[Title will be auto-generated] by srinivasareddy R

Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World

INDIA & NATIVE STATES

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1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1840 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, British East India Company BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The 3 rupee coinage listings start with the 1835 issue of the British East India Company from Calcutta and continue until independence in 1947. Arranged by the Royal branch mints of Bombay and Calcutta, and the Lahore mint built during World War II, followed by a few native Indian states which issued silver size coinage within the parameters of this work. This section is limited to British India, Baroda, Kutch, Mewar Udaipur, Navanager, and Portuguese India from the authors collection..

1840

10,617,480

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA QUEEN, above around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY and CALCUTTA ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras mint DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint, London TYPE: I - Continuous legend REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1 FOOTNOTE: This type was struck with frozen date of1840 between 1842-1851 at both the Royal Mint branch mints of Bombay and Calcutta.

FOOTNOTE: Bombay - When the Portuguese, sailing up the Malabar coast, entered the little archipelago near its northern extremity, they fitly named their anchorage “Bom Bahia” or “Good Bay”, for few better harbors exist. Later when they deeded the island to the English Monarch as part of the Dower of their Princess, little did they dream that its paltry area of twenty-two square miles would eventually hold the finest city in the East, with a population of over eight hundred thousand souls. India - C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila., 1903. FOOTNOTE: The European Period of Indian history lasted from 1757 to 1947 A.D. The Venetians, the Genoese, the Portuguese and the Dutch had, by turns, traded with India. In 1602 the English appeared on the scene and for a long time the East India Company had a powerful hold upon the politics and commerce of India. Although founded for commerce, the Company was resolved to permanently establish English dominion in India. So well did the plan succeed that, by 1818, the British had become masters of most of India except the Punjab and Sind. After the Sepoy mutiny in 1857-58, the British Viceroys consolidated the dominion during a period of peace and progress. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg, Pa.,1950. FOOTNOTE: In 1852 with gold tending to depreciate, because of increased production, the government demonetized gold, leaving silver the sole legal tender of India.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 282

====================================================================== INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.8 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1862

11,389,760

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1862 within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: I - frozen date struck 1862-1873 REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

1840 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA, British East India Company BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1840 1849

8,519,480 u/m

frozen date proof only

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. on truncation. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rossette), around / DATE EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of, BOMBAY and CALCUTTA DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint TYPE: II - Divided legend REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-454.3 FOOTNOTE: Divided legend issues were struck at both mints; Bombay - 8,519,480 and Calcutta - 32,012,400 with no mintmark, with frozen date between 1851-1862. FOOTNOTE: The 1849 proof was struck with W.W. incise and W.W. raised only for William Wyon the designer. The S incised on truncation was struck at the Madras mint, no initial for the Calcutta and Bombay mints. FOOTNOTE: Rupee is derived from the Sanskrit word “rupa” which means cattle.

FOOTNOTE: Starting with the 1874 issue, the three British India mints struck the 3 Rupee on different size flans; 19.2 MM = Calcutta, 19.8 MM = Bombay and 20.0 MM = Madras The Madras issues are not included in this catalog. FOOTNOTE: The official language of India during the period of Mughal rule was Persian and it continued to enjoy the official status under the East India Company administration next to English. The Persian inscription on the 3 rupee (English denomination) was chahar aana for four-annas, which the people called char anna or chavanni. One rupee was equal to 16 annas, twelve pies or four pice make one anna, with three pies equal to one pice. FOOTNOTE: The price of silver began to fall in 1873 and silver reached its low point in 1876. To the mass of the people in India the fall in exchange did not make very much difference. Internal prices did not rise greatly, and imported goods, the price of which did rise, were not used to any great extent by the peasants. This affected only the wealthier classes and the resident Englishman in government service or in trade who received his salary in rupees and desired to send part of it to England for his family. Silver Money, 1939. ====================================================================== INDIA, British Administration of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.8MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1874

1,612,000

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / 1874 / • (dot mintmark) within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: II - Dot mintmark REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 283

1875 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1875 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

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1875 1876

5,238,840 1,427,440

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark), 19.8MM = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: II - No mintmark REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470

FOOTNOTE: INDIA, formerly the name Hindustan was frequently used instead of India, as reference to the land of the Hindus, located in the north central part of India. It is now known officially as the Empire of India. FOOTNOTE: On January 1, 1877 Queen Victoria of Great Britain was proclaimed Empress of India by Act of Parliament. A Dunbar held at Delhi, India proclaimed the Queen of England, Empress of India. ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAM ====================================================================== 1877 1879 1881 1882 1883

883,760 u/m 1,444,360 2,775,160 183,560

proof only

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / • (dot mintmark) within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: I - Dot mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 284

1887 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1887 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.7 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

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1884 1885 1886 1887 1888

1,709,160 1,117,880 1,683,600 4,421,760 2,227,720

B relief mintmark for Bombay

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: (B relief mintmark at top)/ 1/4 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B relief = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: II - B relief mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490 FOOTNOTE: 3 RUPEE A DAY - The wheat question is a growing one in British India, and the American farmers and business men must not lose sight of the fact. The Indiaman doesn’t eat much wheat himself, but he is very glad to raise it, since it brings him ready money. The soil is very fine for wheat, the climate excellent; and as for labor, the wages of twenty-five farm laborers is not in excess of that of one good farm hand in the States. More than this, on his (3 rupee) four or five annas a day he not only works but boards himself, - less than ten cents a day and finds his own bed and board! Talk about Chinese cheap labor: a Chinaman can get pretty low on the scale of cheap living, but the Indian coolies will so far discount his wages that the pigtailed fellow can’t get a foothold there. India is not so far from the bread-markets of Europe as California or Dakota. Twenty-eight days sea-voyage places Indian wheat in Liverpool, eighteen in southern Europe. A Girdle Round the Earth by D.N.Richardson, Chicago 1888.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 285

1890 B - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1890 B - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

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1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1897 1898

4,297,520 458,960 883,320 4,058,680 4,602,720 1,534,240 2,384,920 4,948,792

B incise mintmark for Bombay ======================================================================

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: (B incised mintmark at top)/ 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: B incised = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: III - incised mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Tiger hunt in India in 1850

East India House, London

FOOTNOTE: The Population of Bombay - 1891 - 822,000 inhabitants. The census reported March 1901 shows the city of Bombay with 770,000 inhabitants, a decrease in the past ten years, mainly due to the exodus of the last two months on account of the plague. Partial returns from rural districts show terrible decreases in population through famine. History for Ready Reference, J.N.Larner, Springfield, Ma. 1901.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 286

1915 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1915 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0-19.4 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

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1912 1913 1914 1915 1925 1928 1936

2,200,290 2,276,389 7,948,774 2,096,453 4,007,110 4,023,198 9,864,211

frozen date

Dot mintmark for Bombay ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938 with frozen date..

EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-518 POPULATION: India - Census of March 10, 1911 316,019,846 with Delhi the capital with 232,837 inhabitants and Bombay with 979,445 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: Gold is hoarded in India by all classes of people, as a reserve against famine. The wealthy princes have accumulated enormous sums. In 1925 it was estimated the India’s hoarded gold amounted to 2 2 billion dollars and its silver hoarding in various forms to 2 : billion dollars. The net recorded imports of gold India from to 1930 totaled 2.8 billion dollars. World Almanac, 1939 New York.

Street in Bombay 1850

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 287

1939 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1939 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

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1939

6,770,000

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1939 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: Small head, .916 fine REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

FOOTNOTE: Sanskrit was an old language when Latin was still new. Hindu mythology says that it was the language of the Gods. Most Indian languages have absorbed large numbers of Sanskrit words. Under British rule, English was the court language of the country. There are not only 225 distinct languages and innumerable dialects spoken in India, but, to complicate matters, they are written in no less than eight scripts, some reading from right to left, and others from left to right. The following languages are spoken by five million or more people each; Eastern Hindi (Hindustani), Lahnda, Malayalan, Gujarati, Oriya, Kanarese, Rajasthani, Punjabi, Tamil, Marathi, Bihari, Telegu, Bangali, and Western Hindi or Urdu. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.,1950 . ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1940

24,635,272

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: Small head, .500 fine

The Palace at Murshidabad

REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 288

1940 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1945 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

1940

28,946,956

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / . (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

1943 1944 1945

95,200,000 170,504,400 181,648,000

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 1/4 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / • (dot mintmark) below. EDGE: Security /.\./.\./

TYPE: Large head, reeded edge

MINT: • (dot mintmark below open lotus) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-545

REFERENCE: Y-55A. KM-547

FOOTNOTE: The Indian Empire extends over a territory larger than the continent of Europe. “British India” means all territories within the Governors’ Provinces and the Chief Commissioners’ Provinces; while “India” means British India, together with all territories of any Indian ruler under the suzerainty of His Majesty King George VI, all territories under the suzerainty of such Indian ruler, the tribal areas, and any other territories which His Majesty in Council may from time to time, declare to be part of India.

1929 - the first England-India air mail

TYPE: Large head, security edge

1911 New Delhi capital of India

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 289

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1944

included with Y-55A

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / — (mintmark) below. EDGE: Security /.\./.\./ MINT: — (diamond) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY TYPE: Large head, security edge, diamond mintmark REFERENCE: Y-55B, KM-547 ======================================================================

1945 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The security edge which was rather complex in structure and hence difficult to forge was introduced as a deterrent against counterfeiting. It comprised of round embossed dots placed in between short oblique strokes in a groove along the center of the edge of the coin. The groove had closely grained edges on either side. The security edge was used by the Bombay mint and the Lahore mint between 1943-1945.

1944 Diamond mintmark for Bombay ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: 1921-24 The Non-co-operation movement instituted by Mahatma Gandhi, causes grave unrest in India.

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Nationalist followers of Gandhi

1944 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: The early years of the twentieth century were disturbed by the rising tide of Indian Nationalism but, on the outbreak of World War I, India gave allegiance to the Allies. In 1920 Gandhi started his policy of non-cooperation. The Round Table Conference in London, in 1931, closed with a pledge of Indian autonomy. Some progress was made toward this end, but members of India’s Congress Party opposed entering the War (1939) and withdrew from participation in the Government in the Government. In August, 1942, their leaders were interned; however, over two million Indians joined the Colors in World War II. In 1946 when the interned political leaders of India were released negotiations were again opened for Home Rule. The Moslem League insisted on founding Pakistan, a separate country designed to embrace those Provinces where Moslems are in the majority. Despite the factions in the country, the British Government announced its plan to withdraw from India. On August 15, 1947, after nearly 200 years of British rule, and after more than forty years of India’s struggle for Independence, the transfer of power took place, and the Union Jack was replaced by the National Flags of India and Pakistan. A Missionary Atlas, Harrisburg,Pa.1950.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 290

1835 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1835 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== EAST INDIA COMPANY CALCUTTA MINT ===================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

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1835

u/m

frozen date struck 1835-1840

¿OV: Head of William IIII, facing right WILLIAM left IIII, above KING. right / F on trunction. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / Persian inscription (Chahar aana = Four Annas) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, z (ten point rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY z (ten point rosette) around / 1835 • (dot).

FOOTNOTE: The rupee series starting in 1835 was struck 11/12 fine which in a decimal is shown as .916 fine parts of silver. FOOTNOTE: Rupee is the name of a silver coin current in India, of the value of 2 shillings, the word is a corruption of the Sanskrit ‘rupya’. In 1835 the coinage of the East India Company was entirely remodeled, and a coin, thenceforth termed the company’s rupee, with its proportionate subdivisions, was struck to replace all the former currencies, being of the same weight and fineness throughout, and bearing inscriptions in English, or on one face the head and name of the reigning sovereign of Great Britain and Ireland, and on the reverse the designation of the coin in English and Persian, with the words “East India Company” in English... Library of Universal Knowledge, American Book Exchange, N.Y., 1880.

MINTMASTER: F = Major General William Nairn Forbes, Mintmaster Calcutta mint 1836-1855.

FOOTNOTE: ‘Sailor King’, a title popularly conferred upon William IIII of England, who entered the Navy in 1779, at fourteen years of age, and continued in the service till 1827, having passed from the rank of Midshipman to that of Captain by regular promotion, and thence by a merely formal ascent to that of Admiral of the Fleet in 1801, and that of Lord High Admiral in 1827. Complete Compendium of Universal Knowledge, Phila, 1891.

REFERENCE: C-301, KM-448.3

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EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA

The Coins of the British Commonwealth of Nations Part 4 India Volume 2: Uniform Coinage - East India Company 1835-58, Imperial period 1858-1947 by F. Pridmore, London 1980. FOOTNOTE: Types of this issue include; no designer initial, F raised and F incised, no dot after date with no initial, F incised and R.S. incised for Robert Saunders. FOOTNOTE: Classic patterns have been followed in the public buildings of Calcutta, sometimes very closely, as in the case of the Calcutta mint, which is a reduced model of the Temple of Minerva at Athens. India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903.

Calcutta in 1850 ======================================================================

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 291

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1840

12,994,320

frozen date struck 1842-1849

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA QUEEN, above around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840 • (dot). EDGE: Reeded MINT: c (crescent mintmark top left of ribbon) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA ENGRAVER: Major J.T.Smith, Mintmaster, Madras mint DESIGNER: William Wyon, Chief Engraver, Royal Mint TYPE: I - Continuous legend REFERENCE: Y-2, KM-453.1

Black hole of Caluctta - 1756 imprisionment of Eupopeans ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1840

frozen date struck 1845-1861

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right / W.W. raised on trunction.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: During the first half of the nineteenth century, the East India Company had pushed its conquests and annexed one after another of the Native States, until the whole peninsula from the Ganges to the Indus was brought under the British Crown. Railways were built connecting the ports with the interior, telegraph lines were carried through the country, and its rich resources were brought within reach of English trade. In 1840-41 East India Company coinage with the bust of Victoria were struck in silver denominations of rupee, 2 rupee, 3 rupee and 2 anna. As the rule of the East India Company continued the prejudices of the natives were contemptuously ignored. Hindus were forced to serve in the British Army, and were even sent overseas to fight in Burma and in China for the English. The people grew restless and resentful. They cherished a tradition that the rule of the East India Company would last one hundred years, and eagerly awaited the centennial anniversary of the Battle of Plassey. The spark that set flame to the smoldering discontent was a rumor that the native troops were to be forced to accept Christianity. On May 7, 1857 the Sepoys mutinied, slew their English Officers, and declared the aged Mogul Prince to be Emperor of India. Within a few days they got possession of Delhi, the ancient Capital, and other principal towns of the interior. Many of the English residents were massacred. Not even the women and children escaped the fury of the frenzied natives. The government, taken by surprise, was utterly unable to check the revolt until reinforcements were sent from England. Then superior discipline and generalship began to show. Delhi was taken after a three month siege (June 9 to September 20), the poor Emperor of India was made prisoner, and his sons and principal adherents were shot. The exasperated English dealt out terrible punishment to the rebels. With the revolt finally suppressed, steps were taken to reform the government and the East India Company was abolished, and India was brought under the direct administration of the Crown. Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1876. The title was granted to her by Act of Parliament and on May 1, 1876 Queen Victoria joined the other three European Heads of States with Imperial titles; the Tsar of Russia, the Emperor of Austria and the Emperor of Germany, the father-in-law of her eldest daughter Vicky. British India coinage dated 1877 with the Crowned head of Victoria were struck in Bombay and Calcutta with the inscription - Victoria Empress. At home it was not until the design by Sir Thomas Block known as the “Veiled Head” engraved in 1893 by Chief Engraver George William deSaulles that the title IND.IMP was added to the Queens titles denoting Empress of India as shown on the Great Britain 4 Pence of Y-41 in the study. Under a government entrusted to English officials great attention was given to agricultural improvement. Swamps were drained, jungles cleared and desert areas made fertile by irrigation. Internal transportation was increased, so that grain could be carried to districts where it was needed. Not all of these precautions were sufficient to prevent disastrous famines. General failure of crops as in 1897 brought millions of people to the verge of starvation and forced the government to provide whole Provinces with food.

¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / (Persian inscription = CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within laurel wreath tied with ribbon below, • (rosette) EAST INDIA COMPANY • (rosette), around / 1840 EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA DESIGNER: W.W. = William Wyon, Royal Mint TYPE: II - Divided legend REFERENCE: Y-2A, KM-453.2 FOOTNOTE: No dot after date; W.W. raised, W.W.S. raised, and W.W. incised = Calcutta mint. (dot after date = Bombay mint).

Calcutta 1850

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 292

1862 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1862 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

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1862 1874 1875 1876

19,412,200 5,444,480 2,796,640 6,457,480

frozen date struck 1862-1873

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left QUEEN, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / - / DATE within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Roya Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA DESIGNER and ENGRAVER: L.C.Wyon, Royal Mint REFERENCE: Y-10, KM-470 Hundred Years of Indian Coinage by Dr.K.N.Sharif, Bangalore,India 1979, Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Coins of India by D.Chakravarty, Calcutta, India,1979.

Victoria Empress of India ======================================================================

Mausoleum of Emperor Akbar

Fort St.George, Madras

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 293

1877 - Proclamation at Delhi of Queen Victoria as Empress of India

1878 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 1/4 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1877 1878 1888

3,440,120 44,240 4,944,680

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark, 19.2MM) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Calcutta (Landing place of the Goddess Kali), Capital of British India and Bengal; is situated about 80 miles from the sea, on the left bank of the Hooghly, a branch of the Ganges, navigable up to the city for large vessels. The river opposite the city varies in breath from about two furlongs to three-quarters of a mile. The city extends along the bank for about four miles and a half, and with a breadth of about a mile and a half, the entire site of Calcutta proper being about 8 sq.miles. Adjacent to the city itself, however are extensive suburbs, which include the large town of Howrah on the opposite side of the Hooghly, connected with Calcutta by a pontoon bridge. The houses of the south or British quarter of Calcutta are of brick, elegantly built, and many of them like palaces, in striking contrast with the northern quarter occupied by the natives, the ‘Pettah or black town’, which has narrow, crooked, and ill-built streets. The city is encompassed by a spacious way called the Circular Road. On the west side is an extensive quay about 2 miles long, called the Strand. At the north side, called the Esplanade, stands the Government House. Other edifices worth notice are the Town-Hall, Supreme Court, the Calcutta mint, and General Post Office. A tolerable good supply of filtered water from the Hooghly is furnished to the inhabitants; and a complete system of drainage has been constructed. Calcutta has an extensive system of internal navigation through the numerous arms and tributaries of the Ganges, and it almost monopolizes the external commerce of Bengal. There is a railway from Calcutta to Delhi, with branches on to Bombay. The principal exports are opium, cotton, rice, wheat, jute, gunny-bags, tea, indigo, seed, raw silk, etc. Of the imports the most important in respect of value are cotton goods. Salt is a considerable import. The native shops are in Bazaars in the narrow streets of the native town, the principal being Burra, and the old and new China Bazaars. At the end of the 17th century Calcutta was only a cluster of three mud villages; in 1891 it contained, with its suburbs, a population of 861,764. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1895.

TYPE: I - no mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Water Front, Calcutta 1895

The Life of a British Officer

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 294

1896 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1896 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.2 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1897 1898 1900 1901

2,463,030 821,010 3,244,120 612,280 2,870,720 3,596,040 1,024,080 7,086,800 6,493,880 6,056,010 2,018,670 7,286,760 u/m 6,483,960 6,434,560 9,464,200 5,884,440 1,329,760 1,605,820 4,475,593

======================================================================

proof only

¿OV: Crowned bust of Victoria, facing left, VICTORIA, left EMPRESS, right. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / - / INDIA / DATE / c (mintmark) within flower design. EDGE: Reeded MINT: c = Royal branch mint, CALCUTTA TYPE: II - c mintmark REFERENCE: Y-21, KM-490

Edward VII Emporor of India

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 295

1906 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1906 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.1-19.4 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910

7,060,180 10,026,132 6,299,742 10,671,940 11,464,000 7,083,812 u/m 8,024,000

FOOTNOTE: The population of Calcutta - 1901 - 1,121,664 and India - 294,863,556 including provinces; Burma, Assam, Agra, Ondh, Bombay, the Punjab, the N.W.Frontier Provinces, Madras, and British Baluchistan with total population of 231,899,507 and the Native States population of 62,964,049. FOOTNOTE: A magnificent Dunbar was held with great pomp and circumstance at Delhi on New Year’s Day 1903, to proclaim King Edward VII, Emperor of India.

proof only

¿OV: Head of Edward VII, facing right, EDWARD VII KING AND EMPEROR, around / DES. under bust. ¿RV: Crown at top / 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within lotus flowers left and right / DATE below. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA DESIGNER: DES. = George William DeSaulles REFERENCE: Y-32, KM-506 FOOTNOTE: The official method of expressing large sums in ‘tens’ of rupees, which is generally followed by modern works of reference...with the sign L...merely an abbreviation of rupees ten. The face value of the rupee is two shillings, and the signs L and £ (pound) would be interchangeable, but for the fact that the depreciation in silver has reduced the exchange value of the rupee to about one shilling in 1901.India by C.H.Forbes-Lindsay, Phila.,1903.

FOOTNOTE: The gold sovereign is the standard of India, but the rupee (U.S.$0.32445) in 1906 is the money of account, current at 15 to the sovereign. Director of U.S. Mint, April 1906. FOOTNOTE: On October 19, 1905 (future King George V) Prince of Wales, Duke of York, Duke of Cronwell and Earl of Chester, in company with the Princess of Wales, Victoria Mary of Teck, left London for a visit to India and landed at Bombay on November 9th. The tour was a great success and everywhere he was received with the greatest enthusiasm. At Calcutta he laid the foundation stone of the Victoria Memorial Hall and took part in many other important ceremonies in different parts of India. FOOTNOTE: The pig rupee and subsidiary coins dated 1911 were the result of new dies with the portrait of the new King George V following designs which had been prepared for a change in the coinage of Edward VII, showing the King in Royal robes with collar of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire. A native rumor identified the animal hanging below the Order, as a pig which local religious sects found most distaseful and brought back memories of the Sepoy Mutiny. New dies were cut altering to more clearly depict an elephant, thus the 1911 issue is considered scarce as most of them were removed from circulation.

The re-engraved elephant ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 296

1916 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.3-19.5 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1926 1929 1930 1934 1936

2,244,798 9,587,044 12,686,464 1,423,259 850,618 13,178,324 21,071,637 50,575,096 26,135,346 8,168,700 4,012,900 3,222,128 3,945,539 25,743,555

1916 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: A most magnificent Dunbar, December 12, 1911 was held in honor of the accession George V as King of Great Britain and of the Dominions beyond the seas and Emperor of India. The King and Queen were present on this memorable occasion. Winstan’s Encyclopedia, 1918. FOOTNOTE: The latest census to be completed furnished much interesting information about the people of India. About 73 % of the people are engaged in agriculture out of a total population of 319,000,000, a gain of one and two-tenths per cent in a decade. This low rate of increase was after the epidemic of influenza in 1918 and 1919 which caused the loss of 12,000,000 people of India.

frozen date

¿OV: Crowned head of George V, facing left, GEORGE V KING EMPEROR, around. ¿RV: 3 / RUPEE / INDIA / DATE / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA REFERENCE: Y-43, KM-517 POPULATION: Calcutta - Census of March 10, 1911 1,222,313 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The issue dated 1936 was struck during 1936-1938 with a frozen date 1936.

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1938 1939

u/m 3,071,555

proof only

¿OV: Small head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - DATE - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Roya Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA TYPE: Small head REFERENCE: Y-55, KM-544

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 297

1942 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1942 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1940 1942 1943

68,674,901 88,096,043 90,993,571

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / • RUPEE • / • INDIA • / - 1940 - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint CALCUTTA TYPE: Large head, reeded edge

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The money of India is reckoned in rupees, annas, pice and pies. The pies resemble the U.S. one cent piece in size and appearance and are seldom seen in circulation, but are still mentioned in reckoning. Three pies make one pice; 12 pies or four pice make one anna; four anna or 3 rupee is the denomination listed here (dime size) and 16 annas equal one rupee. The anna is worth a little less than one and one half cents U.S. and the rupee about 21 cents in U.S. currency. ======================================================================

REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-545 POPULATION: India - 1941 - 388,998,000 ======================================================================

Calcutta, India ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 298

1945L - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE

1945L - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIA, BRITISH EMPIRE of LAHORE MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19.0 MM .500 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1943 1944 1945

23,700,000 86,400,000 29,750,953

¿OV: Large head of George VI, facing left, GEORGE VI KING EMPEROR, around / • (dot) under bust. ¿RV: 3 / .RUPEE. / .INDIA. / - DATE - / Persian denomination (CHAHAR AANA = FOUR ANNAS) within inner circle, flower design around / L (mintmark) below.

FOOTNOTE: The word “Pakistan” was coined a number of years ago by a Mohammedan student known as Chaudry Rahmatli. The letters of the word stand for the areas claimed for this independent Moslem state such as “P” for Punjab, “A” for Afghans, and “K” for Kashmir. “Pakistan” became a magic word among the Moslems. The Standard Quartely Review, 1942. FOOTNOTE: Lahore, capital of the Punjab, on the left bank of the Ravi, 265 miles north-west of Delhi. It covers an area of 640 acres, and is surrounded by a brick wall 16 feet high, flanked by bastions. The streets are extremely narrow, unpaved, and dirty; and the houses have in general a mean appearance. The European quarter lies outside the wall on the south, and dates from 1849. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1986. ======================================================================

EDGE: Security /.\./.\./ MINT: L mintmark below open lotus = LAHORE TYPE: Large head, security edge REFERENCE: Y-55A, KM-547 FOOTNOTE: In late 1940, hoarding caused severe shortages of Indian coinage. A new mint was to be constructed near Calcutta, but the treat of a Japanese invasion caused the site to be moved to the north-west to Lahore. The Lahore mint commenced minting in May 1942 and produced over 140 million quarter rupee coins, denoted by a small L mintmark at 6 o’clock near the rim on the reverse. With the political independence in 1947 the Lahore mint became the Pakistan mint.

Map of India 1945 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 299

SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - OBVERSE

SAMVAT1951 - 4 ANNAS - REVERSE

======================================================================

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - BARODA BOMBAY MINT ====================================================================== 4 ANNAS !7 MM .916 FINE 2.8 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

BARODA - INDIAN STATES

(1894) samvat 1951 (1895) 1952

KUTCH - INDIAN STATES

u/m u/m

¿OV: Head of Sayaji Rao III, facing right, inscription around. ¿RV: Inscription / (sward) / DATE in samvat, within wreath of laurel. EDGE: Plain MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mint BOMBAY REFERENCE: Y-34A FOOTNOTE: Baroda, a fortified city of Gujarat, India, capital of a District, and of the Native State of the same name. It is 248 miles north of Bombay. It stands on the Vishvomitri, which is here crossed by four stone bridges. The town has a splendid modern system of water works since 1892, supplied from a distance of 18 miles by the artificial lake covering 4.71 square miles. Baroda is the residence of the Gaikwar, a protected Mahratta Prince. In 1875 Sayaji Rao III replaced Malhar Rao, the preceding ruler, who was accused of misrule and oppression, and suspected of an attempt to poison the British Resident. The State has been tributary to Great Britain since 1802. Population of town, in 1891, 116,400. The area of State 8100 square miles. Population of Baroda State in 1891 2,414,400. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. FOOTNOTE: The rulers of Gwalior, Indore and Baroda are descendants of successful generals who rose to power from the ruins of the Moghul Empire in the 18th century.

SE 1940 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1883 in arabic ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: The SE or Samvat Era or Vikrama Era commences from 57 B.C.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 300

SE 1940 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1883 in arabic

SE 1955 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1898 in arabic

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================. INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 16.5MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

1881 1882 1883 1883 1884 1885

SE 1938 SE 1939 SE 1939 SE 1940 SE 1941 SE 1941

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Symbols (trident, closed crescent and dagger) / Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / SE DATE). ¿RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

1894 1896 1897 1897 1898 1898 1899 1899 1900 1900 1901

SE 1950 SE 1952 SE 1953 SE 1954 SE 1954 SE 1955 SE 1955 SE 1956 SE 1956 SE 1957 SE 1957

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / Nagari inscription / SE DATE (= MAHA RAO SRI / KHENGARJI / SE DATE).

EDGE: Plain ¿RV: Urdu inscription (VICTORIA KAISAR / HIND ZARB/ BHUJ arabic AD DATE = VICTORIA, EMPRESS / OF INDIA, STRUCK / IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ TYPE: I - closed crescent

EDGE: Plain REFERENCE: Y-35 MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ FOOTNOTE: Bhuj was named after its founder, Bhuj, the capital of the Native State of Cutch (Kutch), India, situated at the foot of a fortified hill of the same name, about 35 miles from the sea. Its mosques and pagodas, interspersed with plantations of dates, gives to the town an imposing appearance from a distance...Bhuj is celebrated for its manufactures in gold and silver.

TYPE: II - open crescent REFERENCE: Y-35 POPULATION: Kutch - 1901 - 488,022 with Bhuj the capital with 26,362 inhabitants.

FOOTNOTE: Kaisar-i-hind, Hindustani for Empress of India, the title conferred on Queen Victoria in 1876 by Act of Parliament, and proclamation at Delhi. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila, 1896.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 301

SE 1955 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1899 in arabic

SE 1979 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1923 in arabic

======================================================================

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

FOOTNOTE: In 1876 Maharaja Rao Khengarji III succeeded as reigning sovereign of Cutch. He was a keen advocate for education and especially the education of women. He founded museums, libraries and schools, and inaugurated scholarships ...When he appears in public, he alternately worships God in a Hindu pagoda and a Mahommedan mosque; and he fits out annually at Mandui a ship for the conveyance of pilgrims to Mecca, who are maintained during the voyage chiefly by the liberality of the Prince. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th. Edition ,1910. FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a protected principality under the Presidency of Bombay, British India, occupying the peninsula south of Sind, between the marshy tracts of the Rann of Cutch and the Gulf of Cutch. It's soil is mostly sterile. The climate and meteorological conditions are extremely unfavorable for vegetation. The Rann is a morass nearly 7000 miles in area. It is flooded during the monsoon by salt water, but by December 1st it is comparatively dry. Cutch has a feudal system of government, the ruling power being confined to the Dynasty of Jharija Rajput, of which there are about 200 members. The chief town is Bhuj. New Imternational Encyclopedia, Phila., 1896.

1913 1923 1923 1927 1927

SE 1970 SE 1979 SE 1980 SE 1984 SE 1985

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI • KACHCHH • BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) ¿RV: Nagari inscription (KORI / BHUJ), Urdu inscription (GEORGE V KAISAR / HIND ZARB / BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE V, EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE). EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ REFERENCE: Y-51 FOOTNOTE: Cutch, a State in the west if India, lying to the south of Sind, under British protection; area, 6500 sq. miles. During the rainy season it is wholly inundated by water, the vast salt morass of the Rann separating it on the north and east from Sind and the Guicowar’s dominions. Its south side is formed by the Gulf of Cutch, and on the west it has the Arabian Sea. The date is the only fruit which thrives, and the principal exports are cotton and horses. The Rann of Cutch covers about 9000 square miles, and is dry during the greater part of the year. Population of the State of Cutch (1895) - 512,084. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896.

Bhuj, Kutch from 1895 map ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 302

SE 1979 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1923 in arabic

SE 1985 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1929 in arabic

======================================================================

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1928 1929 1931 1931 1932 1932 1933 1933 1934 1934 1935 1935 1936

SE 1985 SE 1985 SE 1987 SE 1988 SE 1988 SE 1989 SE 1989 SE 1990 SE 1990 SE 1991 SE 1991 SE 1992 SE 1992

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

SE 1985 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1929 in arabic ======================================================================

EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ REFERENCE: Y-59

FOOTNOTE: The symbols shown on the Kutch coinage are symbols for: Trident of the Goddess of Asapura, Crescent or Moon, Katar or dagger.

FOOTNOTE: About 1928, new automatic machines were imported from England for the Kutch mint.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 303

SE 1992 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1936 in arabic

SE 1992 - 1 KORI - REVERSE AD 1936 in arabic

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

1936 1936

SE 1992 u/m SE 1993 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI • KACHCHH • BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH) ¿RV: Within inner circle ,Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (• EDWARD VII KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD 1936 = EDWARD VII EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, 1936) around. EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ REFERENCE: Y-65 FOOTNOTE: The silver coinage of Kutch, Indian Native State, was the only Colony in 1936 to strike a coin of the series, with the name of the King of Great Britain, Edward VIII who became the Emperor of India on January 20, 1936, upon the death of his father George V. His reign lasted less than eleven months, when he indicated he intended to marry Mrs. Wallis Warfield Simpson, an American divorcee. Faced with the alternative of giving up the woman or the throne, he chose the woman he loved. He sent his message of abdication to Parliament on December 10, 1936 and two days later left for Europe. Edward closed his farewell radio address - heard by millions of people around the world - with the words, ‘and now we all have a new King. I wish him and you, his people, happiness and prosperity with all my heart. God bless you all’ He was named Duke of Windsor by King George VI. The 1 kori was struck with the name of Edward VIII and the AD 1936 date and SE 1992 and 1993.

SE 1996 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1940 in arabic ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Bhuj, chief town of Cutch in India, Bombay Presidency, at the base of a fortified hill, with military cantonments, High School and School of Arts, Mausoleums of the Raos or Chiefs of Cutch. Population (1896) 22,308. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1865.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 304

SE 1996 - 1 KORI - REVERSE Ad 1940 in arabic

SE 2001 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE AD 1944 in arabic

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

1937 1937 1938 1939 1939 1940

SE 1993 SE 1994 SE 1995 SE 1995 SE 1996 SE 1996

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

1942 1943 1943 1944 1944

SE 1999 SE 1999 SE 2000 SE 2000 SE 2001

u/m u/m u/m u/m u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI KHENGARJI .KACHCHH BHUJ = RAO KHENGARJI III, BHUJ, KACHCHH)

¿OV: Within inner circle, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE DATE in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI•KACHCHH• = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) around.

¿RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (.GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB. BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE) around.

¿RV: Within inner circle of pearls, Nagari inscription (KORI / E-K ), Urdu inscription (•GEORGE VI KAISAR HIND ZARB • BHUJ arabic AD DATE = GEORGE VI EMPEROR OF INDIA, STRUCK IN BHUJ, AD DATE).

EDGE: Plain

MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ

REFERENCE: Y-73

REFERENCE: Y-81 FOOTNOTE: Maharaja Rao Vijayaarajji succeeded Khengarji after a reign of 66 years in 1942.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 305

SE 2001 - 1 KORI - OBVERSE

SE 2001 - 1 KORI - REVERSE

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - KUTCH BHUJ MINT ====================================================================== 1 KORI 17MM .610 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ======================================================================

======================================================================

(1947)

MEWAR UDAIPUR - INDIAN STATES

======================================================================

SE 2004 u/m

¿OV: Within inner circle of pearls, symbols (trident, open crescent and dagger) / SE 2004 in Nagari, Nagari inscription. ( = MAHA RAO SRI VIJAYAARAJJI • KACHCHH • = RAO VIJAYAARAJJI - KACHCHH) around. ¿RV: Nagari inscription above design ( = JAYA HIND / KORI E-K / BHUJ = VICTORY OF INDIA / ONE KORI / BHUJ) EDGE: Plain MINT: Bhuj = BHUJ TYPE: Commemorative REFERENCE: Y-84 The Coinage of Kutch by Richard K. Bright, Numismatics International, 1975. FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck to commemorate the Independence of India in 1947 from Great Brittan.

SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - OBVERSE ======================================================================

Rajput warriers

FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, a town in the north west of India, capital of the Native State of the same name in Rajputana, on a lake 2000 feet above sea level, contains a notable Royal Palace. Population 38,214. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Phila., 1896.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 306

SAMVAT1985 - 3 RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - MEWAR UDAIPUR CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPEE 19MM .839 FINE 3.0 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1928)

Samvat 1985

839,396

¿OV: Persian inscription / The Hills of Mewar within inner circle within open flower border around. ¿RV: Nagari inscription (DOSTI LONDHON = FRIEND OF LONDON) within inner circle within closed flower border around.

====================================================================== INDIAN STATES - NAVANAGER NAVANAGER MINT ====================================================================== 2 2 KORI 19MM .937 FINE 6-7 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1892) VS 1949 (1893) 1950

scarce scarce

¿OV: native inscription / design, within outer circle of dots with tails. ÀRE: Arabic inscription./ native inscription. EDGE: Reeded REFERENCE: Y-5

EDGE: Reeded

u/m u/m

MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mintl branch mint CALCUTTA REFERENCE: Y-20 FOOTNOTE: This issue was struck at the Royal Mint branch mint Calcutta in 1931 and dated in Samvat 1985, equal to AD 1928. FOOTNOTE: Udaipur, (Mewar) - One of the Indian Rajputana States, area - 12,756 square miles, population - 1911 - 1,293,776. Ruling famoly - Sisodiya Rajput. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916. ======================================================================

NAVANAGER - INDIAN STATES

======================================================================

(AD 1892) - VS 1949 - 2 1/2 KORI OBVERSE & REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Navangar - One of the Indian Bombay States - area 3,791 square miles, population (c. 1911) 349,400. Ruling family Kahatriya Maharaja. Statesmen's Year-Book, London 1916.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 307

======================================================================

PORTUGUESE INDIA

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: D.Luiz Filippe succeeded his brother to the throne of Portugal on November 11, 1861. He reigned until October 19, 1889 and was succeeded by his son, D.Carlos Fernando when he was little more than twenty-six years old. FOOTNOTE: The currency of Portuguese India was changed to a new standard as a result of the Luso-Britannic Convention of 1880 with the silver rupee eleven twelfths pure silver .916 fine and weighing 11.66 grams. Half-rupee (meia rupia), quarter-rupee (quarto de rupia) and eighth-rupee (oitavo de rupia) as divisions were minted at both the Calcutta and Bombay mints to the same standards corresponding to the coinage of British India. The rupee and half-rupee were struck dated 1881 and 1882, while the quarter-rupee and eight-rupee were issued only in 1881. A copper coinage was issued dated 1881,1884,1886 and 1888 with a much higher mintage. ======================================================================

1881 - 3 RUPIA - REVERSE ====================================================================== INDIA PORTUGUEZA BOMBAY MINT/CALCUTTA MINT ====================================================================== 3 RUPIA 19MM .916 FINE 2.92 GRAMS ====================================================================== 1881

470,748

¿OV: Head of Luis I, facing left, LUDOVICUS • I • PORTUG : ET • ALGARB : REX (LUIS I, KING OF PORTUGAL AND ALGARVE) around / • 1881 • below. ÀRV: Crowned Arms of Portugal within wreath of laurel and oak, • INDIA PORTUGUEZA • (PORTUGUESE INDIA) above around, QUARTO DE RUPIA (3 RUPIA) below around. EDGE: Reeded MINT: (no mintmark) = Royal Mint branch mints of BOMBAY and CALCUTTA REFERENCE: Y-12, LU.20, KM-10

1881 - 3 RUPIA - OBVERSE ======================================================================

Indo-Portuguese Money by J.Ferraro Vaz,Braga,1980 POPULATION: Goa - 1881 - 481,467 including 630 Europeans.

FOOTNOTE: Luis I, King of Portugal reigned from 1861 to 1889. FOOTNOTE: Goa, a city of Hindustan, the capital of the Portuguese settlements in India. It stands on the North side of an island, 22 miles long and 6 broad, formed by the River Mandova, which is capable of receiving the largest ships. The inhabitants are contented with greens,fruits, and roots, which, with a little bread, rice, and fish, are their principal diet, though they have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is the Roman Catholic, and the clergy are numerous and illiterate. Goa has few manufactures or productions, the best trade being in arrack, which is distilled from the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is defended by several forts and batteries. The Universal Gazetteer, Phila.,1893.

Portuguese carrack

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 308

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Goa was made the capital of Portuguese India in 1843. Located on the western coast of India with an area of 1400 sq. miles. It is divided into two districts: Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests) and Novas Conquistas (New Conquests). It is a hilly region, some of the peaks of the western Ghats rising to 4000 ft. The country is intersected by many short, but navigable, rivers, the largest being the Mandair and the Juari. One of the chief industries is agriculture, mangoes, bananas, coconuts, areca nuts, palm, and spices, being among its products. The town of Goa was founded by Albuqerque in 1511 on the island of Goa. It is famous for its beautiful examples of Portuguese architecture. Among its buildings are a majestic cathedral, the Church of Bom Jesus, a perfect example of Renaissance style, containing the tomb of St.Francis Xavier, and the Chapel of St.Catherine. New Goa, also called Panjim was a suburb of the old city. Everyman Encyclopedia, London 1912.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Farrukhabad, a city of Hindustan on the Ganges river, ceded to the British in 1802. It is a market for grain, fruit and potatoes. Leather and metal goods are manufactured. Population 51,567.

Murshidabad

C - 151

FOOTNOTE: Murshidabad, (Machhlipatnam) a city of Hindustan on the east coast with population of 39,507.

Surat

C - 255

======================================================================

British East India Company Coinage for Native Cities

FOOTNOTE: Surat, a city of Hindustan, in Guzerat, with a strong citadel. The squares are large, and the streets spacious, but not paved, so that the dust is troublesome. Each street has gates of its own, with which it is shut in times of turbulence. The larger houses are flat roofed, with courts before them; and those of the common people are high roofed. It is said to have 320,000 inhabitants... All the people of distinction in Surat, and through the rest of India, speak and write the Persian language; but in trade corrupt Portuguese is the language used. Before the East India Company obtained possession of Bombay, Surat was the seat of their presidency, and the center of their eastern trade. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila. 1839.

====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: Although this work has narrowly limited coinage for inclusion to about AD 1835, for British India there were a few earlier machine struck pieces identified as the British East India Company for individual cities. The 3 rupee coins in the authors collection are briefly included with their Craig references.

Arcot

C - 15

Indian thrashing

FOOTNOTE: Arcot, a city of Hindoostan, capital of Carnatic, which became subject to the East India Company in 1801. The citadel is large and esteemed a place of some strength; but the nabob often resides at Madras. Ascot has a manufacture of coarse cotton cloth. New Universal Gazetteer, Phila. 1839.

Farrukhabad

C - 84

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - INDIA - PAGE 309