Intelligent Nutrition for the Purebred Dog
™
Meet the Needs of Your Breed The Yorkshire Terrier
Table of Contents
2
The Animal Before the Owner
3
The History of the Yorkshire Terrier
4
The Yorkshire Terrier ‌ a unique and different dog
6
The nutritional answer
7
Long silky hair-like coat that grows continuously but does not shed
8
Very sensitive skin with no undercoat
12
Strong teeth in a delicate jaw
15
Long life expectancy
21
High requirements for tasty food
25
Yorkshire Terrier: From the Tips of their Toes to Tip of their Nose
26
References
27
A nutritional program for every stage of the Yorkshire Terrier’s life
28
Glossary
30
A history of innovation at Royal Canin
31
The Animal before the Owner
I
N THE FIELD OF CANINE AND FELINE NUTRITION, some manufacturers put the owners first and use them as the basis of all innovation. At Royal Canin, we put the dog and the cat at the heart of our research process. This is a radically different approach, the only rigorously scientific one, which forces us to choose nutritional legitimacy and refuse any marketing devices that would only attempt to win over the consumer.
This approach, from which we have never deviated since our creation, is based on our constant desire to make better observations that improve our understanding. The development of Yorkshire Terrier 28™, the only food dedicated exclusively to this breed, is a reflection of our philosophy. In developing this product, as with any other Royal Canin product, we have not conducted any market research. Therefore you won’t find any mention of any analyses that could have presented the motivations and behavior of Yorkshire Terrier owners themselves. Our sole ambition has been to better understand this fascinating dog – the Yorkshire Terrier – and therefore better answer its real nutritional needs. For example, it was by working with a diverse group of interested people, from Yorkshire Terrier breeders, to small-animal vets, nutritionists, and scientists in veterinary schools, that we were able to penetrate the mystery of the steel blue coat with its appearance of human hair, one of the factors that makes the Yorkshire Terrier such a unique and interesting dog.
For each of us, the development of Yorkshire Terrier 28™ has meant another step in combining passion for dogs with nutritional precision. Pascal Jouannet Chief Executive Officer Royal Canin Group
3
THE HISTORY OF THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER A small dog with a great history The ancestors of the Yorkshire Terrier are Scottish. At the turn of the 19th century, miners and workers from the Clyde region were breeding a small hunting terrier called the Clydesdale, a kind of Skye Terrier with a steel blue coat with golden head and legs. The industrial revolution led to mass migration of workers within the United Kingdom. The communities of miners and workers in the wool industry of Glasgow left Scotland for Yorkshire, bringing their dogs with them. These dogs were used to catch rats in mines and ferret out rabbits. These Scottish Terriers were crossed with “Brokenhaired� dogs from Yorkshire, creating a new breed as small as a ferret with a silky black and tan colored coat, which became known as Yorkshire Terriers.
4
A famous hunting dog became a noble companion The miners' living conditions were difficult and the pay low. Poaching was a vital necessity, but was heavily punished. This situation lead to the popularity of the Yorkshire Terrier. Many poachers, through selection by breeding, managed to reduce the dog’s size. As small as a ferret, they easily chased out rabbits which were then captured in nets. This black and tan terrier was the perfect support for British poachers. However, its silky hair was too slippery when the poacher needed to pull out his dog when discovered. They needed a much longer coat to facilitate the extraction from the rabbit holes. The breed was then crossed with the Maltese Terrier that brought the famous coat length that we know today. This small blue and tan hunter, a result of various cross-breedings, was so beautiful that it rapidly became a big success and later a popular pet.
5
The YORKSHIRE TERRIER ‌ A unique and different dog 1. Long and silky hair-like coat that grows continuously but does not shed
2. Very sensitive skin with no undercoat and a low hair density
3. Strong teeth in a delicate jaw
4. Long life expectancy that requires enhanced protection for the cells, heart, kidneys and joints
5. Very high requirements for tasty food because of its morphology, its character and its lifestyle
6
YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™ ... The nutritional answer! 1. Strengthen the elements of the coat and improve its beauty through an exclusive complex containing: ● amino acids with sulfur ● chelated trace elements ● unsaturated fatty acids ● vitamins A, B and biotin
2. Offer skin protection through a combination of: ● polyphenols from tea and ● zinc ● biotin ● selenium
3. Improve oral hygiene with a unique kibble with a flaky texture: ● to make grasping easier ● to slow tartar development ● to optimize the penetration depth of the tooth into the kibble
4. Reduce the effects of aging by means of the exclusive “Anti-Aging complex” which provides: ● heart protection (reduced sodium, arginine) ● kidney protection (moderate phosphorus content) ● joint protection (chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine)
5. Improve palatability via “Exclusive Savor”, a unique formulation containing: ● highest quality selected ingredients ● enhanced natural flavorings
7
1
Long and silky hair-like coat that grows continuously but does not shed The Yorkshire Terrier is admired for its striking long coat, which is unusual for a dog. It’s actually a lot like human hair. The long hair of the Yorkshire Terrier (on average 5-9 inches long in general, and sometimes up to 14 inches in show champions, compared to about 3/4 inch for a short-haired dog) is perfectly straight, both fine and silky, and it falls from a parting along the ridge of the back, making you think of long straight hair on a woman. The Yorkshire Terrier is one of those rare breeds, together with the Maltese, the Toy Poodle, the Shih Tzu and the Lhasa Apso, which do not shed and whose hair grows continuously (from about 3/4 inch per month). Because of the length of its coat, the Yorkshire Terrier therefore has 3 times the length of hair (measured end to end) than a dog of the same bodyweight with medium length hair.
8
YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Strengthens the elements of the coat and improves its beauty 1st objective: Provide the raw materials for building strong hair The hair is a flexible and elastic filament that, like the skin, is mostly composed of keratin. Skin and hair renewal can account for up to 35% of the daily protein requirements in an adult dog. Any deficiency can lead to a dull, brittle and faded coat.
â—? An increased supply of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine and methionine) are essential for keratin synthesis â—? An increased supply of chelated trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, manganese) are essential for initiating enzyme reactions
sulfur
S
S
methionine
cystine
hair quality
Cystine (formed by the association of two cysteine molecules) and methionine are the most important amino acids for the structure of the hair protein keratin.
Amino acids are an ingredient in hair protein keratin
9
2nd objective: Enhance the coat's natural beauty ● A supply of unsaturated fatty acids: Omega 3 from fish oil for an anti-inflammatory action, combined with Omega 6, a high nourishment factor, that helps prevent a dull coat and provide an anti-inflammatory effect. A deficiency in Omega 6 fatty acids can lead to a dull coat. Essential oil is also one of the rare Omega 6 fatty acids to combine both a nourishing and anti-inflammatory effect. It is known that many Yorkshire Terrier breeders have traditionally added unsaturated fatty acids either in the food or directly on the coat (in the form of oils or lotions) to make detangling easier. ● Increased supply of biotin Biotin is a vitamin of the B Group, also called vitamin H (from the German word "Haut" = skin), which is essential for fatty acid metabolism. Biotin also helps improve the softness of the coat, reduce dandruff and combats skin dehydration. (Marsh KA., Watson TD., 1999)
glucose
Its role in the body Biotin is involved in the catabolism (chemical breakdown reaction) of glucose, fatty acids and some amino acids. It is essential for the synthesis of some other fatty acids.
fatty acid
amino acids
B8 biotin
biotin
B8
B8
biotin
(Extract from the “Nutrients” guide Pr D. Grandjean Ed. Aniwa Publishing)
“Krebs Cycle”
mitochondria, or cell's "power plant"
10
skin and hair
"respiratory chain"
● Increased supply of vitamin A, the vitamin needed for the epithelium especially to combat seborrhea. (Miller WH., 1986; Scott DW., 1986) ● Increased supply of fats. Even though Yorkshire Terriers live mostly indoors and are often spoiled, they have a lively temperament and expend a lot of energy. Therefore, they are one of the small breeds least likely to become obese. (Edney ATB., Smith PM., 1986). The Yorkshire is less protected against the cold than other breeds, due to its lack of undercoat and low hair density. This predisposes them to heat loss and skin dehydration, which in combination with their lively temperament explains the breed’s higher calorie requirements. This special breed characteristic has led us to increase the fat content of the Yorkshire Terrier 28™ diet. This supply of fat, suited to the high energy needs of the Yorkshire Terrier with its high levels of activity and heat losses, also has a very positive effect on a glossy coat and a healthy skin.
11
2
Very sensitive skin with no undercoat
One remarkable feature of the Yorkshire Terrier is that it does not have any undercoat. A single long hair sprouts from each hair follicle, whereas usually there are 3 to 5 hairs (the main hair and secondary undercoat hairs) in other breeds.
Renewal
Information obtained so far shows that the hair density of the Yorkshire Terrier is around half that of other breeds. This is certainly due to the absence of undercoat.
Epidermis
Anti-inflammation dermis Dermis Growth
Breed
Sebum secretion Sebaceous gland Color
Hair compacity index (in Âľm)
Yorkshire Terrier
200
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
530
Smooth Haired Fox Terrier
430
Cairn Terrier
337
Standard Wirehaired Dachshund
330
Shetland
440
The absence of an undercoat makes the Yorkshire Terrier more susceptible than other small dog breeds to adverse environmental factors such as extremes of temperature and urban pollution. The presence of long and low-density hairs increases this exposure to adverse factors such as rain or wind, which accelerate drying out. The skin therefore becomes sensitive and the slightest sting or trauma can sometimes lead to skin reactions.
12
YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Provides protection for the skin 1st objective: Improve nourishment for the skin ● Increased supply of unsaturated fatty acids (Omega 6 and Omega 3 from fish oil). Omega 3 fatty acids, as precursors of EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid), slow down excessive inflammatory reactions in the mucous membranes, the skin and the hair follicle.
FATTY
ACID METABOLISM
Omega 6
Omega 3
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Linolenic acid
EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid
Fish oil
Arachidonic acid
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
Fish oil
Beautiful coat
Anti-inflammatory role
(Reinhart GA., Davenport GM., 1995)
2nd objective: Protect the skin from adverse environmental factors Supplying a unique "cocktail" to combat free radicals, prevent skin dryness and irritation. ● Increased supply of vitamin E. This antioxidant plays a major role in the protection of cell membranes and blocks free radicals. ● Increased supply of vitamin C. This promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, allowing it to act again against free radicals.
13
● Introduction of selenium, an essential trace element for tissue maintenance and growth, which, in interaction with vitamin E, acts as an antioxidant and cell detoxifier. Selenium offers supplementary cell protection because it metabolizes the peroxides that have been already formed following a "successful" attack by free radicals. ● Introduction of polyphenols from green tea having an antioxidant effect 20 to 50 times greater than that of vitamin E and acting within the cell on the DNA, cytoplasm and nucleus. ● Increased supply of vitamin A. This plays a key role in skin regeneration, combating the excessive formation of dead skin. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to what is familiarly called a “papery skin.” ● A supply of chelated trace elements (copper, zinc and manganese). These trace elements, whose concentration is usually only increased at the Mature stage for other small breed dogs, are included in Yorkshire Terrier 28™ from the adult stage to better protect and strengthen the more exposed skin of the Yorkshire Terrier. Zinc in particular is reputed for its healing power, because many enzymes (especially those that synthesize the skin's collagen) need zinc as a coenzyme to start their enzymatic activity.
Natural sources Zinc is found in the form of mineral salts, but also in whole cereals and in all productions of animal origin.
Zn quality of skin and coat
14
reproductive function
(Extract from the “Nutrients” guide Pr D. Grandjean-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)
3
Strong teeth in a delicate jaw Derived from the Maltese and Scottish Terriers, the Yorkshire Terrier has a delicate jaw armed with broad, strong teeth.
Ratio of mandible height / M1
Relation between dog weight and the ratio of height of the mandible (D) / height of the M1 tooth (C) (Gioso MA and al. 2001)
Yorkshire
3.2
10
25
45
Weight in kg
Dog weight (kg)
Number of dogs studied
Ratio of mandible height / M1 height
- 5.0
33 (14.1%)
0.64 W 0.019 a
5.1 - 10.0
31 (13.3%)
0.76 W 0.020 b
10.1 - 20.0
53 (22.7%)
0.87 W 0.015 c
20.1 - 30.0
45 (19.2%)
0.97 W 0.016 d
30.1 +
72 (30.8%)
1.00 W 0.013 e
Radiograph of the 1st molar (M1) of a dog (Gioso MA et al., 2001)
C = height of M1 D = height of the mandible
Small breed dogs have proportionately less bone to support their M1 molar than large breeds, which can make them more susceptible to periodontitis. Among the small breed dogs, the Yorkshire Terrier is especially at risk because this ratio (see graph) of 0.49 is 36% lower than that of a dog weighing 5 to 10 kg (0.76).
15
Bucco-dental disorders are the most frequent reason why Yorkshire Terriers of all ages are taken to the vet, in contrast to other small breed dogs. (Purdue Veterinary Medical Database Report - 1999)
In the Yorkshire Terrier, the milk teeth frequently appear late (they erupt under the gums at about 2.5 months) and sometimes remain present longer than normal, leading to an incorrect alignment and position of the teeth. All these characteristics favor the accumulation of food debris leading to the growth of a layer of bacteria (called dental plaque), which gradually turns into tartar deposits. Deposits of dental plaque and the accumulation of tartar can start very early in the Yorkshire Terrier, (as soon as the teeth erupt) and loose teeth, gingivitis and even loss of teeth can occur from the age of four years.
The toxins secreted by bacteria in the dental plaque attack the gum
A pocket forms between the tooth and the gum
Destruction of the supporting tissues (periodontium)
16
=
=
Gingivitis
Periodontitis
Furthermore, in contrast to humans where the tartar formation occurs almost simultaneously over all the inner surfaces of the teeth, in dogs, tartar accumulation starts by attacking the base of the outside parts of the teeth. This leads to an early risk of the teeth becoming loose even though the tartar is not yet very evident towards the crown of the tooth.
YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Improves oral hygiene with a tailor-made kibble with a flaky texture In collaboration with breeders, Royal Canin has developed a unique kibble To overcome the special mouth and teeth problems that can occur in Yorkshire Terriers, it is essential that the shape, texture and size of the kibbles encourage them to chew. Repeated contact between a slightly abrasive food and the dog's teeth has a cleansing effect on the tooth surface and thus slows the development of tartar. Encouraging the Yorkshire Terrier to chew also stimulates saliva production. This phenomenon, in addition to its anti-bacterial action, exerts a very positive effect on the mechanical cleaning of the teeth.
1st objective: Encourage the Yorkshire Terrier to chew to slow down tartar development Measurements by Warrick and Gorrel Warrick and Gorrel index at day +28
Small kibble (not crunched)
Adapted and crunched kibble
Influence of kibble size on canine tartar accumulation. Tartar deposit was measured 28 days after complete teeth scaling and cleaning according to the Warrick & Gorrel procedure. Larger kibbles led to 30% less tartar deposit after 28 days, due to a better crunching effect, compared to smaller kibbles. (Soulard Y., Biourge V., 2001)
17
2nd objective: Improve kibble grasping An analysis of the way Yorkshire Terriers grasp kibbles (observed by means of video images taken at the Royal Canin Research Center) demonstrated: ● The difficulty of grasping large kibbles designed for oral hygiene properties (20 x 20 x 14 mm) ● The ease of grasping small round kibbles (6.4 x 4.6 mm) - but also that the dogs play with these, leading to significant food waste.
This led the Royal Canin Research Center to develop a kibble with the ideal dimensions for the Yorkshire Terrier: the Yorkshire Terrier 28™ kibble (size: 9 x 9 x 4.5 mm)
5 prototype kibbles were tested.
18
3rd objective: Optimize the penetration depth of the tooth into the kibble via a "flaky" texture The texture of the Yorkshire Terrier 28™ kibble has been specially designed to allow the teeth to penetrate as deeply as possible into the kibble and thus provide a cleansing action, rather like a toothbrush. To obtain this effect, the kibbles had to be designed so that they didn't break too quickly on contact with the teeth. This decrease in the breaking strength is obtained by means of a "flaky" internal structure of the kibble. This "flaky" structure is produced by extrusion in the longitudinal direction of the kibble with the formation of elongated air bubbles aligned lengthwise. The Yorkshire Terrier sometimes develops sensitive teeth or gums as it gets older so that chewing might become painful. Extra special attention has also been paid to the hardness of Yorkshire Terrier 28™ kibbles, which has been decreased by more than 50% compared to other special kibbles for small breed dogs, such as MINI Adult.
Texturometer Royal Canin Research Center
A special extrusion technique (longitudinal rather than classical extrusion) for a texture that promotes the penetration of the tooth into the kibble. The texture was evaluated using an adapted penetrometer (a tool for simulating the penetration of the dog's carnassial into the kibble). The longitudinal extrusion technique was associated with a tooth penetration distance before breakage that was 3 times greater than with a kibble obtained by classical extrusion. A greater tooth penetration is associated with a better abrasion-friction effect which is not in favor of tartar formation.
Classical extrusion
Longitudinal extrusion
19
Of course, responsible owners will always take their Yorkshire Terrier to the vet for a dental check at regular intervals.
26 0
Yorkshire Terrier 28™
10
20Soft 2030
Very friable
Friable
40
50
60
Barely friable
70
Hard
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Very hard
18 0
MINI Puppy
Very20 soft 10 2030
Very friable
Friable
40
50
60
Barely friable
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
A texture designed for the Yorkshire Terrier, 50% more crumbly than a kibble designed for small breeds in general, such as MINI Adult.
Very hard
Hard
52 0
MINI Adult
10
20
Very friable
30
Friable
Crunchy 50 60 70
Barely friable
Hard
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Very hard
170 0
GIANT Adult
20
10
Very friable
20
30
Friable
40
50
60
Barely friable
70
Hard
80
90
Crunchy 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
Very hard
* Indicative values measured (Newton Force) at the Royal Canin Research Center
4
Long life expectancy A long life expectancy… As with many small breed dogs, the Yorkshire Terrier has a very long life expectancy. Some vets and breeders have reported Yorkshire Terriers reaching 15 or even 21 years of age. This lifespan is all the more exceptional when it is compared to that of giant breeds whose average life expectancy is only 7 to 9 years.
25 20
% mortality
15 10 5 0
7-10 years
10-15 years
≥ 15 years
Giant breeds Yorkshire Terrier
(Deeb BJ, Wolf NS., 1994)
… associated with an increased exposure to heart, kidney and joint sensitivities as they grow older. Because of its urban lifestyle, the Yorkshire Terrier is very sensitive to adverse environmental factors, such as urban pollution and the stress of city life. As the dog grows older its exposure to cardiac, renal and articular risks obviously increase.
21
YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Reduces the effects of aging by means of "Anti-Aging complex" (an exclusive process) 1st objective: Combat free radicals and slow the aging process ● Increased supply of vitamin E. Vitamin E, by blocking free radicals, plays a major antioxidant role in the protection of cell membranes, combating the biological effects of stress and strengthening the immune defenses. ● Increased supply of vitamin C. Vitamin C promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, and therefore reinforces its action against free radicals and the combating of cellular stress.
1 - Cell membrane: action of vitamins E & C 2 - Intracellular medium: polyphenol action 3 - Nucleus: polyphenol action
1
2
3
● Inclusion of polyphenols from green tea extract. These have an antioxidant effect 20 to 50% greater than that of vitamin E and are capable of acting within the cell on the DNA, cytoplasm and nucleus. (Servet E., 2002) ● Inclusion of selenium. This mineral is essential for tissue maintenance and growth, and in interaction with vitamin E, helps to protect cell membranes. Selenium plays a supplementary role in the fight against oxidative stress related to factors such as aging and pollution.
22
Targeted action of antioxidants for complete cell protection
2nd objective: Strengthen cardiac function The Yorkshire Terrier has a strong heart, largely free from the risk of the diseases leading to cardiac dilatation that affect large and giant breed dogs. (Thrusfield MV., Aitken CGG., 1985) Heart Auricular side
However, it is one of the breeds most affected by endocardiosis (loss of elasticity in the heart valves). Added polyphenols and revised levels of arginine, an amino acid that is a precursor of nitric oxide which is now known to play the role of a vasodilator (it protects the heart valves and blood vessels) help prevent endocardiosis. (Pouchelon JL., 1997; Abbrecht PH., 1972; Chevaux K., 1999).
The Yorkshire Terrier 28™ formula also has a reduced sodium content and an increased potassium content.
1. Right ventricle 2. Pulmonary trunk 3. Right auricle 4. Cranial vena cava 5. Aorta 6. Caudal vena cava 7. Left auricle 8. Left ventricle
(Extract from the Royal Canin Dog Encyclopedia. Pr D. Grandjean & Dr J.-P. Vaissaire-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)
3rd objective: Protect the joints The most frequently occurring joint problems in the Yorkshire Terrier are patellar luxation, ruptured cruciate ligament and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (Purdue, Veterinary Medical
Cartilage worn by aging process
Database Report data, 1981-2001).
The addition of chondroitin sulfate, a nutrient derived from cartilage, helps ensure the elasticity of the cartilage in the joints. Glucosamine, another nutrient of natural origin, plays a supplementary role in the synthesis of new cartilage.
Chondroitin slows down the degradation of cartilage
The combined action of these two nutrients helps to slow cartilage degeneration significantly (Lipiello L., 1998).
Glucosamine stimulates the cell regeneration of cartilage
(Extract from the “Nutrients” guide Pr D. Grandjean-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)
23
5
High requirements for tasty food A reduced sense of smell
Olfactory receptors (millions)
Sense of smell (or olfactory acuity) depends on several criteria that vary depending on the size of the dog. The area of the olfactory mucosa is very reduced in small dogs: it does not exceed 20 cm2 in the Yorkshire Terrier, whereas in large sized sporting dogs the area of the olfactory mucosa can reach 250 cm2. The number of olfactory cells (receptors) is therefore lower: less than 60 million in the Yorkshire Terrier compared to 200 million in a German Shepherd Dog for example (Vadurel A., 1995).
Gustative buds
Dogs have a much less well-developed taste apparatus than humans. Therefore, in terms of enjoyment of the food, the sense of smell and taste do not have the same roles. Unlike man, dogs mostly enjoy food through sense of smell. The surface of their olfactory mucous is, according to the breed, from 10 to 100 more times than that of man. A German Shepherd’s nose, for instance, contains 200 million olfactory captors, whereas a man’s nose will contain no more than 20 million. Contrary to what most people think, taste plays a very little part in a dog’s choice of the food. While man claims 9,000 “taste buds”, dogs have from 6 to 8 times less. In addition, once the food is in a dog’s mouth, it does not linger there and rushes to the stomach.
24
How the Yorkshire Terrier’s life style and character makes it more demanding The Yorkshire Terrier is a very fussy dog in terms of its food, for two main reasons. Lifestyle The Yorkshire Terrier is a breed that has a very close relationship with its owner and which is often used to receiving table tidbits or special treats. This behavior makes the dog more difficult to feed. Character Because of its origins, the Yorkshire is a demanding and dominant dog. For example, it often picks at the food it is given to demonstrate its dominance and show who is the final master.
25
The Yorkshire Terrier from the tips of their toes to the tip of their nose General Appearance That of a long-haired toy terrier whose blue and tan coat is parted on the face and from the base of the skull to the end of the tail and hangs evenly and quite straight down each side of body. The body is neat, compact and well proportioned. The dog's high head carriage and confident manner should give the appearance of vigor and self-importance. Head Small and rather flat on top, the skull not too prominent or round, the muzzle not too long, with the bite neither undershot nor overshot and teeth sound. Either scissors bite or level bite is acceptable. The nose is black. Eyes are medium in size and not too prominent; dark in color and sparkling with a sharp, intelligent expression. Eye rims are dark. Ears are small, Vshaped, carried erect and set not too far apart. Body Well proportioned and very compact. The back is rather short, the back line level, with height at shoulder the same as at the rump. Legs and Feet Forelegs should be straight, elbows neither in nor out. Hind legs straight when viewed from behind, but stifles are moderately bent when viewed from the sides. Feet are round with black toenails. Dewclaws, if any, are generally removed from the hind legs. Dewclaws on the forelegs may be removed. Tail Docked to a medium length and carried slightly higher than the level of the back. Coat Quality, texture and quantity of coat are of prime importance. Hair is glossy, fine and silky in texture. Coat on the body is moderately long and perfectly straight (not wavy). It may be trimmed to floor length to give ease of movement and a neater appearance, if desired. The fall on the head is long, tied with one bow in center of head or parted in the middle and tied with two bows. Hair on muzzle is very long. Hair should be trimmed short on tips of ears and may be trimmed on feet to give them a neat appearance. 26
Colors Puppies are born black and tan and are normally darker in body color, showing an intermingling of black hair in the tan until they are matured. Color of hair on body and richness of tan on head and legs are of prime importance in adult dogs, to which the following color requirements apply: Blue: Is a dark steel-blue, not a silver-blue and not mingled with fawn, bronzy or black hairs. Tan: All tan hair is darker at the roots than in the middle, shading to still lighter tan at the tips. There should be no sooty or black hair intermingled with any of the tan. Color on Body The blue extends over the body from back of neck to root of tail. Hair on tail is a darker blue, especially at end of tail. Headfall A rich golden tan, deeper in color at sides of head, at ear roots and on the muzzle, with ears a deep rich tan. Tan color should not extend down on back of neck. Chest and Legs A bright, rich tan, not extending above the elbow on the forelegs nor above the stifle on the hind legs. Weight Must not exceed seven pounds. Approved April 12, 1966 www.akc.org/breeds/yorkshire_terrier/index.cfm
References Population data 1. Deliver French Origins - Canine Central Company, 2000/2001 2. Inquire SCC - Sofrés, 2000 Dental health 3. HENNET P. – The persistence of the teeth lactéales and its consequences in the dog and the cat. Prat. Med. Chir. Anim. Comp., 32:69 - 76, 1997. 4. HENNET P. – Oral hygiene in the dog and the cat. Vet action., 1321:23 - 30, 1995. 5. GORREL C., BIERER TL. – Long term effects of a dental hygiene chew on the periodontal health of dogs. J. Vet. Dent., 16 (3): 109-113, 1999. 6. MASSE P. — How to prevent the halitose of origin parodontale. How to treat it. The New Veterinary Expert, 4:19 - 22, 2001. 7. ROSAN B., LAMONT RJ. – Dental plaque formation. Microbes and Infection, 1599-1607, 2000. 8. WATSON ADJ. – Diet and periodontal disease in dogs and cats. Australian Veterinary Journal, 71: 313, 1994. 9. SOULARD Y., BIOURGE V. — Diet and dental management, not published, 2001-2002. 10. GIOSO MA. and al — Mandible and mandibular first molar tooth measurements in dogs: relationship of radiographic height to body weight, J. Vet. Dent., 18 (2): 65-68, 2001. Dermatology 11. CAMPBELL KL. – Fatty acid supplements in dermatology. 13th veterinary Medical Forum (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine), Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 1995. 12. LOWE JA., WISEMAN J. — The application of an oral zinc tolerance test to assess zinc absorption from three different dietary sources in the dog. Poster presentation at 111th Congress of British Society of Animal Science, 1995. 13. MARSH KA., RUEDISUELI FL. and al – Effects of zinc and linoleic supplementation on the skin and coat quality of dogs receiving a complete and balanced diet. Veterinary Dermatology, 11 (4): 277-284; 2000. 14. MARSH KA., WATSON TD. – Food containing biotin and other B vitamins. International application published under PCT: A23L 1/00; WO 99/48384, 25.03.99. 15. RIO M del, FERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ J. and al — Wild and cultivated Borago officinalis L: sources of gamma linolenic-acid. Grasas y Aceites, 44 (2): 125-126, 1993. 16. FAN YY., CHAPKIN RS. – Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acid in human health and nutrition. Recent Advances in Nutritional Science, 1411-1414, 1998. 17. REINHART GA., DAVENPORT GM. – Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation management. North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, 1995. 18. Miller WH. — Antiseborrheic agents in dermatology, 1986. 19. Scott DW. — Vitamin A — responsive dermatories in the Cocker Spaniel, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 1986. 20. SERVET E. — Vitamin E monography — polyphenol monography, 2002.
Palatability 21. MCGENITY PM., BAKER DR. — Animal food composition. PCT A23K 1/18, 1/16, 1/00; WO 00/03606, 27th January 2000. 22. VADUREL A. – Physiology and pathology of the sense of smell of the dog. The Méd Vét, Nantes, 64-71, 1995. Longevity 23. BRONSON RT. – Variation in age at death of dogs of different sexes and breeds. Am J Vet Res, 43 (11): 2057-2059, 1982. 24. DEEB BJ., WOLF NS. – Studying longevity and morbidity in giant and small breeds of dogs. Veterinary Medicine, Suppl Life expectancy, 89 (7): 702-713, 1994. Aging 25. BREUR G.- Genetics and developmental orthopedic disease. ACVS congress, Orlando Fl, USA, 1997. 26. EDNEY ATB., SMITH PM. – Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the UK. Veterinary Record, 118: 391-396, 1986. 27. GLICKMAN LT., SONNENSCHEIN EG. and al — Pattern of diet and obesity in female adult pet dogs. Vet Clin Nutr, 2 (1): 6-13, 1995. 28. HUSSEIN HS., SUNVOLD GD. — The efficacy of fructooligosaccharides in decreasing dog fecal odor. Res Vet Sci, 153-168, 2000. 29. LIPIELLO L. and al — Cartilage stimulatory and antiproteolytic activity is present in serum of dogs treated with a chondroprotective agent. Canine Practice, 23 (6): 10-12, 1998. 30. PURDUE Veterinary Medical Database Report data (1981 to 2001). VMDB Publishing Award 1248 Lynn Hall, Purdue University — West Lafayette, IN 47907, 1999. 31. THRUSFIELD MV., AITKEN CGG. and al -Observations on breed and sex in relation to canine heart valve incompetence. J ofr Small An Practice, 26 (12): 709-717, 1985. 32. POUCHELON JL. - Current events over cardiac failure and the containing soda restriction, 1997. 33. ABBRECHT PH. — Cardio vascular effects of chronic potassium deficiency in the dog, American Journal of Physiology, 223: 555, 1972. Anatomy 34. Pr D. GRANDJEAN & Dr J.-P. VAISSAIRE — Encyclopaedia Royal Canine of the Dog - ED. Aniwa Publishing Nutrition general principles 35. Pr D. GRANDJEAN — Guide " Nutriments " — Ed. Aniwa Publishing. 36. FINCO Dr and al — Effect of dietary protein and phosphorus on the kidneys of dogs, 1996. 37. CHEVAUX K. — Products containing polyphenols and L-arginine to stimulate nitric oxide production, PCT A23K 1/22, WO 99/45797, 16 September 1999.
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A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY 8 10
weeks months
GROWTH PHASE
YORKSHIRE TERRIER PUPPY 29 ™
For Yorkshire Terrier puppies from 8 weeks to 10 months old
RAPID GROWTH The Yorkshire Terrier puppy grows quickly over a short period of time, maturing at 10 months. Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29TM is formulated with high levels of key nutrients to support this rapid growth. STIMULATES FUSSY APPETITES Yorkshire puppies tend to be picky eaters, making it difficult to ensure the right nutrition for healthy development. Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29TM includes natural flavors and aromas guaranteed to appeal to even the most finicky puppy. ULTRA DIGESTIBLE The digestive tract of a puppy is not fully developed until he matures. Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29TM is formulated with a special blend of fibers that gently supports the puppy’s healthy digestion. 28
STAGE OF THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER’S LIFE from
10
months
ADULT AND MATURE PHASES
YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28
™
For Yorkshire Terriers over 10 months old
SILKY COAT CARE A Yorkie’s coat is different from other breeds, growing in single strands, without an undercoat. Yorkshire Terrier 28TM protects the fragile, longgrowing coat with Omega 3 from anchovy oil. . STIMULATES FUSSY APPETITES Yorkies can be picky eaters, judging both the smell and taste of food. Yorkshire Terrier 28TM includes both natural flavors and aromas guaranteed to appeal to even the most finicky dog. AGING CARE Small breed dogs, like the Yorkshire, tend to live longer than their large breed counterparts. Yorkshire Terrier 28TM is formulated with antioxidants, which can help neutralize free radicals.
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Glossary Antioxidant: Arginine:
substance that protects the cells (slows aging). An amino acid that is used to prevent heart valve disease to which elderly small breed dogs are especially susceptible.
Biotin: Chelated trace elements:
vitamin of the B group that helps maintain a healthy skin and coat. trace minerals complexed to a neutral molecule to protect them from chemical reactions in the intestines and increase their digestibility and assimilation by up to 2 to 10 times.
Chondroitin and Glucosamine: Epithelium:
substances occurring naturally in the cartilage of joints which act in preventing arthritis. tissue formed of one or more layers of cells that covers the exterior of the body (epidermis), internal cavities (mucous membranes) or that form glands.
Free radicals: Gingivitis: Keratin: Nutrient: Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids:
compounds causing degeneration (aging) particularly by oxidation. inflammation of the gums. protein rich in sulfur that is the fundamental constituent of hair, claws, etc. food substance that can be directly and completely assimilated. two families of essential fatty acids that help maintain a healthy skin. Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids have an anti-inflammatory power that is widely used in dermatology.
Palatability:
a food’s ability to encourage animals to eat it spontaneously, with pleasure.
Periodontitis:
destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth.
Polyphenols:
substances occurring naturally in the skin and seeds of fruit, and other plant organs. In the form of an extract (especially of green tea), they have a strong protective effect on the body and the tissues, through their antioxidant properties.
Seborrhea: Selenium:
excessive sebum secretion. a trace mineral that acts in synergy with vitamin E in promoting exchanges between cells and in combating oxidative stress.
Zinc:
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a trace mineral that is involved in skin renewal.
A history of innovation at Royal Canin A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.
1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian 1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR) 1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges 1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI) 1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size 1999: Launch of: • Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs • A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™) • A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21) 2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™) 2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe 2003: Launch of: • Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™) • Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™) • Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO)
2004: Launch of: • Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™) • Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™) • Food for very young large breed puppies (MAXI Babydog 30™) • The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic skin disease including canine atopy (Limited Ingredient Diets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas) 2005: Launch of: • Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and Shih Tzu 24™) • Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™) • A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch • The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed) 2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI Indoor Adult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™) 2007: Launch of: • MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™ • MINI Indoor Puppy 27™ • Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™ 2008: Launch of: • Cocker Spaniel 25™ 2009: Launch of: • Pug 25™ 2010: Launch of: • Chihuahua Puppy 30™ • German Shepherd Puppy 30™ • Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™ • Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™
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100% Satisfaction Guaranteed At Royal Canin, we stand behind our products. If you are not completely satisfied for any reason, we promise to replace the product or refund your entire purchase price. Contact us at 1.800.592.6687 or visit www.royalcanin.us for more details.
Royal Canin USA 500 Fountain Lakes Blvd., Suite 100 St. Charles, MO 63301 Phone: 1-800-592-6687 www.royalcanin.us
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