(Re) Inventing the Narrative: Studio Stockton
Royce Grundy / Alanna Green / Studio White 2020
Acknowledgements
Thank you to all who have helped throughout this experience to make this project possible..
A special thank you to my project partner Alanna Green, the entire Future University ARCH 352/353 Studio, my professor Stacey White, and the upperclassmen that provided guidance throughout: Travis Koss, Alyson Yiang, and Amir Hossler
Future Studio / Studio Stockton Margarita Ku Abraham Arellano Anisha Sikre Claire Hohimer Daniella Dutcher Erin Conner Gabrielle Werst Jess Corr Joel Foster Joyi Larasari Leanne Schmutz Elizabeth Reed Miles Henry Niki Blinov Rina Fujita Sarah Gustafson Aadi Sagar William Talamantes
Cal Poly
Margot Mcdonald Mark Cabrinha Sandy Stannard Mario Esola Brian Osborn Brian Shields Ansgar Killing Jeremy Magner Tom DiSanto Casey Benito Ryan Brockett
Studio Partners BNIM LPA Lake Flato Architects Taylor Architects ZGF
Taylor Architects Mandi Rice Rachel Hole
Lake Flato Ryan Yaden Sam Rusket Adie Hailat
Resources from other Universities Lorenzo Cervantes Oliver Rodas Ricardo Salinas
Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2:
The Stockton Community
Chapter 3:
The Future of Higher Education
Chapter 4:
Vision and Goals
Chapter 5:
Campus Master Plan
Chapter 6:
The Built Environment
Chapter 7: In Reflection
The 23 CSU CAMPUSES
20 CSUs created 1857 to 1965 3 CSUs created in last 50 years 1 CSU proposed in Stockton
Chapter 1: Introduction Stockton, CA
Cities over 300,000 pop. Stockton
Graphic by Steven Green
The city of Stockton, CA holds a certain reputation among many California residents. A once great California port city that served as a gateway to many gold rush destinations, the central valley hub has recently fallen on hard times. Ranked America’s most miserable city twice in three years (2009, 2011) by Forbe’s magazine, Stockton’s previous reputation of crime and downtrodden citizens would proceed any positive conversation the city might inspire. However, harsh articles by upscale magazines hardly tell the full story of the California port city and behind the data lives a city that is resilient and hungry to get back on its feet. “We represent the diversity of the world in a very concentrated city,” says Samuel Nunez, executive director of Fathers & Families San Joaquin, a local nonprofit that works with and advocates for vulnerable families. And while much of Stockton has struggled economically, “scarcity is an illusion, because there’s also concentrated wealth here in this community.” The financial reality of Stockton is harsh and largely of the city’s own doing, because in 2008, overestimation on the strength of the housing market led to swift consequences. In 2012, Stockton was the largest American city to file for bankruptcy before Detroit in 2013. While Stockton has in large part recovered financially, there are still lingering effects when it comes to the community. In Stockton, white households have a median income of about $60,700, roughly twice the median income among black households ($30,400) and significantly higher than Hispanics ($43,900) and Asians ($56,200), census data shows. Similar disparities exist in educational attainment, unemployment and homeownership rates, while people of color are more likely to live in areas of concentrated poverty and in neighborhoods with higher crime rates. The city’s current racial disparities are the result of decades of public disinvestment in south Stockton, where many residents are black or Latino. North Stockton has diversified as the city has grown, developing its own pockets of poverty but has remained the more prosperous of the city’s two halves. While many of these issues still remain, the electing of current Stockton mayor, Michael Tubbs, in 2016 has changed the trajectory of the city and for the first time since filing for bankruptcy has given the city a sense of hope, due in large part to his focus and commitment to improving the state of Stockton’s eductation systems. Through the Stockton Scholars program started by Tubbs, a $20 million grant from the California Community Foundation will provide partial scholarships for the next decade for every student who graduates from Stockton Unified, where most students are Hispanic, black or Asian. Race and opportunity are so often intertwined, and with these efforts the mayor hopes it will boost the city’s economy while lifting up the residents and communities that have historically been left out and disenfranchised.
The Project: It has been nearly 2 decades since California has opened a new state
sponsored university, with the last being CSU Channel Islands opened in 2002. With demands for higher education growing in many neglected areas, Stockton fits the bill as an area where further investment in education and the community will pay dividends in the future. A group of students from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo are proposing the design of a new 15,000 student CSU campus in Stockton in order to facilitate the growth of Stockton’s educational and economic improvements. The design also includes individual buildings that both promote inclusivity and catalytic change in the areas surrounding. Throughout the 22 week process, the project design was centered around designing a campus and buildings that would provide catalytic change in the Stockton community at large, as well as designing around the human experience and the projected users. Through many iterations, the studio as a whole was able to craft a joint master plan solution, while groups of 2 were able to come up with 10 different design solutions for innovative buidings within the campus. Within our campus plan, my group chose to further develop one of the student housing complexes, particularly a housing complex that not only serves first-year students fresh out of high school, but also students that may be starting college at a later point in their lives. For example, older students with families, veterans, and minority transfer students.
Studio Design Process
1. Researching and Building Understanding
Weeks 1-4 January 6- January 31, 2020
2. Understanding and Planning Higher Education
Weeks 4-6 February 3 - Ferbruary 14, 2020
3. Master Planning anc Conceptual Thinking
Stockton CA, was chosen as the final project location and teams for specific projects were selected Weeks 6-10 February 17 - March 13, 2020
4. Conceptual Building Development
Weeks 12-13 April 6 - April 17, 2020
5. Schematic Building Development
Weeks 14-16 April 20 - May 8, 2020
6. Project Finalization
Weeks 17-20 May 11 - June 1, 2020
Chapter 2: The Stockton Community
The History: The city of Stockton lies at the head of the San Joaquin River and was
initially founded as a strategic shipping location during the California gold rush during the 1840’s and 50’s. However when the gold rush ended, the city turned its attention to growing and transporting the vast array of agricultural products that thrived in Central California’s warm and sunny climate. In 1933, the Port of Stockton opened as the first inland seaport in California. Today, the Delta waterfront is still a busy commercial port, connecting San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. Stockton is also home to California’s oldest university, the University of the Pacific, which was founded in 1851 but moved to Stockton in 1924. However today, It is however a private-methodist institution that currently has around 7,000 students. In the 1940’s, Stockton experienced major civic and resiential growth following World War II. Industrial growth then followed, creating Stockton’s major industries, which are mostly manufacturing and healthcare. Throughout its history, Stockton has championed its diversity both culturally and ethnically. Early ethnic groups included chinese and mexican immigrants working in the agricultural sector. Later on as part of Stockton’s expansion after WW2, large populations of Japanese and Filipino groups moved into the city. Today’s diversity is reflected in Stockton street names, architecture and in the faces and heritage of a majority of its citizens. Throughout the year, ethnic festivals reflect that diversity in the microcosm that Stockton has become for the world. The city was voted an All-American City in 1999 and 2004.
1850: July, 23 Stockton is incorporated
1906: Bank of Stockton high rise building completed
1923: University of the Pacific opens
1933: First ocean vessel, the S.S. Daisy Gray arrived at the Port of Stockton
1983 Downtown Stockton became the headquarters of the nations largest savings and loan institution
Following the 2008 financial crisis, in June 2012, Stockton became the largest city in U.S. history to file for bankruptcy protection. It was surpassed by Detroit in July 2013. The Stockton bankruptcy case lasted more than two years and received nationwide attention.
2008 City of Stockton files for bankruptcy
2013 The City of Stockton releases a nearly 1 billion dollar 5 year capital improvement plan
The Identity The city of Stockton exists on the route of United States Interstate Route
5, a North-South axis highway that extends from the border of Mexico to the border of Canada. Communities and cities maintain their unique geographic identities, separated by agriculture and open space lands. The county includes seven incorporated cities – Stockton, Tracy, Manteca, Lodi, Lathrop, Ripon and Escalon – as well as many small well-established rural communities in the unincorporated areas. As the agricultural center of California, San Joaquin County’s farmland and agricultural heritage are preserved. Farms continue to produce a diverse array of the highest quality agricultural produce and products. Both traditional and innovative agricultural practices flourish throughout the County. Residents understand, appreciate, and are proud of the role agriculture plays in the history and economy of the County. The County’s economy is diverse in its role as: a source of food and agricultural commodities, a destination for tourists (The Delta, Agritourism, Wineries); and a supply of high-tech and “green” manufactured products. Expanded educational opportunities and a highly interconnected shipping system provide a broad range of jobs across many industries, including those related to local businesses and new start-ups. However, outside of these agriculture industries, other jobs are hard to come by, particularly in the more urban heart of the city.
Altamont Pass. (Preston Gannaway/GRAIN/For The Washington Post) A westward entrance into San Joaquin County
San Joaquin County has a dry climate, marked by very little rain. Its summers are long and dry. Colder, rainy weather is typical between November and April with average annual rainfall ranging from 8 inches a year in the southern part of the County to 18 inches in the northern part. The temperature ranges from average daily maximums of 94 degrees to average daily minimums of 59 degrees in June and from average daily maximums of 53 degrees to average daily minimums of 36 degrees in January. Tracy, Lathrop, Manteca, Ripon, and to a lesser extent Stockton, have experienced the greatest growth as they undergo the first wave of migration from the Bay Area. A number of unincorporated communities, many of whose origins are traced to serving surrounding agricultural activities, function as important residential and employment centers. Stockton has traditionally been and continues to exist as the financial, governmental, cultural, and commerce center of the County. At the hub, is an extensive railroad network and the State’s largest inland deepwater port.
Stockton City Hall
Snapshot of the downtown Stockton Waterfront
The Fall (2012) Other U.S. cities have experienced the fickle nature of the American
economy, but little match the complicated financial history to Stockton, California. Overzealous spending in order to shortcut markets and solve growing issues by throwing cash at the matter has been a pehenomenom long seen in many U.S cities. However analysts and investors see Stockton as a uniquely extreme case of fiscal mismanagement througout the 90’s and the early 2000’s, eventually leading up to the city’s declaration of bankruptcy in 2012. Many of the city measures that led to the harsh decline were done with good intentions, but ultimately were shortsighted and costly in the long run. For example, to counter demands for wage hikes (they could not pay) from city workers in the 1990s, Stockton offered to extend the health insurance in retirement past age 65, but when time came to pay due, the city did not have adequate funds to pay for the extended coverage. “It was a balancing act,” said Dwane Milnes, Stockton’s city manager at the time. “The unions wanted retiree medical ... We said if you want to continue your medical for current employees and retirees, you’ll have to do it through wage containment..... We were satisfied that based on a conservative view of the economy and based on the medical inflation rate we were experiencing in the 1990s, the city could adequately fund retiree medical.” Stockton Arena, a development from the city’s surge in revenue, now sits largely empty and operates at a net loss
CHANGE IN HOME VALUES SINCE 2004 Stockton Arena, one of the fruits of the city’s surge in revenue from a housing boom th Home prices have soared along the coast in California’ Bay Area. Meanwhile, SansJose Increase in Home Value
+54%
Coastal metros Central Valley metros
Decrease in Home Value
Stockton -14%
Sources: Black Knight Financial Services, Census Bureau, ESRI
Stockton San Jose
As the 2000s advanced, Stockton continued to spend freely with the support of voters, politicians from both parties, employees and bondholders. Rating agencies did not speak about any potential risks to avoid political rifts and only started to downgrade the city’s credit ratings in 2010, nearly 4 years after median home prices had increased by nearly $400,000. Other perceived assets, such as new construction meant to improve the community ended up costing the city as a net loss. A $47 million bond issue in 2004 was meant to finance the construction of a sports and concert arena to revitalize the city’s downtown. While the arena was eventually built, it ended up costing taxpayer money. A downtown high-rise building was acquired for a new City Hall and a revamp of Stockton’s downtown riverfront was financed by more than $100 million between 2004 and 2006 by the city’s redevelopment agency. To pay for these constructions, the city council purchased a $125 million pension obligation bond in 2007. Stockton then passed the proceeds to the California Public Employees’ Retirement System, or Calpers, to pay down unfunded liabilities at the pension fund. When the fund suffered steep losses and financial markets plunged in 2008 and early 2009, Stockton was left with a 23 percent loss on its invested proceeds and in debt to investors who helped finance the purchase of the bond. Continued financial loss in conjunction with the 2008 housing crash eventually culminated in the city’s filing for bankruptcy in the summer of 2012, an event the city is still recovering from.
The Fallout While the city as a whole suffered, the housing markets and the
everyday citizens bore the brunt of the consequences. In 2008, median income in Stockton was 16% below San Joaquin county averages and 34% below the average in the state of California, making the profile of the average homebuyers and resident significantly different from the neighboring cities. These groups were then targeted by banks, lured by subprime mortgages without the requirement of collateral for financial security. Starting in the early 2000’s, home prices jumped from $195,000 to nearly $400,000 signaling a real-estate boom and a rising local economy. However, following the national market crash in 2008, Median home prices in Stockton degraded to $110,000 in 2009, erasing nearly a decade of gains, tanking the local economy and raising unemployment to nearly 20% twice as high as the national average. Stockton became crisis spot number one, in a state that was already significantly affected by the burst of the housing bubble. In the Fall of 2009, 12,700 units were foreclosed on, representing nearly 7% of the entire city housing market. To make matters worse, the city had to cut more than $90 million in spending, specifically in its police and fire departments. The city cut over one quarter of its police jobs between 2008 and 2011, which led to a surge in crime throughout the city. According to police spokesman Joe Silva, the city had 87 murders in 2011, where in the prior 4 years, there were only 83 combined murders. According to Neighborhoodscout, which tracks the crime rate of every city in the United States, Stockton had recorded a Crime Index rate of 2 out of 100 in 2011. The index, which is based on a percentage, details that Stockton was safer than just 2 percent of the cities in the United States. Katherine Anderson, a lifelong resident of Stockton, called the police after a boy was shot riding his bike down the alley that ran alongside her home. She then stated that the police only showed up after a period of 4 hours. In 2013, Stockton was declared the second most dangerous city in California based on FBI statitics on the number of violent crime offenses (murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault), and property crime offenses (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson) What remained in Stockton by 2013 was essentially a hollow shell, taxes were raised on people who could not afford to pay them, city run programs and parks were left neglected, and extreme budget cuts had a significant impact on the educational system with many of Stockton’s youth falling behind state and national standards. Bob Deis, former Stockton city manager once said “In our case, you can’t cut any more and be a viable city.”
The Road to Recovery (2013-Present) Following increasing crime rates and a label of “The most miserable city in
America,” by Forbes magazine in 2011, the forecast of Stockton seemed to be all doom and gloom. However, through its resilience, Stockton now sits on the road to recovery, although not without its perils. While Stockton is not a model of economic growth in California, the local government seems to have learned its lesson from its previous failures. According to a report from Chicago-based comapny, Truth In Accounting, “Stockton’s elected officials have only promised the amount of benefits they can afford to pay....therefore, Stockton has mad sure it has enough money to pay all of its bills.” The group also finds that after bills are paid, the city has an surplus of $3,000 for each taxpayer. However, while this may seem like a good base for recovery, the numbers hide a somewhat sinister reality. The prior political regime’s financial mismanagement has caused Stockton to still have $390 million in unfunded pension liabilities, meaning there are large swaths of city work retirees whose money has essentially been left to dry. However, a recent influx of youth in the political system has allowed Stockton to begin to look towards the future, instead of trying to fix the past. By electing Michael Tubbs, the first black mayor of Stockton in 2016, the city is beginning to once again see hope. A native of Stockton, who graduated with a master’s degree from Stanford, served on the city council for 4 years before being elected mayor at only age 26. After his cousin was murdered in the city leaving a party, Tubbs became inspired to make real change in his city saying, “I decided it would be cowardly for me to continue to do research and write essays about all of Stockton’s problems and not try to do something about them.” At age 21, he won his seat on the council, promising to “reinvent Stockton” and aggressively take on issues like gang violence and public safety. Since arriving in the mayoral office, Tubbs has focused on three core initiatives: a guaranteed basic income, scholarships, and opportunity zones. Tubbs hopes these initiatives will show Stockton’s youth that they cannot only be successful in their hometown but thrive. While his plan for guaranteed basic income is controversial, his commitment to the improvement of Stockton’s education is not. Welcoming new life into the education system has allowed the disenfranchised and downtrodden residents of the central valley port city to start to imagine new realities, ones that might not have seemed possible back in 2013.
Stockton mayor Michael Tubbs
Students at a local Stockton High School
The Case for Architecture One big question remains in the quest for improving Stockton, why introduce a new California State University? What can new architecture do to affect the future of Stockton?
The basic reality of Stockton is that without a public 4-year university in a 30 mile radius, there are many residents that cannot see a future in which they are able to attain a college degree, which means their prospectuve job futures remain limited.
Henry Madden Library at Fresno State University
“The Stockton-Lodi region represents the largest area in the state without a public 4-year university. As a result, many of our students leave our city to attend college elsewhere in the state and, sadly, many never return,” the mayor’s office said. “This exodus leaves Stockton with a college degree rate of 18%, which is far below the state average.” Stockton, with about 315,000 residents, has been served for years by a satellite campus at University Park that is connected to CSU Stanislaus’ main campus 45 miles away in Turlock. About 800 students attend the Stockton campus, according to reports from 2019. What a new CSU campus needs to do, is give a place for the youth of Stockton to see just what they, in fact, can be. Architecture is a perfect medium for this goal, as architecture in many ways, serves as a declaration of the future, while drawing on the realities of the past. Using architectural practices of design, while also responding to the environment, a new CSU campus can be what Stockton needs to usher in the new era of prosperity and inclusivity started by mayor Tubbs. Cal States are unique in the world of higher education in that they are a part of a very large ecosystem and network of both resources and research. The state of California will funnel resources into a new campus in order to hlep jumpstart the development of an economy such as Stockton, which has untapped potential as a source for new, educated labor.
Acacia Court, the only academic building currently at the proposed new CSU Stockton site, a satelite campus of CSU Stanislaus, which currently has serves around 1,000 adult, full time students.
Through providing subsidized education in location that needs the boost, a CSU in Stockton will provide benefit to the whole San Joaquin county. In addition, a university will start to create neighborhoods around it and through its urban edge conditions the community oriented programming will invite interested professionals and developers. This is the case for new architecture; use new development to help develop the community around it.
The Community
Being a diverse city, the community of Stockton is not defined by a singular cultural identity, but rather a series of interwoven group indentities. Stockton’s efforts to build a culture of engagement have resulted in community-based programs and systems that are healing decades of trauma for individuals and communities, empowering students who have been historically marginalized and providing new pathways to higher education. Despite the inland port’s role in economic growth, Stockton faces high rates of crime, poverty, and racial/ethnic income disparities. Sharp geographic divisions also exist, with more affluent residents living in the northwest and low-income residents clustered in the east and south. Recognizing the need for a complete revitalization of Stockton, the city council, the police, and other community stakeholders have launched initiatives to revitalize neighborhoods, reduce crime, and actively engage residents. Stockton residents have fought to redefine their community through initatives that seek to revitalize and share community.
The STOCKmarkt, picture by STOCKmarkt CA
The city of Stockton also has invested into their arts and culture. It is home to many museums and has a large theater community within. The Haggin museum, built in 1933 Swhen Stockton boomed as one of the largest cities in California, showcases much of Stocktons cultural makeup. The Haggin Museum features collections and exhibits related to local Valley history and California history. The Bob Hope Theatre in downtown Stockton, formerly known as the Fox California Theatre, built in 1930, is one of several movie palaces in the Central Valley. In terms of landscape, Stockton is a pretty typical central valley City, largely defined by flat and sprawling agricultural land. As such, the community of Stockton is also influenced by its agricultural production. The City’s Stocked Full of Produce Grant Program addresses food insecurity through grant funding to help with infrastructure upgrades to retail stores, to promote sale and storage of healthier food options. These grants can be used for improvements, such as installing new refrigeration or shelving. The City is able to offer this grant using Community Development Block Grant Federal Funding and partnering with Refresh San Joaquin to address food insecurity in Stockton.
Mexican Heritage Center
STOCKTON DEMOGRAPHICS POPULATION: 311,189
RACE AND ETHNICITY BY NEIGHBORHOOD HISPANIC OR LATINO
THE 22.4% BELOW POVERTY LINE
LARGEST DEMOGRAPHICS IN POVERTY - FEMALES AGED 25-34 - FEMALES AGED 18-24 - MALES AGED 6-11
ASIAN
WHITE
RACIAL DEMOGRAPHICS IN POVERTY - HISPANIC OR LATINO - WHITE - ASIAN
RACIAL DEMOGRAPHICS 40.7% HISPANIC OR LATINO 21.5% WHITE 21.8% ASIAN 11.5% BLACK 3.3% MIXED 1.2% OTHER
BLACK
65 and over
11.8%
under 5
7.7%
5-17 years
55-64 years
Despite being one of the most diverse populations in the country, the city of Stockton still struggles with racial inequality and more prevalently, income inequality. When Stockton declared bankruptcy in 2012, the city’s high unemployment and violent crime rates led Forbes to name it “America’s most miserable city.” In 2016, meanwhile, the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California sued Stockton Unified, the city’s largest and poorest school district, claiming there was “a culture of over-policing” that disproportionately affected black and Latino students, as well as those with disabilities. This divide is particularly prevalent when discussing the geography of the city at large. The North side of Stockton, or what is north of CA highway 4 received much of the new development during the 1980’s and 90’s while the south was largely left neglected. These policies shape what is apparent today: south of the crosstown freeway are crumbling sidewalks, dilapidated housing and empty lots, while what little development and private investment the city attracted went north. After Stockton’s bankruptcy, many of the city’s wealthier residents left elsewhere, leaving the city at a crossroads. Mayor Michael Tubbs seeks to change this reality by introducing universal basic income to the city, making it so that every resident will receive at least a financial security blanket.
20.3%
10.6%
MIXED
35-54 years
18-24 years
23.9%
11.0% 25-34 years
14.8% LEEANN SCHMUTZ AND RINA FUJITA | STACEY WHITE | ARCH 352 | WINTER 2020
Map of Stockton Schools, by Joyi Layasari and Gabrielle Werst
The Economic Reality
While the situation is improving the economic reality of Stockton is hard to ignore. The 2008 financial crisis left many without homes and the city without resources to fight the lack of affordable housing the situation required. Mayor Michael Tubbs says of the situation, “When you think of the story of Stockton, I mean, we were literally ground zero – that was the baseline for us to improve to where we are now.” Stockton is a community in flux, working to redefine itself, yet significant challenges stilll remain its efforts to address decades of residents facing poverty, limited educational and employment opportunities, and violence. The Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration or SEED, is an experiment by Mayor Tubbs to explore the idea of a universal basic income, in which participants selected by a criteria that included that recipients had to be adults in a Stockton neighborhood where the median income was at or below the city average of $46,033 a year. In February 2019, enrollees began receiving $500 a month, loaded onto a debit card. They were told to use the money however they wanted, with researchers studying how they fared and a group of participants agreeing to talk with the media about their lives once a week. Many detractors of basic universal income argue that giving money ‘no strings attached’ to those in need would lead to recipients to spend more on luxury and harmful items such as cigarettes or alcohol. However SEED demonstrated that more often than not, the $500 influx was mainly used for payments such as rent, groceries, and other necesities such as insurance. “As an elected official, if you can’t trust your residents or the majority of your residents to make good decisions, why would you trust them to vote for you?” Tubbs told The Atlantic. This investment could pave the way for a new economic reality in Stockton, one that would allow for the city to start to get back on its feet once again.
Chart from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation in 2014
Photo from Max Whittaker of Reuters
The Education Reality
In addition to economic deficiencies following the financial crash of 2008, Stockton also had to deal with a struggling school system, all the way from kindergarten to higher education. The Stockton Unified School District has more than 41,000 students, roughly 2,000 teachers and 54 schools and has been plagued with chronic absenteeism and low test scores for reading and math. Across the school district, 1/3 of students are classified as “English learners,� despite until recently not having the resources to support those students. In the 2018 California Assessment for Student Performance and Progress Stockton Unified School District reported, 68 percent of sixth-grade, 69 percent of seventh-grade, and 78 percent of eighth-grade black students did not meet standards. In the same report, 85 percent of sixth-grade, 56 percent of seventh-grade, and 62 percent of eighth-grade Latino students did not meet standards and 55 percent of sixth-grade, 56 percent of seventh-grade, and 62 percent of eighth-grade students affected by poverty did not meet standards. These struggles did not just stop at middle school, eligibility data for SUSD students to enroll in either the University of California or California State University found that only 32 percent of Latino students, 22 percent of black students, 34 percent of students affected by poverty and 7 percent of EL-designated students complete the necessary coursework to apply to a four-year university. This means that a majority of historically disenfranchised students did not even meet the eligibility requirements to apply to four-year universities much less get accepted. With many students not receiving a college education, the number of jobs residents out of high school can get become much more limited, stifling the economy and reinforcing cycles of poverty. However in the summer of 2019, SUSD partnered with Pivot and UnboundED, and received a multi-year grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to help rectify these issues. While the partnership is only in year 1, the new plan seeks to increase college enrollment and degree attainment by providing the money to help students not only meet university eligibility requirements but to provide the framework for greater sucess in higher education. With only 18.3% of San Joaquin county residents having a bachelor’s degree or higher, there is ample opportunity for colleges to be sucessful in the area, provided there is the k-12 infrastructure to support it. With greater monetary support from the gates foundation and increased focus from Mayor Tubbs, it is only a matter of time before the education framework matches with the demand for higher learning.
Chapter 3:
The Future of Higher Education
The Landscape As tuition rates continue to rise, there is growing skepticism about the
future of higher education. For many, including many of those in Stockton, higher education is viewed as somewhat of a pipe dream something that is simply not financially attainable. But college is still seen as one of the pinnacles of personal achievement and most people with the means to attend a college or university do attend. By nearly any measure, college graduates outperform their peers who have only completed their high school degree. For example, the average graduate is 24 percent more likely to be employed and average earnings among graduates are $32,000 higher annually and $1 million higher over a lifetime. In addition, college graduates are considerably less reliant on government programs and services than those with a high school degree. These government programs include Medicaid, housing subsidies, nutrition assistance, unemployment benefits, and other public assistance. For instance, those who graduated college are 3.5 times less likely to impoverished and nearly five times less likely to be imprisoned. In all, lifetime government expenditures are $82,000 lower for college graduates than for those with high school degrees. However, prestigiuous colleges, particularly private 4-year establishments are notoriously hard to enroll in, and are usually above the average Californians tax-bracket. As long as colleges remain for-profit institutions, there will be an aspect of monetization of the education, but some things do suggest that universities are making more of a push towards inclusivity. For example, At The University of Texas at Austin, the Neighborhood Longhorns program partners with local elementary and middle schools that have a high proportion of low-income students to improve academic performance. The university’s Math Masters program prepares students from underrepresented Texas high schools with the skills necessary for successful completion of college-level math courses. Colleges and universities should seek to implement programs to promote campus diversity and how it relates to the core mission and unique circumstances of the educational experience. Investment into not only the infrastrcuture of the way students are accepted into and are taught in these institutions, but also in the way the architecture responds to these challenges in correspondence with the Universities core mission. This goal can lead to not only improvement of graduates as a whole, but the communities in which they go back to, where their higher education knowlegde and experience can be appropriate utilized.
Designing for the Future
The world of university and higher education is a constantly changing. Today, U.S. colleges and universities enroll more than 20 million students, an increase of 8 million since 1980 largely due to an increase in available graduate programs. Students today are a more diverse group than ever before , however, with the increasing price point and lowering budget of higher education the current landscape of the modern university might be in store for a major shake-up.
How Might we Design for a Growing and Changing Campus?
“More education is happening out in the field through immersive experiences and technology. This will cause campuses to fundamentally rethink their physical assets,” says Traci Engel Lesneski, who led the team at Minneapolis architectural firm MSR, which designed the award-winning Visual Culture, Arts and Media (VCAM) building at Haverford College, in Pennsylvania. More and more campuses are leaning towards constructing “flexible” buildings, with an areas that are not singularly designated by traditional programs. With the establishment of common core in K-12 , higher ed is trying to catch up to a new wave of learning. They are less focused on traditional lectures and isolated study and more on blended and online learning and collaboration. According to the New York Times article, “The Innovation Campus: Building Better Ideas,” by Alexandra Lange, innovative campuses are those that try to facilitate a pipeline to the real world. The future of higher education is not a campus that seeks to isolate its students from the community they reside in but to create an extension of the community. Facilitating this major change is not necesarily easy. The advent of the online college and increasing budget cuts of public education has made universities increasingly hesitant to spend big money on expansive structures that might be made obsolete in the near future. However, as research and new ideas develop, the future of the college campus lies squarely in its ability to adapt the new climate it finds itself in. By designing buildings within the campus that serve a wide variety of functions not just exclusive to the classroom, the campus can serve a wider audience, and facilitate greater change. These designs must be adaptable and allow for soical interacrion between peers as researchers in the Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, found that first-time college students who are able to regularly interact with others of similar backgrounds will experience more connectedness to their campus environment and, as a result, perform better academically.
The importance of campus diversity is a mainstream narrative among most institutions of higher education, yet the reasoning behind this importance remains largely understated or unconvincing outside of the academic world. A study by Nicholas Bowman on College Diversity Experiences and Cognitive Development found that found that informal, interpersonal interactions among students of variant races had larger positive effects on cognitive development than interactions among students of different class, gender, and other non-race factors. Stockton’s population is ethnically diverse: for example, roughly 70% of the region’s residents are Hispanic, Asian, African American, or Pacific Islander, all of whom have a significant presence throughout the region. However, the wealth gap in the geographic area remains considerable, with the top ten percent of income-earners taking home over eleven times as much as the bottom ten percent. In addition to race, class diversity is also an important factor in maintaining a healthy campus environment. In Bowman’s study he also found that socioeconomic diversity does indeed benefit all students and that both racial and socioeconomic integration work in tandem to enhance and optimize outcomes related to racial diversity. The goal is to increase interpersonal interaction between different groups of people by opening the campus to the community as a whole, as well as creating spaces in which students and faculty can be seen together. However this is not an easy process, as much of the efforts to increase diversity and inclusion need to happen as the base level in the United States. Instittutions and institutional buildings must be open to the idea of the transitional student, one that perhaps did not follow the traditional path of going to a four-year university.
Stanford Central Energy Facility, Photo Courtesy of Robert Canfield
How Might we Design a Sustainable Campus?
In a world affected by climate change, creating a campus that makes as little environmental impact as possible is not only a priority but a necesity. Colleges and Universities are huge population centers and has a large footprint on the land it sits on. By optiizing daylighting, heating, cooling, and greenspace, campuses can become a place that gives back to the environment rather than takes away from it. California is a national leader in pushing for its construction to be sustainable and by 2030 aims to reduce statewide omissions by 40% as well as all new constructions must produce at least zero-net carbon. By designing the university with these goals as the minimum, the campus can not only be sustainable but can also be inspirational. In general, many college campuses have taken initiatives on making sustainable designs but many still lack behind. In order to create more renewable sources of energy for the campus as a whole, Stanford took to a complete redesign of the campus’s central energy plant and ended up cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 68%; fossil fuel use by 65%; and campus-wide water use by 15%. This comprehensive Stanford Energy System Innovation (SESI) system eliminated 150,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually, th equivalent of removing 32,000 cars from the road every year. Expected energy savings to Stanford over 35 years is $425 million. Even beyond high tech central energy plants, adding efficient photovoltaic systems to rooftops, using drought resistant plants for landscaping, and connecting the campus more to existing public transit networks can reduce reliance on greenhouse gases and save water and money.
Sustainable Design graphic courtesy of CASA Architects
Tooker House by Solomon Cordwell Benz
The Future of Higher EducationPutting it into Practice
As part of the first 6 weeks of this two quarter process, we were tasked in groups of four to work on a different location for a proposed CSU campus that was not Stockton. In my case this was Concord, California, somewhere that has much different circumstances and realities, and thus the solution and the process was different. This initial and slightly less detailed process gave us a chance to compare these two locations and see what different areas need in order to make progress in a community.
Downtown Concord Skyline
Concord Base map by Joyi Larasari, Sarah Gustafson, Claire Hohimer, and Royce Grundy
Concord, California is a largely subruban neighborhood in the east San Francisco Bay. A CSU in this location would likely try to cater to a much larger population than just the local residents around concord. In order to plan for this possibility the city of Concord, has zoned for a new campus site in currently unoccupied Mount Diabloo Creek, an area that formerly housed a naval base. In addition the city has zoned out a new ‘downtown’ hub where mixed use development can augment new residential and greenspace in order to start to create a urban center in a suburban town. The campus is zoned next to the meeting of two transportation axis’, the CA Delta Highway 4 and PT Chicago highway. These freeways make a good opportunity for mass transit to feed into the campus, so we proposed a new BART station (Bay Area light speed Rail) to exit to the north end of the campus. This would allow the campus to serve a wide community extending to the four corners of the bay area.
CONCORD, CA
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ROYCE GRUNDY | JOYI LARASARI
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Diablo Creek Golf Course
Y IAL WA
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D IN ARNOL
Zoned for District Parks Decibel level of Freeway Traffic = 70-80 dba Decibel level of Metro Train traffic = 80 -90 dba
Zoned Campus Site
1 1690 16 ft
3000 ft Zoned for Residential Concord / Martinez BART Station
1555 ft
Zoned for Mixed Use
Residential Neighborhood
Mount Diablo Hills WATER DRAINAGE PATH BART PATH CALIFORNIA DELTA HWY PT CHICAGO HWY
Concord Local Site Analysis map by Joyi Larasari, Sarah Gustafson, Claire Hohimer, and Royce Grundy
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CSU Concord
As part of our research into the future of higher education, our analysis of Stockton mainly focused on the parts of Concord that could be used to make a ‘transformative’ and adaptable campus. Despite the demographics of Stockton being mainly white and affluent, we noticed that it’s location at the edge of the bay area could make the campus of a unique meeting point of many different diverse areas. With agriculture to the east and technology to the west, we wanted the campus to be able to collaborate with outside businesses and foster entrepeneurship and community interaction, in addition to being a mss transit friendly campus.
CONCORD, CA Contra Costa County
other 2+ races asian
white
Demographics Population: 129,688
hispanic/latino
-Gender: 50.7% female -Median household income $81,961 -Owner occupied housing unit rate 58.9% -Persons living in poverty: 10.7%
Race/Ethnicity
Suisun Bay Concord Naval Weapons Station Port Chicago
Point Edith Wildlife Area
Shore Acres
Avon
Bay Point
Clyde
Antioch
Six Flags Water Park
Benicia
Keller Canyon Landfill
Concord/Martinez Bart Station
Vine Hill
Todos Santos Plaza PROPOSED SITE
Pacheco
CONCORD Markham Nature Park and Arboredum
Concord Bart Station
Four Corners Pleasant Hill
Lime Ridge Open Space
Concord Pavillion Clayton
Bancroft Contra Costa Centre Water and Electricity Concord is located in the county of Contra Costa which gets its power from the PG&E grid and it’s water from the Contra Costa water district.
Walnut Creek Shell Ridge Open Space
Concord City Site Analysis map by Joyi Larasari, Sarah Gustafson, Claire Hohimer, and Royce Grundy
1 mile
Sarah Gustafson & Claire Hohimer
CLAIRE HOHIMER, ROYCE GRUNDY, SARAH GUSTAFSON, JOYI LARASARI
CAMPUS MASTERPLAN
CONCORD
Stanford’s campus is laid out in an orthogonal plan and is very well organized and cohesive.Since it is a private university, the campus is well spread out and caters to students with 2 students per acre.
CITYWIDE PARKS
Boarder Roads Walking Roads Dining Library Housing Academic Athletic Parking University Union PAC Green Space Transit Administration Concord is sandwiched between Mulligan Hill and Mt. Diablo.
RESIDENTIAL 0
Cal Poly’s master plan has a curved shape to it with additive areas. The hill on campus was also a driver for design. Cal Poly has a lot of land, averaging 3 students per acre.
200ft
MIXED USE RETAIL
CITYWIDE PARKS KEY: PRIMARY VEHICLE ROUTE OF CIRCULATION PRIMARY WALKING PATHS ROADS SURROUNDING CAMPUS
Concord Downtown. The University of Washington master plan is comprised of a central axis that cuts directly through the main parts of campus, framing the campus well. This master plan works well with their 73 students per acre.
CAMPUS ENTRY POINTS ZONING BORDERS
TRANSIT CENTER
ADJACENT ZONING: PROPOSED MIXED USE PROPOSED MIXED USE/ MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL
CALPOLY CALPOLY SAN SAN LUIS LUIS OBISPO OBISPO UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF OF WASHINGTON WASHINGTON
Key:
STANFORD STANFORD UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY
CONCORD, CA
PROPOSED MEDIUM DENSITY RESIDENTIAL PROPOSED LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL
RECREATION CENTER
Black Diamond Mines
DINING HALL
The University of Virginia is well known across master plans as being one of the best, with its orthogonal grid and organizational pattern with a large central lawn. This campus has a ratio of 13 students per acre.
BUSINESS CENTER
UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF OF VIRGINIA VIRGINIA
STADIUM
Naval Weapon Base.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
WINDROSE 50 BTU/lb
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120.00 105.00 90.00
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75.00 0.005
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Summer shade use evaporative cooling use high thermal mass with night ventilation (but for material sake use low mass)
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82,94< 78,94 60
300
74,95
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E
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17.31
70.95 66.96 W
E
14.43
8.66
54.97 240
120
5.77
< 0.00
2.89
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< 0.00
62,96 58.96
11.54
Five Passive Design Strategies:
16.5% 12.2% 6.3% 39.9% 13.4%
F 30
20.20
30.00
25
PRECIPITATION CHART
330
25.97
Climatic design properties Winter insulate reduce infiltration passive solar
15.00 -5
mph 28.86<
UCLA UCLA
0.025
SUN PATH CHART N
Climate cooler winters and hotter summer than bay area winter rain falls from NOV- April Tule fog is common in winter east of mt diablo
0.03
45 BTU/lb
40 BTU/lb
50.97 46.98
210
150
<42.98
S
CSU Concord Master Plan by Joyi Larasari, Sarah Gustafson, Claire Hohimer, and Royce Grundy
UCLA’s master plan is located in the urban landscape of Los Angeles yet still manages to keep an orthogonal grid with ample green space. Their student to acre ratio is 107 students to 1 acre.
The campus masterpan was designed in order to start to create a place in which there currently is not one. The main vehicular axises are placed on the proposed offshoots from the highways in order to allow for greatest acessibility. In order to not overpower the existing neighborhoods, the buildings were limited to 5 stories tall, except for the Stadium/ Concert Arena which hopes to bring in a larger audience; and take advantage of the campus’ location next to the two freeways. Within the campus, the four group members each took on unique individual building project that fit with the goals of the campus plan. These buildings were chosen as a way for the campus to bring in the wider bay area community with a focus on entrepeneurship and engagement. Claire Hohimer took on the stadium and concert arena, Joyi Larasari designed a recreation center that also functioned as onsite power generation, Sarah Gustafson was in charge of an dining hall that had focus on urban agriculture, while I (Royce Grundy) designed a business school and entrepeneurship building that would focus on collaboration with the Bay Area startup industry.
CSU Concord Business and Entrepeneurship Center
The CSU Concord Business and Entrepeneurship center is designed around the idea of different groups that exist in and around a college campus coming together through a large central atrium. The building serves CSU Concord business students through interactice classrooms and a 300 student lecture hall, CSU faculty offices that surround the atrium in order to get them closer and in view of the students, and offices for Bay Area startups and companies to rent out. In the middle, fishbowl conference rooms line the atrium to serve as locations for companies to hold interviews and job fairs, students to work on collaborative projects, and clubs and faculty to hold meetings. The circulation works around the idea of the pass through building where the four wings come together through a highly visible atrium where there can be a mix of public and private spaces.
2nd Floor Plan
1st Floor Plan
4th Floor Plan
3rd Floor Plan
5th Floor Plan
Atrium Section
Chapter 4:
Stockton Visions and Goals
The Vision In order to design a master plan that was appropriate to the community
of Stockton at large, it was important to go through and understand the context of the city and how to accomodate the needs of the citizens. After doing research that included the history, demographics, transportation, and public will the site of the new CSU Stockton campus was at the former site of CSU Stanislausâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s satelite campus at World University Park. Despite being on the North side of the city, the site had adequate usable square footage and acess to public transportation such as bus routes and the potential for a rail line. The process then began to transform the area into a potential area for a collge campus
The Goals From there we looked into the goals we wanted the campus to meet as a
well as the goals for the individual buildings to meet. In order to design a campus that meets the current circumstances of the city of Stockton, the campus needs to be inclusive and extend into the community by providing amenities that augment the community as a whole. While many Stockton residents are commuters, we wanted the campus to encourage and promote walkability. While the campus will intitially serve 15,000 students, it was important to allow for expansion within the campus and possibly support more.
The Site: University World PArk, near downtown Stockton
With a site that fits the square grid of the existing city, we also found it was important to use the campus to begin to activate the street edges to introduce vibrant programming to this area of Stockton in order to fit the semi-urban nature of the neighborhood within a mile of downtown.
Precedent Examination By examining other univerisities, the studio was able to learn what other campuses did to adress similar semi-urban conditions as well as similar demographic conditions
San Jose State University
San Jose State was a good precedent in that the urban context surrounding it was very similar. We wanted to take inspiration from the mix of densities between the buildings, making it so that there are areas that feel urban within the campus, while the greenspaces feel open and visibility is clear. Because SJSU is constantly adding new innovative buildings, the campus feels as if it is influx and approachable, much like a city within a city. We also wanted to take inspiration from the orthogonal approach and limited vehicular acess as it really opens the campus up to the pedestrian.
Stanford University
Stanford served as a good example of both things we wanted to accomplish with our campus, as well as some things we wanted to avoid. The campus does a good job of responding and conforming to an orthogonal grid, something that benefits acessibility. A commitment to drought resistant plants to augment huge and sprawling lawns helps save water. The common architectural theme of beige limestone and red terracotta roofing gives the campus a sense of identity and creates a sense of community within. However, the reality remains that Stockton can never be a campus such as Stanford due to economic restraints. Stanford being a private university that receives large research grants can afford to close themselves off from the larger Palo Alto community, and essentially functions as a city within itself. In order to create a bond with the greater community of Stockton, the CSU Stockton campus needs to ingratiate itself within the communitt at large, not only architecturally but in terms of urban planning.
The Goals Part 2: Housing University life today has become more diverse and must adapt to fit a wide
variety of lifestyles and career paths. As such, the role of student housing on a college campus has evolved. No longer a place to store cheap beds, student housing must now directly improve the student body’s academic performance and personal health. By providing a mix of common and private spaces inside of the building, housing has the greatest effect in creating a sense of community and neighborhood within the bounds of a college campus. The building(s) must be inclusive and flexible, allowing for students to choose their own academic path without being allowed to stray too far. What jobs exist in that field? Currently the combined UC system employs more Californians than any other system. Although it may not seem that University housing could provide future jobs for students, learning how to assist others in roles such as Resident Advisor positions and housing administration could provide students with future job opportunities. How does this building relate to others within the campus or the broader context? Student housing can have a complicated relationship to the broader context it exists in. In the right circumstances, housing can provide a connection to the outside community. However under the wrong circumstances, housing can serve as the wall that blocks the college from the community. The location of the blocks need to strike a delicate balance between allowing easy circulation to the rest of campus and separating a sense of “school” from where a student can call “home.” In the case of Stockton, the demographic of those interested in higher education looks different and has different needs than the typical college student. The potential students of Stockton more often How do we solve for the idea of “You can’t be what you can’t see?”: Community members that do not see themselves as a typical college student are less likely to attend college and graduate from a 4-year university. Data also suggests that students that live on campus typically have better grades and higher graduation rates, however, often times, housing for transfer students, married students, and students with families is not as available as first-year housing. The housing that is offered for these groups, is generally kept out of sight, which makes it harder for these students to imagine themselves having a home on campus. Providing spaces which are accessible and an important part of the campus master plan could help these groups of students imagine themselves finding a home and place on campus, which could increase their overall success and happiness.
Tietgen Dormitory / Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects Copehagen, Denmark
Student Housing at Pomona College
What Type of Housing? The question in Stockton becomes, what type of housing is needed? Do
you design for what Stockton might aspire to be, or do you design for how Stockton currently exists? Ultimately for our individual project, we decided to serve a community that is often overlooked, the ‘non-traditional’ student.
What is the ‘non-traditional’ student?
One definition from the National Center for defines it as a student who did not receive a standard high school diploma, but reported completing high school either through passing a General Education Development (GED) exam or other equivalency exam, or receiving a certificate of high schoolcompletion.
BASIC ANATOMY OF A HOUSING CLUSTER
Dependents: Another one is undergraduates who reported having dependents other than a spouse were also designated as nontraditional. In addition to children, dependents may include elder parents, siblings, or other members of the family for whom the student is financially responsible. Single Parents: If a student was not married but reported having dependents other than a spouse, that student was identified as a single parent and nontraditional. Although an unmarried person with dependents other than children (such as older parents) is not technically a single parent, the financial burden and time constraints could be similar. Auxiliary Common Space Residential Units Common Amenity Vertical Circulation
Stockton Student Profile
Full-Time Employment While Enrolled (in October): If a student indicated working 35 or more hours per week during October, the student is considered nontraditional.
Can you be what you canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see?
Clearly, many of the characteristics used to identify nontraditional undergraduates are strongly interrelated. For example, students may delay enrolling in postsecondary education or attend part time because of family and work responsibilities. In 1992-93, about 80 percent of students working full time while enrolled, attended part time. Similarly, in the same year, nearly two-thirds of undergraduates with dependents had delayed their enrollment. In addition, for certain nontraditional characteristics, a student necessarily has more than one. For example, a single parent is by definition, responsible for dependents and is almost always independent, resulting in a minimum of three characteristics. Thus, undergraduates with any nontraditional characteristics usually have more than one. In the case of Stockton, there are many who have been failed by public education, and were left behind either with only a high school diploma, or without one at all. As such, in addition to housing the next generation of Stockton youth in more traditional dorm setups, we want to provide state subsidized housing for non-traditional students. Taking inspiration from both traditional dorms and mixed-use housing developments, the goal for the housing complex is to provide a place for those that often are overlooked. By creating architecture that caters to those groups, the residents of Stockton can start to see what they can be, by associating with others who may share a similar background.
Graphic and Data by Foreword Design
Student housing is unique in that it is the one building on campus that is largely unoccupied during the daytime. This makes the architecture somewhat challenging in that both the energy loads and the social interaction aspect of the circulation are things largely focused during the night. In order to foster social interaction and keep heat during the night, we want to open up the spaces between the circulation of the units, in order to allow warm daylight into the spaces and introduce a thermal mass. At the same time, opening visibility for residents to see other residents, particularly in an informal setting, can help create deeper relationships. While multi-family housing is largely about creating privacy in a building with many people, we want our student-housing on campus, where there is more fluctuation of different residents to have spaces where interaction is not only welcome, but encouraged. Researchers found that first-time college students who are able to regularly interact with others of similar backgrounds will experience more connectedness to their campus environment and, as a result, perform better academically. In addition, to help combat issues of disenfranchisement of low-income minority students, we want to introduce amenities that would otherwise not be as available in a mixed-use building not connected to a state funded university. Examples include, financial advising, transit offices, a mini-mart to allow acess to food within the complex, and quick and easy food options for a to-go lifestyle. The goal for the architectural expression is to keep things simple, but vibrant. By using materials that are typically found on buildings, the housing can begin to blend in, while other buildings surrounding express more innovative and creative design choices. This way, the housing can act like the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;homeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; within the campus, as materials like wood can evoke those familiar feelings.,
Energy Saving Strategies Window to wall area ratio Glazing (U-Value) Lighting Orientation Shading Wall Insulation Roof Insulation
Innovative Buildings
In order to create an innovative campus, the studio decided on 10 catalytic buildings to thoroughly design in order to augment the community aspect o fthe master plan, those buildings were: 1.) AI and Transportation Research Facility 2.) Climate Science Research Facility 3.) Data Science and Understanding Building 4.) Health and Wellness Center 5.) Performing Arts Center 6.) Transit Center
Chapter 5:
The Master Plan
7.) Student Housing 8.) The Commons (Library and Union) 9.) Recreation and Wellness Center 10.) Urban Agriculture
Master Plan Iteration
This version of the master plan toook into account the goals of the class by pushing major buildings such as student housing, the performing arts center, and the recreation center to the south of the campus, on Park St. in order to activate the street edge and provide a sense of a pedestrian entrance to the campus. The AI and the Data Science labs complete the East district that is left more open to focus on the creation of a technology district on the southeast side of the campus. The Union and the Library line the existing manmade Quacker Lake to create a vibrant and walkable zone near the West entrance of the campus. Housing blocks are located in the triangular formation, each with a similar proximity to the main classrooms and amenities. The most important building is the Transit Center, where it is located near the underground rail line (proposed public transit opportunity). This serves an important need as it allows for those without acess to a car as a transportation method acess to the campus. In addition the location of the PAC next to it allows it to be a vibrant and accessible area as it can now serve as a new theater and stage location for the community to access. In addition it is near the mutifamily apartment housing block, where residents can acess public transit such as buses and trains in order to get to work or run errands. The main roads are limited but give acess to most of the buildings on campus and serve to mainly allow for pick up and drop off.
Final Master Plan The final version of the master plan explores the idea of a master plan that can be updated as the circumstances change around it. The south side of the campus houses the technology or innovation district, where new research can be done to become help Stockton become leaders in new research. In this district, the buildings are a little larger, so they are farther spread apart to allow for the unique and create facades to be seen from many different angles. This conditions allows for these buildings to be celebrated for the unique nature of their program. The academic building hub, while not designed individually be members of the studio take the form of general massing that is dense of enough to create a zone urban academic learning. In the center of campus the library and uniion are at the meeting of the only car acessible roads in order to make use of a quick pick up and drop off zone for students who might not live on campus. The west edge of campus remains largely open, in order to allow views form N California to penetrate the campus in order to avoid creating a hard barrier to the entire campus. Howver a housing block of traditional dorms serves as an intermediate transition where further expansion can take place. The Northwest edge of campus is left open to allow for adaptable expansion. While at the moment lies mostly green space, it gives the opportunity for growth according to the conditions of Stockton at the time. In the middle lies man-made Quacker Lake, where a sense of calming nature is implemented in a place where exciting natural features are hard to come by. This park-type setting will invite the larger commmunity of Stockton at large to enter the campus to enjoy peaceful views and community assets in the city library and easily acessible walking paths try to make a campus that not only serves as a place of learning but also a community highlight. Overall the campus plans aims to push innovative buildings to the South edge of campus towards the urban center of downtown. These buildings vicinity to the transit center allows for a campus to attempt to interact with the community at large, with programs like the rec center, a performing arts center and mixed-use housing to all occupy a street edge that can be easily acessible. Overall the campus in incomplete but serves immediate needs such as housing and transportation. As the university and the city at large grow, the buildings and paths can adapt and the campus can grow as a whole.
Chapter 6:
The Built Environment CSU Student Housing
710+PARK 710 Park St. Stockton CA, 95202
CSU Stockton Student Housing
PROJECT BRIEF
As part of the new CSU Stockton campus, 710+Park is a housing deveopment that houses traditional, non-traditional and anyone in between in a vibrant and social community that is part of the gateway into the campus. Made up of 168 individual units spread over 4 different buildings, 710+Park augments the student experience by providing students with families or demanding jobs with useful amenities such as a pharmacy, financial advising offices, transit information, postal service, and bike repair and storage.
THE GOAL
The ultimate goal of the project is to facilitate the transition of residents from their previous lives to college students, regardless of background through interactive social spaces and comfortable units. Due to a lack of affordable housing in the area, 710+Park serves as an affordable option for those planning to attend college at a later period of their lives, such as veterans, adults with families, and transfer students who work either part time or full time. the 168 total unit complex serves as a vibrant street edge that connects to public transportation and encourages walkability along Park St. while also providing secluded courtyard space with protection.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Provides an environment in which scholarship, research, creative, artistic, and professional activity are valued and suppoted.â&#x20AC;?â&#x20AC;&#x2039; -CSU Mission Statement
1st Floor and Site Plan
The Site plan was designed to create a neighborhood around the housing buildings, by providing areas of transition space, where residents could move through to reach other campus buildings, and enclosed neighborhoods where residents could feel protected in the courtyard. The southern most building, Iorem hall, is pushed up to the street edge to provide mixed use amenities, such as bike repair, financial offices, a mini-market for both residents and passerby’s, and a cafe with an outdoor amenity space. These amenities seek to create vibrancy on the ground floor, where for those that seek affordable housing can essentially ‘live’ within the building and the basic needs are met. The thin floor plate was designed to allow the building to be passed through easily allowing for cross building interaction.
Cafe
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LANSCAPE SECTION A “THE TRANSITION SPACE”
Daycare Common Space
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Daycare Common Space
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Scale 1/16” = 1’-0”
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2nd-5th Floor Plan
The plan of the building takes the concept of the two wing student housing organization and introduces areas of vibrancy through common spaces in between the long horizontal circulation path in order to promote informal interaction between residents, while the units are designed and spaced for more private company.
5th Floor
Common Space Common Space
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Common Space
Common Space
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4th Floor
Scale 1/16” = 1’-0”
Common Space
The units are designed to be modular units that can be stacked on top of eachother in order to make stucture more efficient. The hvac systems can also be organized into the back partition wall and can exit through a wall chase to the roof.
The Common Room
The common room is the most important space in 710+Park and represents the area of social interaction. With a double height space that sits between areas of units, the common space allows residents of different floors to interact. Large windows on either side allow for appropriate daylighting and views to the outisde, breaking up the double sided corridor. A universal kitchen and various other amenities allow for students of all backgrounds to use the space to further both their mental wellbeing and their academic progress.
The Main Entrance
The main entrance serves to represent the future of higher ed student housing. The main entrance allows for a large area of daylit space where each of the various residents can see eachother within. This space allows for informal interaction and spontaneous meetings. The common sitting stair shows the vertical circulation from the ground floor, while there are quiet study and sitting areas above the main door.
The Cafe
A vibrant Cafe Space with outdoor patio seating creates a virbant corner condition at Iorem Hall. Serving not only residents but the surrounding community, it is an important amenity that can add to the idea of the urban edge.
Chapter 7: In Reflection
My project partner Alanna Green
When looking back on this project, its clear that our design thinking can start to mirror the current realities of Stockton, while there are good decisions being made and progress continues, there is still much work to be done. Stockton is a city where good intentions often led to disastrous consequences, all while the citizens unfortunately suffered. This can be seen in our architectural response to our own research, as good intentioned design decisions can sometimes lead to unfortunate circumstances and ultimately uncomfortable spaces. However, what remains is a city that has largely recovered from past mistakes and through strong and aspirational leadership, finds itself on an upward trajectory towards growth. While it is ultimately unknown whether Stockton will become the next California State University location, it is a city that is finally ready for new development. With gains in the education system, Stockton can become a place where itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s youth can start to imagine a future in which higher education is acessible. Just as Mayor Tubbs left for Stanford and then used his prestigious education to give back to his community, his reality can become the norm with an acessible University just in reach. Where housing on concerns, there is still much research that needs to be done. Due to the nature of these projects, the actual affordability of the project remains in question. When discussing the viability of housing in Stockton, there is opportunity for immense growth the area of multi-family development, it just takes the right group to kickstart the movement. Designing for those that are often overlooked has given me insight into that which is not visible, but cannot be taken for granted, which is the mindset of the people architects design for. While certain aspects of the profession are ultimately subjective, designing for comfort and wellbeing of the user has become paramount in my mind. These two quarters have taught me so much about not just the city of Stockton, but the extent in which architecture and the though behind the building design can be extrapoiated. There is an unfortunate elephant in the room however and that is COVID-19. In a quarter in which our studio was sent to finish our project from home, the circumstances allowed me to examine by own biases and think about the project in a slightly different way, Gains Stockton may have made before 2020 were unfortunately put on the backburner as unemployment has almost doubled from 6% in 2019 to 10% in May of 2020. The virus has put what was an upward city-wide trajectory to an arrow that ends with a question mark.
Just as the state of the world can affect the macro world, it also causes us to reexamine the future of student housing as well, which can be examined at the micro level. Without a vaccine, methods of transportation such as elevators become potentially very dangerous to those with underlying health conditions. However staying at home has caused to to see the increased need for in-person interaction, particularly at a college campus. Throughout my 3 years so far at Cal Poly, I have learned so much from people of different backgrounds, including people from different countries and different races from my own. For as much as our professors and faculty try to make online learning similar, it is the unfortunate reality that the feeling of an interactive architecture studio is something that cannot be meaningfully replicated virtually. Living with people of different backgrounds and opinions in the dorms helped me examine my own world views and become a more empathetic person. With university housing, whether its for traditional or non-traditional students, the comingling of different groups is the one thing that cannot truly be done through a screen effectively. This experience has made me truly appreciate and aspire to create architecture that augments the human experience and fosters collaboration between groups of different people.
Bibliography
Chapter 1: Introduction
Christie, Jim. “How Stockton Went Broke: A 15-Year Spending Binge.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 3 July 2012, www.reuters.com/ article/us-stockton-bankruptcy-cause/how-stockton-went-brokea-15-year-spending-binge-idUSBRE8621DL20120703. Pacifica, Fix. “City of Stockton Bankruptcy Is Official.” City of Stockton Bankruptcy Is Official, 1 Jan. 1970, fixpacifica.blogspot. com/2012/06/city-of-stockton-bankruptcy-is-official.html. Badenhausen, Kurt. “America’s Most Miserable Cities.” Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 28 Feb. 2011, www.forbes.com/2011/02/02/ stockton-miami-cleveland-business-washington-miserable-cities. html#51ce43b779f3.
Chapter 2: Community Overview “Stockton, California: the Most Miserable City?” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 16 Mar. 2012, www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/ the-most-miserable-city. “Mayor Of Stockton, Calif., Discusses Universal Basic Income Program Results.” NPR, NPR, 19 Oct. 2019, www.npr. org/2019/10/19/771599494/mayor-of-stockton-calif-discusses-universal-basic-income-program-results. Koran, Mario. “Stockton, California, Is the Most Racially and Ethnically Diverse City in America.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 24 Jan. 2020, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jan/23/ california-most-diverse-city-stockton. “A Historical Study Of Stockton California: Visit Stockton.” Visit Stockton, www.visitstockton.org/about-us/stockton-history/. “Success Story: Stockton: Building a Culture of Engagement.” Icma. org, icma.org/success-stories/stockton-building-a-culture-of-engagement. “Stockton, California.” RWJF, 7 May 2019, www.rwjf.org/en/cultureofhealth/what-were-learning/sentinel-communities/stockton-california.html.
Bloch, Charles Dennis. (1962). A history of the public schools of Stockton, California. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1504 Duronio, Ben. “STOCKTON GOES BANKRUPT And Already The Murder Rate Is Soaring.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 27 June 2012, www.businessinsider.com/while-stockton-heads-for-largestcity-bankruptcy-ever-murder-surges-2012-6. Greenblatt, Alan. “What It’s Like Living In A Bankrupt City.” NPR, NPR, 6 Sept. 2013, www.npr.org/2013/09/06/219313881/what-its-likeliving-in-a-bankrupt-city. “Formerly Bankrupt Stockton Is Fiscally Healthy Again, but Offers Warning to Others.” R Street, 13 June 2018, www.rstreet. org/2018/06/13/formerly-bankrupt-stockton-is-fiscally-healthyagain-but-offers-warning-to-others/. “Michael Tubbs - POLITICO 50 2018.” POLITICO, www.politico.com/ interactives/2018/politico50/michael-tubbs/. “Why Is Everyone Talking about Stockton? A Reinvention Tour with Mayor Michael Tubbs.” Northern California Grantmakers, 24 May 2018, ncg.org/events/why-everyone-talking-about-stockton-reinvention-tour-mayor-michael-tubbs. Cynthia. “Michael Tubbs, One of America’s Youngest Mayors, Aims to Lift His Hometown of Stockton.” Sacbee, The Sacramento Bee, www.sacbee.com/news/local/article144077954.html.
Chapter 3: The future of Higher Ed Edelson, David. “How Do College Graduates Benefit Society at Large?” Association of Public &amp; Land-Grant Universities, 14 Oct. 2016, www.aplu.org/projects-and-initiatives/college-costs-tuition-and-financial-aid/publicuvalues/societal-benefits.html.
Chapter 5: Master Plan
All work done in this chapter was done by the collection of Future University Studio. Any graphic representations were created by Royce Grundy and Alanna Green
https://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/advancing-diversity-inclusion.pdf?utm_name= Fuscaldo, Donna. “What Will Higher Education Look Like 5, 10 or 20 Years from Now?” GoodCall.com, 11 Sept. 2019, www.goodcall.com/ education/future-of-higher-education/. All other work done in this chapter was done by the collective of Joyi Layasari, Claire Hohimer, Sarah Gustafson, and Royce Grundy Any other graphic representations were created by Joyi Layasari, Claire Hohimer, Sarah Gustafson, and Royce Grundy.
Chapter 4: Visions and Goals
Krieger, Lisa M. “Stanford Unveils Plan for Future Growth.” The Mercury News, The Mercury News, 22 Nov. 2016, www.mercurynews. com/2016/11/21/stanfords-plan-for-future-growth/. Reese, Lori. “10 Things You Need to Know About Nontraditional Students.” 10 Things You Need to Know About Nontraditional Students, foreword.mbsbooks.com/10-things-you-need-to-knowabout-nontraditional-students#gsc.tab=0. Nontraditional Undergraduates / Definitions and Data, nces. ed.gov/pubs/web/97578e.asp#:~:text=A%20student%20who%20 did%20not,school%20completion%20was%20considered%20nontraditional. Rickes, P. (2009) Make way for Millennials! How today’s students are shaping higher education space. Planning for Higher Education, 37 (2): 7-17 Fogg, P. (2008) Dorm therapy. Chronicle of Higher Education
Chapter 5: Master Plan
All work done in this chapter was done by the collective of Royce Grundy and Alanna Green Any graphic representations were created by Royce Grundy and Alanna Green
Process Work CONCORD STATE UNIVERSITY
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Concept Diagram
5th Floor Plan 0 ft
N
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7 N
Atrium Space
East Side of Atrium
North Radiation Analysis
4th Floor Plan
South Radiation Analysis
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3rd Floor Plan
7
Atrium Space
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Aspirational Campus Section
100 ft
2nd Floor Plan
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20 ft
ATRIUM
50 ft
20 ft
N
50 ft
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Building Section
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N
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100 ft
FACULTY FISHBOWL RENTAL
West Entrance
Ground Floor Plan 0 ft
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South Facade
50 ft
20 ft
ROYCE GRUNDY // STUDIO WHITE // SPRING 2020
Roof Radiation Analysis
N
Site Plan
BUSINESS INNOVATION AND ENTREPENEURSHIP CENTER
100 ft
N
100 ft
Mid-Year Review ROYCE GRUNDY & ALANNA GREEN WAY
S CAMPU
TRADITIONAL STUDENT HOUSING
TRADITIONAL STUDENT HOUSING To Campus Center To Rec Center FAMILY HOUSING
To Academic Buildings
AD
CSU STOCKTON STUDENT LIVING & SUCCESS
RO RVICE ER SE
To Downtown Stockton
NT REC CE
SEE THROUGH You can’t be what you cant’ see. That is the motto of the new CSU Stockton campus, and is translated to the student housing. The See Through living complex consists of four buildngs; 1 multifamily mixed use, 2 mixed use transitional housing, and 1 more traditional student housing building. Throughout each building, communal space is offset from the facade and glazed at the edge. Through these modular communal spaces, students can ‘see’ through the building, into the campus or out into the urban fabric of Stockton. Simultaneously the offset facade sticks out from the units, giving variance in the elevation. Through these communal spaces, such as kitchen, lounges, and student services, the citizens of Stockton can start to see what they can be.
FAMILY HOUSING
PARK
SITE PLAN 0 ft
ST.
N
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100 ft
20 ft
79&PARK BY BIG [UNIT BASED STRUCTURE AND DESIGN]
LEVEL 5 0 ft
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BRADY BLOCK BY DAVID BAKER ARCHITECTS [SITE POROSITY & MIXED USE]
LEVEL 4
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N
50 ft Refrigerator
100 ft
20 ft
Range
LAKESIDE SENIOR APARTMENTS BY DAVID BAKER ARCHITECTS [SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SUCCESS] Room
LEVEL 3 0 ft
50 ft 100 ft
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Study
Viewing Platform
Dining Loft
LEVEL 2
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Refrigerator
Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer
Range
Elevator
Egress DryerDryerDryerDryerDryerDryerDryerDryer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer Washer
Dryer DryerDryerDryerDryerDryerDryerDryer
Kitchen
Front Desk
Storage WC
WC
Laundry Range
tor
tor
Refrigera
Egress
tor Refrigera tor Refrigera Refrigera
PROGRAM DIAGRAM
Kitchen
Dining
TRADITIONAL UNIT 4 BED DIN NING
TRANSITIONAL UNIT 3 BED
TRANSITIONAL UNIT 2 BED
N
GROUND 0 ft
50 ft 100 ft
20 ft
TRADITIONAL FLOOR PLANS
KITTCHEN/COMMUNAL STUDY ATTRI RIUM UM UM
LEVEL 5 0 ft
50 ft 100 ft
20 ft
Daycare 536 SF
LEVEL 4
0 ft
50 ft
Daycare 586 SF
100 ft
20 ft
Community Kitchen 1962 SF Laundry 498 SF
Quiet Rooms 557 SF
LEVEL 3
0 ft
50 ft
Quiet Rooms 549 SF
100 ft
20 ft
Community Kitchen 1916 SF
DACA Office 614 SF
LEVEL 2
0 ft
50 ft Transit Office 620 SF
100 ft
20 ft
Veterans Services 699 SF
DACA Office 973 SF
N
Grocery Storage 1003 SF
GROUND 0 ft
Grocery Store 4535 SF
50 ft 20 ft
100 ft
Transit Office 815 SF Community Room 2835 SF
Financial Services 3324 SF Bike Storage 815 SF
TRANSITIONAL FLOOR PLANS
CLT Floor Slab Installation w/ Wood Fibre Insulation & Radiant Heat Deck CLT Wall Panel Installation w/ Wood Fibre Insulation
PV Solar Panels returns energy to the building
Radiant Floor Heating System
Heat Exhaust Chase in walls that exhausts at Roof
Spring Sun / Mar 21 9 AM - 2020 Alt. = 45 Degrees
Winter Sun / Jan 21 9 AM - 2020 Alt. = 10 Degrees
E
HVAC Mechanical Room for Chilled and Heated Water System
Equipment Room
CSU STOCKTON STUDENT HOUSING
INTEGRATED CROSS SECTION
Alanna Green - Royce Grundy // Studio White // ARCH 307-05 // Winter 2019
High Efficiency Variable Heat Pump System
Summer Sun Angle / JUN 21 - 2020 12 PM Alt. = 65 Degrees
CLT Floor Slab Installation w/ Wood Fibre Insulation & Radiant Heat Deck
PV Solar Panels returns energy to the building
Radiant Floor Heating System
WIndows Placed at 2/3 Wall Height to maximize daylight and to reduce glazing area
Heat Exhaust Chase in walls that exhausts at Roof
N Primary Wind from North West
CLT Wall Panel Installation w/ Wood Fibre Insulation
Outdoor Courtyard Space allows residents to spend time outdoors reducing occupant energy loads
Concrete Slab provides thermal mass.
Winter Angle / JAN 21 - 2020 12 PM Alt. = 15 Degrees
Equipment Room
HVAC Mechanical Room for Chilled and Heated Water System
3/4 Year Review
The last picture I took in San Luis Obispo