Poodle Breed Technical Brochure by Royal Canin USA

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Intelligent Nutrition for the Purebred Dog

â&#x201E;˘

Meet the Needs of Your Breed The Poodle

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INTRODUCTION Table of Contents

Introduction

The unique characteristics of the Poodle

Specific nutritional solutions

The history of the Poodle

Hair that grows continuously

Maintaining the distinct coat and protecting the skin

Unequalled intelligence allied to record longevity

Preserving the cognitive function

Increased incidence of cataracts with age

Strengthening the anti-oxidant defenses of the eye

Known predisposition to oral complaints

A tailor-made kibble that slows down the formation of tartar

Progressive deterioration of the cartilage with age

Protecting articular cartilage

A nutritional program for every stage of the Poodle’s life

The Poodle from the tips of their toes to the tip of their nose

References

Glossary

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

It is with great pleasure that I write this preface to a brochure dedicated to the Poodle and the food specially formulated for it – POODLE 30™. The Poodle is one of those rare breeds whose paternity was finally granted to France in 1936, after sometimes emotive debates in the dog fancy world. Royal Canin, a brand established in France over 40 years ago, cannot but take pride in praising this breed that is part of French dog fancy’s heritage. Passion is probably the best word to characterize Royal Canin, whose maxim proclaims loud and proud “Knowledge and Respect” and it is certainly this passion that has driven us to contemplate the needs of the Poodle, a fascinating breed for every dog-lover. Intelligent beyond compare, the Poodle is a marvellously versatile dog: hunting dog, truffle dog and pleasure dog, it is also an exceptional assistant for humans. In some cases, it is even able to prevent an epileptic seizure or detect certain diseases. Those who know the Poodle best have called the attention of Royal Canin’s nutritionists to some of its biological characteristics, such as the structure of its constantly growing hair, its record longevity and its susceptibility to dental complaints, among others. To improve the response to their needs, Research and Development at Royal Canin has formulated this exceptional food, which benefits the health of the skin, the beauty of the hair, oral hygiene and permanent protection of articular capital, to name but a few. Once again, the irreplaceable expertise of breeders and the world’s foremost experts on the Poodle has enabled Royal Canin to develop this exceptional food.

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We have never allowed our approach to be diluted by marketing gimmicks. Our nutritional innovation is sincere, authentic and built on studies published in the most reputable and scrupulous scientific journals. In 1980, then in 1997 and again in 2000, Royal Canin took three decisive steps in Canine Nutrition, demonstrating the morphological and particularly biological diversity of dog breeds and providing very precise, scientific nutritional responses to help these dogs live a better, longer life. This innovation has established us as the standard bearer of scientific authenticity in the minds of veterinarians and professional breeders in Europe and beyond. While Royal Canin’s products are constantly evolving, fundamentally the philosophy of our brand remains the same: Knowledge and Respect. - “Knowledge of the Animal” above all, because Royal Canin is one of the few companies almost never to conduct opinion polls among owners, the “buyers.” Our true consumers are dogs and cats. It is them and them alone that we place at the center of our studies and our thinking. Respect then. Respect for men and women of course, for our employees, partners and customers, but Respect for dogs and cats too. Respect for their true biological nature, their proper needs, their actual distinctive characteristics. A dog is a dog, not a child for example. Its nature and its needs are profoundly different. That makes respect for its animal nature our most important duty.

Pascal Jouannet Chief Executive Office Royal Canin Group

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THE POODLE … Unique characteristics 1 HAIR THAT GROWS CONTINUOUSLY: FINE AND CURLY, MUCH LIKE A PUPPY’S

2 UNEQUALLED INTELLIGENCE ALLIED TO RECORD LONGEVITY 3 INCREASED INCIDENCE OF CATARACTS WITH AGE 4 AN ESTABLISHED VULNERABILITY TO ORAL COMPLAINTS 5 PROGRESSIVE DETERIORATION OF THE CARTILAGE WITH AGE 4

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POODLE 30™: Specific nutritional solutions 1 Maintaining the distinct coat, protecting the skin (p.12) With: ● the balanced association of sources of omega 6 unsaturated fatty acids

(including borage oil) and omega 3 (fish oil)

● an optimized supply of proteins to enable fast regeneration of skin cells

● a complex of pantothenic acid, nicotinamide, histidine, inositol and choline

to strengthen the effectiveness of the skin barrier

2 Preserving the cognitive function

(p.16)

● With the synergic association of antioxidants: vitamins E and C,

taurine, and green tea polyphenols

3 Strengthening the pigments of the eye (p.19) ● With an enrichment of xanthophyll pigments:

lutein and zeaxanthin, the pigments of the eye

4 Slowing down the appearance of tartar (p.22) ● With a kibble shape and texture that encourages the dog to chew

and through the addition of calcium chelating agents and the use of the antiseptic properties of zinc and polyphenols

5 Protecting articular cartilage

(p.26)

● With the presence of natural cartilage extracts:

glucosamine and chondroitin

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The History of the Poodle The first Poodles appeared in the Middle Ages. Even then they were groomed in a distinctive way, with some parts of their body completely shaven. This was connected to the breed’s use as a water dog, as it ensured that the Poodle’s coat did not get caught on brambles and branches as it moved around the marshes to retrieve ducks. A truly European dog The Poodle takes its name from the German Pudel, which is in turn derived from the verb Puddeln – German for “to splash about in water.” In French, the breed goes under the name Caniche, from the longer name chien à cane or canichon, which translates as duck dog. The experts agree that the Poodle is one of the oldest breeds specializing in hunting after game in water. The Poodle is the result of crosses between several European water dogs: Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Hungarian and Russian.

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By the fifteenth century the Poodle was beginning to exchange the marsh for the drawing room. Breeders focused on the selection of smaller dogs to meet the demand from the Parisian bourgeoisie. It was at that time that the Miniature emerged, followed in due course by the Toy, both of which are simply smaller versions of the original Poodle with exactly the same behavioral and morphological characteristics. This shows that the Poodle was a much sought after dog well before the advent of modern dog fanciers. No other canine breed has aroused so much passion, especially on the subject of its paternity, which is claimed by many countries. It was only after long discussions and a laborious process that the World Canine Organization (Fédération Cynologique Internationale) recognized France as the breed’s home country, awarding it the paternity of the breed standard in 1936. A global star The number of sizes differs from one country to another. Japan, the USA and the UK, among others, recognize only 3 sizes: Toy, Miniature and Standard. France and the majority of FCI member countries distinguish four sizes: Toy, Dwarf, Miniature and Standard. Regardless of its size, every Poodle is famed for its vivacity of spirit, curiosity and ability to learn. No amateur can forget the roots of the breed, as a water dog, war dog and shepherd dog, but also used in many utilitarian disciplines (truffle dog, guide dog, etc). As a fundamental characteristic of the breed, regular grooming is essential and thorough knowledge of the various types of trims – Continental, Puppy, etc – is a must. Every owner is aware of the necessity of grooming, to ensure that the dog is always in good condition, with a coat that exudes good health.

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Hair that grows continuously: fine and curly, much like a puppy’s 1. A woolen coat: 80% secogoairs The finest, lightest secondary hairs dominate a Poodle’s coat. Placed end to end, a gram of secondary hairs would stretch for about 980 meters, or 1071yards, while a gram’s worth of primary hairs, which are much thicker, would extend for only 690 meters, or 754 yards. (Royal Canin, 2003).

Hair follicles seen in vertical section (from Credille 2000) Arrector pili muscle Infundibulum Hair follicles are compound follicles: several hairs originate from the same follicle. The primary hairs are surrounded with finer secondary hairs.

Isthmus Dermal papilla

Simple follicle e.g.: hair, rodents, ruminants

Compound follicle e.g.: dog, cat

Miniature Poodle hair at month 2.

When you compare the hairs of a 10-week Poodle with those of a 28-week Poodle, you see that there is no marked difference in diameter (Credille & al, 2000). An adult Poodle’s hair is very similar to a puppy’s, although its coat becomes denser. The number of hair follicles increase by about 50% between the tenth and twenty-eighth week.

Adult miniature Poodle hair.

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Hair follicles seen in cross section (from Credille 2002)

Initially, a puppy has simple hair follicles that hold a single hair. The secondary hairs emerge at about the age of 12 weeks.

Primary hairs Secondary hairs Hair arrector pili muscles

2. Curly hair © L. Mercier

Curly-haired dogs have “twisted” follicles that determine the shape of the hair strand. The adult Poodle retains almost the same hair curvature as the puppy (Credille & al, 2002).

Growth of a hair in vitro (from Bernard 2003)

Length

In humans, the curvature of a hair is genetically determined in the lower part of the follicle, independent of the cutaneous environment.

Initial length

Day 1

Day 3

Day 4

Day 7

Relationship between primary (thick) and (fine) secondary hairs.

Day 8 Time (days)

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3. Continuous hair growth The three phases of hair growth

Phase of growth (anagen)

Intermediate phase (catagen): the hair bulb gradually disorganizes itself

Dormancy phase (telogen): the hair is anchored by only a few keratin roots before it drops out

Hair bulb Dermal papilla

The duration of the three hair growth phases is genetically determined. The anagen phase dominates in the Poodle, similar to those of a human (Credille, 2000). Poodle hair needs to be cut regularly like that of a Yorkshire or a Maltese. The hair grows about 10-14 mm a month throughout the year (Royal Canin, 2003).

4. Regular coat clipping The skin of a Poodle possesses little in the way of skin lipids (< 5Âľg/cm2). That is five times less than a Labrador or a Siberian Husky (Dunstan & al, 2000). As a result, the coat is not water repellent, and retains water when the dog is wet. That makes clipping important so that the dog is not weighed down unnecessarily when it comes out of water. During the show season, 70% of breeders clip their dogs at least once a month and 37% at least once every 15 days (Royal Canin survey).

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Several clipping styles have developed, but the Lion clip or 1960 clip continues to be the reference for competition. Clipping the hair accelerates the regeneration of epidermal cells, from 22 days to an average of 15 days (Baker & al, 1974).

The Poodle has an acidic skin pH (compared to a German Shepherd)

pH units

The Miniature Poodleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s skin pH is acidic, on average a pH of 5.9 (Royal Canin, 2003, Dunstan & al, 2000). That is clearly one of the reasons why the Poodle does not often suffer from bacterial pyoderma, like some other breeds.

8.6

5.9 Miniature Poodle

German Shepherd Source: Royal Canin, 2003

Examples of Poodle clips English Saddle Clip or Lion Clip

Continental Clip

Modern or Lamb Clip: hair cut to a uniform length over the whole body

Puppy Clip

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MAINTAINING THE DISTINCT COAT AND PROTECTING THE SKIN Objective #1: Reinforce the coatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural beauty Fatty acids are a source of energy for the skin and are essential to a shiny coat. Borage oil, which is used extensively in the cosmetics industry, is one of the sources of omega 6 fatty acids, particularly gamma linolenic acid or GLA (Quoc & al, 1996). Fish oil provides long-chain omega 3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which play a very important anti-inflammatory role in the fight against skin irritations (Mooney & al, 1998, Vaughn & al, 1994).

Structure of a keratin molecule (from CrĂŠdille 2003) Amine termination

Disc

Alpha helix

Carbon termination

The word keratin comes from the Greek keratos, which means horn. There are several types of keratin, which all share the same basic helix structure on the inside of the molecule. The hinges give them flexibility and allow them to interconnect to form resistant filaments.

Hinges

Objective #2: Provide proteins essential to the growth of the coat The hair of a Poodle grows constantly. That means that it is necessary to provide the dog with proteins essential to the synthesis of keratin, the primary protein constituent of hair. A deficiency will lead to brittle hairs. A high protein content (30%) and a guaranteed supply of sulfur amino acids (methionine and cystine) help assure an adequate supply. Cystine is the most common amino acid in Poodle hair, representing 14% of the total (Royal Canin, 2003).

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Objective #3: Reinforce the effectiveness of the skin barrier Poodle 30â&#x201E;˘ contains a complex of 5 nutrients (4 vitamins and 1 amino acid), identified as having the greatest impact on skin metabolism among 27 nutrients, to promote the synthesis of ceramides (skin lipids essential for the integrity of the upper layer of the epidermis) and limit skin dehydration (Watson & al, 2003).

Proof of the positive action of certain nutrients on the effectiveness of the skin barrier in vivo (from Watson 2003)

Transcutaneous water loss (ml/m2/24h)

Start Control (n = 16)

weeks

From the 9th week of treatment, water loss through the skin was reduced significantly among dogs given a food enriched with Pantothenic acid, Nicotinamide, Choline and Inositol, and Histidine, compared with control dogs. (*P<0.05, **P<0.01 between the groups).

Dogs given the enriched food (n = 16)

Nutrients directly incorporated into the skin barrier Vitamins Nicotinamide (Vitamin PP or anti-pellagra vitamin)

helps transport oxygen, essential to the health and elasticity of the skin

Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)

transformed into co-enzyme A, necessary to the synthesis of fatty acids

Choline and inositol

The two vitamins act in tandem. Choline: combined with phosphorus it forms phospholipids that make up the cell membranes. Inositol: plays the role of a signal essential to the proper functioning of the cell membrane. A deficiency increases the risk of eczema and hair loss.

Amino acid Histidine

amino acid essential to the growth and differentiation of cells generated by keratin.

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Unequalled intelligence allied to record longevity If you measured canine intelligence by a dog’s ability to adapt to all kinds of situations then you’d have to give the Poodle a prize. Humans have made the most of its ability to understand things quickly combined with its vivacious desire to make its owner happy.

The Poodle is everywhere. Although originally a hunting dog, it is just as excellent as a truffle hound. And did you know that it is even an assistant to the disabled, able to anticipate an imminent epileptic seizure or detect a range of diseases? Diseases like cancer lead to major cellular degeneration and the appearance of byproducts of oxidation in the blood stream and then into the expired air. These molecules (aldehydes, alkanes, formaldehyde, etc) have an odor and can be detected by the dog, whose sense of smell can distinguish certain compounds at concentrations 1,000 times lower than the human detection threshold (Broffman, 2001). That allows it to alert others quickly. It can even learn to press a button to accomplish this task (Pfeiff, 2001).

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Owners will want their Poodles to retain all of their faculties for as long as they can. Signs of aging actually appear fairly late: at around 10-11 years, compared to 5-6 years among large dogs (Pageat, 2002). The life expectancy of the Poodle (especially the Miniature and the Toy) is one of the longest in the canine world: 12 years according to a recent Danish study (Proschowsky & al, 2003), 14-15 years according to other authors (Michell, 1999).

Average life expectancy of several small breed dogs (from Proschowsky & al, 2003)

Years

Small companion dogs

Standard wirehaired Dachshund

Standard shorthaired Dachshund

All sizes of Poodle

* Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Pug

The final third of a Poodleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life is a sensitive period in which everything possible must be done to preserve the cognitive function intact, in the interests of the dog and its owner. Otherwise, there is a risk that the Poodleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proverbial vivacity will deteriorate. Behavioral problems due to anxiety attacks are also more common as the dog grows older.

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PRESERVING THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION The cells are constantly under attack by free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that initiate chain oxidation reactions. These free radicals form naturally and constantly in the body, but their production intensifies as aging speeds up and the effectiveness of the body’s defense mechanisms gradually diminishes. The dog perceives its environment through its cognitive function, which depends on the degree of sensorial acuity. The older a dog gets the more important it is to reinforce its defenses against oxidative stress and its consequences, including aging and the higher risk of metabolic complaints. The blood concentration of antioxidant molecules (vitamins E and C, taurine, etc.) largely depends on the daily intake of food.

Impact of vitamin E concentration in the food on plasma concentration (unpublished Trial Report, Heaton 2002) Plasma vitamin E (microg/ml)

Protection of the cellular DNA by the administration of antioxidants in the dog’s food DNA lesions (arbitrary units)

(Heaton & al, 2002) Dietary tocopherol content (UI/400 kcal) GROUPS:

Control group (n=20)

Supplementary antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplemented group (n=20)

When blood levels are high, the antioxidants protect against cellular degeneration: damage suffered by the DNA, which carries the cell’s genetic material, is restricted (Heaton & al, 2002).

When the vitamin E content in the food is raised, the plasma concentration also increases. The body’s antioxidant defenses are strengthened.

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Evidence of DNA lesions with the Comet-Assay test (Heaton & al, 2002)

Increase in the seriousness of DNA lesions Compared to the control group (n = 20), there is a significant reduction in DNA lesions among dogs given more antioxidants in their food (vitamins, minerals and carotenoids) for 8 weeks.

The synergic action of antioxidants ● Vitamin E: protects the membranous lipid structures against attack by free radicals. Many studies among humans confirm the role played by vitamin E in the prevention of certain neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s and diabeti neuropathy. ● Vitamin C: has an antioxidant effect in the extracellular fluids and also promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, which is then able to act against other free radicals. The dog produces vitamin C itself, but a nutritional supply helps it to defend itself against oxidative stress. ● Polyphenols from green tea: they have an antioxidant effect inside the cells to protect the DNA in the nucleus. ● Taurine: an amino acid that is essential to the retina, taurine is a major component of muscular and immune cells, particularly cells that produce antibodies (lymphocytes). It also plays a part in protecting the cells from oxidation. A diet rich in antioxidants is very good for a dog like the Poodle once it stops growing, because its longevity means it is susceptible to degenerative diseases. Additionally, it appears that the training of an older dog can be stimulated by the addition of antioxidants (Milgram & al, 2001).

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Increased incidence of cataracts with age

A cataract is an opacification of the lens characterized by a grey-bluish color to the eye. Dogs over 10 years old traditionally suffer from this condition, but the Poodle is particularly susceptible (Maroille, 2001). The risk to the Poodle is three times as high as it is in the canine population as a whole (Veterinary Medical Data Base). It is also mentioned as the principal sign of aging by 70% of breeders (Royal Canin survey). The incidence will be higher among black and grey Poodles compared with other colors (Barnett, 1985). When the cataract is bilateral, vision is very badly affected or even completely lost. In old dogs, the cataract goes hand in hand with a modification in the metabolism of the lens; free radicals are mentioned as a decisive factor. It may appear as a complication of diabetes or be associated with Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), which a Miniature or Toy Poodle is almost 10 times more susceptible to, on average (Veterinary Medical Data Base). The initial symptoms appear around the age of 5 or 6 years (Bedford, 2001). Breeders now systematically screen for this disease. © L. Mercier

“Cataract” is derived from the Greek kataraktès (rupture): the lens loses its transparency.

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STRENGTHENING THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSES OF THE EYE Generally speaking, a synergistic cocktail of antioxidants (vitamins E and C, polyphenols and taurine) protects the cells against light accelerated oxidation. That means that they protect against the development of the cataract (Valero & al, 2002, Taylor & al, 2002).

Lutein and zeaxanthin help limit the degeneration of the lens

● Increased supply of xanthophyll pigments: lutein and zeaxanthin Deserving of special attention are lutein and zeaxanthin, which are carotenoid-class xanthophyll pigments found in high quantities in the lens and retina. Their incorporation in Poodle 30™ allows a dog to benefit from their protective powers from a very early age. In humans, susceptibility to cataracts is inversely proportional to the content in the serum and the quantity of lutein ingested (Fullmer & al, 2001, Moeller & al, 2000). ● Lutein: a nutritional supply helps to improve the density of the retinal macula. Lutein specifically protects elongated cells. ● Zeaxanthin: this works in synergy with lutein, particularly protecting the retinal cones.

The macula (the retinal zone of maximum visual acuity) owes its yellow color to carotenoid pigments (lutein and zeaxanthin). These pigments absorb UV rays and act as a protective filter for the cells of the retina.

1 - Retina 2 - Optic nerve 3 - Cornea 4 - Lens 5 - Vitreous liquid

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Known predisposition to oral complaints 95% of breeders surveyed considered the Poodle to be particularly sensitive to dental complaints. On average, tartar appears around 3.5 years, although in certain cases dental prophylaxis becomes necessary much earlier (Royal Canin 2003, Hoffman & al, 1996).

How does tartar develop? Tartar forms as a result of calcification of dental plaque. A few hours after tooth cleaning and polishing, dental plaque is deposited on the enamel. It is formed by hundreds of millions of bacteria that amalgamate around an organic matrix constituting a deposit that adheres to the surface of the tooth. In less than two days the plaque attaches to the minerals (calcium phosphates) contained in the saliva and the formation of tartar has commenced. The first tartar formations appear around day 15 after dental cleaning and a deposit becomes visible after 3-4 weeks. The pH of dog saliva is around 8.6, while that of a human is normally between 6.5 and 7. This alkaline pH enables the precipitation of calcium phosphates, and so the formation of tartar. Tartar is a favorable environment for pathogenic bacteria, because they are difficult to dislodge from its uneven surface. These bacteria release the toxins responsible for â&#x20AC;˘ inflammation of the gum, known as gingivitis; â&#x20AC;˘ attacking the tissue that supports the tooth (periodontium), or periodontitis, which leads to the loosening and eventual loss of the tooth. ÂŠ P. Hennet

Gingivitis: gum disease is edematous and inflammatory.

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ÂŠ P. Hennet

Severe periodontitis. Gingival impairment passes the muco-gingival junction. The depth of the pockets increases and the gums bleed easily. Debris and bacteria are trapped by the tartar. The teeth move around easily. The breath is extremely bad.

Radiograph of advanced periodontitis: destruction of the alveolar bone (30-50%) associated with the resorption of the root of the 4th premolar.

Periodontal disease occurs earlier in small dogs than in the dog population as a whole (Harvey & al, 1994). It can cause pain that discourages the dog from eating.

ÂŠ L. Mercier

Loss of incisors in a Poodle.

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A TAILOR-MADE KIBBLE THAT SLOWS DOWN THE FORMATION OF TARTAR Dental plaque must be removed before it has time to organize and mineralize. The ideal way of preventing the build up of tartar is to brush the teeth of your dog with a soft toothbrush. ● Encouraging the Poodle to chew slows down the development of tartar. The Poodle 30™ kibble has been specially developed to encourage the dog to chew, generating a slight abrasive action on the surface of the teeth. The longitudinal extrusion of the kibble means it takes longer to break. As a result, the tooth benefits much more from the kibble’s “cleaning effect.”

Penetration depth of the tooth inside the kibble: comparison between Poodle 30™ and Mini Adult™ (Royal Canin, 2003) mm 2.4

0.6

The tooth penetrates 4 times farther into a Poodle 30™ kibble before the kibble shatters

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Force needed to break the kibble: comparison between Poodle 30™ and Mini Adult 27™ (Royal Canin, 2003) Force N

Penetration depth

Mini Adult Poodle 30™

The Poodle 30™ kibble is much softer than the Mini Adult 27™ kibble. On the other hand, it resists pressure for much longer before breaking, which enables the tooth to penetrate to a much greater depth.

Incorporation of substances that actively work to improve oral hygiene ● The use of salivary calcium chelating agents like sodium tripolyphosphate is essential for preventing the mineralization of dental plaque. It is important to feed a dog with the enhanced food for a prolonged period to achieve the maximum effect (Royal Canin, 2003). ● Zinc impedes the adhesion of bacteria to the surface of the tooth and the development of plaque (Grove, 2000). ● The presence of green tea polyphenols plays a role in oral hygiene by slowing down the growth of certain bacteria responsible for periodontal disease in dogs (Porphyromonas assacharolytica) (Isogai & al, 1992).

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Progressive deterioration of the cartilage with age

Painful joints are the second classic symptom of aging, noted by 60% of breeders (Royal Canin survey, 2003). Joint pain is due to a process of arthrosis that develops progressively in articular cartilage. This process is sometimes accelerated by the presence of certain skeletal conditions, which are well documented in the Poodle:

Instability between vertebrae C1 and C2 (x-ray of profile).

• Recurring luxation of the patella: still common (Bureau, 2002), although breeders are making considerable efforts to exclude sufferers from selection • Instability of the first two cervical vertebrae: the displacement of the atlas and the axis can lead to a compression of the spinal cord. Poodles constitute almost 20% of those suffering (Dickelé, 2002).

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ÂŠ P. Barreau

With age, the cartilage rings of the trachea lose their rigidity. The trachea can be depressed and becomes sensitive to variations in pressure on the wall. Tracheal collapse causes a heavy, dry, irritable cough. The collapse of the trachea mainly affects small dogs of advanced age (Hamaide & al, 1998). The risk is six times greater in Poodles than in the general canine population (Veterinary Medical Data Base). This condition may have a congenital or genetic aspect (Dallman, 1988).

Tracheal collapse (x-ray in profile)

Compare the cartilage of a trachea ready to collapse with a normal trachea and you notice that the former contains fewer glycoproteins and fewer glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate (Bergeaud, 2002).

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PROTECTING ARTICULAR CARTILAGE Cartilage undergoes constant regeneration. It is made up of cells – chondrocytes – embedded in a matrix composed of water, collagen and macromolecules – proteoglycans. Proteoglycans are molecules formed by a polypeptide skeleton to which glucidic chains are linked: glycosaminoglycans (GAG). GAGs are sulfate or polysulfate derivatives. This means that they are able to self hydrate; they are the reason proteoglycans are able to retain water. This retention guarantees cartilage elasticity and flexibility. The cartilage can absorb the forces of compression, because the highly hydrated proteoglycans recover their shape after they have been deformed. Proteoglycans become fewer with age and the water content of the cartilage decreases. This means its shock absorbing capabilities are less reliable, which heightens the risk of lesions.

Composition of the cartilage matrix Chondrocyte Hyaluronic acid Central protein Proteoglycan Binding protein GAGs

{

All the constituent parts of the cartilage are bathed in a liquid. The supple, elastic structure of the cartilage matrix is built to absorb traumas, protecting the underlying bone.

Collagen fiber

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Objective: protect articular cartilage by incorporating glucosamine and chondroitin To combat degenerative diseases that affect cartilage, it is necessary to nourish the cartilage, through the diet, with nutrients that are able to penetrate right into the cartilage and incorporate themselves into its structure. Some of these substances are known to stimulate the synthesis of chondrocytes and proteoglycans and inhibit their destruction (Mc Namara & al, 1997). These substances are normally synthesized by the body and incorporated into the structure of proteoglycans, thus serving as a key ingredient in the formation of cartilage. ● Glucosamine: molecule with low molecular mass, formed from glucose and glutamine. It is the precursor to other more complex molecules in the family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Its role is to stimulate the synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans by chondrocytes. ● Chondroitin sulfate: representative of the GAGs. Its role is primarily to inhibit: - the action of enzymes like collagenase and hyaluronidase - the syntheses of inflammation mediators. (Handson & al, 1996; Harab & al, 1989) Glucosamine and chondroitin help prevent the spread of osteoarticular complaints due to chronic inflammation of the joint. The synthesis of glucosamine and chondroitin is reduced with age. The incorporation of these nutrients in Poodle 30™ helps to look after the dog’s functional cartilage (Anderson & al, 1996).

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A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY 2 10

months months

GROWTH PHASE

MINI puppy 33

™

Optimal nutrition that supplies everything a growing Poodle needs.

Weaning small-breed puppies MINI Babydog30™ : for optimal weaning of small-breed puppies between 5-8 weeks, the vital “immunity gap” period.

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STAGE OF THE POODLE’S LIFE from

months

ADULT AND MATURE PHASES

POODLE 30

™

For Poodles over 10 months old

CURLY COAT CARE A Poodle’s coat is different from other breeds, growing in single, curly strands without an undercoat. Poodle 30™ protects the fragile, longgrowing coat with Omega 3 from anchovy oil. COGNITIVE FUNCTION Poodles are recognized for their intelligent and inquisitive nature. As they age, brain function slows down. Poodle 30™ is formulated with antioxidants, which can help neutralize free radicals. VISION HEALTH Poodles may be more likely to suffer from vision problems as they age. Poodle 30™ is formulated with lutein and zeaxanthin, which can help neutralize free radicals.

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The Poodle, from the tips of its toes … The Standard for the Poodle (Toy variety) is the same as for the Standard and Minature varieties except as regards heights. General Appearance, Carriage and Condition That of a very active, intelligent and elegant-appearing dog, squarely built, well proportioned, moving soundly and carrying himself proudly. Properly clipped in the traditional fashion and carefully groomed, the Poodle has about him an air of distinction and dignity peculiar to himself. Size, Proportion, Substance Size The Standard Poodle is over 15 inches at the highest point of the shoulders. Any Poodle which is 15 inches or less in height shall be disqualified from competition as a Standard Poodle. The Miniature Poodle is 15 inches or under at the highest point of the shoulders, with a minimum height in excess of 10 inches. Any Poodle which is over 15 inches or is 10 inches or less at the highest point of the shoulders shall be disqualified from competition as a Miniature Poodle.

(d) Muzzle – long, straight and fine, with slight chiseling under the eyes. Strong without lippiness. The chin definite enough to preclude snipiness. Major fault: lack of chin. Teeth – white, strong and with a scissors bite. Major fault: undershot, overshot, wry mouth. Neck, Topline, Body Neck well proportioned, strong and long enough to permit the head to be carried high and with dignity. Skin snug at throat. The neck rises from strong, smoothly muscled shoulders. Major fault: ewe neck. The topline is level, neither sloping nor roached, from the highest point of the shoulder blade to the base of the tail, with the exception of a slight hollow just behind the shoulder.

The Toy Poodle is 10 inches or under at the highest point of the shoulders. Any Poodle which is more than 10 inches at the highest point of the shoulders shall be disqualified from competition as a Toy Poodle.

Body (a) Chest deep and moderately wide with well sprung ribs. (b) The loin is short, broad and muscular. (c) Tail straight, set on high and carried up, docked of sufficient length to insure a balanced outline. Major fault: set low, curled, or carried over the back.

As long as the Toy Poodle is definitely a Toy Poodle, and the Miniature Poodle a Miniature Poodle, both in balance and proportion for the Variety, diminutiveness shall be the deciding factor when all other points are equal.

Forequarters Strong, smoothly muscled shoulders. The shoulder blade is well laid back and approximately the same length as the upper foreleg. Major fault: steep shoulder.

Proportion - To insure the desirable squarely built appearance, the length of body measured from the breastbone to the point of the rump approximates the height from the highest point of the shoulders to the ground. Substance - Bone and muscle of both forelegs and hindlegs are in proportion to size of dog. Head and Expression (a) Eyes – very dark, oval in shape and set far enough apart and positioned to create an alert intelligent expression. Major fault: eyes round, protruding, large or very light. (b) Ears – hanging close to the head, set at or slightly below eye level. The ear leather is long, wide and thickly feathered; however, the ear fringe should not be of excessive length. 30

(c) Skull – moderately rounded, with a slight but definite stop. Cheekbones and muscles flat. Length from occiput to stop about the same as length of muzzle.

(a) Forelegs - Straight and parallel when viewed from the front. When viewed from the side the elbow is directly below the highest point of the shoulder. The pasterns are strong. Dewclaws may be removed. Feet - The feet are rather small, oval in shape with toes well arched and cushioned on thick firm pads. Nails short but not excessively shortened. The feet turn neither in nor out. Major fault: paper or splay foot. Hindquarters The angulation of the hindquarters balances that of the forequarters. Hind legs straight and parallel when viewed from the rear. Muscular with width in the region of the stifles which are well bent; femur and tibia are about equal in length; hock to heel short and perpendicular to the ground. When standing, the rear toes are only slightly behind the point of the rump. Major fault: cow-hocks.

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… to the tip of its nose Coat (a) Quality – (1) Curly: of naturally harsh texture, dense throughout. (2) Corded: hanging in tight even cords of varying length; longer on mane or body coat, head, and ears; shorter on puffs, bracelets, and pompons. (b) Clip – A Poodle under 12 months may be shown in the “Puppy” clip. In all regular classes, Poodles 12 months or over must be shown in the “English Saddle” or “Continental” clip. In the Stud Dog and Brood Bitch classes and in a non-competitive Parade of Champions, Poodles may be shown in the “Sporting” clip. A Poodle shown in any other type of clip shall be disqualified. (1) “Puppy” – A Poodle under a year old may be shown in the “Puppy” clip with the coat long. The face, throat, feet and base of the tail are shaved. The entire shaven foot is visible. There is a pompon on the end of the tail. In order to give a neat appearance and a smooth unbroken line, shaping of the coat is permissible. (2) “English Saddle” – In the “English Saddle” clip the face, throat, feet, forelegs and base of the tail are shaved, leaving puffs on the forelegs and a pompon on the end of the tail. The hindquarters are covered with a short blanket of hair except for a curved shaved area on each flank and two shaved bands on each hindleg. The entire shaven foot and a portion of the shaven leg above the puff are visible. The rest of the body is left in full coat but may be shaped in order to insure overall balance. (3) “Continental” – In the “Continental” clip, the face, throat, feet, and base of the tail are shaved. The hindquarters are shaved with pompons (optional) on the hips. The legs are shaved, leaving bracelets on the hindlegs and puffs on the forelegs. There is a pompon on the end of the tail. The entire shaven foot and a portion of the shaven foreleg above the puff are visible. The rest of the body is left in full coat but may be shaped in order to insure overall balance. (4) “Sporting” – In the “Sporting” clip, a Poodle shall be shown with face, feet, throat, and base of tail shaved, leaving a scissored cap on the top of the head and a pompon on the end of the tail. The rest of the body, and legs are clipped or scissored to follow the outline of the dog leaving a short blanket of coat no longer than one inch in length. The hair on the legs may be slightly longer than that on the body. In all clips the hair of the topknot may be left free or held in place by elastic bands. The hair is only of sufficient length to present a smooth outline. “Topknot” refers only to hair on the skull, from stop to occiput. This is the only area where elastic bands may be used.

Color The coat is an even and solid color at the skin. In blues, grays, silvers, browns, cafe-au-laits, apricots and creams the coat may show varying shades of the same color. This is frequently present in the somewhat darker feathering of the ears and in the tipping of the ruff. While clear colors are definitely preferred, such natural variation in the shading of the coat is not to be considered a fault. Brown and cafe-au-lait Poodles have liver-colored noses, eye-rims and lips, dark toenails and dark amber eyes. Black, blue, gray, silver, cream and white Poodles have black noses, eye-rims and lips, black or self colored toenails and very dark eyes. In the apricots while the foregoing coloring is preferred, liver-colored noses, eye-rims and lips, and amber eyes are permitted but are not desirable. Major fault: color of nose, lips and eye-rims incomplete, or of wrong color for color of dog. Parti-colored dogs shall be disqualified. The coat of a parti-colored dog is not an even solid color at the skin but is of two or more colors. Gait A straightforward trot with light springy action and strong hindquarters drive. Head and tail carried up. Sound effortless movement is essential. Temperament Carrying himself proudly, very active, intelligent, the Poodle has about him an air of distinction and dignity peculiar to himself. Major fault: shyness or sharpness. Major Faults Any distinct deviation from the desired characteristics described in the Breed Standard. Disqualifications Size – A dog over or under the height limits specified shall be disqualified. Clip – A dog in any type of clip other than those listed under coat shall be disqualified. Parti-colors – The coat of a parti-colored dog is not an even solid color at the skin but of two or more colors. Parti-colored dogs shall be disqualified. Approved August 14, 1984 Reformatted March 27, 1990 www.akc.org/breeds/poodle/

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References Maintaining the coat, protecting the skin 1.

Baker BB, Maibach HI et al - Epidermal Cell Renewal in Dogs After Clipping of the Hair. Am J Vet Res 1974, 35 (3).

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- The forest of the skin: a practical approach to the hair follicle and its diseases. British Veterinary Dermatology Study Group, Autumn Meeting, October 2000.

Mooney MA, Vaughn DN, et al - Evaluation of the effects of omega

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canine epidermal barrier function in vitro. Waltham International Science Symposium, Oct 2003; Bangkok, Thailand: 11.

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Dunstan RW, Herdt TH et al - Age and breed related differences

in canine skin surface lipids and pH. Advances in Veterinary Dermatology 2000, 4: 37-42

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against DNA damage in adult dogs. Journal of Nutrition 2002, 132 (6 suppl. 2): 1720-1724.

12. Michell AR - Longevity of British breeds of dog and its relationship

with sex, size, cardiovascular variables and diseases, Vet Rec 1999, 145(22): 625-9.

13. Milgram NW - Age dependent cognitive dysfunction in canines:

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16. Proschowsky HF, Rugbjerg H et al - Mortality of pure breed and

mixed-breed dogs in Denmark. Preventative Veterinary Medicine, Elsevier, 2003.

17. Barnett KC - The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cataract

in the dog. J of Small Anim Practice 1985, 26(6): 305-316.

18. Bedford P - Inherited Disease of the Canine Eye, Proceedings

WSAVA Congress 2001, Vancouver: 562-56.

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Cereals Foods World 2001, 46 (9): 408-413.

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Strengthening the pigments of the eye 20. Maroille P - study of the canine and cat-like population old

presented to the consultation of the National school Veterinary surgeon d' Alfort of 1998 to 2000 (6720 files). Doctorate veterinary surgeon ENVA, 2001.

21. Moeller SM, Jacques PF et al - The potential role of dietary

xanthophylls in cataract and age related macular degeneration. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2000, 19(5): 522S-527S.

- Vitamin C is associated with Reduced Risk of Cataract in a Mediterranean population. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 2002.

23. Valero M, Fletcher AE et al

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frequently diagnosed diseases at veterinary teaching hospitals. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.

22. Taylor A, Jacques PF et al - Long-term intake of vitamins and

carotenoids and odds of early-age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Am J of Clinical Nutrition 2002, 75: 540-549.

Slowing down the emergence of tartar 25. Groove K - Modern periodontics. In: recent advances in Small

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26. Harvey CE, Shofer FS et al - Association of age and body weight

with periodontal disease in north American dogs. J Vet Dent 1994, 11(3): 94-105.

Anim Pract 1996, 37(10): 471-9. 28. IsogaiI E , Fijii N et al - Inhibitory effects of Japanese green tea

extracts on growth of canine oral bacteria. Department of preventive dentistry, Japan 1992, 11(2): 53-59.

27. Hoffmann T, Gaengler P - Clinical and pathomorphological investigation

of spontaneously occurring periodontal disease in dogs. J. Small

Protecting the cartilage 29. Anderson MA, Beaver DP - Glycosaminoglycans in the treatment of

degenerative joint diseases in small animals. Emerging Science and Technology 1996: 38-40

- Affections of the higher air routes of the miniature races. Proceedings CNVSPA-AFVAC, Paris 2002:68.

30. Bergeaud P 31. Bureau S

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dogs of small race. Proceedings CNVSPA-AFVAC, Paris 2002:127.

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collapsed tracheas in dogs, Am J Vet Res1988, 49 (12): 2117-2125.

- Effects of age and location on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of canine tracheal ring cartilage in dogs, AJVR 1998, 59 (1)

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RC, Mourao PAS - Increase of chondroitin 4-sulfate concentration in the endochondral ossification cartilage of normal dogs. Biochemica & Biophysica Acta, 1989, 992: 237-240.

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AFVAC, Paris 2002:353

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Glossary Antioxidant: substance protecting the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cells from attack by free radicals. Cataract: disease leading to the opacification of the lens and partial or total blindness. Ceramides: skin lipids needed to ensure the integrity of the upper layer of the epidermis. Chondroitin: natural cartilage extract. Its administration slows down the production of enzymes that wear down cartilage. Cognitive function: processes by which an organism acquires awareness of objects and events in its vicinity. Free radicals: substances produced naturally by the body that are responsible for aging, by means of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids that make up the cell membranes. Glucosamine: fundamental constituent of the cartilage structure. Encourages the regeneration of cartilage by stimulating the synthesis of its constituent elements (source: extract of the shells of crustacea). Keratin: the main protein in hair, rich in sulfur amino acids (methionine and cystine). Lutein and zeaxanthin: pigments of the family of carotenoids, abundant in the eye retina. Omega 3 fatty acids: fatty acid possessing an anti-inflammatory capacity widely used in dermatology. The most important are long-chain fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which are abundant in fish oils. Omega 6 fatty acids: unsaturated fatty acids that are vital to the regeneration of cell membranes. Examples are linoleic acid (abundant in vegetable oils) and gamma linolenic acid (found in borage oil). Polyphenols: vegetable substances (e.g.: green tea polyphenols) that possess multiple properties: an antioxidant role utilized in human cardiovascular pathology; a role combating complaints due to aging (e.g.: cataracts); a role limiting the formation of dental plaque. Taurine: a sulfur amino acid. Unlike other amino acids, it does not hook up with other acids to form proteins, but remains in free form. It also possesses an antioxidant capability. Tracheal collapse: variation in the diameter of the trachea under pressure, due to a loss of rigidity in the cartilage rings. Vitamin C: vitamin that plays a role in the regeneration of vitamin E to prolong its antioxidant activity. Vitamin E: anti-oxidizing vitamin that the body needs to trap free radicals and limit the effect of cell oxidation.

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A history of innovation at Royal Canin A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian 1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR) 1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges 1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI) 1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size 1999: Launch of: • Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs • A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™) • A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21) 2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™) 2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe 2003: Launch of: • Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™) • Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™) • Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO)

2004: Launch of: • Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™) • Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™) • Food for very young large breed puppies (MAXI Babydog 30™) • The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic skin disease including canine atopy (Limited Ingredient Diets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas) 2005: Launch of: • Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and Shih Tzu 24™) • Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™) • A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch • The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed) 2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI Indoor Adult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™) 2007: Launch of: • MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™ • MINI Indoor Puppy 27™ • Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™ 2008: Launch of: • Cocker Spaniel 25™ 2009: Launch of: • Pug 25™ 2010: Launch of: • Chihuahua Puppy 30™ • German Shepherd Puppy 30™ • Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™ • Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™

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100% Satisfaction Guaranteed At Royal Canin, we stand behind our products. If you are not completely satisfied for any reason, we promise to replace the product or refund your entire purchase price. Contact us at 1.800.592.6687 or visit www.royalcanin.us for more details.

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