Border Crossing Master Studio [BX_file 1-2]
Teachers_ Vibeke Jensen Anders Rubing
Students_ Global Migration Movements_ Auste Cijunelyte Turid Skåden Ingrid Jordheim Eivind Hustvedt International Border Situation_ Henrik Mæland Ingeleiv Midtun Yonghyun Ahn Silvia Garcia Arranz Urban Space and Migration_ Jøran Bjørshol Marielle Nordnes Stefanie Klemm Definitions, Positions and Formats_ Ling Lee Lassi Tulonen Pia Eide Laws and Rights_ Antonio Barbin Jane Mattan Illyrian Belègu Adriana Smets Self Organization_ Øyvind Kristiansen Siri Nordeide Stine Elise Kristoffersen Sebastian Uthaug
Border Crossing Master Studio
Index
2
Who are they?
And what brought them here? BX_1/2 06 DEFINITIONS, POSITIONS & FORMATS
ABSIMIL
SAHIR
AO
TOMASZ
WEED
Page 51
Border Crossing File 1–2
Index
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
In this project we have tried to look at the divercity of borders, outside and inside Schengen. The security level, what the border looks like, and in some cases what happens in the border areas. We have mainly looked at borders that excists today, except for the berlin wall. We seperated the borders inside and outside Schengen, because Schengen, that used to be a “bordeless” zone, is now constructing more and more borders. What we have seen that more and more changes happens due to keeping controll of migrants.
Questions and answers about a selected few borders: JSA IS THE ONLY AREA WHERE THE NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA COME SO FACE-TO-FACE THEY COULD LEGALLY KISS. WHAT MAKES IT SO UNUSUAL ?
DMZ
Each side provokes one another using their gardening skills on well-kept lawns and plants. It’s like a little competition on who can manicure the biggest hedge. But, there are no guard towers, no barbed wire or electric fencing and there are no visible tanks, military choppers or anti-air installations, nor sharks with laser beams on their heads. Those are set back in the DMZ spread 250km across the peninsula. What there is, though, are surveillance cameras. Lots of them. Many face us from the ironically named ‘Freedom House’ in the South. Nothing speaks freedom more than a bunch of surveillance cameras.
A 2.430 KM LONG LINE OF TRENCHES AND FENCES IS BEING PUT UP AGAINST THE PEO PLES WILL BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN AND PAKI STAN. WHY?
AP
Because governmental borders and ideals are more important than the populations beliefs, and cultural similarities.
WHY DO ONE MAN NEED AN ENTIRE ENCLAVE STATE SURROUNDED AND DEFENDED BY 12 M HIGH WALLS DEDICATED TO HIMSELF WITHIN ANOTHER STATE IN 2016?
VI
Because there was a time when the pope wad needed to unite the Christians, and the vatican state was built to be the centre of the Catholic church.
WHAT CAN THE GOVERMENT GET BY INTENSIFYING THE BORDER CONTROL?
FTB
I believe increasing surveillance and checks in border area provides the government to get the control the irregular migrant problem rather than terror attacks. Although it helps to decrease potentially exposes of attacks certainly by migrants, and calm down the fears of the people, it can’t ultimately eliminate all terror attack, for example, the Nice attack by the man already lived in France. The French temporary border control consists of a crossing vehicle check and random identification check in border area. These are aiming to check mainly migrants, mostly refugees, come from neighbor countries. Thus, this border control is the efficient method to restrict the influx of irregular migrants.
Page 17
Border Crossing Master Studio
Index
4
/
( (
)
\.
\
\
) \
/
MIGRATION MOVEMENTS With emphasis on Norway, France and Greece
In
Out
\ďż˝\/
Migration routes change constantly, triggered by different factors like famine, cimate crisis, war, genocide, discrimination and religion. This World Map reflects upon current global migration movement, actors and influences, root causes and triggers, by focusing on France, Greece, while referencing migration routes to and from Norway. ';,.
GLOBAL MIGRATION MOVEMENTS (2015) with emphasis on Norway, France and Greece
Page 10
..,
Border Crossing File 1–2
Index
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
BALKAN ROUTE 2015
1 t 41min 145 km
Munich
20 min 10,5 km
vienna
Freilassing Salzburg 4 t 9 min 350 km
2 t 39 min 231 km
1 t 7 min 93,2 km
Hegyeshalom 3t 249 km
Graz Zacany Zeljeznica
Red Cross
Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km
Upatovac
Sid
55 eu 8h 491 km
taxi
UNHCR
Skopje Gevgelija Reg. UNHCR
45 eu - 50 eu
Presevo Tabanovtse
Food And WAter
Kharta.
Around a thousand went off. transit area: 6000 crossing every day Hara Hotel
10 eu 7 km
IStanbul
Evzonoi Thessaloniki
1.200 dollar 8 t 6 min 525 km
7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eu
Lesbos
12 t 58 min 557 km
Athen Piraeus Port 500 everyday
12 h
REFUGEES STUCK IN BALKAN ROUTE
Munich
vienna
1 t 41min 145 km
20 min 10,5 km
Freilassing Salzburg 4 t 9 min 350 km
1 t 7 min 93,2 km
Hegyeshalom 2 t 39 min 231 km
Graz
Serbia W: - 3 C S: + 26 C
3t 249 km
Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km
Sid
55 eu 8h 491 km
Skopje Gevgelija
Presevo Tabanovtse 10 eu 7 km
IStanbul
Evzonoi Thessaloniki 8 t 6 min 525 km 7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eu
Greece W: + 10 C S: + 29 C
12 t 58 min 557 km
Athen Piraeus Port
Syria W: + 7 C S: + 25 C
REFUGEES STUCK IN BALKAN ROUTE (August 2016)
12 h
Border Crossing Master Studio
Index
6
THE LINK BETWEEN:
NGOs, influx of refugees and economic decline.
-
+ €
€
GNI to AID Volunteer groyp initiatives / NGO’s Refugees accepted
Graphs with different values shows that NGO initiatives goes up as the influx of refugees reaches it’s top, as well as the economy declines.
Page 33
Border Crossing File 1–2
Index
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
“ No Contracting State shall expel or
return (“refouler”) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
”
The principle of non-refoulement in the 1951 Refugee Convention protects the human rights of the refugees
WHO ARE WE TRYING TO CONVINCE? “ four-metre high wall to stop refugees boarding lorries is part of £17m Anglo-French security package
”
A common fund between the UK and France finances the new wall build along the highway in Calais to prevent migrants jumping onto lorries
Page 25
Border Crossing Master Studio
Index
8
HISTORICAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT >>
COLONIAL EMPIRE > miliary power and urbanization
FRENCH REVOLUTION > City Renovation and urban expansion
PARIS 1600
1789
300
1832
ATHENS
END OF ANCIENT DEMOCRACY > declining political power and cultural oblivion
GREEK INDEPENDENCY > Modern City Plan and spatial division
Border Crossing File 1–2
Index
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
> RECENT SITUATION
t ne io at igr
gd
p
pe
rc
n
ap ita
m
„PLAN VOISIN“- Le Corbusier > modernism and the ideal city
un
em
plo ym
en t
population
1922
2000
2016
1928
ent
ym plo
m
une
population
n
er pp a pit
ca
ne
tm
io at r g i
gd
GRECO-TURKISH WAR > labour migration and urban expansion
Page 41
Border Crossing Master Studio
Global Migration Movements
10
/ ( ( )
\
)
\
\
/
MIGRATION MOVEMENTS Withemphasison
In
Out
France and Greece
Migration routes change constantly, triggered by factors like famine, cimate crisis, war, genocide, discrimination and religion. \\ /
Movement of graphics
This World Map reflects upon current global migration movement, actors and influences, root causes and triggers, by focusing on France, Greece, while referencing migration routes to and from Norway.
Border Crossing File 1–2
Global Migration Movements
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Border Crossing Master Studio
Global Migration Movements
War
Climate disasters
Economy
Tourism
Education
12
Border Crossing 1–2 Studio Border CrossingFile Master
GlobalMigration MigrationMovements Movements Global
BergenSchool School of of Architecture Architecture 2016 Bergen 20016
MIGRATION ROUTES WITH EMPHASIS ON EUROPE
Migration Routes With emphasis on Europe CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE 2014: 170 000 individuals crossing
In 2015 Eritreans, Nigerians and Somalis accounted for the biggest share of the migrants crossing the mediterranean to Italy. Today, its the main route for people from all the west-african countries and central-african countries. Also syrians uses this route, allthough their prefered route is the Balcan route. In the first five months of 2016, 47 851 people arrived in Italy, which is about the same number as for the same period in 2015 (47 452).
Bus
In october 2016, “The jungle” in Calais was closed down.
Camp Dinghee boat GB, Ireland & Br. islands Visa-free zone
Helicopter rescue Ship / Ferry
Dover Calais
Smugglers fishing boat
Schengen Lampedusa
Smugglers fee
Visa-free zone
15h €174
Smugglers truck Corruption
Milan
House arrest €150
8h €102
Ventimiglia
Tripoli
Bari
Back to home country Ceuta
Melilla
€ Paid by Italian government
Lampedusa Oujda Zuwara
Morrocco
Tripoli Benghazi
Closed border
From Syria
Ajdabiya
Algerie
Canary Islands
Sabha S
a
h
a
r
Egypt
a
(Al-Jawf) €25 (Dirkou) 1600km €180-300
15 days 2362€
Agadez Dakar €120 Bamako €82
Niamey €29
Khartoum
Zinder €12
Ouagadougou €47
Visa-free zone
Abidjan €87
Diffa €26 Ethiopia
ECOWAS Lomé €52
Cotonou €49
Eritrea
Somalia
Border Crossing Master Studio
Global Migration Movements
14
$ 150 STORSKOG GRENSESTASJON $ 150 Time: 3.10
MURMANSK
Northern migration route
$ 150 Time: 26h 27min
Time: 3h20min
NORWAY
The border between Russia and Norway is an alternative route, providing a direct gateway into a schengen Area. Norway is not a European Union member, but a member of the Visa - free zone. This Route is less time conzuming and cheaper; a cost of aproximitly 40 000 NOK. More than 1500 immigrants have crossed into Norway through Russia since 2015.
RUSSIA
ST.PETERSBURG
OSLO
$ 1oo Time: 4h10min
MOSCOW
GERMANY Munich
1 t 41min 145 km
20 min 10,5 km
vienna
Freilassing Salzburg 2 t 39 min 231 km 4 t 9 min 350 km
Red Cross
$ 1.850 Time: 3h45min Visum required
1 t 7 min 93,2 km
Hegyeshalom 3t 249 km
Graz Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km
Upatovac
Sid
55 eur 8h 491 km
taxi
UNHCR
Presevo Tabanovtse
Skopje Gevgelija
transit area: 6000 crossing every day
Reg.
Hara Hotel
UNHCR
Kharta.
10 eur 7 km
Istanbul
Evzonoi Thessaloniki
Balkan Route
The majority of people trying to get to Western Europe travels through the Balkan route and are from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq. About 2000 000 tried to reach Turkey to get to the Greek Islands. About 100 000 refugees tried to reach west european countrys such as Germany in 2015. To reach northern eruopean countrys it could mean a cost of about 100 000 NOK.
Food and water
Around a thousand went off.
1.200 dollar 8 t 6 min 525 km
7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eur
45 eur - 50 eur
Lesbos
12 t 58 min 557 km
Athen Piraeus Port 500 everyday
TURKEY
TURKEY
LEBANON
Arctic Route PEOPLE 2. 000.000
Graphs representing the differences between two migration route in relation to the amount of people, price and how long it takes with the various means of transportation.
1. 000.000
500.000
100.000
50.000
0
24h
E F F E C T I V E T R A V E L I NG T I M E
Balkan Route PEOPLE 2. 000.000
1. 000.000
500.000
100.000
50.000
10.000
0
24h
E F F E C T I V E T R A V E L I NG T I M E
AFGHANISTAN
SYRIA BEIRUT
Time: 5h38min
IRAQ
IRAN
12 h
Border Crossing File 1–2
Global Migration Movements
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
GREECE - MACEDONIA BORDER SITUATION 1st half of February 2016
People in batches of 100 are allowed to pass through Macedonian border. Overfilled refugee camp around Polikastro Gas station. People burn fires to keep warm.
4 buses are waiting at Idomeni ready to transfer refugees to more southern camps.
Refugees block the highway at Polikastro protesting the long waiting time.
Idomeni
camp by Macedonian border
Gas station
Polikastro Officials “frame” the camp, no free movement.
25 buses are waiting at Polikastro ready to transfer people to other camps.
2nd half of February 2016
Slowing the process.
Macedonia announces to start 30min interviews. All the interviews have to happen at Macedonian border before taking Balkan route.
ID
Refugees have to present valid passport or ID.
Afganistan
Syria
Iraq
Refugees are stuck waiting in no-man’s land. Problems occur at every Macedonian border.
Those who are not taken by bus - walk.
July 2016
Polikastro
Idomeni
7.
Polikastro
camp is closed down, refugees are being evicted.
People do not like the conditions at overcrowded Oreokastro camp. They start walking back to the Macedonian border - Idomeni camp. Some use all their money on taxis.
ID
Refugee camp. Old tabacco factory. Refugees who are not allowed through the Macedonian border are brought to Oreokastro by buses.
Oreokastro
Border Crossing Master Studio
1 t 41min 145 km
Munich
20 min 10,5 km
vienna
Freilassing Salzburg 4 t 9 min 350 km
2 t 39 min 231 km
Global Migration Movements
16
1 t 7 min 93,2 km
Hegyeshalom 3t 249 km
Graz Red Cross
Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar 4 t 30 min 395 km
Upatovac
55 eu 8h 491 km
Sid
taxi
UNHCR
Presevo Tabanovtse Skopje Gevgelija
Food And WAter
Kharta.
Around a thousand went
Reg.
transit area: 6000 crossing every day Hara Hotel
10 eu 7 km
IStanbul
UNHCR
Evzonoi Thessaloniki
45 eu - 50 eu
1.200 dollar 8 t 6 min 525 km
7 t 35 min 483 km 39 eu
Lesbos
12 t 58 min 557 km
Athen Piraeus Port 500 everyday
12 h
vienna
Munich Freilassing Salzburg
Hegyeshalom
Serbia W: - 3 C S: + 26 C
Graz Zacany Zeljeznica Vukovar Sid
Presevo Tabanovtse Skopje Gevgelija
IStanbul Evzonoi Thessaloniki
Greece W: + 10 C S: + 29 C
Athen Piraeus Port
Syria W: + 7 C S: + 25 C
BALKAN ROUTE OBSTACLES 2016 Due to the Eu- Turkey statement The European union and Turkey aim to stop all irregular migration to Europe to prevent and target the smuggler’s business. This means that irregular migrants who get to Greece from Turkey as of 20 of march 2016 will be returned to Turkey. For every Syrian thats being returned from the greek island another Syrian will be resettled in Europe. To prevent the flow of irregular migration, some Eruopean countrys such as Turkey, Macedonia and Hungary have began building fences on the borders and in this case people get stuck in both Syria, Greece and Serbia.
Border Crossing File 1–2
International Border Situations
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
IBS
INTERNATIONAL This is a mini atlas of a selection of borders around the world. The focus of the atlas is the contested borders controling the current BORDER influx of migrants to Europe, along with other significant border situations, previous and excisting, old and new. Due to the SITUATIONS compressed format of this Border Crossing files we have not credited the hundreds of sourses we used to compleete this document
1NC 2TDG 3DMZ 4UM 5ST 6AP 1880 7TSB 8TRL 9NR 10BW 11VI 850ad 12BH-N1843 13DTB 14FTB 15SE 16MMB 17SD
1415km 225km 250km 3201km 822km 2430km 394km 2900 km 0,2 km 1500 km 3,2 km 450 km 99km 2900 km 12 km 0,2 km
Border timeline 1900
1910
Border height 160º
140º
1920
1930
0m
120º
100º
1940
1950
1960
3m
80º
60º
40º
1970
1980
1990
6m
20º
0º
20º
40º
2000
2010
12m
60º
80º
100º
120º
140º
160º
180º
9NR 13DTB
60º N
40º
20º
0º
20º
NORWAY RUSSIA
N 60º
DANISH TEMPORARY BORDER
N
17SDB
N S
15SE
N
STRAIT DOVER BORDER
N 20º S
SPANISH ENCLAVES
12BH-N BELGIUM NETHERLANDS
S
14FTB 11VI FRENCH TEMPORARY BORDER
2TDG
S
THE DARIÈN GAP PANAMA COLOMBIA
VATICAN ITAKY
40º S
6ST
8TRL
SYRIA TURKEY
PAKISTAN INDIA
7TSB
AFGANISTAN PAKISTAN
S
1NC
EGYPT ISRAEL
NEPAL CHINA
BERLIN WALL
UNITED STATES MEXICO
S
6AP
10BW 16MBB
4UM
40º
8KMZ
0º
20º
S 40º
MICROCOSM KOREA
MACEDONIAN BORDER BARRIER
160º
140º
120º
100º
80º
60º
40º
20º
0º
20º
40º
60º
80º
100º
120º
140º
160º
180º
International Borders
Legend to the border situaton Concrete wall barrier
Video surveillance
Natutal barrier
Fenced barrier
Manned border control
Motion detection
Controlled Border crossings
Armed border control
Refugee camp site
Closed border
Radar survaillance
International airport
Border Crossing Master Studio
International Border Situations
1NC
18
2TDG
NEPAL CHINA
Panama
THE DARIÈN GAP PANAMA COLOMBIA
Colombia
China The peak of Mount Everest Nepal
The border between Nepal and China is mostly undefined internationaly, except the peak of Mount Everest
When standing on the top of Mount Everest, you`ll be both in China, and Nepal
Diplomatic treaty was signed in 1956 Border lenght 1,415km The highest border in the world lying 8848m above sea level 90% uncrossable 4 border crossings
Nepal’s border with the Tibet region of China measures 1,415 kilometers along the Himalayan range. Over 90 per cent of Nepal’s frontiers with China run through uninhabited altitudes with rocks and snow, glaciers and ice fields. Of the world’s ten tallest mountains, eight mountains including Mount Everest (8,848m) are located in Nepal’s northern region bordering with Tibet. It was decided in 1956 that the top of the world, Mount Everest would be devided between the two countries, even though the treaty was signed, and the peak of the mountain was divided between them. Most of the remaining borderline between the two countries is still undetermined because of the rough terrain along the border. Except the areas around the four border crossings. These border crossings are controlled one way. Meaning that there are only stationed border patrols on the chinese side of the. Nepali side of the border.
3DMZ PRO PA GA ND
A
AGE LL VI
JO IN T N SE
MICROCOSM KOREA
2
A ARE TY EA RI KOR U C TH OR
1
Blue Houses PanmunGak Pavilion
symbols of communist progress
JO SO INT UT H
Press Building
AREA TY RI A CU RE SE KO NORTH KOREAN FLAG 160 m
1
·JOINT SECURITY AREA (JSA) · Panmunjom
2
FREE DO M
·PROPAGANDA VILLAGE · North Korea A ORE TH K N NOR A ORE TH K SOU
Py
2º tunnel
PROPAGANDA VILLAGE
North Korea
Kaesong
3
E AG LL VI
[1975]
pay no rent or tax
UNITED STATES MEXICO
Shared Securitymost respectful in region Area
4m
Lenght 25,000m
height 5m
The US border patrol was incepted in 1924. Today there are many kinds of fences along the border.
N
[1974]
3º tunnel Dorasan Station
From about 1904 there has been border patrols. It started with irregular mounted guards patrolling the border to prevent irregular immigrants from crossing.
Border crossing point Comercialised - tied to the border crossing
4ºtunnel
[1990] Korean Demilitarized zone FREEDOM VILLAGE South Korea
"Mexican people, we are not going to pay any single cent for such a stupid wall." -Felipe Calderon
Every year tens of thousands of Mexican immigrants come temporarily to the United States legally to work or study.
spend 240 days of the year at home SCHOOL INCENTIVES
1º tunnel
[1979]
4UM
In 2015 there were 240 reported deaths from trying to cross the border, that is the lowest number of deaths in 18 years.
richest farmers in Korea
·[North Korean Demilitarized Zone · Korea/South Korea/United States/United Nations] on 20 gyan 0k m g
The border between Panama and Colombia is one of the most, if not the most dangerous and hard borders to cross in the world. There are no roads between these two countries, making it the only break in the Pan-American Highway. The border is 255 km long, and runs through some harsh terrain. On the Colombian side of the border there is a large swath of undeveloped land that consist mostly of swam pland and jungle, and this jungle continues over to the Panamian side of the border where the swampland turns into a jungle-covered mountain chain that runs from the Pacific ocean in the west til the Atlantic ocean in the east. These mountains ends in another huge swamp land that runs for another 80 km before coming into Panama where the roads continue. The highest peak of the mountain chain is 1,845 m and the lowest valley reaches 60 m. These are all covered with forest and jungle. Crossing this no mans land is incredibly dangerous due to wild dangerous animals, and the FARC guerilla that controls the jungle. The only safe way to cross the border is by plane or by boat.
”I will build a great, great wall on our southern border, and I will make Mexico pay for that wall. Mark my words.” - Donald Trump
costly blue-tiled roofs
no glass in their windows electric lights operate on an automatic timer
Lenght 255 km Highest point 1,845 m Controlled by the FARC gerilla 0 bordecrossing Only possible to cross by boat or plane The hardest and most dangerous border to cross
width 4m
lenght 3,201 km height varies
Border Crossing File 1–2
5ST
International Border Situations
6AP
Tyrkey
SYRIA TURKEY
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Afghanistan
AFGHANISTAN PAKISTAN
Syria
Political post WW1 border Lenght 822 km 13 border crossings 11 open 2 closed 24-hour suveillance 2,724,937 registered refugees Open - Fenced - Walled Fence hight 3m - 6m Wall hight 5m - 6m
Torkham Border
Pakistan
Lenght 2,430 km 480 km trenched 12 border crossings Partly walled border around Torkham Double wall height 7 m Trench height 3m Trench width 2m 1.500.000 registered Afghan refugees i Pakistan
The Durand Line is the 1,510-mile border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is named after Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat for colonial British India. The border was established after the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878-1880. Today there are many disputes against the border in which Afghanistan wants to claim some land that they lost after the Second Anglo-Afghan war. Both sides signed the treaty in 1880 in which they determined the Durand Line as their border, but even so there have been multiple hard clashes between Afghan and Pakistani military, where the border at Torkham is the border that have had the most tention. There are today approximatly 1,500,000 Afghan refugees in Pakistan, and they are mostly born and raised in Pakistan after 30 years, but they are still considered Afghan. They have rights to work, buy houses, and attend schools, but the pakistan government said that this will stop in 2016 when the Afghans are expected to leave Pakistan and return to Afghanistan.
Refugee camps in size Refugee pressure Closed border crossings
7TSB
THE SINAI BARRIER EGYPT ISRAEL/GAZA GAZA
Gaza
Egypt
Israel Rafa Border crossing
8TRL INDIA PAKISTAN
Pakistan
India
ISRAEL
EGYPT Set up by Egypt between 2010 and 2013 Lenght 394 km Wall Height 6 m and 2m Guarded 24 hours 1 Border Crossings In Rafa The most complex border in the world The Sinai Barrier as it is now known as is a 394 km long and 6 meter high double fence with razor barb wire on one of the sides. It stretches from Rafah to Eilat and took three years to construct. It is one of the worlds most sophisticated barriers between two countries and is one of the largest, most expensive project in Israeli history costing $ 450 million. State delegations from countries like the United States and India have big interest in this border because of its efficiency. Where the number of irregular migration was close to 10 000 in 2013, it was only counted a dozen irregular migrants getting over the border in 2016. The only place where the public can cross the border is at the Rafa border crossing. It is considered extremely hard to cross this border for people without a stated business, or reason, and tourists will have to wait for long periods to be accepted if they are not rejected. The original border was opened on the 26th of April, in 1982, and the new border was finished in november. 2013
Created by Sir Cyril Radcliffe in 1947 Lenght 2,900 km Wall Height 3,5 m 150,000 flood lights on 50,000 fence poles Guarded 24 hours 5 Border Crossings Main Crossing: Wagah The border between Pakistan and India was drafted and created By Sir Cyril Radcliffe and is based upon the Radcliffe line from 1947. The border traverses a variety of terrains from the Arabian sea in the south and runs as far north as Shakar Garh on the Pakistani side, before the border continues into the mountain chain and becomes undetermined. Since the independence of India and Pakistan the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between the countries, and is because of this one of the most complex borders in the world, with motion detectors, radars, and cameras along the border. The border's total length is 2,900 km, It is also one of the most militerized and violent borders in the world, a barb wired fence along the whole border accompanied with 150,000 flood lights on 50,000 fence poles to be able to have survailance 24 hours a day. This makes the border the only border in the world that you can see from space during the night.
Border Crossing Master Studio
International Border Situations
Schengen area
Originally, the concept of free movement was to enable the European working population to freely travel and settle in any EU State, but it fell short of abolishing border controls within the Union. A break-through came in 1985 when cooperation between individual governments led to the signing, in Schengen (a small village in Luxembourg), of the Agreement on the gradual abolition of checks at common borders, followed by the signing in 1990 of the Convention implementing that Agreement. The implementation of the Schengen Agreements started in 1995, initially involving seven EU States. Born as an intergovernmental initiative, the developments brought about by the Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the body of rules governing the EU. Today, the Schengen Area encompasses most EU States, except for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom. However, Bulgaria and Romania are currently in the process of joining the Schengen Area. Of non-EU States, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have joined the Schengen Area.
20
MCS
MIGRATION CONTROL IN SCHENGEN AREA
H
26.03.1995 26.10.1997 01.12.1997 26.03.2000 25.03.2001 ESTABLISHED MEMBERS
26 STATES
POPULATION
419,392,429
AREA
21.12.2007
1995
4,312,099 Km
12.12.2008 - Switzerland 19.12.2011 - Leichtenstein Countries with open borders
2
J
Legally obliged to join
{Index of 2015}
The Essential Features of The Schengen Area
K
- Nationals of any world country, when in the Schengen Area, are free to cross the internal borders of the Schengen countries, without border checks - Shared standards for crossing the external borders of Schengen countries - Harmonized entry and short-stay visa conditions for all Schengen countries - Improved collaboration between the police of member countries - Privileged judicial collaboration between Schengen countries, including a faster extradition of criminals, and easier relocation for execution of criminal verdicts - An advanced shared database, assisting member countries to quickly exchange information about people and goods between them, known as (SIS) The Schengen Information System - Despite the extent of the freedom guaranteed by the Schengen Area, the police enjoys the authority to carry out checks at internal borders and in border areas, in specific circumstances, but this is not considered a border check. The police can require information from people at internal borders about the stay in Schenghen Area and additional associated questions - If lacking to have a complete internal security due to a serious threat, a Schengen country can temporarily reintroduce border checks at its internal borders, but for not more than 30 days
L
C
Obligations of Schengen Member Countries
- To be able, on behalf of other Schengen countries, to control the external borders of the Area as well as to issue Uniform Schengen Visas - To possess the competence that after the abolishment of border controls between Schengen countries, to capably collaborate with other Schengen countries’ law enforcement agencies for a greater level of security - To be equipped in applying “Schengen Acquis” or Schengen rules for controlling land, sea and air borders, issuing short-stay Schengen visas, police collaboration as well as protection of personal data - To be ready to join and put in use the Schengen Information System (SIS)
Schengen Information System [SIS] No!
Not allowed!
He committed a crime in Italy!
GERMANY ITALIAN BORDER ITALY
Border control cooperation
gistration Re
You’ve got eight tikcets in France!
GERMANY
Law enforcement cooperation
GERMANY
Cooperation on vehicle registration
The Schengen Information System (SIS) is a highly efficient large-scale information system that supports external border control and law enforcement cooperation in the Schengen States. The SIS enables competent authorities, such as police and border guards, to enter and consult alerts on certain categories of wanted or missing persons and objects. An SIS alert not only contains information about a particular person or object but also clear instructions on what to do when the person or object has been found. Specialised national SIRENE Bureaux serve as single points of contact for any supplementary information exchange and coordination of activities related to SIS alerts.
europa.eu references by schengenvisainfo.com
EU and Schengen states are trying to control refugees’s free movement in Schengen with temporary borders and SIS. When refugees register the finger prints, they are limited their free movement in Schengen area
International Border Situations
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Temporary border in the Schengen area Existing external border Temporary internal border in 2016 I
Planned external border A Russia built a fence toward Norway and H Border controls in Norwegian ports with Finland during the Cold war. Russia ferry connections to Denmark, Germany re-established the border control from Dec and Sweden 2015. Also, Norway built fence toward Russia in 2016 I Border controls in Swedish ports in the Police Region South and West and at the B Estona and Latvia buildt a fence at their Ă–resund bridge land border in 1945
A B
J Border controls in Danish ports with ferry connections to Germany, and at the Danish - German land border
C Slovenian border barrier. Slovenia constructed razor wire fences with Croatia from Mar 2016
N
D Hungarian border barrier. Hungary started closing the border to Serbia to prepare for the influx of asylum seekers from Sept 2015
K *State of Emergency! Border controls of the national border surroundings of France were introduced after the Paris and Nice attack from Nov 2015
E FYROM (Macedonian) border barrier. Macedonian started building a fence towards Greece in Nov 2015
L Border controls of the German / Austrian border from 2016
F Greek border barrier. The Greek M Border controls of Austrians borders with government decided to build a wall on the Slovenia and Hungary from nov 2015 land border towards Turkey from Dec 2012 N EU decided to establish the fence of G Bulgarian border barrier. The border eastern EU countries to resist the barrier erected by Bulgaria towards movement from Belarus and Ukraine in Turkey from Jan 2015 2016
M
D
G E
F
FA K E
B O R D R
SCHENGEN
NON-SCHENGEN
For large sums of money, smugglers and traffickers offer fraud passports and/or risky transport across the Schengen border to rejected asylum seekers and refugees.
oute an r
e rout
st We
38
er n
4,0
76
pean Euro
ussi st R We
East
Ba
lka te ou nr
86 885,3
te rou
ea n rra n
it e ed
diterranean rou te
dit
e rr
nM
e rn Me
Me
an
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Ea st
tral
ea nr
te ou
r
6
153,94
C en
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rom te f eece rou Gr ar to ul nia a
C Al irc b
7,164
W es
C
Border Crossing File 1–2
ou
te
Irregular migration rapidly increased in 2015 with internal issues in the Middle East and Africa. Many asylum seekers are coming into Spain, Italy, Greece and finally to Central Europe.
In order to block the great flow of asylum seekers to Schengen. EU and Turkey have agreed to send all irregular migrants back to Turkey to apply for asylum to Europe from there.
10BW
Grense Jakobselv
NORWAY RUSSIA
In the river between Norway and Russia the border is set at the deepest point. On each side of the river there is a border beam.Yellow with black top for Norway and red with green stripes for Russia.
Finland
302 watch towers
Constructed by the German Democratic Republic, starting on Aug 13 1961, the Wall completely cut off West Berlin from the surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989.
Boris Gleb
Nikel
Over the border it is illegal to cross the border on foot. Therefore many migrants have bought bikes (as cars are expensive), to cross over to Norway from Russia. In the summers Norwegians are allowed to cross the border if its to shallow on the Norwegian side, but they are not allowed to stop the boat there. If a Norwegian raindeer crosses the border the Russians have to catch it and bring it to Storeskog. Sometimes they shoot it and eat it.
Bornholmer Strabe Skaaten Heerstrabe
Chausseestrabe InvalidenStrabe Friendrichstrabe CHECKPOINT CHARLIE
20 Bunkers
N
The Vatican
Rome
1961
concrete
1964 3,4m concrete
EAST BERLÍN
3,6m
reinforced concrete
Dreilinden/Drewitz
K POINT CHA EC R H C
· Evolutionary process of the physical traces ·
989-Now
Rome
9
1975
Sonnenallee
Waltersdorf Chaussee
Storeskog lenght 200m height 3,5m
VATICAN ITALY
259 dogs vigilance
Oberbaumbrücke
WEST BERLÍN
2m
14000 border
Prinzenstrabe Friendrichstrasse Station
E1 LI
There are 3 fences before you get to the border in Russia. No photoes are allowed in this area, nor to take a photo from Norway to Russia
11VI
3,6m
There is a fake Norwegian border inside Russia
There are 5 hydro-power plants In 1862 the Russian and Norwegian in Passvikelven, 3 Russian, border was officially decided. From around 2 norwegian. year 1500 the border was set at Passvikelven, or Buildt between Varangerfjorden, though some of the main land were 1951 - 1978. undecided. Because of the Russian orhtodox church in Boris Gleb, the border was moved to Grense Jakobselv, Church and Russia got the area around Boris Gleb. Hydro power plant Town Border crossing checkpoint
N WALL 1961-19 RLI 89 BE
BERLIN WALL PHYSICAL TRACE
Storskog border crossing
The only legal passage between Norway and Russia is trough Storeskog.
22
1961-1 98
9NR
International Border Situations
EAST BERLIN
Border Crossing Master Studio
Checkpoint Charlie has become one of Berlin's primary tourist attractions. An open-air exhibit was opened during the summer of 2006. Gallery walls along the Friedrichstraße and the Zimmerstraße inform on escape attempts, how the checkpoint was expanded, and its significance during the Cold War, in particular the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961. lenght 150,000m height 5m width 4m
12BH-N BAARLE HERTOG/NASSAU THE NETHERLANDS BELGIUM
Rome
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, is a walled enclave of approximately 0.5 km2. It has a population of 842 The enclaved State is lying within the city of Rome in Italy, and is the smallest internationally recognized independent state in the world. It is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal-monarchical state ruled by the Bishop of Rome – the Pope. Even though the Romans had control over the area where the Vatican is today from around the year 40 A.D, The Christians built the Constantinian Basilica of St. Peter's in the first half of the 4th century, and from then on started housing the Christian head, The Pope. The wall that surrounds the state was built by Pope Leo the IV in 850 A.D. Remains of this ancient necropolis were brought to light sporadically during renovations by various popes throughout the centuries, increasing in frequency during the Renaissance until it was systematically excavated by orders of Pope Pius XII from 1939 to 1941. The Vatican State is the only place in the world were a library card is the valid paper to enter the restricted zones of the State, and is also mainly secured by military forces from other countries, like The Italian civil guard and the Swizz army.
A religious cultural border Built by Pope Leo IV 850 A.D Lenght 3,2 km Wall Height 12 m Open in the east to all puplic Guarded 24 hours Guarded by the Swizz Army Walled & Open
There are restaurants in this town where you can drink coffee with a friend while sitting in different countries Exclave Belgian land inside The Netherlands Based on medievel treaties 26 Belgian exclaves 6 Dutch Exclaves within the Belgian exclaves Open borders No control
Some houses are put op on top of the border, where you can make dinner in the Netherlands, and eating it in Belgium. All in your own house
The border between the two nations Belgium and the Netherlands is typically a normal open border that seperates the two countries from eachother but there are some differences that are very different from many other places in the world. Around the town of Barrle-Nassau in the southern Netherlands there are several exclaves (Baarle Hertog) of Belgium inside the Netherlands, and inside some of these Belgian exclaves there are other Dutch exclaves making this border situation very complex. There are 26 separate Belgic exclaves in total, and 22 of these are located in a cluster by the town Baarle Hertog. The Dutch part of the city is called Barrle-Nassau and concists of 6 exclaves and the mainland of the Netherlands. The border's complexity results from a number of equally complex medieval treaties, agreements, land-swaps and sales between the Lords of Breda and the Dukes of Brabant. Generally speaking, predominantly agricultural or built environments became constituents of Brabant, other parts devolved to Breda. These distributions were ratified and clarified as a part of the borderline settlements arrived at during the Treaty of Maastricht in 1843.
Border Crossing File 1–2
International Border Situations
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
14FTB
13DTB
French Temporary Border
Danish Temporary Border (Scandinavian Temporary border) DENMARK Danish/German temporary border control
GERMANY
SWEDEN Malø
Copenhagen DENMARK
Oresund train (Copenhagen-Malø)
Passport check at the trainstaion in Kastrup In 2001, all border controls were removed based on the Schengen Agreement. However, However, in response to the Swedesh closing their border to irregular migrants in 2015, border checks were temporarily introduced on the Danish/German border starting January 4 2016. Prime minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen cited fear of accumulation of iregular migrants in Copenhagen as one of the reasons for this decision.
15SE
· Gibraltar ·
lenght1250 m height 3 m
GIBR AL
[Spain] [Spain]
R TA
[Spain] 1998
lenght 8400 m height 6 m width 6 m
1
Gibraltar [United Kingdom]
alboran sea
open 24 h free people and mercancies flow custom + police
3
Spain
Spain Morocco
Morocco
avoid irregular immigration from Africa avoid commercial contraband France, Germany and Netherlands entrance
avoid irregular immigration from Africa avoid commercial contraband 150-200 Syrian refugees per week
BORD
co
Morocco
Tarajal beach
since 2
NTEX
n wires
r borde ater breakw
Tarajal Crossing pedestrian control vehicle control
detectio
tear gas diffusion system
A LL LI
CEUTA BO Spain/M RD oro E c R
005
2 CEUTA / 3 MELILLA
· FRO
6m
radar and day/night vision security cameras
lenght12000 m height6 m width 6 m
EU
ER ·
Situated on the borders between Africa and Europe (Schengen), the Spanish enclosed of Melilla and Ceuta in Marocco are both surrounded by 6m tall, with heavy police surveillance.
· Melilla ·
[Spain] 1995
TA 2
Spain
3
BELGIQUE
· Ceuta ·
C
[United Kingdom] 2
FRANÇAISE
[United Kingdom] 1909
SPANISH ENCLAVES
1
After the Paris attacks, the French governemnt announced a national State of Emergency, temporarily closed the border and re-introduced passport check of all travelers. In order to prevent another attack, neighbouring countries increased their security efforts to oversee suspicious movements on the border with France. The Nice attack led France to uphold border control until 2017.
ME
Danmark/Sweden border crossing point
Spain
Tarajal beach
Mediterranean Sea
MOROCCO
Despite the risk it represents, groups of African migrants occasionally attempt to scale the fence without being caught by custom police patrols.
Border Crossing Master Studio
International Border Situations
24
16MBB
MACEDONIAN BORDER BARRIER In August 2015 the Former Yougoslav Republic of Macedonia enforced their southern border to Greece. Thousands of migrants forced their way trough the border. The police used tear gas, stun grenades and batons to force the migrants back. Nov 5 2015, Austria began building a barrier along the part of Slovenia, 6 days ater, Slovenia began building a barrier to Croatia to controll migrant flow. Nov 28 Macedonia started building the border barrier to Greece. Greece, causing many migrants to become stranded on the Greek side of the border. Macedonia still allows refugees from Syria, Afganistan and Iraq to cross. March 9 2016, The Balkan countries announced they would only let migrants who plan to seek asylum in the country or those with clear humanitarian needs enter the countries. March 20 Turkey and the EU made an agreement to send back irregularl imigrants from Greece to Turkey, unless they have sucsessfully applied for asylum in Greece. Turkey and the EU also made an agreement for every Syrian returned to Turkey, a Syrian migrant wil be resettled in the EU. Those who haven’t tried to irregulary enter the EU will be prioritized. Migrants have also camped on the railway, closing the railway line between Greece and the Balkan countries from March 2016.
Indomeni Thessaloni-
Indomeni in Greece housed more than 14,000 migrants when Macedonia closed the borders. Numbers decreased after they realised they would not make it further, and some accepted the authorities' offers of other alternatives. In may 2016 the last of the Indomeni camp was shut down and about 1,529 people were removed from Indomeni to transferred to official camps in Thessaloniki.
'The idea is to send a message to migrants that there is a double fence so give up crossing irregularly,' senior army official
Greece
Macedonia
Highly controlled border
Port of Dover
17SDB
Strait of Dover Border
Shipment check
Strait of Dover is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and the North Sea, separating Great Britain from continental Europe. Beeing the shortest distance of the English channel. It was the main border crossing-route between Unitid kingdom and France. In 1994, the Channel Tunnel was built to provide an alternative route by trains, crossing beneath the strait at an average depth of 45m below the seabed. Since United Kingdom has decided not to join in on the Schengen agreement, two border crossing controls to check movement of people and shipment are maintained between the two countries. French and British border police manage the opposite border controls from their ports and the Euro Tunnel stations to watch over the movement of people and shipments forward to each country.
French border control
Security fence
Eurolin
k
In response to the migration 'crisis', France and England have strengthened the securiy level for controling irregular movements of asylum seekers who try to get from France to the UK. In addition, the French increased their already strict security checks as a revenge to the U.K’s Brexit.
U.K border control U.K border control for cargo Security fence Dover Calais Eurotunnel train Eurotunnel Calais Terminal
Border Crossing File 1–2
Laws & Rights
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Border Crossing Master Studio
Laws & Rights
26
Border Crossing File 1–2
Laws & Rights
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Border Crossing Master Studio
Laws & Rights
28
REFUGEE CAMP ‘THE JUNGLE’ CALAIS Given that it is not an official refugee camp, administered by United Nations High Commission for Refugees (“UNHCR”), it is not subject to international norms in relation to accountability and sanitation.
Population migrants
rt
y Po
Ferr
9000 8000 7000 6000
JUNGLE I 2002-2009: Created by Guilherme Simoes from the Noun Project
5000 4000
Self-organized camp: with 135 tents. There was no showers and only 3wc
3000 2000 1000 2002 ECONOMIC SUPPORT
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
The Eurotunnel company spent in 2002 £6 000 000 (€8 000 000) on security measures around the 650-hectare terminal site, such as fences, razor wire, cameras and 360 security guards patrolling daily.
‘THE JUNGLE I’ LAWS AND RIGHTS
The jungle is born after the Sangatte reception centre near the port is closed. After the closure, Britain accepted hundreds of migrants in a deal with the France Gouverment. PORT FENCE: barbedwire fence that separates the camp from the busy port is used as a washing line to dry clothes FOOD: Each evening, French charily workers come to serve pasta, rice and vegetables. HEALTH CARE: AME: free healt care for illegal migrants
PORT FENCE: Februari 4 2003: The British and French goverments signed the Le Touqout Treaty in wich they agreed to establish juxtaposed immegration passport controls on Channel Ferry routes. ( not Eurotunnel)
ORGANISATIONS: November 2007: The first instance authority in France, OFPRA, is a specialised institution in the field of asylum, under the administrative supervision of the Ministry of Interior.
HEALTH CARE: December 16 2003: They have to prove that they live in France for 3 months, then they get free healt care.
SOCIAL RIGHTS OF IRREGULAR MIGRANTS:
The criminalisation of migration and repressive policies of detention and expulsions of foreigners seriously affect the protection of the basic social rights of ir general climate of suspicion and rejection against irregular migrants among those who are supposed to provide social services. Migrants in an irregular situati abusers or persons stealing the jobs of nationals. In such a context, law enforcement officials in charge of countering “illegal immigration” often have difficul of human rights violations and in need of protection. In some instances, the police are placed under official pressure to attain quantified targets of “repatriation France. This policy can be particularly harmful to irregular migrants’ access to social rights, because it forces them to live clandestinely and avoid contact wit arrested, detained or deported. According to a June 2015 study by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the main reason for victims of exploit fear of having to leave the country.
Border Crossing File 1–2
Laws & Rights
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
AREAS WHERE ATTEMPTS TO BREAK IN THE LORRIES OCCUR Lorry drivers are being ordered to avoid Calais because of confrontations with knife wielding illegal immigrants who are trying to get to Britain.Cross-Channel haulage firms are advising drivers to use other ports – including Cherbourg, Boulogne and Dunkirk – to transport goods to the UK to prevent migrants clambering into their vehicles.
The 5 camp was demolished in 2014-2015. About £360 000 (€500 000) is being pumped into the site for men branded The Jungle 2 Created by Guilherme Simoes
JUNGLE II 2009 - ... Jungle I was demolished. They moved to an other place.
The goverment placed containers next to the jungle migrants camp The French government paid around €25 000 000 ($28 000 000) for the 1500 new residents Created by Guilherme Simoes from the Noun Project
April 2014: Event in the Mediterranean: unprecedented numbers of refugees were risking their lives in over crowed and rickety boats.
2009
2010
2011
In 2014, Britain committed £12 000 000 over three years. This is being used to build a 15ft fence along the motorway leading to the port. As well as the threeyear Calais investment, the UK announced £2 000 000 extra for detection technology such as the heartbeat and carbon dioxide detectors, and £1 000 000 for more dog searches.
2012
2013
2014
2015
JUNGLE I 2002-2009 JUNGLE 2 2009-2015 JUNGLE 2 2015-...
2016
In 2015, the UK and France a fresh agreement on new measures in Calais, including a "control and command centre" and the deployment of 500 extra British and French police. The UK agreed to pay £7 000 000. Also the EU helps to protect the borders. They invested £1.5bn in the development of drones.
In 2016, the UK-funded wall off 1km (0.6 miles) long is being built along the main road to the port in an attempt to deter would-be stowaways. The UK government paid £1 900 000 (€2 200 000) for it. Also The Channel Tunnel invested £4 700 000 ($6 800 000) to build a secure 600m concrete extension, to make it harder to access for migrants, and has demanded £22 000 000 ($31 000 000) from France in compensation for lost revenues. And a food organisation RCK spend over the €1,500 a week on vegetables.
2012: Olympic games in London, more security measures.
Judgament Presisden ot the Upper Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Champer). There has been a “slight improvement” in the camps’ conditions, probably due in large measure to an order dated November 2 2015 by the Tribunal Administratif de Lille. They made specified measures, including the provision of water access points, the installation of 50 toilets, the introduction of a refuse collection operation, the cleaning of the site and the creation of internal routes to facilitate access for emergency services.
‘THE JUNGLE II’ The Defender of Rights’ 2012 decision, which stated that several incidents of harassment against migrants in Calais, involving the police, had occurred between 2009 and 2011. This document also recorded “police harassment and violence against migrants and migrant rights activists, especially the inappropriate use of tear gas during operations.” based on testimony and documentation provided by NGOs, activists and police officers.
rregular migrants, not least because they create a ion are too often seen as cheats, liars, social benefits lties in recognising an irregular migrant as a victim ns” - I noted this to be the case until 2012 in th social assistance providers for fear of being tation not reporting their cases to the police is the
SECURITY PORT FENCE: Eurotunnel: security controls with dogs, Passive Millimetric Medium Wave (PMMW) and also a control monitor that detect heartbeats. Ferry: security controls with dogs, Carbon dioxide detector, Passive Millimetric Medium Wave (PMMW is a whole-body imaging device used for detecting objects concealed underneath a person’s clothing using a form of electromagnetic radiation) and also a control monitor that detect heartbeats.
SECURYITY GOVERMENT CAMP (CONTAINERS): The new containers came after Medical charities Medecins dus Monde and Secours Catholigque brought a lawsuit to demand improvement in conditions in the Jungle earlier this year.
Migrants have to registrate before they can live in the official refugee camp. With their palmprint they can enter the camp. Turnstiles wiles and camera’s, are installed to make the camp safe.
France deported dozens of migrants to high-risk countries in violation of international law. ( juin 2015) Example: Deportations of Afghans, Sudanese and Eitreans violate the Article 3 of the European Convention on human rights, wich says that “ No one shall be subjected to torture or to unhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. <-> Conflict with the terms outlined in the Dublin II Regulation and EU Law: they have to go to the first EU country that they entered.
Border Crossing Master Studio
Laws & Rights
Capacity: 3500 Refugees: 3385 Information: Moria-Hot spot: MDM, BRF KARA TEPE: Human Appeal, MDM, MSF
6
30
REFUG
19 19 18
18 22
6 22
11
13 2 12
22 14 7
6 8 20
13 9
3 1 16
10
17 20 13 19 19 18
5
21
15 21 17
13
6
6 2 13 6
0 15
30
12
11
60 4
As of October 2, the number of sea arrivals since the beginning of 2015 has exceed 400,000. Over 40 % of refugees who arrived to Greece by sea in 2015, arrived in September. The average daily sea arrivals during the reporting period was 5,500 persons a day, compare to 4,900 persons a day during the first two weeks of September.
TOTAL ARRIVALS
4 3
Between J refugees a the large m abrupt clos Balkans on stranded in on the Wes
2 1 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Okt
Nov
Des Lesvos arr
1.000.573 refugees and migrants arrived Eu from the middle east and north Africa durin Of these, some 850.000 landed on the Greek Lesvos it the first island in Greece the migrants are arriving. So in this case more then half of all migrants to Europe are arriving to this island. In Desember some 2000 rerfugees were arriving every day. The Turkish mainland and Lesvos coast are 18 miles away from each other. The European border agency Frontex has assisted with support such as finger printing and processing documents in the camp “Moria”.
As an open refugee camp people can come and go as they want to, but mostly imigrants are doing the registration prosedures to get processed to continue their jurny to Europe, where most of the people are trying to reach Germany or the UK.
Immigrants have to apply for international protectio fingerprint prosedures. People are getting registratio food, clothers, info etc. at the camp. “Better days for Moria” is an organisation that want in the camp. The European Union has agreed on an 700.000.000 euros, over three years to help Greece deal with the backlog of the registration.
Border Crossing File 1–2
Laws & Rights
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
GEE CAMP “LESVOS” IN GREECE
January 1 and April 7 2016, 173,728 and migrants arrived in Europe by sea, majority on Greek shores. The sure of borders along the Western n 8 March left more than 55,000 people n Greece and other countries stern Balkans migration route.
105000
Despite the controversies around the EU-Turkey agreement that came into force on March 20 2016, EU leaders’ committed to determining the individual status of refugees and migrants and prevent collective expulsions, push-back practices or other measures that are harmful to children
Jan Feb Mar Apr rivals pr mont from 2015 to 2016
urope ng 2015. k Islands.
on througt identification, registration and on processed here. People are getting aid.
ts to improve the humanitation situation emergency Aid package of and other countries of the migrant trail
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
70000 35000
Sep
Okt
Nov
Des
0
TOTAL ARRIVALS
Relocation. On 26 October, the Greek Asylum Service along with EASO, EU-LISA and UNHCR began a one-month pilot project in Moria hotspot, Lesvos, using asylum and r elocation registration and information tools. The first 140000 30 refugees from Syria and Iraq accepted for relocation to Luxembourg departed Athens on Wednesday 4 November.
Border Crossing Master Studio
Laws & Rights
32
Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2
Self-organization
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
PA R I S : R E V O L U T I O N , R E N O V A T I O N , P R O T E S T A N D S E L F - O R G A N I Z AT I O N
stalingrad metro arc de triomphe place de la concorde
place de la republique
bastille place de la nation
1
2
3
4
5 KM
Border Crossing Master Studio
Self-organization
34
Unemployment
%
30
FRANCE 25
20
15
GREECE 10
Year
5 2015
2000
The French Revolution -
GNI
1789-1799. Place de la Bastille and Place de la Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) where central locations in Paris during the French Revolution years. The storming of the Bastille prison in 1789 is maybe the most iconic event from the revolution. Place de la Concorde is where luis XVI and many others were executed.
Unemployment rate Source : US dollars
http://www.statista.com/statistics/263698/unemployment-rate-in-greece/
40000
http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/11322
35000
The age composition of the labor force varies to some extent between countries , but mainly include all employable over 15 years. The statistics are compiled by the International Labour Organisation (ILO ) .
30000
25000
20000
Year
15000 2014
2000 Gross national income, ppp, per capita
Source: http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/532
Refugees
Hausmann Renovation of Paris 1853-1870. Most of the medival neighbourhoods of Paris were demolished and new boulevards, avenues, parks and squares were established. The old city fabric were regarded as unhealthy and overcrowded. Hausmann was dismissed from his work in 1870, but his plan was not continued until 1927.
Paris Commune - Bastille A radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from March 18th to May 28th, 1871. Barricades and street battles took place in Paris during what is called “the bloody week” between March 21 and 28. 1871.
Gross national income is income from domestic production and capital individuals
investments abroad, which accrue to those who live in a country . Here's gross national income ( GNI) per capita expressed in so-called PPP dollars .
300000PPP stands for Purchasing Power Parities , or purchasing power. When GDP
is measured by PPP, is taken into account price levels and purchasing power in each country by calculation. Here is GNI converted to current international dollars using purchasing power units. An international dollar has the same 250000purchasing power above GNP , as a US dollar has in the United States. This conversion allows you to more easily be able to compare countries .
200000 150000 100000 50000 Year
0 2015
2000 Refugees accepted
AID
http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/10384
% 0,5
Number of people displaced outside their home country . The figures collected by the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) . People who have ongoing asylum application is not included in this overview , nor refugees from Palestine and the West Bank.
0,4
0,3
0,2
Year
0,1
2014
2000 GNI to AID
http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/403
Asylum
The statistics shows the proportion of a country's gross national income ( GNI) annually appropriated in official development assistance. GNI is a measure of a country's total income , and can be defined as a country's net individuals gross domestic product minus property income and wages abroad, according to Statistics Norway (SSB) .
60000
May 1968 Paris -
Makeshift camps - current
Big protests broke out at the Sorbonne University in Paris after the administration shut down the Paris University of Nanterre on May 2nd, 1968. More than 20.000 students, teachers and supporters participated. The massive protests happened on the Champs Elysees and around the Arc de Triomphe.
Police are regularly removing makeshift camps from the area arround the elevated metro line in boulevard de la villette. July 22. 2016 between 1200 and 1400 people, mostly men from Eritrea, Somalia and Afghanistan were evicted from one of the camps.
Demonstrations - Terror attack January 11. 2015, 3,7 million people gathered and marched from place de la Republique along boulevard Voltaire to place de la Nation chanting “Je suis Charlie” in response to terror attack.
50000 40000
Argument:
30000 20000 10000 Year
0 2014
2000 asylum seekers per year.
http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/3048
%
200
France has the economical momentum and oppurtunity to try to handle the migrant influx in a formal way, by maintaining all the bodies of bureaucracy. At the same time one can se that as the stately debt is increasing and pushing one hundred percent, a clear relation is seen with the decrease of GNi allocated to aid, making the formal aproach not accomplishing much after all, but controling it.
The asylum applicant means a citizen who fled from one country and apply for residence in another. To be granted asylum one must in most states have fled because of persecution or other forms of danger in their homeland. The statistics include asylum seekers who are at all levels of the process, from application , during the wait , and those who have been granted asylum during the year . So this is not the total number of asylum seekers living in the country .
Debt
GNI to AID Average annual wages Gross national income, ppp, per capita asylum seekers per year. Refugees accepted
150
Unemployment rate Dept in percent of GDP
100
Year
50 2015
2000 Dept in percent of GDP
Wages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#/media/File: Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png
US dollars, PPP
ar
https://data.oecd.org/gga/general-government-debt.htm
50000
The Greek government-debt crisis (also known as the Greek Depression) is the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08. The Greek crisis started in late 2009, triggered by the turmoil of the Great Recession, structural weaknesses in the Greek economy, and revelations that previous data on government debt levels and deficits
had been undercounted by the Greek government. 40000
30000
Year 2000 Year
20000
2015
2000 Average annual wages Source: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE
This dataset contains data on average annual wages per full-time and full-year equivalent employee in the total economy. Average annual wages per full-time equivalent dependent employee are obtained by dividing the national-accounts-based total wage bill by the average number of employees in the total economy, which is then multiplied by the ratio of average
2015
Super-imposing individual graphs with different values and their trajectories shows that France keeps its financials quite stable after the ”economic crisis”. this maintaining of economical momentum gives the opportunity to have a formal process regarding the influx.
Border Crossing File 1–2
Self-organization
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
48°53’02.3”N 2°22’06.4”E M A K E S H I F T C A M P : S TA L I N G R A D ( m e t r o ) Top-down process Georges-Eugène Haussmann’s renovation of Paris took place between 1853 and 1870. Commissioned by Napoleon III, Haussmann carried out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public spaces. The motivation for such a huge action was probably in part to be able to control the growing population of Paris. Riots often broke out in the narrow medieval streets and the situations were often difficult to control. In the same era and as part of the same wish of turning Paris into a world metropol the métro system was planned. The Paris métro opened on July 19, 1900. It carried 1,541 billion passengers in 2012 and is the second busiest métro system in Europe, after Moscow. The métro is for the most part underground, but some parts are elevated on viaducts. One of these parts is the two kilometre strech in Boulevard de la Villette on line #2. On this strech there are four stations: Barbès Rochechouart - La chapelle - Stalingrad - Jaurès
City center of Paris as it looks today. A result of Haussmann’s renovation. The Paris métro system shown in thin black line with its 16 lines and 303 stations. The red line is showing the elevated part of métro line #2 on Boulevard de la Villette. Within the camp itself the space is mostly occupied by tents and mattresses. The viaduct is defining the overall organization as it provides shelter. This results in a linear and narrow camp where most of the space on the ground is Place de la Republique occupied.
Boulevard de la Villette was not created by Haussmann but it is part of the same urban language where you find wide boulevards with about five stories high buildings on both sides that allows for the government to control the population to a larger degree than in a medieval urban situation. Bottom-up process The viaduct creates physical conditions that accomodate certain bottom-up processes. The most obvious being shelter from rain. Makeshift camps pop up under the elevated métro station at stalingrad from time to time. They are not legal and the Paris police clear the camps, but as soon as the police is gone, the camps are back.
Notre-Dame
Camp Spaces of negotiation Unsheltered sidewalk Outward negotiation
Sheltered campsite Internal negotiation
Unsheltered sidewalk Outward negotiation
Shelter provided by the viaduct.
The Stalingrad-camp (black) is not the only one in Paris. Several camps have appeard and then disappeared again. People move from one place to another as the police clear camps. (Blue showing other camps on the east side of the city centre).
FACILITIES:
There are two different groups of users of the built métro environment. You have the commuters and tourists using the métro and its structures the way it was planned for. You also have the people in the makeshift camps using the structures as shelter and a sort of temporary home. This negotiation of space allows for life to go on as usual both under and over the viaduct.
No common showers
Common WC (limited)
No medical care
No organized childcare
No food
No organized education
no organized cleaning
No family priority
No houses
No internal reception
Tents
No external protection
Border Crossing Master Studio
Self-organization
36
51°57’10”N 1°51’32”E CAMP: CALAIS, FRANCE Calais is situated on the French coast, 25 nautical miles from the UK. The goal for many of the migrants stuckin Calais is to get access to England but the border controls are strict and highly supervised.
Eurotunel Ferry
London
“The Jungle” started out in squalid conditions after the Sangatte reception centre closed in 2002. With the centre being shut down different squats popped up in the city of Calais. At this point migrants with same nationality and religion settled together but after the influx in the summer of 2015 these small camps grew into the large camp we see today.
Dover Calais Sangatte
“France finally says it will knock down the jungle” - The Sun, September 2nd 2016 As France is planning to demolish the camp and evict thousands of people, the migrants are storming the highway trying to get over the channel and in to the UK. Migrants have for a long time tried to smuggle themselves in trucks arriving at the port in Calais. The police are heavily armed and the drivers stop in the border control to have their vehicle checked. If they are cought with migrants they are given a £2.000 fine per migrants.
Photo: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33240475
Jules Ferry Centre 500 woman and children. Provide for showers, toilets and one hot meal per day. These facilities are also availible for the people in “the jungle”.
Containers were provided as accomondation for 1.500 people in January 2016. To get access to the container camp migrants have to scan their palm. The NGO responsible claim that this is just the access system and that is it not to register them. A lot of migrants are doubting this system and saying no to the containers. saying that they would rather be outside and free, instead of inside the container and be prisioners in France.
.
Port Border controls
Calais
’’Jungle’’ medical services
Migrant detention centers Eurotunnel entrance Migrants have tried to storm the tunnel several times. Resembling urban structures. The camp includes a mosque, a church, restaurants and a nightclub.
10.500 10.000 9.500 9.000 8.500 8.000 7.500 7.000 6.500 6.000 5.500 5.000 4.500 4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500
The reception centre in Sangatte is opened by the French Red Cross on request from the French authorities after migrants have been seen sleeping on the steets in Calais.
After the Sangatte centre shut down migrants sleep in squats and outdoor camps. The camps are repeatedly raided and demolished before popping up in other places around the city. The migrants get food from volunteer soup kitchens. The reception In April 2009, 190 migrants are arrested in a centre is raid but within July another camp is developed. Camps are still closed due to In September the police again close down two fragmented, overcrowding. camps - affecting 800 people. giving some There are now identity 2.000 migrants There are more than 4.000 empty buildings in through in Calais and Calais but the authority have a zero-tolerance on structures made the centre can squats. by groups. only house 600.
1999 2002
2009
Number of migrants in Calais.
Migrant influx in the summer earase the lines and the camp is merged into one defined “tolerated” area.
It is now estimated that almost 10.000 people live in “the jungle”. (30.08.2016)
2014 2015 2016
Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2
Self-organization
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
A T H E N S : C R A D L E O F D E M O C R A C Y, ECONOMIC CRISIS AND MIGRANT INFLUX
1
2
3
4
5 KM
Border Crossing Master Studio %
The statistics shows the proportion of a country’s gross national income (GNI) annually appropriated in official development assistance.
0,25
0,20
0,15
0,10 2000
AID
This dataset contains data on average annual wages per full-time and full-year equivalent employee in the total economy.
30000
25000
2015
US dollars
25000
20000
2000
TECHNOLOGY CARE
Gross national income is income from domestic production and capital investments abroad, which accrue to those who live in a country .
30000
15000
CULTURE
MAIN MIGRANT SETTLEMENT
Year
Wages
Average annual wages
CIRCLES SHOWING LOCATIONS FOR DIFFERENT SELFORGANIZED CHARITY EVENTS IN ATHENS FROM 2013-2016.
HEALTH
US dollars
2000
SOLIDARITY
38
2014
35000
20000
EDUCATION
ENVIRONMENT
Year GNI to AID
Self-organization
GNI
Gross national income, ppp, per capita
Year 2015
individuals
The asylum applicant means a citizen who fled from one country and apply for residence in another. The statistics include asylum seekers who are at all levels of the process.
60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0
2000
Asylum
asylum seekers per year.
Year 2014
Quantity
150
120
90
60
30
0 2000
200
Solidarity
Volunteer group initiatives / NGO’s
Year 2015
%
100
2000
Debt
Dept in percent of GDP
Year 2015
individuals
35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000
5000 0 2000
Refugees Refugees accepted
Year 2015
%
30
25
20
15
10
5 2000
Conclusion: When we se the bad economy of Greece in the graphs, it seems as the city of Athens as a body is capable of being somewhat self sufficient. but not completely autonomous as the government complies to the needs of the bottom-up initiatives. The bottom-up initiatives exceeds the top-down initiatives for the ones in Number of people displaced need in autumn 2010. This relation outside their home country ac- shows the possibilities and the cepted in Greece. The figures power of self organizing. collected by UNHCR. People who have ongoing asylum application is not included in this overview, nor refugees from Palestine/West Bank.
GNI to AID Volunteer group initiatives / NGO’s Refugees accepted
The Greek government-debt crisis is the sovereign debt crisis faced by Greece in the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007–08.
150
50
The statistics show that the amount of volunteers, and charity increases as the economy in the country in general is quite bad. These numbers represent number of bottom-up initiatives that organizes events for people in need.
Unemployment Unemployment rate
Year 2015
The age composition of the labor force varies to some extent between countries, but mainly include all employable over 15 years. The statistics are compiled by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
2000
Super-imposing individual graphs with different values shows that NGO initiatives exceed GNI accrued to aid in autum 2010.
Sources: http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/403 https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AV_AN_WAGE http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/532 http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/3048 http://www.synathina.gr/el/%CE%BF%CE%C%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_government-debt_crisis#/media/File:Greek_debt_and_EU_average_since_1977.png http://www.globalis.no/Land/Hellas/(show)/indicators/(indicator)/10384 http://www.statista.com/statistics/263698/unemployment-rate-in-greece/
2015
Border Crossing File 1–2
Self-organization
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
37°59’35”N 023°43’38”E S Q U AT : C I T Y P L A Z A H O T E L CITY PLAZA HOTEL ATHENS, GREECE
REFUGEES
HOTEL
395 REFUGEES MEDICAL CARE FAMILY PRIORITY (180 CHILDREN)
ABOUT THIS SQUAT City Plaza Hotel is a self organized squat in Athens, Greece. The squat was started in April 2016 by a group of volunteers in Athens after the building had been abandoned for some time. It is a place mainly for families, people with disabilities or others that has severe struggles or existing poor living conditions. There are today 22 single parent families. It is not a place for ’’first settlement’’ but for those who are staying in Athens for a longer time, waiting to get their asylum application processed. There are waiting lists to live in the hotel and people are standing outside every day trying to get a room. Many have settled here after first staying at the unofficial airport camp. ADRESS:
Acharnon 78, Athina 104 34, Greece.
SQUAT:
Self organized, financed through solidarity offerings and donations.
Refugee kids helping out with the vacuming of the rooms.
NATIONALITIES: Afghans, Kurds, Syrians, Palestinians, Iranians, Iraqis and Pakestanis. FACILITIES:
Private showers
Private WC
Medical care
Childcare
Food
Education
Cleaning
Family priority
Inside
Internal reception
Tent
External protection
City Plaza Hotel, seen from the outside.
Refugees drying their clothes or their private balconies.
WHAT DO THEY GET?
The hotel is built in preparation for the 2004 Olympics with government loans.
The hotel is used for the 2004 Athen Olympics, to host event guests.
The business subsequently fall into banckruptcy amid allegations that the owner flee without paying the workers’ final salaries.
The hotel is now used as a squat for refugees. The former employees have heard what activists are doing here, and they publicly support them.
>2004 2004 2009* 2016 *estimated year due to the economic crisis.
Each family has their own room of the hotel, while all inhabitanst are provided with breakfast, lunch and dinner, as well as with hygiene products and other essentials.
HOW DOES IT WORK?
In a framework of self-organization and coexistence, there are teams for cleaning, cooking, security, education and childcare, medical care, communications, reception, as well as regular assemblies of refugees and solidarians..
19951995200120012004 2005 2011 2016 9 1969 2004 2005 2011 2016 1938 1969 1995 2001 2004 2005 2011 2016 saarinen. construct a new ellinikon airport is competition for responsibility of west terminal is now airport with better closed and athens hellinikon olympic ellinikon as a management and use the ellinikon Border Crossing Master Studio Self-organization of space of the airport´s west only used by olympic capasity in spata, a international airport complex is innstalled metropolitan park airways. town east of athens. in spata is opened. on the former airport. and residential area. former airport. terminal is opened.
ellinikon is now sheltering 3.612 immigrants
40
3 7 ° 5 3 ’ 5 4 ” N 0 2 3 ° 4 3 ’ 4 6 olympic ” E airways olympic airways museum opens C A M P : E L L I N I K O N A I R Pmuseum OR T in the opens in the
olympic airways
westterminal terminal museum opens in the west west terminal
ELLINIKON AIRPORT ATHENS, GREECE
canoe slalom
hockey field 1.286 1.286
canoe slalom TENTS
REFUGEES
hockey field 1.286
hockey canoe slalomfield softball fields
3.612 REFUGEES MEDICAL CARE
baseball field softball fields baseball951field
softball fields ABOUT THIS CAMP
baseball field 951
LEGAL CAMP
hellinikon metropolitan community clinic
951
hellinikon The camp at the airport is an emergency camp withmetropolitan little supervision. It starter as a squat but is hellinikon arrival area now organized by the government. Conditions are community poor, and with authorities the clinicthe absence ofairport 1.375
ADRESS:
metropolitan community clinic Elliniko 167 77, Greece.
CAMP:
Emergeny camp, suitable for first timearrival settlement. airport area
camp is more or less self-organized.
children playing on an abondoned airplane. The ellinikon camp is in theory a organized camp but with the absence of authorities children playing abondoned the on campan is highly self-organized.
airplane.
Children playing on an abandoned plane. children playing an abondoned The ellinikon camp ison in theory a organized airplane. camp but with the absence of authorities the camp is highly self-organized. The ellinikon camp is in theory a organized camp but with the absence of authorities the camp is highly self-organized.
1.375 NATIONALITIES: Syrians, Afghans, Iranians, Kurds ++
airport arrival area 1.375
FACILITIES: facilities
Common showers (limited)
Common WC (limited)
the camp is legal and the risk of being evicted is small care Medical
Childcare
no internal Foodreception or security
Education
the residents are sharing a limited number Cleaning or showers and toilets
Family priority
legal and the risk of being mall
Inside
Internal reception
Tents
External protection
HOCKEY FIELD 1.286 refugees
reception or security
BASEBALL FIELD 951 refugees
of being
ts are sharing a limited number and toilets
ty The Ellinikon
Airport’s west ited number terminal is opened.
Opening of the east terminal. Architect: Eero Saarnen.
METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY CLINIC AIRPORT ARRIVAL AREA 1.375 refugees
Decision is made to close Ellinikon and construct a new airport with better capacity in Spata, a town east of Athens.
Ellinikon Airport is closed and Athens International Airport in Spata is opened.
Ellinikon Olympic complex is innstalled on the runway of the former airport.
at ellinikon Waiting tothebemigrants registred. As are thewaiting to get registered. Macedonian government has classified As the macadonian border has classified Afghans as economic imigrants, there is are a afghans as economic migrants there majority ofaAfghans at Ellinikon. majority of afghan at ellinikon.
the migrants at ellinikon are waiting to get registered. As the macadonian border has classified afghans as economic migrants there are a majority of afghan at ellinikon.
the migrants at ellinikon are waiting to get registered. As the macadonian border has classified afghans as economic migrants there are a majority of afghan at ellinikon. International architectural competition for Ellinikon as a metropolitan park and residential area.
Hellinikonsa is founded and given the responsibility of management and use of space of the former airport.
Ellinikon is now sheltering 3.612 refugees.
1938 1969 1995 2001 2004 2005 2011 2016
Border Crossing File 1–2
Urban Space & Migration
The Idea of the City: push and pull factors of urban migration
«(…) if the city is the world which man created, it is the world in which he is henceforth condemned to live. Thus, indirectly, and without any clear sence of the nature of his task, in making the city man has remade himself.» - R. Park
“the city [is] a projection of society on the ground that is, not only on the actual site, but at a specific level, perceived and conceived by thought, [...] the city [is] the place of confrontations and of (conflictual) relations (...), the city [is] the ‘site of desire’ (...) and site of revolutions”. - H. Lefebvre
In our research we look at todays migrant situation in Paris and Athens, comparing the two cities’ diffent approaches today and their former history of immigration, and try to recognize the push and pull factors of both cities. Cities have arisen through the geographical and social concentration of a surplus value, and it is not only similar to- but also based upon capitalistic development. Urbanization requires access to surplus product, and capitalism needs urbanization to absorb the surplus product in order to gain profit, hence urbanization and capitalism walks hand-in-hand.
research
If there is scarcity of labor and too high wages, existing labor has to be disciplined or fresh labor forces must be found, for example by immigration. Migrants are often seen as a temporal labor force, and sadly often exploited, yet immigration offers a positive contribution to cities, in its diversity and capability to provide labor force where capitalism expands. As migration also contributes to urban expansion, new markets appears and new products and lifestyles can be promoted, yielding a seemingly ever-growing circle of urban and capitalist growth – but what if the profile of coming migrants are changing? Today’s cities are fundamentally characterized by diversity, which promotes social cohesion and becomes a driving force of social interaction in residential and public environments. While social diversity may result in social inequalities and lead to patterns of spatial segregation, cities with low spatial segregation has experienced an increase in socially mixed environments, and diversity is instead mainly related to social opportunities.
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Paris
France has a long history of colonization, dating back to the 16th century onwards, and was by 1900 the second largest colonial empire in the world, and consisted of the overseas countries, the protectorates and mandate territories. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France has experienced relatively low levels of emigration, as it had close to the slowest natural population growth in Europe, and emigration pressures were therefore small. However, France have had large amounts of migrants, many of which migrated from the old French colonial areas, and are not counted as immigrants as they are legally French citizents at birth. Over the past 30 years French immigration policies went from an ‘’assimilationist’’ to a more ‘’integrationist’’ approach: up until the 80’s immigrants had mainly raised economic conserns >>
urban planning strategies & monuments Bastille Saint-Antoine i Paris 1370-1382
Versailles Castle - was the French royal family‘s main residence from 1682 to 1789
political events Paris = capital by Clovis the Frank Paris Colonial Empire >>
migration flows & push/ pull factors Push: Many workers and Christians came to the city of Paris to build churches.
population
Push: while the worling-class neigh bourhood of the Faubourg Saint Antoine on the eastern site and the city grew more and more crowded with poor migrants from other regions of France.
400.000
timeline 508
1600
1700
Border Crossing Master Studio
Urban Space & Migration
42
>> in relation to unemployment, but now a greater attention was given to cultural consequenses of their presence, and their consentrations in specific neighbourhoods led to an area-based approach to public policies. During the 90’s this consentration became increasingly understood as problematic, and fear of cultural separatism and ‘’ghettos’’ impacted national policies by allocating more means to disadvantaged areas. In the 2000’s the workplace became a site of change from integration to anti-discrimination as the government established a higher authority to fight discrimination, giving possibility to prosecute both public and private employers through public policy tools. In this process, the word diversité became favoured for its ability to embrace a range of specific categories: immigrants, disabled persons, sexual minorities, religious- or gender groups.
Walls of Paris Gallo - Roman Wall First Medievil Wall Wall of Philip II Augustus Wall of Charles V Wall of Louis XIII Wall of the Ferme générale Thiers wall Munisipaliity limit today
1:200.000
Creation of the suburbs as middle class areas, 1790
Many military monuments Arc de Triumphe (1806-36) > First railway to Paris 1837
City renovation by Georges-Eugène Hausmann > Modern business streets, avenues and boulevards
> During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names, but the July Revolution of 1830 in Paris, (commemorated by the July Column on Place de la Bastille), brought a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I, to power. French Revolution
Restoration
> The city grew to the north and west, but the poorest neighborhoods in the center became even more densely crowded. > He launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. Paris Commune >>
rea
M
600.000
nA tai
660.000 550.000
Pull: The population of Paris had dropped by 100 000 people during the revolution
1789
„Bloody Week“ >> Franco- Prussian War
li
po
o etr
Eiffel Tower
1800
Push: Beween 1799- 1815, it surged with 160 000 new residents
1833
Push: As the population of Paris grew, so did discontent in the working-class neighbor hoods.
1857
1871
1887
Border Crossing File 1–2
Urban Space & Migration
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Urbanization Expansion of urban areas where four neighboring municipalities and parts of a greater number of surrounding municipalities were incorporated into the city. Paris is divided in 20th arrondissement, which from 1860 includes the 12 former arrondissements of 1795. Arrondissements are numbered in a spiral pattern from the center outward. Each arrondissement is divided into four quarters ( „quartiers“). In France, a banlieue is a suburb of a large city. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the city proper. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the Paris area live outside the city of Paris. Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor—Versailles, Le Vésinet, Maisons-Laffitte and Neuilly-sur-Seine are affluent banlieues of Paris, while Clichy-sous-Bois,Bondy and Corbeil-Essonnes are less so.
City Proper
Urban Area
Metropolitan Area
1:200.000
H. Lefebvre: Right to the City
2.900.000
Exposition Universelle
Peripherie expressway > Middle-class families move to the suburbs
Exposition internationale
WWI
WWII
Algerian War for Independence
Pull: After WW1- WW2 In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter.
Push: At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world, including Picasso, Modigliani and Matisse made Paris their home
1914 1918 1922
Many new residential districts as low cost solution for a rapidly expanding population, (Baliens).
2.850.000
2.715.000
1900
Centre Georges Pompidou (1977)
Le Corbusier Fondation 1922-25 Ideal city - Plan Voisin de Paris > The pavilion exhibition - „Plan Voisin“ - his provocative plan for rebuilding a large part of the center of Paris. Vision of a ideal city and importance of concreat as a material for building the future city’s.
Strengthen infrastructure
Paul Delouvrier (city planning)
1937
1945
1949
1954
Events May 1968 in France > Results in the breakup of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses
Pull: Artist and worker stream of people from all over the world - Musée d‘Orsay Museum (1986)
1968
1973
Border Crossing Master Studio
Urban Space & Migration
44
Grand Paris
The `Métropole du Grand Paris` is an public establishment for inter-communal cooperation, an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs.The region came into existence on January 1, 2016 and includes the City of Paris, the communes, towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburb. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons. The Métropole is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. Its responsibilities include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The principal reasons were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices, and greater affluence among working families. 1: 2.000.000
> Middle-class area are in the north and eastern Paris, (Le Courneuve neighbourhood)
The bike system Velibe, was introduced in 2007 by Bertrand Delanoe
Paris - reunited with its suburbs when the Metropole du Grand Paris came into existence > Paris is the fifth most expansive city in the world for luxury housing > 26 temporal camps in Paris evacuated til now in 2016
2.152.000
Pull: The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.
1990
2.234.000
2.241.000
Push: In the early 21st century, the popu lation of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young peo ple moved into the city. Because of work and education
2007
Push: The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014.This ma kes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union
2013
2016
Border Crossing File 1–2
timeline 700
Urban Space & Migration
508
0
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
300
population 300.000
migration flows
push/ pull factors
political events
pull: political stability, [employment]
push: wars, declining political power _to Western Europe
Ancient Democracy
[Ottoman Empire] Reforms of Solon: • liberation of citizen • redistribution of political power • duty of political participation
urban planning strategies
creation public urban space - Polis/ Agora • discussion/ action • negoziation • representation
research
Schools of Aristoteles, Sokrates, Platon
Athens
1
2
3
Athens has a broad history of both emigration and immigration, due to its turbulent past and shifting between economic wealth and conflict. Its geographical location gave the city a perfect position for trade by sea, and with its ancient history of citizenship and slavery, Athens has long been a city of great diversity. Historically Athens is a gateway to Europe. After WWII and until very resently Greece was known as a country of emigration, Deprivation and lack of job vacancies led many Greeks to migrate abroad to well-grown countries. As the trend turned in the 1990, Greece became a receiver country after the fall of the Soviet Union. Lack of regulation caused the migrants’ exploitation in the housing and labor markets, and the first program to deal with migration referred to migrants as temporal labor force. >> < municipal development [1>2>3] 1:500.000
Border Crossing Master Studio
Urban Space & Migration
1821
46
1832 1834
6.000
pull: political stability, economical growth
Greek Revolution >> Greek Republic
Modern City Plan by Kleanthus / Schaubert
>> The issue of integration was first mentioned in the legal framework for migration in 2005, under the guidance of the EU directives and policies. In recent years, the dept crisis and the increasing amount of immigrants has caused the government to intensify border controls, arrests and evictions. The bad economy and the fact that most residences are privately owned has made the migrants settle in affordable flats (often on ground floor) in central districts. This effect has redused the prosess of spatial segregation in the city centre, contradicting social segregation theories of other western cities. However, the raising power of the Golden Dawn and increased anti-migrant or racist attitudes have resulted in less use of public spaces due to fear of discrimination or violence, hence increasing stereotypes by reducing social interactions, bonding and social integration. 1:40.000
push: urban density, economic crisis _to US, Egypt
[Age of colonialism]
>> neoclassicistic public Buildings, spatial division east-west • social higher/ social lower class • narrow streets • no countervailing public space
Border Crossing File 1–2
1896
100.000
Urban Space & Migration
1914 1918 1922 1928
1938 1945
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
1949 1951
1967
1974
1981
200.000 453.000
800.000
885.000
pull: peace, political stability _from Asia minor
pull: wealth, education _from rural areas
push: political isolation _to UK, Germany, US, Australia
in
a lit
po
ro
et
M a
e Ar
WWI
GrecoTurkish War
WWII
Civil War
Greek economic miracle
Military Junta
first modern Olympic Games
joining EU
law of horizontal property >> Polykatoikia • residential units • 4-6 storages • replace detached housing
pracice of antiparochi systeme • tax privilegs • easy building permits
>> unlicensed buildings • spartial segregetion/ social inquality • lack of public open space • air pollution
1925 E. Burgess: concentric zone model
1982 C. Price: the city as an egg
steps of migrant settlement [1>2>3] >
3
Quotes > Park, R. (1967), On Social Control and Collective Behavior, Chicago: Chicago University Press, p.3. > Lefebvre, H. (1996[1968]), Writings on Cities. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 109.
2
Links > http://www.statistics.gr/en/home/ > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire [08.09.2016] > http://www.athenssocialatlas.gr/en [08.09.2016] > http://www.eie.gr/archaeologia/En/chapter_more_9. aspx#top > http://www.academia.edu/4983818/Residential_and_entrepreneurial_settlement_of_migrants_in_ Athens._A_comparative_study_of_Kypseli_and_Metaxourgeio_neighborhoods
1:200.000
1
Border Crossing Master Studio
1991
Urban Space & Migration
2001
2004
2008 s
48
2011
2016
789.000 664.000
pull: wealth, employment _from Balkan (Albania)
push: economical cricis, unemployment _to Central/ Northern Europe
EU bailout package
[Collapse of Sovjet Union] Summer Olympics
big scale projects realised with EU funds, PPP
1991 S. Sassen: the global city
Literature > Harvey, D. (2008), The Right to the City. New Left Review Nr.53, p. 23-40. > Makrygianni, V., Tsavdaroglou, Ch. (2013), „The right to the city” in Athens during a crisis era. Between inversion, assimilation and going beyond. > Escafré-Dublet, A., Lelévrier, C., Tenfiche, S. (2014), Divercities: Assessment of Urban Policies in Paris, France. Lab’Urba, University Paris Est, Créteil. [online available] > Maloutas T., Souliotis N., Alexandri G., Kandylis G., M. Petrou (2013), Divercities: Assessment of Urban Policies in Athens, Greece. Greece: EKKE. [online available] > Alexandri, G. (2016), Diversity in the context of crisis in Athens’ city centre, Greece: EKKE. [draft version] > Arapoglou, V., Maloutas, Th. (2011), Segregation, Inequality and Marginality - in context: the case of Athens, The Greek Review of Social Research. p. 135-155.
1:40.000
pull: peace, wealth _from Asian/ African unrest countries
Street revolts
new-organisation of spartial governmental structure and policies according to EU conditions
>> increasing political partizipation of migrant representative organisations
Definitions, Self-organization Positions and Formats
Do We Have A Name For Them?
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
Tomasz (EU/Schengen Area)
Tomasz is Pole. Poles are currently the largest migrant group in Norway. Poland joined the European Union in 2004, which enabled the free movement of labour and triggered a significant migrant flow from Poland to Norway and other European countries. The Pole arriving in Norway is most likely a skilled worker in the construction or manufacturing sector. An unstable labour market and rather poor employment opportunities in Poland combined with cheap flights, a straightforward migration process, efficient communication technology, and much higher wages in Norway are the key motivations for Polish labour migration. For example, in Norway a construction worker earns about eight times more than in Poland.
Definitions, positions and formats are explored through four different scenarios of migration; regular work related migration within, and from outside the Shengen/EEA area, successful asylum application that grants a residence permit in Norway, and a rejected asylum application that leads to an irregular situation. The four different situations are demonstrated with fictional but conceivable stories of four individuals from different countries.
Ao (non-EU/non-Schengen Area)
The goal is to highlight the different motives and backgrounds for migration and the processes different migrants are going through, and to eventually try to gain an understanding of the situations these migrants are living in. Particular attention is paid to what kinds of needs migrants face within their migration routes and processes, what kind of responses there are to those needs, and what are the spaces where these needs are provided for.
Ao is a Ph.D students from China. Many of the Chinese migrants arriving in Europe and Norway are educated professionals who are rather affluent and have access to information about opportunities and requirements in different countries, and therefore have the ability to migrate. The key motivation for migration is often to improve one's living standards by integrating in a European society where, for example, healthcare and other social services are seen to be of better standards.
The persons representing the different migrant groups are a Polish and a Chinese labour migrant, a Syrian refugee who is granted asylum in Norway, and a Somalian refugee who becomes a so called 'paperless' by not leaving Norway after a rejected asylum application. The different stages of the migration processes are presented in intercomparable diagrams. The legal and formal processes are presented on a timeline that is linked to a diagram of needs and responses, and to a map of geographical movement. On the timeline there are also drawings of the spaces where different needs are communicated and responded to. The individual situations can then be linked to a diagram representing the relationships between different definitions and positions of migrants.
Sahir (granted for asylum)
Sahir is an asylum seeker from Syria. In 2011 protests in Syria inspired by the Arab Spring led to a civil war that has continued since. The conflict between the Syrian government and rebel groups has developed into a complex crisis also involving radical islamists (ISIS) and different ethnic groups in the area, as well as foreign nations. The situation has caused a large flow of Syrian refugees towards Europe, many of them aiming towards Scandinavia and northern Europe.
One important aspect is also to emphasize the diversity of types of migration and the different definitions used. For example, in the media migrants are often depicted as a single group even though the motivations and processes vary greatly between individuals depending on their situation as either regular or irregular, or forced or voluntary migration.
Absimil (denied for asylum)
Absimil is an asylum seeker from Somalia. The Somalian state disintegrated after a civil war in 1991. The power in different parts of the country is now held by a provisional government in conflict with different ethnic and religious groups and self-declared autonomous regions. Somalia is among the poorest and most insecure countries in the world. The ongoing chaos and anarchy has led to a large flow of refugees seeking protection in the neighbouring African countries such as Kenya. However, the lack of opportunities or assistance also motivate people to attempt to travel further and seek asylum in Europe.
TOMASZ
Statistics (spring 2016): Immigrants in Norway 698 550 Polish: 97 700 Somalis: 28 300 Syrians: 9700 Chinese: 8350 Irregulars: approx. 15 000
AO
Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2
identity, how people see themselves formal status definitions biased labels
TOMASZ
AO
Border Crossing Master Studio
Definitions, Self-organization Positions and Formats
50
66° 33'
CITIZENSHIP
40°
CITIZENSHIP
CITIZENSHIP
WEED
CITIZENSHIP
ABSIMIL
SAHIR
0°
Different definitions of migrants used in different contexts and for different purposes. identity, how people see themselves formal status
SAHIR
ABSIMIL
definitions biased labels
CITIZENSHIP
refugees asylees displaced persons
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
VOLUNTARY
Definitions, Positions and Formats
FORCED
Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2
REFUGEE STATUS
OFFICIAL IMMIGRATION
adoptive citizen naturalized citizen migrants
aliens immigrants expats expatriates new inhabitants long-term short-term
circular migrants international students foreigners foreign workers economic migrants
TOURIS
PILGRI
skilled economic migrants low-skilled economic migrants
MIGRATION
NOMA STATELESS
outsiders newcome visitors
refugees asylees clandestines uprooted people displaced persons asylum-seekers
MIXED MIGRATION MIXED FLOWS MIXED MOVEMENTS
slaves victims
IRREGULAR IMMIGRATION
of human trafficking
foreign workers irregular migrants dreamers
searching for
human smuggler
ILLEGAL SITUATION
Diagram describing different definitions of migrants and migr status/position associated with those definitions and the relat different positions.
Border Crossing Master Studio
Definitions, Positions and Formats
52
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
BANK
Residence card LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TRAINIG
EDUCATION
RESIDENCE PERMIT
TAX OFFICE
Photo and fingerprint taken
renew the residence permit annually applying for permanent residence permitafter 3 years applying for citizenship after 7 years
CITIZENSHIP
Most people from EU/Schengen area will keep their original citizenship but commute permanently between their own state to another.
FULL ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN NORWAY
HEALTHCARE
CITIZENSHIP
OFFICIAL IMMIGRATION
much cheaper ease of communication
PRIVATE DOCTORS IN POLAND
IMMIGRA
IRREGULAR IMMIGRATION
language barrier, unfamiliarity with the Norwegian system
assistance in preparing necessary papers/formalities information on welfare benefits language training help in finding accomodation and job
WORK COMMUNITY
JOB PLACEMENT COMPANIES (E.G. ADECCO)
i
nfo
TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
POLISH COMMUNITY IN NO CHURCH
i
nfo
TOMASZ
SOCIAL NEEDS
dicision to migrate
POLAND
NORWAY Within 3 months Get an ID number and tax deduction number
Border Crossing File 1–2
Bergen School of Architecture 2016
NORWAY
CHINA
WORK
long-term contract SOCIAL INCLUSION
ATION OFFICE
N
Definitions, Positions and Formats
ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOL
SOCIAL NEEDS
CHINESE ALIEN IN NORWAY
HOUSING
MONEY
INTRODUCTION OF SCHOOL
MONEY
DIGITAL RESOURCES/ SOCIAL MEDIA RESIDENCE PERMIT
i
i
nfo
OFFICIAL WEBSITE
nfo
INTERNATIONAL NEWS CHANNELS/PUBLICATIONS
WEBSITE OF UDI
online registeration printed documentation/visa application
HEALTHCARE
TRAVEL AGENCY
applying passport handing in the application buying airplane ticket
dicision to migrate
AO Norwegian embassy in Beijing ID, passport, job offer in Norway
long-term short-term
TOURISM
Before Ao give up his citizenship in China, he can’t have it in Norway and still protected by his original state.
CITIZENSHIP
N
Y
ORWAY
Diagrams representing the migration processes of different groups of people. On the bottom of each diagram there is a series of images depicting different stages of the migration routes and the spaces one passes through on his/her journey. The diagrams above that timeline describe the different needs migrants have (white boxes) and what are the responses to those needs (black boxes), and how they relate to each other.
reading direction
CITIZENSHIP
Border Crossing Master Studio
Definitions, Positions and Formats
54
SYRIA
NORWAY
SAHIR
HEALTHCARE INTERNNTIONAL NEWS CHANNELS
DIGITAL RESOURCES/ SOCIAL MEDIA
PEOPLE BACK HOME
OFFICIAL INFORMATION
SHELTER officials not willing to facilitate attempts to seek asylum
FOOD
NORWEGIAN ORGANIZATION FOR ASYLUM SEEKERS(NOAS)
NATIONAL NETWORK/ PEOPLE MET DURING JOURNEY
i
nfo
TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES
POLICE OFFICE
RECEPTION CENTRE
Photo and fingerprint taken HUMAN SMUGGLER
UDI
dicision to migrate
Tuberculosis test Interview with UDI
Before they register with police, they are all so-call irregular migrant for the destination country.
Because of some reasons, they don’t have protection from their original countries. in a nother words they are stateless people. The period time for UDI to exam their document and grant the status costs 3 to 15 mounths.
Sweden Denmark Germany Austria Hungary Macedonia Greece Turkey
ILLEGAL SITUATION
IRREGULAR MIGRATION
STATE
They might have the same process applying for the refugee status, or directly skip the process to register their identity.
They won’t have any legal protection from both their original state and Norway. And they have to hide from police or any public organ.
dicision to mig
fear and lack of sleep inactivity avoid public spaces and public transport Red Cross Church City Mission Children without residence have a right to attend primary and lower secondary school. For people over 18 entry to attempts to seek asylum system is almost impossible. support and recognition existential meaning purpose and sense of community
PEOPLE’S GOOD WILL
no ID number = no access to public health services or welfare support
LOCAL SOCIAL SERVICE
MENTAL HEALTH
HEALTH CENTRE FOR UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS
HEALTHCARE
SHELTER
HOUSING
SHELTER
connection often lost after getting irregular status
F
NATIONAL NETW PEOPLE MET DURING
mainingful activity live with friends EDUCATION
WORK
MONEY
NATIONAL NETWORK/ PEOPLE MET DURING JOURNEY
TRANSNATIONAL COM
i
nfo
HUMAN SMUGG
informal or directly illegal RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES
Move to another receptioncentre or live independently Work permit up to 6 months MONEY
Photo and fingerpri
SOCIAL NEEDS
WORK
POLICE OFFIC
MOBILE PLATFORMS
NORWEGIAN ORGAN FOR ASYLUM SEEKER
NORMAL ACCOMMODATION FROM RECEPTION CENTRE
RECEPTION CEN THE PLACE YOU CAME FROM
repatriation
UDI
HOUSING
LIVE INDEPENDENTLY often with friends/family
Tuberculosis test Interview with UDI
UDI
HOST MUNICIPALITIES private pre-arranged housing
Voluntary return: assisted and paid for by IOM Forced return: escorted by police
FULL ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN NORWAY
HEALTHCARE
interpreter available
Denial of refugee status similar process for all asylum seekers
NORWAY
SO
Border Crossing File 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2
Definitions, Positions and Formats
SOCIAL NEEDS
FULL ACCESS TO PUBLIC HEALTHCARE IN NORWAY interpreter available HOST MUNICIPALITIES private pre-arranged housing LIVE INDEPENDENTLY often with friends/family
i
HOUSING
NORMAL ACCOMMODATION FROM RECEPTION CENTRE
meaningful activity, collaboration in society
WORK
MONTHLY FINANCES
Every three years, the people have to renew their recident permit.
OMALIA
ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE TRAINIG
Move to a municipality Learn norwegian language and culture Become economically independent
CITIZENSHIP
LIMITATIONS
ACCESS TO TECHNOLOGY Wi-Fi access Phone charging Devices and SIM-cards DIGITAL DIVIDE Inequal access to internet Internet penetration between countries Limited skills/education NOT REGULATED OR POLICED Risk of abusement or false information
i
DIGITAL RESOURCES/ SOCIAL MEDIA
INTERNNTIONAL NEWS CHANNELS
OFFICIAL INFORMATION
PEOPLE BACK HOME
nfo
officials not willing to facilitate attempts to seek asylum
CE
NTRE
EDUCATION
After the 3 years, they can apply for permanent resident permit. And after 7 years stay in Norway and have certain language and social knowladge, they can/might apply and gain the citizenship of Norway.
REFUGEE STATUS
WORK/ G JOURNEY
NIZATION RS(NOAS)
School of Architecture 2016
Move to another receptioncentre or live independently Work permit up to 6 months
FOOD
int taken
MONEY
MOBILE PLATFORMS
nfo
grate
GLER
SOCIAL INCLUSION
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
ELESS
MMUNITIES
similar ethnic group/minorities placed together
Bergen ROLE OF CITIES
INCLUSIVE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS Pricing and availability of public transport Location and accessibility of employment Management of schools Management of police services Economic development that benefits a range of social groups Enforcement of employment codes, commercial regulations and by-laws Garbage removal Licensing street vendors and public market places Pricing and servicing industrial land
ABSIMIL
Sweden Denmark Germany Austria Hungary Macedonia Greece Libya Sudan South Sudan Uganda Kenya 16 MONTHS
Border Crossing Master Studio
Definitions, Positions and Formats
56