Cocker Spaniel Breed Technical Brochure by Royal Canin USA

Intelligent Nutrition for the Purebred Dog

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Meet the Needs of Your Breed The Cocker Spaniel

INTRODUCTION Table of Contents

1 - Key points for Cocker Spaniels

Dogs that like to eat

Long ears that require great care

Cataracts and retinal diseases

Dilated cardiomyopathy in Cockers

2 - Tailor-made nutrition for Cocker Spaniels

Helping maintain a healthy weight

The coat, reflecting the quality of the food

Antioxidants to slow down cellular aging

Nutritional support for heart function

A nutritional program for every stage of the Cocker Spaniel’s life

Cocker Spaniels from the tips of their toes to the tip of their nose

References

Glossary

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

American Cocker Spaniel - © J. -M. Labat

The history of Cocker Spaniels

Nutritional science working for the health and beauty of Cocker Spaniels Is there anyone who hasn’t been touched by the famous and so particular gaze of a Cocker Spaniel? The English poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling once said of his own Cocker: “He is my most sincere admirer; he loves me though he has never read my work.” The Cocker Spaniel’s faithfulness and gentleness are legendary, and enthusiastic breeders try to bring out their sympathetic qualities and well-balanced behavior in selection. They are assisted by a number of very active clubs. Differences in size and weight between dogs are coupled with anatomical, physiological and behavioral differences, which demand highly specific nutritional responses. Studies by veterinarians and researchers at the Royal Canin Research Center prove that nutrition can have directly perceptible impacts on the beauty, health and well-being of dogs when breed particularities are taken into account. Royal Canin is focused on the particularities of both the English Cocker – a dog as happy at home as it is on the hunt – and American Cocker – the smallest of the Spaniels and a much loved companion.

The challenge has been to develop a food that is specially formulated for Cocker Spaniels, based on their shared particularities, that covers their daily nutritional requirements and that constitutes a better response to their specific sensitivities:

• A natural tendency to put on weight, which needs to be kept in check to prevent any detrimental health effects • A common predisposition to otitis, which can be connected to skin sensitivity • A greater risk of occurrence of cataracts as the dog grows older • A significant risk of dilated cardiomyopathy

Pascal Jouannet President Royal Canin Group

English Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

While nutrition can never prevent the dog from growing old or contracting certain diseases, the provision of specific nutrients in a sufficiently concentrated form helps the body fight environmental agents and free radicals it itself produces. The Royal Canin Research Center has developed Cocker Spaniel 25™* in partnership with breeders and the best experts in the field. Royal Canin is delighted to present this food to breeders and owners who share our passion for Cocker Spaniels.

* Cocker Spaniel 25™ contains 25% protein

The history of Cocker Spaniels Spaniels, dogs that have been used on the hunt for centuries

Welsh Cocker (Illustrirtes Thierleben), A. E. Brehm (1867)

It’s not at all easy to trace the precise genealogy of the Spaniels as they have been used for hunting purposes since time immemorial. One of the oldest texts on these dogs, Le livre de chasse (The Book of Hunting), written in 1387 by Gaston Phoebus, the Count of Foix, states that the Spaniel was trained to find and retrieve game in hawking. The word Spaniel is derived from the old French s’espaignir, meaning “to lie down,” which is exactly what these dogs were trained to do, so as not to disturb the hunters while they tried to throw their net over the birds they coveted. In 1570, John Caius wrote a book in Latin entitled De Canibus Britannicis (Of English Dogs), in which he attempted for the first time to classify all the dogs in England at that point. He made a distinction for instance between water spaniels and land spaniels.

Etymology of the word Cocker Ted Obo: M. James Farrow, Ipswich (L’Acclimatation)

The classification of the land spaniels was refined much later. An 1803 article in Sportsman’s Cabinet made a distinction between springing spaniels and cocking spaniels, the latter of which were smaller and better suited to hunting the woodcock. At this time then, the Cocker was already being distinguished from other spaniels. Some writers were convinced the Cocker was descended from the Toy Spaniel or Blenheim, which came from the kennels of the Dukes of Marlborough. Around 1800, the Blenheim was much larger than its modern descendants. It was a sort of link between working spaniels and companion spaniels. Another theory linking spaniels with Spanish roots continues to attract supporters, but it would appear less likely. Until the end of the eighteenth century, land spaniel breeding was very heterogeneous in Britain; everyone selected their animals based on the particular demands of the hunt they practiced. There would however be attempts to rationalize the classification of dogs based on morphology and bearing.

The modern history of Cocker Spaniels It all started in 1879, when the dog Obo was born at James Farrow’s kennels in Britain. His quality was such that he won all the British shows he entered in 1880. A Cocker category was added to shows in 1883, but the Cocker Spaniel was not officially recognized in the English Kennel Club’s Stud Book until 1893. The Spaniel Club was founded in England in 1898. The first cocking spaniels arrived in the US in the first half of the nineteenth century. Founded in 1881, the American Spaniel Club (ASC) set itself the task of establishing the distinction between springing spaniels and cocking spaniels. The two standards were published a few months after the club’s founding. The only difference was the Cocker had to weigh 28 pounds or less, and the Springer had to weigh more than 28 pounds.

Obo & Miss Obo: M. James Farrow, Ipswich (extract from Les Races de Chiens, Comte H. de Buylandt (1897), from Journal Chasse et Pêche)

The American Kennel Club (AKC) started to register Cocker Spaniels and other Spaniels separately in 1907. The breed was very well received and the population spread across the country very fast in the 1930s. It was actually the most popular dog for many years. This was a time that saw an evolution in the dog’s morphology. Breeders selected smaller subjects with long flowing coats and a shorter septum, converging with respect to the cranial line. This was the genesis of an American Cocker Spaniel, distinct from the English Cocker.

The non-qualified term Cocker Spaniel is used for the American breed in the US, but in the wider world when people speak of a Cocker Spaniel they generally mean the English breed.

English Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

It led to the founding of the English Cocker Spaniel Club of America in 1935 to promote the original breed and discourage crossings between the two varieties. In 1945 the AKC finally recognized the American Cocker and the English Cocker as two separate breeds, as opposed to two varieties. Two years later the American Cocker alone accounted for 30% of the canine population in the United States.

KEYS POINTS FOR COCKER SPANIELS

English Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

Dogs that like to eat A Cocker is always happy to eat whatever you put in front of him and his eyes have a tendency to melt your heart when he’s begging for more. It’s important however to learn to tailor his eating habits to ensure a healthy weight, rather than constantly succumbing to his solicitations. The alternative is an overweight dog!

Maintaining a healthy weight - a vital health issue

It was long ago that the American Cocker was a gundog, but it still has those characteristic speed and endurance qualities.

To ensure you don’t fall into the trap of giving in every time your dog begs for food, you should always keep these facts at top of mind: an overweight dog finds physical effort harder, is more susceptible to joint problems, is more likely to develop skin disease, is at greater risk during surgery and has a significantly shorter life expectancy (Kealy et al, 2002). The first safeguard to protect the dog’s health is to help him maintain his optimal weight.

American Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

Living indoors or in an urban environment can make it harder for the dog to get the regular physical exercise he needs.

Cockers have a natural tendency to put on weight (Edney and Smith, 1986), so it is important to be especially vigilant if the dog: • has a sedentary lifestyle • has been neutered, which triples the risk of weight gain, especially among bitches (Jeusette et al, 2004) • has reached the age of maturity, which is 6-7 years in Cockers; the muscle mass decreases and the dog’s energy requirements fall by around 20% (Speakman et al, 2003) • is competing with other animals; the dominant ones tend to eat more than they need

Owners can control a dog’s weight Overweight dogs are most often so because of bad dietary habits. Either they are allowed to eat when they want or they are given table leftovers on top of their regular ration.

If his rations are not unreasonably high and the dog still gains weight, you should take a closer look at what the dog is eating between meals. 220 oz (100 g) of meat accounts for almost 30% of his daily requirement!

Weight in kg (1 kg = ±2.2 lbs)

Weighing the dog on a weekly basis is strongly recommended. First, step on the scale with the dog in your arms, then step on the scale again without the dog – the difference is the dog’s weight. A normally active Cocker weighing 26 lbs needs around Growth curve of Cocker puppies 800-850 kcal per day. If he is fed only a dry food with a moderate energy concentration, he will not need more than 440-480 oz. (±200220 g) of kibbles per day. The rationing tables 30 printed on food packaging are for indicative 25 purposes only and should be adapted to suit the 20 individual dog. The dog’s lifestyle, 15 climatic environment and individual 10 predispositions have a strong impact on his ener8 gy requirements. 4 2 1 0 1

Age in months

American Cocker puppies (lower bracket of the curve [10-13 kg adult]) 30 25 20 15 10 8 4 2 1 0 1

English Cocker puppies (upper bracket of the curve [12-14.5 kg adult])

Preventing stoutness starts as early as possible The Cocker is a precocious dog, reaching adult size between eight and ten months, although he does not fill out to adult weight until around month twelve. The puppy’s education starts with dietary behavior. The best thing you can do is restrict the puppy’s access to food to around 10-15 minutes each time. He should get three meals a day, at regular intervals up to age 6 months or so, then two a day through the end of the growth phase. The puppy should not get into the habit of grazing from his bowl the whole day through.

English Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

It’s important to weigh the puppy at least once a week, tracking how the weight curve develops over time. If the dog veers off the curve it means that he is accelerating the storage of fats in adipocytes*, which do not disappear when the dog reaches adult age. So, by overfeeding the puppy you actually increase the risk that the dog will put on weight more easily in his adult years.

Criteria for assessing body condition

During growth, a Cocker puppy multiplies his birth weight 40 to 50 times.

Parameters

Ideal weight

Overweight (10-20% above optimal weight)

Obesity (40% + above optimal weight)

Ribs, vertebrae and pelvic bone

Not visible but very perceptible upon touch

Perceptible with difficulty upon touch

Not perceptible

Abdominal girdle (waist)

Visible

Absent

Abdominal distension

Adipose covering

Thin layer of perceptible fat tissue on the thoracic cage

Noticeable fat deposit on the vertebral column and the base of the tail

Massive fat deposit on the thorax, the vertebral column and the base of the tail

* see glossary p. 30 8

Long ears that require great care Cockers have big, beautiful ears that are well feathered. However, the fact that they are pendulous facilitates the development of otitis externa, or inflammation of the outer ear. This disease may be exacerbated by the inadequate airflow through the antrium auris, which contributes to maceration of skin debris.

American Cocker Spaniel ÂŠ J.-M. Labat

External otitis very common among Cockers If it is not treated, otitis can become chronic and may require surgery to drain the ear. A study conducted at one U.S. veterinary teaching hospital showed that just 4.2% of canine patients are Cockers, but that they represented 60% of 80 dogs that required surgery to treat the complaint in a six-year timeframe (Angus et al, 2002). Other breeds with pendulous ears like Beagles and Irish Setters appear to be less predisposed to otitis. There are other causes that explain the frequency of otitis in Cockers.

Anatomy of the antrium auris

A favorable canvas for skin inflammation and seborrhea Cockers are among those breeds that are sensitive to atopy*, a disease in which the immune system tends to overreact to the presence of allergens in the environment (Gough and Thomas, 2004). 86% of atopic dogs develop external otitis (Bass, 2004). The L shape of the dogâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s antrium auris favors the accumulation of skin debris, which cannot be evacuated by natural means. The pendulous ears accentuate the risk of maceration.

* see glossary p. 30 9

A Cocker’s antrium auris contains more cerumen*-producing glands than that of any other breed (Bass, 2004), which increases the risk of maceration. In the event of inflammation these glands expand and the diameter of the antrium auris shrinks, which creates conditions conducive to the appearance of an infection that causes otitis externa (Rosychuk and Luttgen, 2000). Cockers are also inclined to produce excessive quantities of sebum*, leading to a disease known as seborrhea*, which is expressed as greasy skin and dandruff. American Cockers are three times more likely to contract seborrheic dermatitis than the canine population as a whole (Dorn et al, 2001). Sufferers tend to scratch themselves because seborrhea creates a favorable canvas for secondary skin and ear infections. Cockers are one of the breeds more likely to be affected by yeast infections, like Malassezia (Bond et al, 1996). The lesions caused by these infectious agents are most often found around the ears, in the folds around the mouth, between the digits, around the anus, on the inside of the limbs and on the ventral face of the neck.

Vitamin A responsive dermatitis This is a rare disease, which is almost exclusively observed in Cockers. Patients present with dry skin and thick, odorous patches. The skin is greasy, the dog scratches itself and external otitis is often observed. An in-depth examination will reveal excessive production of the epidermal cells (hyperkeratosis).

The high frequency of chronic external otitis in Cockers may be explained by the predisposition of these dogs to major inflammatory reactions in the skin and the excessive production of sebum.

English Cocker Spaniel © J.-M. Labat

Generally speaking, this complaint responds well to a few weeks’ oral intake of large quantities of vitamin A administered under veterinary supervision (Gough and Thomas, 2004). The cause of this problem is unknown, as patients do not generally suffer from dietary vitamin A deficiency.

* see glossary p. 30

Cataracts and retinal diseases A Cocker’s average life expectancy is 12-14 years, but many Cockers live to be over 15 years old. (Michell, 1999). There is, however, a risk that the final third of the dog’s life will be typified by signs of aging, including less energetic behavior, painful joints, dry skin and graying hairs, and nascent cataracts.

Cataracts A cataract is an opacity that develops in the crystalline lens, which is located behind the iris and is normally transparent. This transparency is in part connected to the nutritive exchanges between the crystalline lens and the rest of the eye. A cataract is expressed as a grayish-blue iridization of the eye. It can have various origins (genetic, traumatic, inflammatory, diabetic, nutritional, congenital), but it is particularly a traditional degenerative disease in dogs over age ten. Free radicals and cellular aging

American Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

The mechanisms of aging are connected to the attacks on the cells of highly reactive substances responsible for chain oxidation reactions known as free radicals*, which gradually destroy first the membrane then the cell nucleus. Free radicals are forming constantly in the body, but their production intensifies with age, while the body’s defense mechanisms become less and less effective. This imbalance between the action of free radicals and the body’s antioxidant protection is known as oxidative stress.

A cataract in an aging dog is an example of the harmful effects of oxidative stress

* see glossary p. 30 11

Anatomy of the eyeball

1 - Retina 2 - Optic nerve 3 - Cornea 4 - Crystalline lens 5 - Vitreous liquid 6 - Iris

The risks of cataracts in Cockers Recent studies show that Cocker Spaniels are among the breeds with a higher risk of cataracts (Adkins and Hendrix, 2005; Gelatt and Mackay, 2005). That risk is 2x greater for American Cockers and 1.9x greater for English Cockers (Purdue Veterinary Medical Data Base). There is a hereditary form that affects the American Cocker and hereditary transmission is suspected with respect to some types of cataracts in the English Cocker (The Kennel Club, 2006). English Cockers suffering from cataracts have lower vitamin C plasma levels than healthy dogs (Barros et al, 1999). This may be an indication that low-level synthesis of vitamin C lowers its concentration in the aqueous humor, the liquid that nourishes the eye.

Retinal diseases among Cockers

Light rays enter the eye through the pupil, passing through the crystalline lens before converging on the retina. The light information is then transmitted by the optic nerve to the brain where it is analyzed. If the crystalline lens is opaque, the rays will not be able to reach the retina.

Progressive retinal atrophy

Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a hereditary disease that can gradually evolve towards total blindness. Compared with the average population, the risk of PRA is said to be 45 times greater in the English Cocker (Dorn et al, 2001). The most widespread form of PRA in the Cocker is however the degeneration of the rods, the retinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s photoreceptors, which are specialized in mesopic vision. The first clinical signs generally appear between three and eight years (Chaudieu, 1997). The dog seems to be disoriented at night or is hesitant about entering a dark room. There is a genetic screening test for English Cockers, while one is said to be in development for American Cockers. This disease is thought to be linked to a primary deficiency in vitamin E, which is liable to develop even when the level of vitamin E is in line with common nutritional recommendations (McLellan et al, 2002).

Dilated cardiomyopathy in Cockers

This disease is particularly known among large dogs, but it is also found in Cocker Spaniels, where it often develops more slowly and may be complicated by mitral endocardiosis, a disease connected to the aging of the heart valves (Tidholm et al, 2001; Pereira et al, 2004).

English Cocker Spaniel - © C. Renner/Royal Canin

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heart disease characterized by a major dilatation of the heart cavities, associated with a thinning of the muscle wall. Eventually, the myocardium is unable to contract sufficiently to fulfill its role as a pump to circulate the blood throughout the body.

Measurement of the taurine content in the plasma and in the whole blood is recommended in Cocker Spaniels suffering from DCM.

The association between DCM and a taurine* deficiency has been very well established in American Cockers (Kittleson et al, 1997) and it is also found in English Cockers. Taurine is an amino acid normally synthesized by the dog, but some breeds or lines appear to produce insufficient quantities. Taurine regulates the heartbeat and it protects the heart muscle’s cells (Satoh and Sperakis, 1998).

This deficiency is not inevitably due to an inadequate content in the diet. A retrospective study shows that the average dietary consumption of taurine is not significantly different between dogs with or without a taurine deficiency (Freeman et al, 2001). An echocardiogram or radiograph (shown above) may help in the disease’s diagnosis before clinical signs of heart failure appear.

* see glossary p. 30 13

TAILOR-MADE NUTRITION FOR COCKER SPANIELS Helping maintain a healthy weight While Cockers are ideal companion dogs, it should never be forgotten that they were originally highly active gundogs and that overfeeding will adversely affect their vigorous morphology. It is vital that the food keeps the dog at a healthy weight, while providing all the indispensable elements needed to ensure the dog stays in good shape for as long as possible.

Influence of fat content on the energy balance Food provides three sources of energy: fat, carbohydrate (e.g. starch) and protein. At equal weight, fat provides 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrate or protein. Excessive consumption of high-fat diets favors weight gain.

American Cocker Spaniel © J.-M. Labat

Compared with a dry food containing 20% fat, Cocker Spaniel 25™, which contains 14% fat, provides 300 kcal less per kilogram of dry food, which represents at least one third of the energy consumption of an adult Cocker weighing 26 lbs (±12 kg).

Chronic energy overconsumption predisposes the dog to obesity to a higher degree when it is started at an early age. Overconsumption in the puppy stimulates the multiplication of adipose cells, which stock fat in the adult body. Limiting the fat content is particularly important for sedentary and neutered dogs. If the Cocker has a very active lifestyle (e.g. as a gundog), a food with a higher fat content may be advisable.

A low kibble density to ensure the ration volume is sufficient While limiting the fat content prevents the ration from being reduced to an unacceptable level, it is important not to feed the dog too high a volume too. The key is to observe the recommended rations, adapting them as the dog’s weight develops. To help ensure the dog accepts the ration as satisfactory – it is a good idea to try to ensure the dog is satiated. That is why the density of Cocker Spaniel 25™ kibbles is so low. At the same weight of food, the volume is greater than that of a standard food.

Achieving satiety with psyllium

Recommended ration for a 26-lb Cocker (1 hour of activity per day) With Cocker Spaniel 25™ 2 1/2 cups 200

With a standard food, higher density – 2 cups 200

200 150

150

100

200

200 150 100 50

20 oz of Cocker 25 kibbles

150 100 50

200 150 200 150 100

200

100

200 150

50 0

16 oz of standard food

100

150 100

50 0

200

150 100

200 150 200

100

150

100 50

When the energy concentration is the same, the particular shape of these kibbles means that a large volume of the food can be served even when the weight of the ration is reduced.

Cocker Spaniel 25™ contains psyllium*. The fiber in psyllium – mucilage – helps trap water, forming a gel in the stomach. The envelope of psyllium seeds contains 25-30% mucilage. Psyllium seeds have traditionally been used for their appetite suppressing qualities. They slow down the rate at which the stomach is emptied, giving the dog a “full” feeling. Psyllium also has positive effects on digestive transit, regulating the movement of intestinal content and facilitating the elimination of stools.

* see glossary p. 30 15

Incorporation of L-Carnitine to mobilize fat The adipose tissue constitutes an almost limitless stock of energy compared with glucose stored in the form of glycogen in the muscles and liver. In dogs in danger of becoming too fat, the food can facilitate fat oxidation through the provision of L-carnitine*. Cocker Spaniel 25™ contains sufficient amounts of L-carnitine, to help utilize fats for fuel. By stimulating the transport and utilization of fatty acids, L-carnitine limits the quantity of triglycerides and cholesterol in the liver and the blood. Several trials among various species, including the dog, show the beneficial effect of L-carnitine supplementation to limit the storage of fatty acids (Carroll et al, 2001).

Excess weight a burden on the skeleton

English Cocker Spaniel - © J.-M. Labat

In addition to the steps taken to maintain the dog’s healthy weight, Cocker Spaniel 25™ contains chondroitin sulfate* and glucosamine*, natural substances that protect articular cartilage and curb the development of arthritis (Johnston et al, 2001). Chondroitin sulfate is a component of cartilage and synovial fluid that helps lubricate the joint. It is very good at retaining water, facilitating the good hydration of the cartilage and helping it perform its role as a shock absorber. Glucosamine stimulates the regeneration of cartilage by promoting the synthesis of collagen.

* see glossary p. 30 16

The coat, reflecting the quality of the food The Cockerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s soft coat and sensitive skin demand regular care and a food that provides the nutrients that help bring out the beauty of the hair and protect the health of the skin.

Combating excessive seborrhea In some cases, the Cocker needs large doses of vitamin A to roll back the signs of a seborrheic skin disease. The level that suffices for the rest of the canine population is not always high enough for the Cocker. Vitamin A (retinol)* is a fat soluble vitamin that regulates sebum production. It helps combat seborrhea and the dandruff that often appears after scratching (pruritus). Cocker Spaniel 25â&#x201E;˘ provides a high level of vitamin A per kg of food, which is much more than the majority of maintenance foods for adult dogs.

Strengthening the effectiveness of the skin barrier The Waltham Research Centre closely studied 27 substances liable to have a beneficial effect on the skin barrier. The selection criteria were based on limiting water loss through the epidermis and the synthesis of skin lipids.

American Cocker Spaniel ÂŠ J.-M. Labat

Histidine, an amino acid, and four vitamins (niacin or nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, choline and inositol) were selected due to their synergistic effect (Watson et al, 2006). These four vitamins and biotin are all B-group vitamins, which are very important for the hair and should be provided in larger quantities for Cockers.

* see glossary p. 30 17

B vitamins are not stored in the body. Generally speaking, a balanced diet and synthesis by intestinal bacteria ensure an adequate quantity in the body. This synthesis may however be limited in the event of a large water loss or antibiotic treatments. The beneficial effect of administering this complex of vitamins and the amino acids is seen after around two months.

Preventing any fatty acid deficiency Limiting the fat content in a food does not mean we have to deprive the dog of essential fatty acids, which the body is unable to synthesize. In the event of a deficiency the skin suffers major desquamation, which is manifested by dandruff and an alteration in the skin barrier function. Essential fatty acids rebalance the composition of the superficial lipid film to limit the skin drying phenomena (Fray et al, 2004) and curb the synthesis of inflammatory mediators. The anti-inflammatory properties of long-chain omega 3 fatty acids provided by fish oil (EPA and DHA*) are widely used in human and veterinary dermatology (Byrne et al, 2000).

Essential oils are incorporated into formulations to regenerate the suppleness and elasticity of the skin. It is especially advisable for dogs whose coat tends to feel greasy (seborrhea).

ÂŠ J.-M. Labat

The balance of fatty acids in Cocker Spaniel 25â&#x201E;˘ is achieved through the association of chicken fat, fish oil and vegetable oil (essential, soy).

To combat atopy and hypersensitivity reactions, the skin needs to be helped to repel environmental allergens.

* see glossary p. 30 18

Facilitating the absorption of trace elements To ensure the expression of the coatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s full spectrum of colors, the cells need to have a sufficient quantity of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine, which are precursors of the hair pigment melanin. An inadequate intake will lead to changes to the color of the coat. Copper also plays an important role in maintaining the quality of the skin and coat, as an essential co-factor in the functioning of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin. The absorption percentage of trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, etc.) is naturally lower than 30%. The incorporation of copper in the food in chelated form helps improve its metabolic utilization in Cockers, whose coat-related syntheses are highly active due to their long hair.

The absorption level of trace elements varies depending on how they are provided

major fecal losses

less major fecal losses

free trace elements

chelated trace elements

digestive wall

blood

A chelated trace element* is made up of one metallic ion linked to three amino acids. When trace elements are chelated, the absorption yield can exceed 60%.

* see glossary p. 30 19

Antioxidants to slow down cellular aging The dog perceives his environment through cognitive function, which depends on the degree of acuity of his smell, hearing, vision and taste. All these means of perceiving the environment depend on the proper functioning of the sensorial cells. The perceptions tend to wane with age due to cell damage caused by free radicals. So, the older the dog gets, the more important it is to strengthen defenses to combat oxidative stress. Cataracts and some retinal diseases are among the degenerative diseases that can be curbed by slowing down oxidation mechanisms.

English Cocker Spaniel - ÂŠ J.-M. Labat

To capture free radicals and try to protect the cells from accelerated destruction, the dog should be given antioxidants in his food every day. These include vitamin E, vitamin C and taurine. The blood antioxidant concentration depends to a great degree on the daily intake through food.

Lutein and zeaxanthin supplements for vision Lutein* and zeaxanthin* are pigments in the crystalline lens and the retina that belong to the carotenoid family. They are xanthophylls (yellow-orange pigments) that have an anti-oxidation role found in some vegetables of the same color, like carrots, oranges, marigold and corn. They absorb ultraviolet rays and act as a protective filter for the cells of the retina. Their incorporation in Cocker Spaniel 25â&#x201E;˘ enables the dog to benefit from their protective powers from a very early age. A higher lutein content in the food helps increase the density of pigments in the retina. Lutein specifically protects the rod cells, playing a major role in mesopic vision. In humans, the risk of cataracts is inversely proportional to the serum level and the quantity of ingested lutein (Moeller et al, 2000). Supplementation is also advised in people suffering from (central) macular degeneration of the retina. Zeaxanthin acts in synergy with lutein and exercises a specific protective action in the retinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cone cells, which play a part in color vision. There is a synergy between the different carotenoid pigments: lutein has a role in the regeneration of zeaxanthin.

Lutein action sites Nucleus

Lutein stabilizes the cell membrane

Free radicals Cell membrane

Lutein protects the cell membrane

* see glossary p. 30 21

A synergistic cocktail of antioxidants A diet high in varied antioxidants appears to be very worthwhile for a breed like the Cocker, whose relatively long life expectancy increases the probability of degenerative diseases. Antioxidants protect the eye cells against light-accelerated oxidation (Valero et al, 2002; Taylor et al, 2002), but they also play a positive role in combating aging, preventing some cancers and stimulating the immune system. Cocker Spaniel 25â&#x201E;˘ contains a complex of antioxidants that act in synergy. In addition to lutein and zeaxanthin, it is enriched with taurine, vitamins E and C, and extracts of green tea, which are rich in polyphenols. Taurine: amino acid essential to the heart and retina, which also has an antioxidant role Vitamin E: many studies show the positive influence of a vitamin E supplement in the food to limit cell lesions during inflammation Vitamin C: favors the regeneration of vitamin E, which enables it to combat free radicals for longer. Dogs do synthesize vitamin C themselves, but an extra intake through the diet helps them defend themselves against oxidative stress Green tea polyphenols*: polyphenols are a family of major antioxidants that work inside the cells. They protect the membranes and the cell DNA, and as such they prevent some mutations responsible for tumors

Action of antioxidants

Polyphenols act on the nucleus

Ultraviolet

Pollution

Antioxidants protect the cell membranes and nucleus against free radicals, which resemble tiny meteorites that constantly bombard the cell.

O2 Free radicals

Stress

Poor diet

Taurine, vitamin E and vitamin C act on the cell membrane

Lutein and zeaxanthin act on the inside of the cell

* see glossary p. 30 22

Nutritional support for heart function Preventing any taurine deficiency Taurine is essential to the proper functioning of the heart. Its beneficial effects are proven in animals as well as in several clinical trials among humans (Elizarova et al, 1993; Azuma et al, 1994). A number of publications have shown how a taurine supplement in dogs can produce an improvement in echocardiographic signs of DCM when a dog does not synthesize adequate quantities of taurine or does not utilize it properly (Alroy et al, 2000; Sanderson et al, 2001; Fascetti et al, 2003). Cockers are one of the breeds in which taurine production or utilization can sometimes be disrupted, warranting an extra intake in the food as a preventive measure. By giving the dog a complete food rich in taurine you will not have to buy supplements, which can be expensive.

L-carnitine is concentrated in the striated muscles and the heart, where it plays a key role in supplying energy to the cells. A deficiency of L-carnitine is often mentioned during DCM. Clinical improvements are reported after the administration of supplements, although several months of treatment are needed to obtain visible changes to the echograph. A study on eleven Cocker Spaniels receiving taurine and L-carnitine supplements showed an improvement in both clinical signs and echocardiographic signs (Kittleson et al, 1997).

American Cocker Spaniel - ÂŠ J.-M. Labat

L-carnitine and taurine act together

Carnitine molecule In dogs, L-carnitine is made from two amino acids, lysine and methionine, but production may sometimes be inadequate.

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY until

GROWTH PHASE

months

MEDIUM PUPPY 32

™

High nutrition, with everything the Bulldog puppy needs to grow into the perfect dog

PRE BIOTICS PRE BIOTICS

Facilitates balanced intestinal flora and guarantees better digestive tolerance and so better feces quality by providing prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides, mannan-oligosaccharides, beet pulp).

Nutrients like mannan-oligosaccharides and antioxidants help support the puppy’s natural immune system.

High levels of EPA and DHA from anchovy oil promote the healthy development of the puppy’s brain and nervous system.

American Cocker Spaniel puppies

Specially balanced levels of calcium and phosphorus ensure optimal bone growth and healthy teeth.

STAGE OF THE COCKER SPANIEL’S LIFE from

months

ADULT AND MATURE PHASES

COCKER SPANIEL 25

™

For Cocker Spaniels over 12 months old

HEALTHY WEIGHT Increased weight can lead to serious health problems. Cocker Spaniel 25™ is formulated with optimal energy levels and L-carnitine to maximize fat metabolization. SKIN & EAR CARE Cocker Spaniels are recognized for their beautiful, wavy coats and long ears, which can prevent adequate airflow and contribute to skin infections. Cocker Spaniel 25™ contains Omega 6 & 3 fatty acids, which can help to improve skin and coat health. VISION HEALTH Cocker Spaniels may be more likely to suffer from vision problems as they age. Cocker Spaniel 25™ is formulated with antioxidants, which can help neutralize free radicals.

Cocker Spaniels from the tips of their toes … COCKER SPANIEL General Appearance The Cocker Spaniel is the smallest member of the Sporting Group. He has a sturdy, compact body and a cleanly chiseled and refined head, with the overall dog in complete balance and of ideal size. He stands well up at the shoulder on straight forelegs with a topline sloping slightly toward strong, moderately bent, muscular quarters. He is a dog capable of considerable speed, combined with great endurance. Above all, he must be free and merry, sound, well balanced throughout and in action show a keen inclination to work. A dog well balanced in all parts is more desirable than a dog with strongly contrasting good points and faults. Size, Proportion, Substance Size-- The ideal height at the withers for an adult dog is 15 inches and for an adult bitch, 14 inches. Height may vary one-half inch above or below this ideal. A dog whose height exceeds 15½ inches or a bitch whose height exceeds 14½ inches shall be disqualified. An adult dog whose height is less than 14½ inches and an adult bitch whose height is less than 13½ inches shall be penalized. Height is determined by a line perpendicular to the ground from the top of the shoulder blades, the dog standing naturally with its forelegs and lower hind legs parallel to the line of measurement. Proportion--The measurement from the breast bone to back of thigh is slightly longer than the measurement from the highest point of withers to the ground. The body must be of sufficient length to permit a straight and free stride; the dog never appears long and low. Head To attain a well proportioned head, which must be in balance with the rest of the dog, it embodies the following: Expression--The expression is intelligent, alert, soft and appealing. Eyes--Eyeballs are round and full and look directly forward. The shape of the eye rims gives a slightly almond shaped appearance; the eye is not weak or goggled. The color of the iris is

dark brown and in general the darker the better. Ears--Lobular, long, of fine leather, well feathered, and placed no higher than a line to the lower part of the eye. Skull--Rounded but not exaggerated with no tendency toward flatness; the eyebrows are clearly defined with a pronounced stop. The bony structure beneath the eyes is well chiseled with no prominence in the cheeks. The muzzle is broad and deep, with square even jaws. To be in correct balance, the distance from the stop to the tip of the nose is one half the distance from the stop up over the crown to the base of the skull. Nose--of sufficient size to balance the muzzle and foreface, with well developed nostrils typical of a sporting dog. It is black in color in the blacks, black and tans, and black and whites; in other colors it may be brown, liver or black, the darker the better. The color of nose harmonizes with the color of the eye rim. Lips--The upper lip is full and of sufficient depth to cover the lower jaw. Teeth--Teeth strong and sound, not too small and meet in a scissors bite. Neck, Topline, Body Neck--The neck is sufficiently long to allow the nose to reach the ground easily, muscular and free from pendulous "throatiness." It rises strongly from the shoulders and arches slightly as it tapers to join the head. Topline--sloping slightly toward muscular quarters. Body--The chest is deep, its lowest point no higher than the elbows, its front sufficiently wide for adequate heart and lung space, yet not so wide as to interfere with the straightforward movement of the forelegs. Ribs are deep and well sprung. Back is strong and sloping evenly and slightly downward from the shoulders to the set-on of the docked tail. The docked tail is set on and carried on a line with the topline of the back, or slightly higher; never straight up like a Terrier and never so low as to indicate timidity. When the dog is in motion the tail action is merry.

Forequarters The shoulders are well laid back forming an angle with the upper arm of approximately 90 degrees which permits the dog to move his forelegs in an easy manner with forward reach. Shoulders are clean-cut and sloping without protrusion and so set that the upper points of the withers are at an angle which permits a wide spring of rib. When viewed from the side with the forelegs vertical, the elbow is directly below the highest point of the shoulder blade. Forelegs are parallel, straight, strongly boned and muscular and set close to the body well under the scapulae. The pasterns are short and strong. Dewclaws on forelegs may be removed. Feet compact, large, round and firm with horny pads; they turn neither in nor out. Hindquarters Hips are wide and quarters well rounded and muscular. When viewed from behind, the hind legs are parallel when in motion and at rest. The hind legs are strongly boned, and muscled with moderate angulation at the stifle and powerful, clearly defined thighs. The stifle is strong and there is no slippage of it in motion or when standing. The hocks are strong and well let down. Dewclaws on hind legs may be removed.

… to the tip of their nose COCKER SPANIEL Coat On the head, short and fine; on the body, medium length, with enough undercoating to give protection. The ears, chest, abdomen and legs are well feathered, but not so excessively as to hide the Cocker Spaniel's true lines and movement or affect his appearance and function as a moderately coated sporting dog. The texture is most important. The coat is silky, flat or slightly wavy and of a texture which permits easy care. Excessive coat or curly or cottony textured coat shall be severely penalized. Use of electric clippers on the back coat is not desirable. Trimming to enhance the dog's true lines should be done to appear as natural as possible. Color and Markings Black Variety--Solid color black to include black with tan points. The black should be jet; shadings of brown or liver in the coat are not desirable. A small amount of white on the chest and/or throat is allowed; white in any other location shall disqualify. Any Solid Color Other than Black (ASCOB)--Any solid color other than black, ranging from lightest cream to darkest red, including brown and brown with tan points. The color shall be of a uniform shade, but lighter color of the feathering is permissible. A small amount of white on the chest and/or throat is allowed; white in any other location shall disqualify. Parti-Color Variety--Two or more solid, well broken colors, one of which must be white; black and white, red and white (the red may range from lightest cream to darkest red), brown and white, and roans, to include any such color combination with tan points. It is preferable that the tan markings be located in the same pattern as for the tan points in the Black and ASCOB varieties. Roans are classified as parti-colors and may be of any of the usual roaning patterns. Primary color which is ninety percent (90%) or more shall disqualify.

Tan Points--The color of the tan may be from the lightest cream to the darkest red and is restricted to ten percent (10%) or less of the color of the specimen; tan markings in excess of that amount shall disqualify. In the case of tan points in the Black or ASCOB variety, the m arkings shall be located as follows: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

A clear tan spot over each eye; On the sides of the muzzle and on the cheeks; On the underside of the ears; On all feet and/or legs; Under the tail; On the chest, optional; presence or absence shall not be penalized.

Tan markings which are not readily visible or which amount only to traces, shall be penalized. Tan on the muzzle which extends upward, over and joins shall also be penalized. The absence of tan markings in the Black or ASCOB variety in any of the specified locations in any otherwise tan-pointed dog shall disqualify.

Disqualifications Height--Males over 15½ inches; females over 14½ inches. Color and Markings--The aforementioned colors are the only acceptable colors or combination of colors. Any other colors or combination of colors to disqualify. Black Variety--White markings except on chest and throat. Any Solid Color Other Than Black Variety--White markings except on chest and throat. Parti-color Variety--Primary color ninety percent (90%) or more. Tan Points--(1) Tan markings in excess of ten percent (10%); (2) Absence of tan markings in Black or ASCOB Variety in any of the specified locations in an otherwise tan pointed dog. www.akc.org/cocker_spaniel/

Gait The Cocker Spaniel, though the smallest of the sporting dogs, possesses a typical sporting dog gait. Prerequisite to good movement is balance between the front and rear assemblies. He drives with strong, powerful rear quarters and is properly constructed in the shoulders and forelegs so that he can reach forward without constriction in a full stride to counterbalance the driving force from the rear. Above all, his gait is coordinated, smooth and effortless. The dog must cover ground with his action; excessive animation should not be mistaken for proper gait. Temperament Equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity.

References Weight 1. Carroll MC, CotĂŠ E. Carnitine: a review. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2001; 23: 45-52. 2. Edney ATB, Smith PM. Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 1986; 118: 391-396. 3. Jeusette I, Detilleux J, Cuvelier C. et al. Ad libitum feeding following ovariectomy in female Beagle dogs: effect on maintenance energy requirement and on blood metabolites. J Anim Physiol and Anim Nutr 2004; 88: 117-121. 4. Johnston KA, Hulse DA, Hart RC. Effects of an orally administered mixture of chondroitin sulfate, glucosamine hydrochloride and manganese ascorbate on synovial fluid chondroitin sulfate 3B3 and 7D4 epitope in a canine cruciate ligament transaction model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; (1): 14-21.

5. Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM, et al. Effects of diet restriction on lifespan and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 1315-1320. 6. Speakman JR, Van Acker A, Harper EJ. Age-related changes in the metabolism and body composition of three dog breeds and their relationship to life expectancy. Aging Cell 2003; 265-275.

Ears and Coat 7. Angus JC, Lichtensteiger C, Campbell KL, et al. Breed variations in histopathologic features of chronic otitis externa in dogs: 80 cases (1995-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002; 221: 1000-1006. 8. Bass M - Canine otitis externa: causes and predisposing factors. Vet Med 2004 (March); 254-258. 9. Bond R, Ferguson EA, Craig JM, et al. Factors associated with elevated cutaneous malassezia pachydermatis populations in dogs with pruritic skin disease. J Small Anim Pract 1996; 37: 103-107. 10. Byrne K Campbell KL, Davis C, et al. The effects of dietary n-3 vs n-6 fatty acids on ex-vivo LTB4 generation by canine neutrophils. Vet Dermatol 2000; 11: 123-131. 11. Fray TR, Watson AL, Croft JM, et al. A combination of aloe vera, curcumin, vitamin C, and taurine increases canine fibroblast migration and decreases tritiated water diffusion across canine keratinocytes in vitro. J Nutr 2004;134 (8 Suppl): 2117S-2119S.

12. Dorn CR and Science Officer AKC Canine Health Foundation. Canine breed-specific risks of frequently diagnosed diseases at veterinary teaching hospitals; time period: Jan 01,1981-Nov 30,2001. Purdue Veterinary Medical Data Base Publishing Award- 1248 Lynn Hall, Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN 47907. 13. Gough A, Thomas A. Breed predispositions to disease in dogs and cats; Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004. 14. Rosychuk RA, Luttgen P. Diseases of the Ear. In: Feldman E, Ettinger S (eds). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA; 2000: 986-1002. 15. Watson AL, Fray TR, Bailey J, et al. Dietary constituents are able to play a beneficial role in canine epidermal barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2006;15 (1): 74-81.

Antioxidants and Aging 16. Adkins EA, Hendrix DV. Outcomes of dogs presented for cataract evaluation: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41: 235-240. 17. Barros PS, Angelotti AC, Nobre F, et al. Antioxidant profile of cataractous English Cocker Spaniels, Vet Ophthalmology 1999; 2: 83-86. 18. Chaudieu G. L’atrophie progressive de la rétine. In: Thenlot NR (ed). Les Spaniels (II). Paris, 1997: 267-274 19. Gelatt KN, Mackay EO. Prevalence of primary breed-related cataracts in the dog in North America. Vet Ophthalmology 2005; 8: 101-111. 20. Genetics Committee of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. Ocular disorders presumed to be inherited in purebred dogs. 5th Edition (2007); VMDB/CERF, Urbana, IL 61803-3007. 21. McLellan GJ, Elks R, Lybaert P, et al. Vitamin E deficiency in dogs with retinal pigment epithelial dystrophy. Vet Rec 2002; 151: 663-667.

22. Michell AR. Longevity of British breeds of dogs and its relationship with sex, size, cardiovascular variable and disease. Vet Rec 1999; 145: 625-629. 23. Moeller SM, Jacques PF, Blumberg JB. The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19: 522S-527S. 24. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, et al. Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75: 540-549. 25. Valero MP, Fletcher AE, De Stavola BL, et al. Vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of cataract in a Mediterranean population. J Nutr 2002; 132: 1299-1306. 26. The Kennel Club. Breeds and Conditions Certified (on Schedule A) under the BVA/KC/ISDS Eye Scheme - January 2006.

Nutritional support for heart function 27. Freeman LM Rush JE, Brown DJ, et al. Relationship between circulating and dietary taurine concentrations in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Vet Therapeutics 2001; 2: 370-378. 28. Pereira L, Matiko Akao Larsson MH, Leomil Neto M, et al. Cardiomyopathy of the English Cocker Spaniel: clinical, electrocar diographic, radiographic and echocardiographic aspect. Ciência Rural 2004; 34: 419-424.

29. Kittleson MD, Keene B, Pion PD, et al. Results of the multicenter spaniel trial (MUST). J Vet Intern Med 1997; 11: 204-211. 30. Satoh H, Sperelakis N. Review of some actions of taurine on ion channels of cardiac muscle cells and others. Gen Pharmacol 1998; 30(4): 451-463. 31. Tidholm A, Haggstrom J, Borgarelli M, et al. Canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Part I: aetiology, clinical characteristics, epidemiology and pathology. Vet J 2001; 162: 92-107.

Glossary Adipocytes:

Atopy: Cerumen:

Chelated trace element: Chondroitin:

hereditary disposition of hypersensitivity to antigens in the atmosphere waxy, yellowish substance secreted in the antrium auris, which lubricates the eardrum and cleans the antrium auris complex mineral comprising one neutral molecule to improve its assimilation natural cartilage extract that slows down the production of enzymes responsible for wearing down cartilage

EPA and DHA:

omega 3 long-chain fatty acids with an inflammatory activity; abundant in fish oil

Free radicals:

by-products of oxygen metabolism responsible for oxidizing unsaturated fatty acids that make up the cell membranes

Glucosamine:

base element in the cartilage structure that encourages the regeneration of cartilage by stimulating the synthesis of its constituents

L-carnitine: Lutein and zeaxanthin: Polyphenols: Psyllium:

Retinol:

Seborrhea: Sebum: Taurine :

cells in the fat tissue specialized in fat storage. These cells multiply when they can no longer increase in volume

carrier that helps get the fatty acids to the mitochondria, where energy is generated for the cells antioxidants of the carotenoid family (yellow-red pigments) vegetable substances with antioxidant powers used to combat problems caused by cellular aging annual plant native to the sandy basin of the Mediterranean that is traditionally used in phytotherapy to treat digestive complaints special form of vitamin A that plays a role in the synthesis of retinal pigments needed to perceive colors and for night vision; also regulates sebum production for healthy skin increased secretion of the sebaceous glands accompanying various types of dermatitis natural wax that protects the skin and hair; produced by the sebaceous glands in the dermis amino acid derivative that remains in free form; essential to the heart function and a constituent part of the retina, it also possesses antioxidant powers

A history of innovation at Royal Canin A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian 1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR) 1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges 1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI) 1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size 1999: Launch of: • Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs • A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™) • A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21) 2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™) 2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe 2003: Launch of: • Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™) • Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™) • Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO)

2004: Launch of: • Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™) • Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™) • Food for very young large breed puppies (MAXI Babydog 30™) • The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic skin disease including canine atopy (Limited Ingredient Diets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas) 2005: Launch of: • Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and Shih Tzu 24™) • Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™) • A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch • The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed) 2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI Indoor Adult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™) 2007: Launch of: • MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™ • MINI Indoor Puppy 27™ • Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™ 2008: Launch of: • Cocker Spaniel 25™ 2009: Launch of: • Pug 25™ 2010: Launch of: • Chihuahua Puppy 30™ • German Shepherd Puppy 30™ • Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™ • Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™

100% Satisfaction Guaranteed At Royal Canin, we stand behind our products. If you are not completely satisfied for any reason, we promise to replace the product or refund your entire purchase price. Contact us at 1.800.592.6687 or visit www.royalcanin.us for more details.

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