as socio-cultural exchange at the same time promote community level cohesiveness and diversity. The aim is to design a venue that provides a platform for local traders and artisans and to promote the art, culture and tradition of the place. The design of the HAAT would be in such a way that it provides a sense of belonging for the local people and will allow tourists to learn about the city and its culture. The activities in the project will include shopping, exhibitions, workshops, leisure, Performances, Recreational activities like gaming, etc. The project users will include locals, children, artisans, traders, tourists, etc.

Fig.1.1: Site Plan SOURCE: https://earth.google.com/web/search/Dhokali+Naka,+Thane,+Maharashtra,+India/@19.22413735,72.98560599,11.20543 786a,990.82345971d,35y,61.01669576h,44.46654555t,360r/data=CpEBGmcSYQokMHgzYmU3Yjk1MDJiNjc4ZTM3OjB4ZWRkZDE3OGIxYjI2ODgwGdq7UAoEOTNAIfcEie3uPlJAKidEaG9rYWxpIE5ha2EsIFRoYW5lLCBNYWhhcmFzaHRyYSwgSW5kaWEYAiABIiYKJAmM9xFp7cA-QBHUM45aXL8-QBmd___OqClTQCEwRhG9uShTQA EDITED BY: AUTHOR

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

1.1.2 DISSERTATION INTRODUCTION IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS Spaces are usually organized into patterns which have direct or indirect relationship to each other. It brings together different forms and shapes and provide cohesive structure to design. When observed with regards to traditional market typology then there has been a major influence of culture on the spatial organization. In India the evolution of market over the years, have resulted in change of its built character from traditional linear places to modern day compact multi storey structures. Hence, there is a need to understand the essence of traditional market spaces and the requirements of modern-day markets and putting them together to create a space that provides sense of belonging for the common man. In the initial stages of the research topic, to acquire an understanding of traditional markets a survey was conducted for 20 people of different age groups and it was observed that there were various changes in the market culture in terms of spatial configuration, the way different users interact and behave, visual connectivity, open spaces, security and built structure. This study will provide a firm understanding of public markets and will further help in better designing of Urban Haat Baazar.

1.2 Criteria Of Selection To design a Haat Bazaar it is necessary to understand the functioning of traditional Indian markets. It will enhance the understanding of various components in market spaces during old times. The study would further help in understanding the essence of traditional Indian markets which would further help in designing a space that would connect the visitor to the culture and tradition of the place and will provide sense of belonging.

Fig.1.2: A painting by Edwin Lord Weeks in 1887 to depict the market scene in Ahmedabad Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Weeks_Edwin_ Lord_A_Street_Market_Scene_India_1887_Oil_On_Canvas.jpg

Fig.1.3: A picture showing Johari Bazaar, Jaipur in early 20th century Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/687502699357252214/

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

1.3 Research Questions • How have traditional markets evolved over the period of time in India? • What role have traditional markets played in promoting local and cultural attributes? • What are the various types of the spatial configurations w.r.t. permanent as well as temporary elements of the market? • In terms of circulation, buyer-seller interaction, accessibility, and security what kind of architectural changes have occurred in traditional Indian markets? • What are the preferences of shoppers: the traditional market places or the modern-day markets i.e. malls?

1.4 Hypothesis Markets inspired by traditionally designed examples are preferred by the shoppers as they exhibit local and cultural attributes and resulting in high interaction.

1.5 Aim To understand the evolution of components in traditional Indian markets over the period of time, in order to create a contemporary space which provides the requirements of present time for the common man.

1.6 Objectives • To study typologies (permanent & temporary; seasonal & annual) of traditional markets in India. • To find out and evaluate different components of traditional Indian markets. Spatial organization

Temporary and permanent structures

Individual unit layout

Recreational spaces

Buyer-seller interaction • To conclude and recommend for an integrated typology having the character and attributes of traditional markets which is suitable for contemporary Indian urban haat.

Fig.1.4: Crawford Market, Mumbai in 1900

Fig.1.5: Crawford Market, Mumbai in 2020

Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-herit-

Source: https://www.whatshot.in/mumbai/mumbais-craw-

age-old-building-crawford-market-bombay-now-mumbai-ma-

ford-market-is-getting-a-swanky-facelift-and-will-be-ready-by-

harashtra-85274926.html

2022-c-19214

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

1.7 Scope and Limitations • The study will be limited to the traditional markets of India. • The study will not include any in depth economic analysis. • The study will not include any other aspects related to services like parking design, toilet design,etc.

CASE IDENTIFICATION •

Chatta Chowk Bazaar, Delhi

•

Agra Bazaar, Agra

•

Crawford Market, Mumbai

•

Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur

•

Sabarmati riverfront: Weekly market space, Ahmedabad

•

Sarafa Bazaar, Indore

•

Kinari Bazaar, Chandni chowk, Delhi

•

Mehrauli Flower market, Delhi

Fig.1.6: Sarafa Bazaar, Indore

Fig.1.7: Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur

Source: https://www.thebetterindia.com/58374/sarafa-ba-

Source: https://www.tripoto.com/places-to-visit/in-jaipur/

zaar-night-market-indore/

tripolia-bazar

Images depict the markets promoting culture and tradition of a place. There are temporary as well as permanent structures. There is a well established buyer and seller interaction. Fig.1.8: Chandni Chowk, Delhi Source: https://www.viator.com/tours/New-Delhi/Old-DelhiNight-Tour-Sikh-Temple-Spice-Market-and-Rickshaw-Ride/ d804-6283DELOLDDELHI

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

1.8 Methodology METHODOLOGY, DATA & SOURCE

To study typologies (permanent & temporary;

To find out and evaluate different components of traditional

To conclude and recommend for an integrated

seasonal & annual) of traditional markets

Indian markets.

typology having the character and attributes of

India.

• Spatial organization

• Temporary and permanent structures

traditional markets which is suitable for contempo-

• Individual unit layout

• Recreational spaces, etc.

rary Indian urban haat.

• Buyer-seller interaction

Examples of different typology of traditional Indian markets that show the culture and tradition of India.

OBJECTIVES

Primary survey as well as site visits to understand different components and their evolution over the period of time.

DATA REQUIRED Sources: Literature review of Cases Identified

Source: Primary study comprising of

• Chatta Chowk Bazaar, Delhi

Live case study of Tripolia Bazar, Jaipur Survey of People (sellers, buyers, visitors, tourists etc.) from different age groups to find their views on traditional markets and modern day markets in India.

• Agra Bazaar, Agra • Crawford Market, Mumbai • Sabarmati riverfront: Weekly market space, Ahmedabad

DATA INTERPRETATION

• Sarafa Bazaar, Indore • Kinari Bazaar, Chandni chowk, Delhi • Mehrauli Flower market, Delhi • Research Paper •Journals • Books • Websites • Surveys

DATA ANALYSIS

DATA COLLECTION

SOURCES 6

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH PARAMETERS AND HISTORY OF INDIAN MARKETS

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

2.1 INTRODUCTION Haat bazaar refers to a market or market place which might be either permanent or temporary in nature. These market spaces are usually located along the road sides. The market serves as a trading venue between local traders and the common man. Haat bazaars have played a vital role in the life of rural communities for a very long time. Haat Bazaar plays an important role as a center to exchange views and knowledge, to engage in various social, cultural and economic activities. Such markets act as venues for both commerce also as socio-cultural exchange and at the same time promote community level cohesiveness and diversity . The occasional gatherings happening within the market leads in promoting social, cultural, and economic exchanges. Perhaps the importance of HAAT is best expressed by the following excerpt from the International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research : “They [HAATs] play a pivotal role as a scene to gather news and information, to exchange views and knowledge, to engage in various social, cultural, religious, and even political activities. They are venues for both commerce as well as festivity and exude a feeling of unity and strength. These occasional gatherings lead to traffic in social, cultural, and economic exchanges.” The term ‘bazaar’ has Persian origin that has gained momentum in India. The meaning of bazaar is well understood by people and has different names in different languages, places and culture. ‘Bazaar’ means ‘place for selling and purchasing’ and ‘haat’ also means the same. In some places both of these worts i.e. ‘Haat’ and ‘Bazaar’ are used together in combination as ‘Haat Bazaar’. There is a minor difference between two words. ‘Bazaar’ is a place where sale and purchase occur once a week and ‘Haat’ refers to a particular time period. ‘Gunj’ is an another term for bazaar which means the permanent markets.

Fig.2.1: Painting of market scene in Patna

Fig.2.2: Painting of Cloth merchant measuring cloth, a custom-

Source: https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/610237818229461848/

er nearby, by a Patna artist, c. 1820 Source: https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4779n9tq;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Fig.2.3: Different Nomenclatures Of Bazaar Used in India Source: Author

The weekly markets have always been a part of India’s culture since traditional times. The haats used to be mobile and flexible as they could be shifted from one location on one day to another on the next day and the locations might vary in nature too. Periodicity of the markets is one of their defining characteristics, that encourages the local inhabitants to gather only on the specified days for different requirements. In many parts of India rural markets are categorized into ‘Haats’ (the periodic markets) and ‘Bazaars’ (the daily markets). Haats often called as ‘Hafta Bazar’ are the markets that sometimes found out on specific days of week with specific sort of products.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

In traditional markets several traders are involved at different levels of market hierarchy. For the smooth functioning of markets there should be a functional relationship between all the levels, trade pattern, social pattern and society’s economy. The frequency of a consumer coming back to the market will totally depend on the relationship between consumer’s attitude towards price, seller’s service, place’s quality, and selling-buying behaviour. There are different lengths of bazaar intervals in different parts of India. This ranges from 2 days to 12 days. Most of the bazaars in India are held once a week on a particular day and at a fixed place. These bazaars are attended by a variety of people that could be categorised as traders, customers, administrators and bystanders based on the reason they attend bazaars. The consumers are mostly local people who buy goods from the bazaar. The traders are usually local people or the hawkers moving from one bazaar to another to sell their products. The administrators are the people who are responsible for the law and order of market spaces. The bystanders are the people who come to the bazaar spending their day either meeting or going round the bazaar. Fig. 2.1, 2.2, 2.3,2.4 shows the markets of Patna during the traditional times. These picture display different character in terms of their spatial organization, the degree of interaction between the buyer and seller, different ways of display of products, etc. There has been a significant change in the character of markets in India over the period of time, which will be studied further. The market of any city plays a great role in encouraging the art, culture and tradition of the city. Throughout the world there are such places that are categorised as different and unique, and their name can bring strong mental picture of remembered or imagined character.However these markets are gradually deteorating due to several reasons like lack of transportation facilities, lack of information, lack of communication to serve greater areas, unorganized patter, etc.

Fig.2.4: Painting of Woman seller serving two customers, by Bani

Fig.2.5: Painting of Grain seller with a woman customer, by

Lal, c. 1880.

Sewak Ram, c. 1807-10.

Source: https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?do-

cId=ft4779n9tq;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

2.2 COMPONENTS OF MARKETS • Spatial Organization • Individual Unit Layout • Buyer- Seller Interaction • Temporary and Permanent Structure • Recreational Spaces

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION Spatial organization is associated with the natural movement of shoppers within the paths of traditional bazaars, the relationship of the masses and spaces have a big role in directing the movement of shoppers. The spatial organization of the traditional markets is considered as the best example to study the movement of people to due to its character, which encourages spontaneous movement. Spatial organization provides opportunities that encourages or limit the behaviour of individuals in the particular space. Market spaces are usually considered as a modular matrix in which there are intersections of main circulation paths with the entrances and secondary circulation paths. Markets could be linear in which buyer can see on platforms during his passing through. Shopping paths could also be zig zag that creates an atmosphere of eagerness and surprise by visual sequential shots, which breaks the monotony and boredom and increase the area of showcases it also contains a kind of mystery and constant change along the paths.

One of the ideal arrangements for creating a small-scale rural market is to locate it around an existing shade tree. providing a shaded open area in the market for visiting traders and covered stalls provided on the perimeter i.e. for permanent stall holders.

Fig. 2.6: Linear Spatial Organization

Fig. 2.7: Radial Spatial Organization

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/19632948348455555/

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Fig. 2.8: Axial Spatial Organization

Fig. 2.9: Central Spatial Organization

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/19632948348455555/

Fig. 2.10: Clustered Spatial Organization

Fig. 2.11: Clustered Spatial Organization

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/19632948348455555/

Source: Author

The figures above shows different kind of spatial organization in the market space. Fig 2.5 represents the linear spatial organization in which there is pathway in the centre and the shops on both sides of it. It consists of a series of spaces. It usually has repetitive spaces which are alike in size, form, and function. Fig 2.6 represents the radial organization. A radial organization consists of a central space or a central focal point from which a number of linear organizations extend in a radial manner. Fig 2.7 represents axial organization. Axial organization connects the nodes that are figural points in a space with a well defined axis. Fig 2.8 represents central organization. It is composed of a dominant central space, with the secondary spaces grouped around it. As a composition, this arrangement is stable and concentrated. The central space in this organization is usually regular in form and is large enough to gather smaller spaces around its perimeter. Fig. 2.9 represents clustered organization. It relies on physical proximity to relate its spaces one another. It consists of repetition, cellular spaces that have a similar function and share a common visual trait such as orientation or shape.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

INDIVIDUAL UNIT LAYOUT In each unit present in market spaces, buyers want a clean, well-lighted shopping atmosphere, with a proper display of products. Goods could be displayed on the counters/platforms, hung on he walls or in open space depending on what type is to be displayed. The exterior and interior of a store convey several messages about the store to the buyers. Managing space is the first and foremost concern of almost every seller. There are two areas in which the entire space of the unit can be divided into. One being the selling area and another being the non-selling area. Selling area is the area where the display of products takes place with the help of fixtures like racks, tables and others. Non-selling area is the circulation area for customers inside the store. A unit layout design must be a balance between these two areas. Spatial Organization in market spaces plays a major role in deciding the scale, and design of individual unit. Roadside markets can have small permanent shops with separate display area or there could be small temporary shops with product being displayed within the range where seller’s hand can reach.

Fig. 2.12: Physical Character of Shops in the Market

Fig. 2.13: A view of a vegetable stall in gthe market

Source: Author

Source: https://roisincure.com/wp/drawing-in-public-feel-thefear-and-sketch-it-anyway/

The fig. 2.11 represent the physical character of the shops in the market. They could be open from front, open from sides, semi- open, enclosed depending upon the spatial organization and the location of the market spaces. This physical character also depends on the type of products sold by the shops. Fig. 2.12 shows a basic layout of a vegetable shop in the markets. There is the use of crates of fruits and vegetable to make temporary platform for display of products. The area under the platform is used as a storage space for the shop. The use of umbrella, cloth as a shading device can be seen in the picture. The platforms are created in the such a manner that the goods are in the reach of customer and that is a major requirement of the shops in the market space.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

BUYER - SELLER INTERACTION Location and spatial organization of marketplace plays a major role in buyer seller interaction. Buyer seller interaction provides a sense of belonging and sense of security to visitors who are coming to a market place. Local language communication further increases the comfort level of visitors in the market place. Street markets or local markets provide a higher degree of buyer seller interaction as the buyer is directly able to communicate with the seller which is not the case with the high end shopping centres.

Fig 2.14: Indian sellers interact with customers in their shop in the

Fig. 2.15: Colaba Causeway, Mumbai

old quarters of New Delhi

Source: https://www.tripsavvy.com/top-mumbai-mar-

Source: https://laist.com/2019/06/26/8_best_items_to_buy_at_

kets-1539691

an_indian_market.php

RECREATIONAL SPACES Recreational spaces play a major role in market by promoting sense of belonging in the space. These

are

the

benefits

the

recreational spaces in the market. The recreational spaces might include food courts, food stalls, even small tea stalls, seating and resting spaces, performance spaces, etc. These space promote a the culture and tradition of the city and moreover, it leaves a everlasting impact on the mind of the visitors of the markets. Table 2.1: Benefits of Recreational spaces in the market Source: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT STRUCTURE For most small-scale rural markets and for urban street and open markets, where the spaces are also used for various purposes at different times, it is usual for traders to operate using smallscale individual structures. They often take the form of umbrellas’ barrows with integral roofs or a simple demountable structure, with a canvas awning or plastic-sheeted roof spanning between a timber, bamboo or steel framework. On other hand, the market authority might provide standard prefabricated stalls on an individual or group basis, the rent charged for them reflecting the hire of the stall as well as the space. The structure provided in the market places also depends on the climate of the place and the different uses of that place. Mobile carts are another form of method of sale which is common in street markets. The main advantage offered by mobile carts is that both the cart and produce can be taken away from the market space after business hours, thus offering greater security. Furthermore, their use requires a garaging facility for the carts that can be provided at a convenient location and at an affordable rent.

These figures represents the temporary structures

commonly

used

the

markets. Shading devices like cloth, plastic sheets, etc. are used to have weather

protection

depending

the climate of the city where market is located. Moreover, the mobile carts are the most common temporary structure Fig. 2.16: Sketch of Temporary structures in the markets Source: http://www.fao.org/3/v8390e/V8390E11.gif

of the market space. Trees can also act as a shading device in the market area.

The display of products is also done on permanent and temporary platforms depending on the type of shops and the products they are selling. The platforms could be made of wood, crates, etc. so that it reaches in the hand range of the customer. Fig. 2.17: Plastic sheets stung over stalls in Kolkata Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/plastic-covers- stay- in-hatibagan-gariahat-even-after-mayor-diktat/articleshow/73781799.cms

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

2.3 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF BAZAAR Bazaars have always been a place for social, economic and cultural exchange. There is a lot of difference between markets of ancient period and the modern day market but the sole objective of marketing remains the same i.e. to fulfil human needs. Over the period of time the concept of bazaar has changed in its spatial arrangements and offerings. In traditional times the location of marketplaces were judicially chosen in proximity to religious places or residential areas so as to provide protection to traders and also such locations generated substantial demand for goods and services. These market spaces also acted as connecting points along the regional, national and international trade routes to different cities. This used to help in exchange of goods, culture, knowledge and information. The Silk Route is one of the example of this.

MARKET EVOLUTION

Fig.2.18: Market of Mohenjodaro during Indus Valley Civilazation

Open Space/ Covered Areas (Early Civilizations)

Fig.2.19: Market of Jaipur having arcaded Passage

Arcades And Street Markets (Dawn Of Industrial Age)

Fig.2.20: A mall in Mumbai

Malls (Current Age)

2.3.1 INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION The Indus Valley Civilization was a bronze age civilization. It is considered as one of the oldest and the largest civilizations in the world. It was located on the banks of river Indus and extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Harappa and MohenjoDaro were the two major cities of the civilization. There are numerous areas in Harappan sites that have been identified as market places or shops. The site of Shikarpur, in Gujarat has an open area in the center that is thought to be surrounded by workshops and it may have been acted as a market place. At both Harappa and MohenjoDaro there are many open areas in the cities that are thought to have been plaza or open market areas. Small rooms along the main streets could have been shops at the street level with workshops above or in the houses behind the main shop. There are evidences that show that the roads in Mohenjo-Daro were as wide as 10-12M.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

It is believed that most of the activities like market etc. were held along these streets. The main streets followed North-South direction and East-West direction was followed by secondary streets. Forming perfect right angles, intersection of streets took place at junctions.(1)

All the Indus Valley sites have been found to have granaries. The granaries were huge in size and were very sophisticatedly designed. There are evidences that show that front part of granary was used as shops to sell grains and the back part was used as storage space. There were air passages to remove any moisture and keep the grains dry. (2)

Fig. 2.21: Plan of Mohenjo-Daro

Fig. 2.22: Plan of Market of Mohenjodaro

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/554646510354211299/

Source: Author

Markets during this period were mostly located in central squares. There were a central doorway to enter the market space. There were permanent shops all around the square. There were temporary platforms made for the traders of other villages. All the construction during this era was done in brick. The market during this era had both temporary and permanent structures. The permanent shops had shading devices made of cloth or bamboo for weather protection. There were different levels provide for buyers and sellers. The fig. 2.22 depicts the area marked in red is the platforms provided for the vendors coming from other cities. Creating a level difference between the buyer and seller Fig. 2.23: A still from movie Mohenjo -Daro depicting the platform at a level for mobile traders Source: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Pwidjiomr9w Edited by: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The square had double storey structures with shops on ground floor and houses or workshops on the first floor. There was a stage located in the center which was used for announcements and other recreational activities. There was a good interaction between buyers and sellers in the space since there were small shops with usually 1 or 2 owners so the buyers would interact with them for bargaining and this interaction further increased the sense of belonging in the market for the visitors.

Shop for permanent vendors Central Stage Small Hawkers around the Central Stage Pedestrian Circulation Fig. 2.24: A still from movie Mohenjo-Daro depicting the central stage Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJukJ33ceEw

This

picture

the

granary

was

found

shows that dating

back to Indus Valley Civilization. There are evidences that show the

Granaries

were

also used as shops to

sale

grains

and

the back side of it was used as the the storage area by the Fig. 2.25: View of Granary in Harappa Source: https://www.themysteriousindia.net/40-facts-about-indus-valley-civilization/2

vendors.

The markets of this civilization showed that the markets during that era were located in the centre of the city and were concentrated at one place only i.e. a chowk or plaza and had separate areas for temporary and permanent vendors.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

2.3.2 MUGHAL PERIOD •There were streets provide for market spaces. •It was a shopping place where there were connected shops and streets intersecting at right angles. •The capital towns like Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Shahjahanabad were vibrant commercial centres.

2.3.2.1 CHATTA CHOWK BAZAAR, DELHI The market is presently known as Chatta Chowk Bazaar or Meena Bazaar. This market was earlier known as Bazaar-i-Musaqqaf (the market with ‘saqaf’ i.e roof), or ‘Chatta-bazaar’ (a roofed market). The Lahori Gate which is the entrance portal of the Red Fort, leads into the shadows of this Chatta Chowk Bazaar/ Vaulted Arcade. Shah Jahan was perhaps impelled by political reasons to position Chatta Bazaar at the principal ceremonial entrance to the fort, as an appropriate place to exhibit the Mughal Empire’s growing wealth, talents and capabilities.(3)

Double Storied structure with shops on the ground floor Doorways leading to the Mughal Palace Central Courtyard Pathways between the shops for pedestrian movement

Fig. 2.26: Original plan and section of the Bazaar. Source: http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/sahc/2008/CH006.pdf Edited By: Author

This building can be described as a double storied linear arcaded structure with an octagonal court halfway through its length, with eight arcade bays on either side, contiguous with the western entry of the Red fort, the Lahore Gate.(4) Bazaars in India during 17th century, were normally the open air markets. A covered bazaar, was an innovation in India. Walking through the Lahori Gate, the person enters in a covered double- storied arcade, 70M in length and 4M in width, with octagonal court in the middle for natural light and ventilation, known as Chattar Manzil. The Chowk or court at the centre of the Chatta Bazaar, is both visually and spatially conspicuous as it is the source of light for the otherwise covered market.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

This divides the market into two sections, eastern section and western section, that have vaulted roofs supported on a series of broad arches given at regular intervals. The width of this courtyard is 9M. It appears that the whole of the market, in the interior and the exterior, was originally decorated with stucco, painted and gilded to give a captivating look. On the left and the right side of this courtyard are small doors which used to open to the places in Mughal days. Their edges, supported by stone, and the motifs are taken from the Islamic art.

Fig. 2.27: Chatta Chowk Bazaar, 1911–12, octagon and arcade;

Fig. 2.28: Arch subsystem along arcade with parapets on first

Source: http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/sahc/2008/CH006.pdf

floor: 1912 photo from ASI Annual Reports. Source: http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/sahc/2008/CH006.pdf

On either side of this courtyard are four feet high platforms. The bazaar on each side contains 32 arched bays that served as shops, just as they do today. The lower cell consisted of two rooms. The front one was possibly used for the actual display and the one at the back for storage, manufacture or business transaction. The upper cells may perhaps have been used for the official transactions related to the commercial function. Nowadays, the upper cells are used to house the families of army men serving in the Red Fort.(4) About 300 years ago, in Mughal period this bazaar was considered as the center for luxurious products that Mughals used in their daily life. There were small tea stalls located in the market, where aristocrats used to gather and talk. This space acted as a recreational and meeting space for traders and visitors of the market.

Fig. 2.29: Chatta Chowk Bazaar

Fig. 2.30: A shop in Chatta Chowk Bazaar

Source: https://thecreativityengine.wordpress.com/2013/12/12/

Source: https://googlehindustan.com/2019/03/15/a-small-trip-

the-red-fort-vii-architecture-chatta-bazaar/

of-historic-meena-bazaar-at-red-fort/

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

2.3.2.2 AGRA BAZAAR, AGRA The Agra Bazaar represents the general typology of markets during the Mughal period. Most of the market of that era has similar character like the Agra Bazaar in Agra. The markets were usually located on the streets during this period. It was a shopping place where there were connected shops and streets intersecting at right angles. They were in close proximity with temple and palaces. Markets of this era were mostly open-air markets.

Fig. 2.31: Spatial Organization in Agra Bazaar

Fig. 2.32: A still from movie Jodhaa Akbar depicting shop layout

Source: Author

in Agra Market Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJukJ33ceEw

There were shops on both the sides of the road for the permanent traders. The shops had sufficient space for display and storage. The front area of shops were used for display purpose and the back side would be used as storage areas for the shops. The shopkeepers used a temporary shading device to shade the display areas. The visiting traders used to setup their shops on the sides of the roads itself. There was a platform provided for the shop owners of which provided a level difference between the buyer and the seller. There was a direct interaction between the buyer and the seller. There were several teas stalls and eateries provided in the market that acted as a gathering and meeting space for the common people.

Fig. 2.33: Road Section Of Agra Bazaar

Fig. 2.34: A still from movie Jodhaa Akbar from the Agra Market

Source: Author

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJukJ33ceEw

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CHAPTER 3: BSERVING THE CHARACTER O AND NEEDS IN TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

3.1 CRAWFORD MARKET, MUMBAI The Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Market which is also known as Sir Arthur Crawford Market (named after the first Governor of Mumbai) covers an area of 2.25 hectares and incorporates the main building which is in the heritage list. It was built in 1869 and designed by architect William Emerson this Victorian market is among the oldest surviving markets of the genre. Market includes the activities like wholesale and retail outlets dealing in fruits, vegetables and fish apart from a variety of consumer items like toys, trunks, leather goods, footwear etc.

Fig. 3.1: Crawford Market, Mumbai in 1874

Fig. 3.2: Crawford Market, Mumbai in 2020

Source: https://www.past-india.com/photos-items/antique-

Source:https://www.whatshot.in/mumbai/mumbais-crawford-

print-of-drawing-of-crawford-market-bombay/

market-is-getting-a-swanky-facelift-and-will-be-ready-by-2022c-19214r

The structure is built in gothic style and is ventilated naturally through well worked out climatological solutions. This place demonstrates in one scene the several eras of evolution of the city of Mumbai. From the colonial rule to the Muslim migrants to the end of British era to informality to the current chaos of automobiles and the aspirations to be a world class city, it can all be seen together as one big performance with the Crawford Market as its back drop. The figure represents the zoning of Crawford Market in Mumbai. This is the main Crawford Market which is a closed space with the shops inside the structure. This is the fruits and vegetable market which is an open air market Fig. 3.3: Zoning of Crawford Market, Mumbai Source: https://iescoaomnibus.files.wordpress. com/2017/06/141.jpg

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The Crawford Market is a single storied having a height of 12 m. The market has both open and close spaces for different products. This is a wholesale market. There is a separate market provided for fruits and vegetables which is an open market. In some shops display of products is done in front which can be easily accessed by buyer and usually it’s not in the reach of hand of seller, due to the large size of shops. Another layout seen is the market was that the display area was throughout the shops and was easily accessible by buyers. The customers could pick their choice of products and take it to seller for billing purpose. This layout was commonly seen in fruits and vegetable market. There’s a platform created for the display of products which is usually made of the crates of fruits and vegetables or wood.

Fig. 3.4: Shop Layouts in the Markets

Fig. 3.5: Surroundings of the Market

Source: Author

In the open markets the permanent shops were constructed and for shading purpose mostly the plastic sheets were used and that was a temporary structure in the market. For the indoor shops it was a well-covered and ventilated area with natural and artificial light sources. The indoor part of market was completely the permanent structure with a well-defined circulation. The market is approached by main road leading to a huge hall with seating spaces that acted as a gathering space inside the market for vendors and visitors. Moreover, it also acts as a selling space for mobile vendors. There is a radio restaurant present is proximity of the market which is one of the famous gathering spots for the visitors of the market. There are various other small food stalls and tea stalls that act as a gathering and meeting space for the people in the market.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Fig. 3.6: Fruits and Vegetables shop in the market Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtvD_a3JTlM Edited by: Author

The above picture shows that the temporary platforms made of crates are used to display the fruits and vegetables in the market. The crates are placed in such a manner that the products on display are easily accessible by the buyer.

Fig. 3.7: Inside the closed area of Crawford Market Source: https://www.whatshot.in/mumbai/mumbais-crawford-market-is-getting-a-swanky-facelift-and-will-be-ready-by2022-c-19214

The above picture shows the interior view of main Crawford Market. After the redevelopment of the market it has now ell defined lanes for circulation and shops lying parallel to the lane.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

3.2 MEHRAULI FLOWER MARKET, DELHI The Mehrauli Flower Market was located next to the Qutub Minar and Mehrauli Archaeological Park and is allocated for use as a parking lot as per the master plan. This all day open market specialized in not only loose genda, but also garlands and some cut flowers. In the morning, people would come in buses, autos and tempos to supply flowers. Farmers brought their produce in, at an interval of four to five days, from neighboring states, especially during festive seasons.

Fig. 3.8: A view of Mehrauli Flower Market in Delhi Source: http://1100walks.com/images/walks/flowermarkets/fm1.jpg

Fig.3.8 and Fig.3.9 represents the view of market during morning hours. The road is used by pedestrian movement, vehicular movement loading and unloading vehicles like autos, trucks, bikes, etc. The vendors set up their shops during the morning hours and it functions till evening. In morning the market remains pretty crowded. The peak hours of the market used to be from 4am to 9am. Temporary shading devices used in the market The shops in the market which were mainly used for storage purpose Display Area ahead of Shops Pedestrian Area

Circulation

Fig. 3.9: A view of street in Mehrauli Flower Market in Delhi Source: https://www.alamy.com/ stock-photo/mehrauli-flower-market.html

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

This a wholesale market, with a diverse cultural mix, Hindus and Muslims, migrants and locals, illiterate and educated, rich and poor all involved in trade in various ways. Various heritage walks were conducted through different flower markets of Delhi to increase the buyer seller interactions and to promote the culture and tradition of the flower market. The buyers and sellers are directly able to interact with each other in order to bargain and buy the flowers they needed thus increasing a comfort in the environment and thereby increasing the sense of belonging.

Fig. 3.10: A small Shop in the Mehrauli Flower Market Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/mehrauli-flower-market.html

Fig. 3.11: A small Shop in the Mehrauli Flower Market Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/mehrauli-flower-market.html

There were temporary small shops made by different vendors with bamboo as support, steel sheets as roofing and plastic covers as shading devices which were mainly used as the storage space for their flowers. The display of the flowers was done in front of the shops acquiring the roads. Temporary platforms made of wood or cardboard boxes were used by the sellers to display their products. The products were placed in such manner that they were within the reach of the seller. There were various food and tea stalls alongside the road in the market that acted as a gathering or meeting space for vendors or the visitors of the markets.

The Fig. 3.11 represents women making garlands in the flower. The market itself acts as a workshop area for several vendors. a temporary structure has been created by vendors using plastic sheets, clothes tied on bamboo stick to create a shaded area where the vendors can work. A floor cover and shaded area creates a habitable space for working and selling their products. Fig. 3.12: Ladies making Garlands in the market Source: https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/mehrauli-flower-market.html

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

3.3 SARAFA BAZAAR, INDORE The Sarafa Bazaar is one of the oldest markets in Indore which dates back to 1900. The market was strategically located next to Rajwada with the security point of view since it was in proximity with the royal palace. The market is spread between the Rajwada Plaza which is a core of the public open space to Bajaj Khana. This market includes ‘Chota Sarafa’ and the ‘Bada Sarafa’. Sarafa Bazaar is one of the most famous streets in Indore and consists of shops dealing primarily in gold and silver jewelry on both sides. This bazaar is mainly popular for its changes in character during the course of the day. During day time i.e. from 9a.m. to 8p.m. this market acts as an ordinary ‘Jewelers Market’. However, after 8p.m. both the streets of Sarafa Bazaar transform into ‘Food Streets’ serving a range of desserts and snacks. The night market on the streets of Sarafa starts soon after the jewelers close their shops and it functions past midnight, around 2-3a.m. The market experiences high footfall of around 500-600 people per hour during the night Sarafa Bazaar.

Fig. 3.13: Sarafa Bazaar, Indore during the day time Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/jewellers-in-indores-sarafa-seek-nod-to-open-shop-amid-weddingseason/articleshow/76525670.cms

Fig. 3.14: Food Stall in front of shop during night in Sarafa Bazaar, Indore Source: https://www.thebetterindia.com/58374/sarafa-bazaar-night-market-indore/

The market has double storey structures on both the sides along the road. Upper floor either have residences or the workshop or office areas for the jewelry store. Chota Sarafa has a similar built characteristic as Bada Sarafa, except that it has smaller sizes of shops as compared to Bada Sarafa. The plinth provided for the shops is 300-450mm. Shops at the back side of the stall Temporary platforms set up by the food vendors during the night Shops at the back side of the stall Fig. 3.15: Food Stall in front of shop during night in Sarafa Bazaar, Indore Source: https://www.thebetterindia.com/58374/sarafa-bazaar-night-market-indore/ Edited by: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The ‘Night Food Market’ has all the temporary food stalls which are being setup along the road sides in front of the jewelry shops. No shading devices are used in any of the stalls since it sets up during the night time. The plinth of the shops is either used by the vendor to set up their cooking stoves or it is used by the customers as seating areas for the food stalls. There’s a good amount of buyer seller interaction in this market due to its spatial organization. Apart from food there are various recreational activities that are held during the night market like small games stall, etc. Moreover there are also numerous mobile vendors that roam around the market to sell their products.

Temporary Food stalls set up along both the sides of the road

Pedestrian

way

for

the

circulation in the market

Fig. 3.16: Food Stall during night in Sarafa Bazaar, Indore Source: https://www.triphobo.com/places/indore-india/sarafa-bazar

The image shows that the plinth of the shops are used as the seating area for the food stalls in the night. After the shop closes the food vendors put up small chairs and stools on the plinth of the shop. In some stalls even plinth is used as the storage area for the food stalls. Fig. 3.17: Seating Space created at the back of the food stall Source: https://www.thebetterindia.com/58374/sarafa-bazaar-night-market-indore/

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

3.4 SABARMATI RIVERFRONT: WEEKLY MARKET SPACE, AHMEDABAD Sabarmati Riverfront Market also called ‘Ravivari’, which is the informal Sunday Market is held near Gaekwad Haveli. The entire market is spread across 32,000 square feet between Ellis bridge and Sardar Bridge. It was started by Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1414, but due to many communal riots the market was closed. In 1954 it was set up along the Sabarmati River and hence it is also known as Riverfront Market. A redevelopment project was executed and it was then open to public use in 2014. It has been designed as an open-air market with a functional arrangement of platforms and zones, where vendors can display and sell their goods. The tree-shaded public market will accommodate the ‘Ravivari’ on Sundays and other seasonal markets throughout the week.

Fig. 3.18: An arial view of the market Source: https://urban-regeneration.worldbank.org/Ahmedabad

Fig. 3.19: A Platform provided for the vendors Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNPLtMti2A

This market is organized linearly along the riverfront area. The market has a platform for about 1600 vendors. This platform is made of concrete and is raised to a height so as to provide a level difference between buyer and seller. There is platform in the center and footpaths on both the sides that are used by the vendors. The vendors selling their good on footpaths use cots to make a platform to display their products. The space under the cots is used as a storage spaces for the vendors on footpaths. For the vendors on platforms, they either use crates or the space behind them i.e. the space between two platforms for the storage purpose. The degree of interaction between the buyer and seller in the market is high since the stalls are small. The goods in the market are placed within the reach of buyer so as to increase the sale of the products.

Fig. 3.20: Shading Devices used in the Market Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNPLtMti2A

Fig. 3.21: Temporary platforms used to display products Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNPLtMti2A

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Since this is a tree shaded market most of the platforms are shaded by a tree around it. Many vendors have used umbrellas or cloth as a shading device in the market place. There are numerous food and tea stalls located along the market that create a small gathering space for the people in the market. The market has been provided with seating areas for visitors, public washrooms, multi-functional plazas, vehicular access and parking facilities. Moreover, there are many parks and recreational activities that are developed along the riverfront that helps in encouraging the art and culture of Ahmedabad.

Platform for the vendors shaded by the tree Pedestrian area with trees. Yellow colour represents the temporary vendors setting up their stalls around the tree.

Fig. 3.22: Layout of platforms in the market Source: Author

Fig. 3.23: Layout of platforms in the market Source: Author

The above figures represent the different layouts of platforms in the markets. Since this is a tree shaded market most of the vending platforms are incorporated in such a manner that they lie in the shade of the tree.

Trees provide for shading the pedestrian path Temporary vendors setting up their stalls Pathway Platform vendors

for

permanent

Fig. 3.24: Platforms provided in the market Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNPLtMti2A Edited by: Author

The figure shows there are vendors on both the side of pathways. The right one are temporary and the left ones are the permanent ones. This image depicts the layout shown in Fig.3.22. Fig. 3.25: View of the Market Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNPLtMti2A

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

3.5 KINARI BAZAAR, CHANDNI CHOWK, DELHI Old Delhi, popularly referred to as Purani Dilli, was founded by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1639. The walled city of Delhi was built over a period of ten years on the banks of holy river Yamuna. Enchanting bazaars, mansions, royal gardens, elegant shrines and fountains at every corner are eye catching along with the magnificent palace known as Red Fort. Kinari Bazaar is located near Paranthe Vali Gali in Chandni Chowk. It is a narrow lane market with shops on both the sides. The display of products from the shops are till the edge of the lane that’s why it is popularly called as ‘Kinari Bazaar’. The shops are extended till the edge of the road The products are displayed in shelves and counters accessible for both buyer and seller The shops are raised to a plinth

Fig. 3.26: Shops having plinth and extending to the edge of the lane Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLYaFj9MOjY

There are number of small shops present in the market and they are raised to a plinth of 300450mm. The buyers can access the shops and the products by going inside. This market has both air-conditioned and air-cooled shops. The shops have placed the products in such a manner that the can be accessed by both customers and the seller by moving across the shop. For the display of products there are various counters made of wood inside the shops. The top of it is used as display and the bottom is used for the storage purpose. The market has a double storey structure in which ground floor is occupied by shops and above floors are residence or workshops of the shop owners.

Fig. 3.27: Kinari Bazaar, the lane famous for wedding related products Source: http://www.dsource.in/gallery/kinari-bazaar-old-delhi-1

Fig. 3.28: View of Kinari Bazaar lane Source: http://www.dsource.in/gallery/kinari-bazaar-old-delhi-1

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The degree of buyer seller interaction in the market is high due to small size of shops. The buyers can interact with the sellers, bargain and then buy the products, thus increasing the sense of belonging of visitors in the market. Since most of the vendors in the market have permanent shops there are no temporary structures in the market. There are many food outlets located in the proximity of the market so that becomes a gathering space in the market place. Kinari Bazaar is located in proximity of Paranthe Vali Gali which is a famous street for food in Delhi.

The shop has display and

storage

the

shelves along the walls. That is accessible by both

buyer

and

the

seller. A seating space is created for the customers.

Fig. 3.29: A shop in the market Source: http://www.dsource.in/gallery/kinari-bazaar-old-delhi-1

This image shows the view of the lane of Kinari Bazaar. All the shops are extended till the edge of the road. The Narrow lane and double storey structure

provides

mutual shading in this lane. Fig. 3.30: A view of the Kinari Bazaar lane Source: https://adatewithdelhi.wordpress.com/2013/05/03/whats-in-a-name-kinari-bazaarold-delhi/

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

3.6 PRIMARY CASE STUDY TRIPOLIA BAZAAR, JAIPUR Sawai Jai Singh laid the foundation of his new Capital City in 1727A.D. and named it as ‘Sawai Jaipur’. It was also known as ‘Sawai Jainagar’ which later on became popular as ‘Jaipur’. With the foundation of Jaipur, and eventual transfer of Capital of the Kachhwahas from Amber, the City rose to eminence that has led it to become one of the best-known cities of the contemporary world. Jai Singh wanted to make Jaipur a commercial center by establishing large number of haats or shops and the markets on the main road of the city.(5)

Fig. 3.31: View of Tripolia Bazaar Jaipur Source: Author

Fig. 3.32: View of shop in Tripolia Bazaar Jaipur Source: Author

After the completion of the Palace, the basic layout of the main roads, the surrounding wall (Kot) and the gates, Sawai Jai Singh began the construction of the masonry shops with uniform shape and size and similar characteristics in bazaars or the markets on the cardinal roads and summoning traders, merchants or bankers, and artisans from Rajasthan and other places to settle and carry the business in the city. Shops in the main markets- Tripolia Bazaar, Johri Bazar, Kishanpol Bazar and Gangori Bazar, havelis and temples on the cardinal roads and streets were constructed by the State ensuring that a uniform facade of the street is maintained in the newly founded City of Jaipur. Tripolia Bazaar is one of the oldest markets in Jaipur.

The image depicts the Tripolia bazaar market in Jaipur. The markets in Jaipur walled city have a unique characteristic i.e. the they have a similar elevation.

Fig. 3.33: View depicting the lane of Tripolia Bazaar Source: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

On the main road of Tripolia Bazaar there are shops on both the sides of the road with uniform shapes and sizes. There are double story structures with residences or workshops on upper floor and shops on the ground floors. There is a verandah provided ahead of shop for the movement inside the market and also acts a shading device for the shops. There is a 15m wide road along which the markets are set up. The verandah is often used by the mobile vendors, vegetable sellers etc. to sell their products They either display their products on the floor or create a temporary platform to display the products. These mobile vendors have limited products so they place all of them within their hand reach. The space ahead of verandah is used as parking for the shop owners or the visitors. The shops are adjacent to verandah protecting them from direct heat and sunlight

The display of products is done in the verandah as well This verandah is mainly used by pedestrians to walh in shade Fig. 3.34: Verandah in front of shops Source: Author

Fig. 3.35: Section of the Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

The above pictures represent the shaded verandah in the Tripolia Bazar. The market lane has mostly double or triple storey structures lying alongside the road. Jaipur was constructed in 1727 and the roads were designed wide enough keeping in mind the situations of future. The road in front of the market is a 4-lane road used for vehicular movements or pedestrian movements on the side.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The above floor of the market spaces are used as workshop or residential area. The

verandah

running

throughout the market for pedestrian circulation The space outside the Verandah is used as parking by the Fig. 3.36: Verandah in front of shops Source: Author

shopkeepers or the visitors

Plinth provided on the verandah to

protect

from

rainwater

entering to the shops. Ahead of the verandah small drain channels are located to ensure the proper drainage of the rain water. Fig. 3.37: Verandah in front of shops Source: Author

Shops inside the verandah Small vendors set up their stall inside the verandah Temporary platforms are used for storage of extra goods.

Vendors setting up their stall outside the verandah Fig. 3.38: View of Katla Bazaar Source: Author Edited By: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The above pictures represent Tripolia Bazaar in Jaipur. It is considered as one of the oldest markets of Jaipur city. The market sells utensils, clothes and other accessories. The above picture shows how the market is being used differently in various areas. Fig 4.7 represents that verandah is often used to display products or even as storage of products by the shops. Fig. 4.8 represents that verandah is used by small vendors to set up their shops and display their products in the shaded area. The area ahead of the verandah is used by parking or the small vendors to set up their stalls. They use small wooden tables to store the extra products. The area beneath the table is also used as storage space for their products and personal things. The area outside the verandah is shaded during most hours of the day so the vendors over here do not use any shading device. There was a higher degree of buyer seller interaction since there were small vendors, so the buyer and seller could interact directly increasing the sense of belonging in the space. Products

displayed

the

shelved mounted on the wall Seller’s Seating Area Circulation Space for the buyers Display Of Products Outside The Shops Fig. 3.39: A shop in Tripolia Bazaar Source: Author

Products

displayed

the

shelved mounted on the wall Seller’s Seating Area Circulation Space for the buyers Display Of Products Outside The Shops Fig. 3.40: A shop in Tripolia Bazaar Source: Author

The shops in the market have a counter and shelves for the display of products. The products in the shops are placed in the reach of customers, so than they can see and then take to the seller for billing. The degree of interaction between the buyer and seller is high due to small size of shops. This increases the sense of belonging of the visitor to the market and further helps in promoting culture and tradition of the city.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CHAPTER 4: UNDERSTANDING THE CHANGING SCENARIO

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

4.1 FORMULATING AND OBTAINING THE SURVEY A survey for 200 people was conducted to understand the perspective of people towards the market and the role of market in the daily lives of the people. Following questions were asked and the results are as follows:

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

The survey shows that: • Most of the people visiting the market are between the age of 18-60 years in which majority were in from 18-25 age group. • 60% of the people prefer going to markets in pairs. • Majority of the people chose local area markets and malls as their regular shopping preference. People wanted a space with the comfort of mall and availability of options at one place. • Most of the people spend more than an hour in the market, so there should be proper resting spaces, recreational spaces, food stalls, etc. to cater the crowd of the market. • According to survey results quality of product, availability of options and recreational spaces are the most important things in the markets. • Approximately 50% of the people showed their interest in attending lifestyle exhibitions due to availability of options from local traders, see the trends going around the country with the help of local traders from round the countries, enjoying various cuisines, etc. • When asked to chose between a local trader and branded store, majority of the people chose the local trader. But due to lack of time, lack of markets with all the local traders together and various other factors people end up with lack of options. • Some of the common issues faced by the people in the market areas were lack of parking, amount of walking distance from parking to the markets, lack of recreational spaces, food stalls, lack of multiple options at the same place, lack of spaces like creche, etc.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

4.2 ANALYSIS FROM THE PRIMARY CASE STUDY An interview was conducted for 20 people including buyers and sellers in Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur. They belonged to different age groups and genders. Based on the interaction with the these are the following things that could be understood: BUYERS: 1. They felt the need of more open and recreational spaces to interact and relax during their shopping hours in the market. 2. For the temporary vendors displaying their products on the floor it becomes problematic for buyers especially the elder age people to reach out and have access to them. 3. The temporary vendors are scattered all around the market as they don’t have a fixed space, so it’s difficult for buyers to find them. SELLERS: 1. The temporary vendors set up their shops around the verandah that creates a hindrance in circulation of pedestrians. 2. They felt the need of more open areas, landscaping where they can interact and relax.

Fig. 4.1: A buyer in Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

Fig. 4.3: A temporary vendor in Tripolia Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

Fig. 4.2: A permanent seller Ram Mohan in Tripoli Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

Fig. 4.4: A permanent shop seller Govind in Tripoli Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

4.3 ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES All the cases were carefully read and observed. Apart from commercial activities, the markets have always been a centre for social interaction and a place for exchange of knowledge and culture. While observed in the case studies various types of sellers could be identified in the markets: 1. Permanent Sellers: These are the shop owners who have a permanent space for the display of products. They may or may not allow the seller to enter into the shop depending on the requirement and the type of product they are selling. 2. Temporary Sellers: These are the people who do not have a permanent shop in the market. They can be either be stationary i.e. sitting at one place it could be in front of shops, uber the tree, in the verandah, etc. or the could be mobile i.e. moving on foot or hawkers, etc. They can further be categorised in the following: a. Regular Sellers: The seller who set up their shops everyday or on specific days every week fall under this category. They could be both stationary or mobile. b. Seasonal Sellers: These type of sellers sell different products throughout the year according to changing requirement. For example during diwali these sellers sell decorative items, while during christmas they sell christmas hats. They could be both stationary or mobile. The figure shows that these type of vendors need a shaded space to set up their shops and display products. They could be found under the tree, in front of shops, in the verandah, etc. where they can display products that could be in the hand reach of both buyer and the seller. Fig. 4.5: Regular Stationary Vendors selling his goods along the verandah in the market of Jaipur Source: Author

The figure the permanent sellers. The seller may or may not allow the buyer to enter the shop depending on the type of products they sell and the time required by the buyer to to purchase them. The shop in the image allows the buyer to move inside the shop. Fig. 4.6: A permanent seller Md.Aqueel in Tripoli Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Following are the different kind of space requirements for different kind of products which are seen in the markets: • There are shops that sell the products which do not require a seating area or the accessibility of goods for the buyer. • While some shops like shoes or clothes require more time and a seating area for the customers. These spaces require the display of products within the range of buyers. • Most of the temporary sellers in the markets set up their shops in the shaded area usually under a tree, in front of shops, verandah, etc. • The temporary vendors set up a platform using their goods or tables so that the products could be within the reach of the buyer.

Display of products is done using temporary structure.

Storage of product is done near the display itself.

Product is displayed on a low height temporary platform Fig. 4.7: A temporary seller in Tripoli Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

Display of products is done using temporary structure.

Storage is done at the backside and it is also used as seating space.

Display of products is done on a temporary platform created Fig. 4.8: A temporary seller in Tripoli Bazaar, Jaipur Source: Author

by the shoe boxes

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE

CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

4.4 COMPARISON OF CASE STUDIES RESEARCH PARAMETERS

CASE 1: CHATTA CHOWK BAZAAR, DELHI

CASE 2: CRAWFORD MARKET, MUMBAI

CASE 3: MEHRAULI FLOWER MARKET, DELHI

TYPES OF BUYERS

All kinds i.e. local crowd, All kinds i.e. local crowd, Majorly small retail shop All kinds i.e. local crowd, Mainly local crowd domestic people as well domestic people as well owners, local people as foreign tourists

as foreign tourists

CASE 4: SARAFA BAZAAR, INDORE

CASE 5: SABARMATI CASE 6:KINARI BA- CASE 7: TRIPOLIA RIVERFRONT ZAAR, DELHI BAZAAR JAIPUR WEEKELY MARKET, AHEMDABAD

domestic people as well Heavy rush since it sets up domestic people as well domestic people as well

Remains crowded during as foreign tourists

only on Sundays

Moderate rush due to it’s Moderate rush due to morning hours

Remains

timings

crowded during evening

it’s timings

All kinds i.e. local crowd, All kinds i.e. local crowd, as foreign tourists

heavily

as foreign tourists

Heavy rush since it is Moderate rush due to it’s located in narrow street timings

hours i.e. after 8 p.m. to 3 a.m.

TYPES OF SELLERS TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT STRUCTURES

The

shops

are

the

permanent structures and the temporary vendors either set up their shop This is a covered market The indoor market is a All the shops are made The shops of jewelers Concrete platforms are Since it is located is along with

the

permanent permanent structure.

shops. Shopkeepers have The

outdoor

using tin sheets, bamboo, functioning

market cloth, etc i.e. temporary morning

the provided for the vendors narrow

are

the to set up

lane

all

their stalls. shops are permanent temporary

temporary devices

seatings or the display as well as temporary market

the whole food market are

counters ahead of the structures

that up during night is a of the tree while others shading.

temporary platforms to

temporary structure.

display the products

shops.

used

for

shading devices.

the

verandah,

the under the tree or use

provided the temporary has permanent shops shops are there in the permanent structure, but Most of the platforms structures and the lane is shading under

the

shade shaded through mutual umbrella or cloth and

use temporary shading devices.

INFERENCES: 1. 2. 3. but

Sarafa

Bazaar

and

Kinari

Bazaar

become

over

crowded

during

the

peak

hours

due

large

footfall

and

the

narrow

lanes

for

the

circulation.

The temporary vendors create hindrance in the pedestrian and vehicular circulation, therefore a proper space allocation for temporary vendors should be present. Temporary the

use

shading of

plastic

devices as

are

mostly

temporary

used shed

by futher

the

stationary

contributes

mobile

global

temporary

warming

vendors should

to be

have relaced

protection with

from eco

harsh

environment

friendly

materials.

4.The shop owners in different markets extend their display area till roads or veranah which creates a hindrance in the pedestrian and vehicular circulation.

PERMANENT VENDORS STATIONARY VENDORS MOBILE VENDORS 46

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE

CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

TYPES OF SHOPS AND SPACE REQUIRED

Covered market having Indoor Market has mixed Flower Wholesale and Jewelery shops in the It’s a mixed use market for It’s mainly famous for This markets has shops shops of accessories and use apparels. These require

shops

Outdoor

kinds

shops fruits

and

shops

and

are

the retail shops are present.

vegetables. area

that

require

and

food cheap and second hand all the wedding related of utensils, souvenirs

for They require a workshop market in the night. for

creating The

comparatively Most of the shops are of garlands,etc.

less time to buy and easy things

morning

food

market

temporary

products.

things.

is The products sold here shops

These require

kind

of and

clothes.The

more temporary

market don’t require much of time to buy therefore require

sellers a

small

less Moreover they require therefore the it requires a a time to buy therefore there’s a need of seating platform in a shaded

reach of the products time to buy like perfumes a storage space in the space to set up a stove no permanent shops are space for the buyer.The area

display

for customers, therefore c h o c o l a t e s , f r u i t s , e t c . shaded areas to keep and a small platform present. The platforms are apparels and clothing their products. The the shops do not have therefore

does

not the flowers fresh in the for cooking and serving used by the sellers and shops

seating areas inside but require any any seating market. There are small food. they allow the circulation area or customer’s direct platforms

direct permanent

it also acts as a resting access of the products owners

for Small seating spaces are space for the buyers. required for the visitors to

also require a display area.

buyers.

have food.

area to attract buyers

They require storage and

shop

require

to the buyer.These shops display and storage

inside the shops for the access to the products. the display of flowers. display spaces.

CIRCULATION RECREATIONAL SPACES

required

requires

A courtyard with small There is a Radio Restaurant

There are small food

food and tea stalls act as and many other small food

stalls located in the

a gathering and resting stalls located in the market

----

space for both the visitors that act as a recreational and the sellers.

market that act as a recreational space.

space.

INFERENCES: 1. Different products take different time in buying and thus depending on the time, the spaces are provided, i.e. for higher time seating and resting spaces are required whereas for lower time just the display area and storage spaces are required in the shops.

PEDESTRIAN 4- WHEELER

2. The vehicular circulation in the market space cause noise and discomfort thus the circulation hould be restricted to the pedestrian movement. 3. There are lack of resting and recreational spaces in Kinari Bazaar, Sabarmati riverfront Market, Mehrauli Flower Market. Market spaces should be provided a recreational and resting areas which aloows small gatherings thereby increasing the quality of space and sense of belonging.

2- WHEELER 47

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

5.1 CONCLUSIONS The aim of the study was to understand the evolution of components in traditional Indian markets over the period of time, in order to create a contemporary space which provides the requirements of present time for the common man. On the basis of research undertaken, it was concluded that the components of market play a very important role in the designing of a haat bazaar. On comparing the primary and secondary cases based on personal visits and the virtual tours provided online, following conclusions can be drawn: •

Sellers in the Markets

There were temporary and permanent sellers that were found in the markets. The permanent ones had shops and they used to work throughout the year. Temporary sellers were either seasonal, day specific or they used to come everyday. They were either stationary or mobile. There was lack of any allocated space for the temporary vendors due to which they caused hindrance in the pedestrian and vehicular circulation. A space should be provided to them where they can set up their goods or commodities without causing any problem in circulation. • Circulation The vehicular circulation in the market caused chaos and hindered pedestrianized movement inside the markets. •

Requirements of buyers and sellers

While interviewing, the sellers in the market they highlighted towards the need of more open spaces and more recreational spaces where they can sit and relax, whereas the buyers in the market they felt the issue in accessing the products of the temporary vendor that were lying on the ground. The products on the platform of 0.5m or high were easily accessible by the buyers. In the survey conducted the buyers also addressed the issue of walking distances in between the shops and lack of any seating or resting areas. •

Layout of shops

Based on different commodities different cases had different kinds of shops selling various kind of products. Each required different time to buy therefore the shop layout was in accordance with that. •

Additional Spaces

There was lack of recreational spaces and open spaces like a seating or resting space in all the case studies. It was identified through various cases that the elderly people or the people with small children require the resting or seating spaces in between the walkways.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS After concluding the research, following recommendations for the market space are being proposed:

Temporary vendors & Additional Spaces

• There should be separate area for temporary and permanent sellers so that the circulation is not hindered. • The area provided for the temporary sellers should be in the shaded region, i.e. it could be under a tree or can be shaded by the use of shading devices. • There should be a provision for the sellers that are day specific or time specific, which would help in creating a space as a multifunctional space.

Fig. 5.1: Multi functional spaces in market Source: https://www.europan-europe.eu/en/project-and-processes/recharging-space

The above figures shows the different kinds of multi functional spaces. The spaces could have platforms which can act as a selling area for the temporary vendors and can also act as a seating and resting areas for the visitors of the market. These spaces could be multifunctional like they could be used to host various events and performances at different times. They could also host various events during the festivities. These multifunctional spaces enhance the quality and usability of any space by adapting them differently throughout the day.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Buyers and sellers

• There should be provision for more landscape spaces in between the shops that could act as small gathering space for the sellers, moreover in the situations like covid these spaces help in circulation of air. • These spaces can be used by different age groups for a seating area, play area for children, that provide a break while walking in between shops. • These breaks could be a food stall, gardens or any form of open space that provides a resting area to the visitors. • These open spaces could also act as transition spaces while moving from one space to other. These transition spaces can host different recreational activities throughout the day.

Fig. 5.2: Landscaping provided in the linear manner Source: Author

Fig. 5.3: Landscaping provided in the centralised manner Source: Author

Fig. 5.4: Transition spaces in the market Source: https://downtownfrederick.org/item/carroll-creek-amphitheater/

The above fig.5.2 & fig.5.3 shows different kind of spatial organization of shops and accommodation of green and open spaces within them. These open spaces could be used by the buyers during the market hours or by the visitors to relax. These open spaces could be further used as performance areas or to conduct any events. Fig. 5.4 shows a transitional space. Canopy seating or stepped seating can be provided to make it multi functional.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Layout of shops

• There should be seating spaces provided if the commodity sold by the shop requires longer time to buy. • There should be circulation provided inside the shops where the commodities take less time to buy but require direct access. • There should be a platform atleast 0.5M high for temporary vendors to make the goods easily accessible.

Fig. 5.5: A Clothing Shop in Kinari Bazaar, Delhi Source:https://frugal2fab.com/2017/03/21/banarasi-lehengas/

Fig. 5.6: A Shoe Store in the market Source: https://www.behance.net/gallery/21672815/Metro-Shoes-Retail-Design

Above figures represents the commodities that will require bigger modules and a space to sit and buy the commodity. Clothing shop will require a display area, seating space and a trial room for the buyers. Similarly the shoe store will require a seating area and a display areas. Such commodities require a direct accessibility and more time to buy, thus they require a seating space within the shop.

Fig. 5.7: An accessory shop in Chatta Chowk Bazaar, Delhi Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKipbt7BrQw

Fig. 5.8: An accessory shop Source:http://bwdisrupt.businessworld.in/article/Beccos-A-Korean-Designer-Lifestyle-Brand-Enters-Indian-Market/30-10-2018-163198/

Above figures represents the commodities that will require a medium size modules and these do not require a place to sit. The commodities like bags, accessories, etc. require a direct access but the take comparatively less time to buy hence they do not require a seating area. The shops with such commodities should allow the buyer’s circulation inside the shop.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

Platforms can be provided for the vendors to sell their product. The platform height should not be less than 0.5M which is easily accessible to the buyer and the products remain in the hand range of both buyer as well as the seller.

Fig. 5.9: Sabarmati Riverfront Market, Ahmeadabad Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XNPLtMti2A Edited by: Author

Fig. 5.10: Stepped platform Source:Author

Fig. 5.11: Sabarmati Riverfront Market, Ahmedabad Source: https://urban-regeneration.worldbank.org/Ahmedabad

• Above figures represents different arrangement of platforms in the market. • Fig.5.10 represents the platforms can be in step form where the seller can be at the upper level and goods can be displayed at other levels. • Fig.5.11 shows that the platforms can be located under a tree and it can have breaks in between making the circulation in the market efficient and easier. • These platforms can be used as a resting space for the visitors in the market as well as for various activities and performances during the time when vendors are not present. The figure represents that the

structures

can

double storey with the recreational

spaces

the above floor. The cafeteria, restaurants, food courts, etc. can be on the upper floor which will provide the view of the market and will segregate the circulation spaces on Fig. 5.12: Double Storey Structure Source: Author

the ground floor.

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

GLOSSARY NARAGRAM: In medieval Tamil country, starting from the eighth-ninth centuries, nagaram was the town, where merchants conducted commercial activities, through a corporate body called either as nagaram or nagarattār. CONSPICUOUS: Attracting notice or attention. (chatta Bazaar) HAWKERS: A person who travels about selling goods, typically advertising them by shouting. GUNJ: A common suffix/prefix meaning “treasured place” or “neighbourhood” in Hindi, Bengali and Urdu, used in names of bazaar, mandi, store, market place and towns in India. CANOPY: It is a projection or a shelter that resembles a roof used as a shading device. COMMODITIES: A commodity is an item which is traded on the market. MODULE: It is an arbitrary unit adopted to regulate the dimensions, proportions, or construction of the parts of a building.

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https://www.deccanherald.com/content/129444/chatta-chowk-market-all-reasons.

html 4. Kuriakose, A. (2011, 1 15). Chatta Chowk: A market for all reasons. Retrieved from Deccan Herald:

https://www.deccanherald.com/content/129444/chatta-chowk-market-all-reasons.

html 5. Salam, A. (2015). Foundation and early history of Jaipur city. Aligarh Muslim University. doi: vi, 226p.

xiv

IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

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IMPACT OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CONSTITUENTS ON TRADITIONAL INDIAN MARKETS

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