Restoring Health & Wellbeing to Tamaki by Rudolf Iseli

Restoring Health and Wellbeing To Tamaki Rudolf Iseli 1110654

Contents

Restoring 1 Health and Wellbeing 1 To Tamaki 1

Research Question: 4 Abstract: 5 Research Proposal: 6 Rationale 6 What is the Issue? 8 Why is this important? 9 The Lungs of New York City 10

Background Theorists 11

Analysis 20 Fenchurch Analysis 24

The People of Tamaki 26 Draft Unitary Plan 28 Existing Hydrology 29 Open Space Walkability 30 Community Hub Walkability 31

Current Environment 32 Strategy 36 The Street 39 10 Qualities of a Great Street 41

Case Studies Benefits of Green

43 50

Gorilla Landscapes

Relationship between Green and health 50 Observation in Somerset west, Capetown. 51

Techniques 52 The Restorative Environment 52

Techniques 53 Restorative Techniques applied to landscape 53

Findings 70 Conclusion 72 References 73

Research Question: How can Streetscape and Public Open Space Design Improve the Health of Low - Socio Economic Communities?

Abstract: This research project is based on the relationship between Public health and the environment. Initial research uncovered that, open spaces provide places for people to meet and interact, thus increasing social cohesion and social inclusion. The importance to wellbeing of personal connections with nature is common to all cultures. Also natural landscapes have traditionally been sources of inspiration for creative pursuits for all peoples throughout history. Open spaces create opportunities for cultural interaction, bringing people of different cultures together to celebrate community diversity, or for some communities to celebrate their own cultures. Urban spaces have a special cultural significance to Tangata Whenua (indigenous people of NZ), providing a sense of place and belonging intimately connected to concepts of TĂźrangawaewae , it is respectful to actively seek participation of local iwi in the design process. Moreover the contribution that our green spaces make to our physical environment is immense. They maintain our clean air and water, enhance and protect biodiversity, cool our cities, store carbon, and protect the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outstanding natural features and processes. There is no single agreed definition of open space nationally or internationally. Our regionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; open space network is not just about playgrounds, parks and reserves, but incorporates diverse aspects of our wider environment, eg; neighborhood streets, city centers, walkways, greenery, waterways, structures and views. Therefore the aim of this research is to unfold ways in which the health benefits of green open space can penetrate down to the neighborhood scale, to improve health, by testing neighborhood streets and open spaces. The main outcomes of this study was to provide safety for people to walk cycle or play on the road sides of their immediate neighborhood through use of street calming techniques and pedestrian prioritization. Secondly this research shows that the connectivity and benefits of open spaces can be enhanced through incorporation of landscape techniques in streetscapes, thus contributing to the relief of mental stress. It was also discovered that this sense of safety and amenity value can facilitate promotion of physical health.

Research Proposal: Rationale The aim of this research is to unfold ways in which the health benefits of green open space can penetrate down to the neighborhood scale, by testing neighborhood streets and open spaces. Research Methodology Investigate/ Analyze, current comparisons of landscape elements in present Low Socioeconomic suburbs vs High Socioeconomic suburbs in the Auckland region through use of GIS mapping software. Identify a low socioeconomic suburb with the least landscape elements in Auckland region as a test site. Investigate what aspects of green open space have positive effects on psychological well being of people. Investigate Good practice open space principles, guidelines. Draw / analyze, how people use the site currently. Develop a strategy for how to treat urban open space to mitigate disparity. Further Research Into Landscape urbanism approach as a tool for design. Develop a series of design interventions, examine the results and refine.

NATURE CONTACT

BUILDINGS PUBLIC HEALTH PUBLIC SPACES URBAN FORM 7

What is the Issue? ‘The world is faced with challenges in all three dimensions of sustainable development – economic, social and environmental. More than 1 billion people are still living in extreme poverty, and income inequality within and among many countries has been rising (Landscape institute, 2013). Urbanization provides new jobs and new opportunities for millions of people in the world, and has contributed to poverty eradication efforts worldwide. Around 50% of the world’s population, live in urban centers (United Nations, 2013). New Zealand has also urbanized rapidly, in 1890 only 35% of our population lived in urban centers, to in 2009, 72 of every 100 New Zealand residents lived in one of New Zealand’s 16 main urban areas (United Nations, 2008). In a rapidly urbanizing world, it is increasingly important to recognize how different features of cities affect health and wellbeing and to plan accordingly. Urban Growth is expected to increase within the Auckland region in particular, expected to account for 62 percent of New Zealand’s population growth between 2006 and 2031 with an increase of 560,000 from 1.37 million to 1.93 million. [4]Increasing urbanization combined with local spatial planning policies of densification will result in more people living in residential environments with fewer green resources. (Statistics New Zealand,2009). Current research shows that access to open, and especially green, spaces improves people’s sense of wellbeing. In spite of this, the development of green and open space in urban planning has not always occurred in conjunction with other aspects of urban planning (Brockerhoff MP, 2000).

Why is this important? The association between socio-economic status and health has been well documented (Mitchell, Popham,2008). As socioeconomic status decreases, health status worsens across a population and health inequalities between rich and poor are evident. In New Zealand, as in other countries, increasing levels of deprivation are associated with increased death rates due to preventable causes, increased avoidable hospital admissions, and increased risk factors for heart disease and some cancers e.g. obesity, high blood pressure etc. People living in low socioeconomic areas also have lower private vehicle ownership rates and are more likely to rely on public transport and walking for access to key services and amenities (Howden- Chapman, Tobias, 1999). Green space is related to improved health regardless of socio-economic status. However the quantity and quality of green space is important, as poor-quality green space can have a negative impact on health (Green Space Scotland, 2008). One Scottish study (Mitchell & Popham, 2008) has shown that populations that are exposed to the greenest environments also have the lowest levels of health inequality related to income deprivation. This means that healthy urban planning must include a focus on accessible, quality urban open spaces in low socioeconomic neighborhoods. A New Zealand quality of life survey (Neilson, 2008) found that more than nine in ten Wellington, Porirua and Hutt residents find it easy or very easy to get to a local park or other green space in their city or local area. In another survey 57% of people in the region had visited at least one park or other green space in the past year and 22% use parks monthly or more often (Greater Wellington Council, 2008). Open spaces provide places for people to meet and interact, thus increasing social cohesion and social inclusion. The importance to wellbeing of personal connections with nature is common to all cultures, and natural landscapes have traditionally been sources of inspiration for creative pursuits for all peoples throughout history. Open spaces create opportunities for cultural interaction, bringing people of different cultures together to celebrate community diversity, or for communities to celebrate their own cultures. The contribution our green spaces make to our physical environment is immense. They maintain our clean air and water, enhance and protect biodiversity, cool our cities, store carbon, and protect the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s outstanding natural features and processes. (People and Parks Foundation, 2008) Urban spaces have a special cultural significance to Tangata Whenua (indigenous people of NZ), providing a sense of place and belonging intimately connected to concepts of TĂźrangawaewae (Hoskins, 2008). There is no single agreed definition of open space nationally or internationally. Our regionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; open space network is not just about playgrounds, parks and reserves, but incorporates diverse aspects of our wider environment, eg; neighborhood streets, city centers, walkways, greenery, waterways, structures and views. 9

The Lungs of New York City

Central Park: http://michaelminn.net/newyork/parks/central_park/seasons/2007-08-18_11-51-18_corrected.jpg

Background Theorists For Olmsted, to be in one of his large urban parks was to experience “each individual adding pleasure of all others, all helping to the greater happiness of each. You may thus often see vast numbers of persons brought closely together, poor and rich, young and old, Jew and Gentile” (Sutton, 1971) Ian L Mcharg’s human ecological planning at Pennsylvania (1981) A theory of human ecological planning based on the premise that all social and natural systems aspire to success. Such a state can be described as “syntropic-fitness-health”. Understanding the process of interaction between the landscape and the people who inhibit it provides a basis for assessing the opportunities and constraints afforded by the environment, and needs and desires of the population, which can be combined, to present alternative futures. Such a model allows examination of the impact of any plan upon the health of the inhabitants and the well-being of the social and natural systems (Mcharg, 1992) Richard Louve says “the child in nature is an endangered species and the health of our children and the health of the earth are inseparable.” (Louv, 2005)

Human health and city planning – a brief historical overview Since early history, green environments have been part of the urban development. The Greeks introduced gardens in urban areas as they had a predilection for natural settings; especially fountains and grottoes were preferred in their urban gardens (Van Zuylen, 1999). The first rapidly growing city in history where densification took place to such an extent that people started complaining about noise, dirt, lack of greenery, beauty and relaxation was ancient Rome. To alleviate these problems, the Roman Empire was forced to construct several public parks (Mumford, 1968). In the first of his ‘Ten books on architecture’ Vitruvius wrote that the choice of a healthy site for the fortified city is the most important requirement (Pollio, 2011). It may therefore seem self-evident that green space should be considered an essential part of urban development, especially because of the positive benefits it provides the city dwellers. However, during the industrial revolution (1760 – 1840), history repeated itself. Cities grew rapidly, and as a result of poor hygiene, malnutrition and bad housing conditions, people became ill and contagious diseases spread easily. In 1833, a member of the British Parliament encouraged the House of Commons ‘to consider the best means of securing open spaces in the immediate vicinity of populous towns, as public walks calculated to promote the health and comfort of the inhabitants’ (Walker & Duffield, 1983). Throughout Europe, this led to comprehensive attempts to create more liveable landscapes by introducing grids of boulevards and tree-lined avenues in order to replace old neighbourhoods.

Le Courbusier ; http://rosswolfe.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/corbusier-city.jpg,

Liveable landscapes The importance of liveable landscapes has since been discussed by many architects and planners. One of the pioneers of modern city planning, Le Corbusier (1887 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1965), dedicated most of his life to improving the living conditions of people in dense cities. Large parks, beautiful views and roof gardens were among his requirements for modern houses (Rasmussen, 1951;) . However, Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work has also been criticized especially by Jane Jacobs for being too dramatic and unrealistic as, e.g. the parks in his city plans would become lifeless, unsafe and deserted (Jacobs, 1961). Many have contributed to the discussion of the human oriented responses to urban design. Among those with particular significance are Kevin Lynch (1960) and Jane Jacobs (1961). More recently, the Danish architect Jan Gehl has been a central figure in relation to the importance of the human scale in urban areas (Gehl, 2010; Gehl, 2003). Despite these well-meant thoughts, there has been a tendency in planning processes that economy and aesthetics are prioritized over social values (Thwaites, Mathers, & Simkins, 2013). The relationship between human health and natural environments A number of theories describe the relationship between human health and green environments (Appleton, 1975; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Ulrich et al., 1991). Furthermore, several studies have stated the benefits of green environments in reducing the number of lifestyle diseases (Mitchell & Popham, 2008; van den Berg et al., 2010; Ulrich et al., 1991). In relation to this, a large body of evidence points towards psychological restoration (Kaplan, 1995; Kaplan, 2001; Berto, 2005), the facilitation of social contacts and physical activity as three factors contributing to the health benefits of exposure to green environments.

Jahn Gehl: http://kaleightironenunes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Jan-Gehl-2.jpeg, http://cycle-space.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Jan-Gehl-Adelaide.jpg,

Psychological benefits of nature â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a theoretical perspective Historically, people and nature have been inseparable. Originally, nature was our habitat in which it was necessary to perform hunting and gathering, as described in Appletonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (1975) prospect/ refuge theory. A refuge such as a cave provided safety due to opportunities to hide, whereas a prospect such as a hilltop provided an overview of the surroundings. Although human beings have been distanced from the hunter/gatherer concept for many years, the theory may still be adapted to our modern habitat in which positive or negative social obligations replace the hunter-gatherer behaviour. Prospect/ refuge experiences are also today considered very important for pleasurable experiences (Grahn & Stigsdotter, 2010) where exposure and enclosure, views and screening stimulate certain feelings and needs (Robinson, 2004). This also implies that modern humans still need restorative environments for sensory stimulation (Appleton, 1975; Robinson, 2004; Dee, 2009). The tendency seen today with urban dwellers becoming distanced from nature has also been problematized in the Psycho Evolutionary Theory by Ulrich et al (1991). This theory states that humans have adapted to a certain natural environment throughout their evolution as a species. Urban habitats are considered an unnatural environment in which humans cannot trust their spontaneous reactions. Due to constant exposure to heavy traffic, noise, buildings, etc. There is a constant requirement to think logically, and if there is no opportunity to relax and recover in natural environments there is a risk of becoming stressed (Ulrich et al., 1991). The relationship between human beings, nature and urban areas has also been described from a cognitive perspective in the Attention Restoration Theory (ART) by Kaplan (1995). ART suggests that humans have two types of attention; directed attention and soft fascination. In modern society, humans use directed attention to concentrate on important things while sorting out the distracting things which demand much effort. Over time, one can become mentally fatigued, and, in order to recover our directed attention, we need exposure to fascinating stimuli. ART describes how humans have adapted to nature as a species and therefore perceive nature as areas with high potential for recovering directed attention. In nature, the opportunity for reflection is provided which thereby stimulates the soft fascination (Kaplan, 1995). According to the Kaplans, a restorative environment can be described by four components each of which provides a certain restorative experience (Kaplan 1995 pp. 172-173). Fascination should not require mental effort, but instead involves stimuli and processes of exploration. This process is also what the Kaplans describe as soft fascination. The feeling, either psychological or physical, of being distant from daily routines and demands where directed attention capacity is used is described as Being away; Extent is the capacity of an environment to provide scope for exploration and a sense of coherence, which refers to the ability to organise and structure a scene in the environment (Hartig, Korpela, Evans, & GĂ¤rling, 1997). Compatibility is the match between what a person wants to do, what the environment supports and what the person is expected to do in the environment (Kaplan, 1995). The presence of some or all four components may lead to the possibility of stress prevention in green environments.

The relationship between urban green space and social interaction A number of studies suggest that there is a positive relationship between social integration and interaction and outdoor areas (Fan, Das, & Chen, 2011; Chiesura, 2004; Gehl, 2010; Gehl, 2003; Whyte, 1980; Coley et al., 1997; Sullivan et al., 2004; Maas et al., 2009). Maas et al. (2009) studied the possible health benefits of the relationship between social contacts and green space. They found that loneliness and a lack of social support were negatively related to people’s self-perceived health. Additionally, proximity to green space in the living environment limited the feeling of loneliness and people experienced more social support. As there was no indication that people had more contact to neighbours or friends in the green space, they suggested that place attachment (referring to the process of bonding to a specific place) might be related to a sense of community promoted by the presence of green space (Maas et al., 2009). Coley et al. (1997) suggest that the presence of trees and grass in open spaces may encourage people to go outdoors, which thereby enhances the possibility for social interaction. Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) In 1903, the brothers John Olmsted and Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. made the following assertion about the linking of Urban Green Space (UGS) and its benefit for humans: ‘A connected system of parks and parkways is manifestly far more complete and useful than a series of isolated parks’ (Benedict & McMahon, 2002). Various units, e.g. larger or smaller parks, boulevards, green corridors, green streets, urban forests, roofs and private gardens can be seen as the connected system that constitutes the UGI (Benedict & McMahon, 2002; Kaplan, Kaplan, Ryan, & Robert L., 1998; Tzoulas et al., 2007). From a planning perspective, strategic and knowledge based planning is required in order to meet the individual needs, wishes and expectations people have regarding everyday outdoor exposure to green surroundings. In this relation, much research on the role of larger UGS and physical activity has been conducted (e.g. Björk et al., 2008). Furthermore, playgrounds and multipurpose courts also play an important role as everyday outdoor environments, just as private gardens have shown to be beneficial for socialising and mental wellbeing, which underlines their importance in many people’s lives in general (Cameron et al., 2012; Stigsdotter & Grahn, 2003a). Existing research suggests how use of UGS is significantly associated with factors such as age, gender, education level and health status (Schipperijn, Stigsdotter, Randrup, & Troelsen, 2010). In addition to this, people’s health status has also been shown to influence the preference for certain park characteristics (serene, social, prospect, refuge, nature, space, rich in species and culture) described as the perceived sensory dimensions (PSD) in Grahn & Stigsdotter (2010) and Stigsdotter & Grahn (2011). Features such as grass, trees and bushes have been documented to be positively related to restoration (e.g. Nordh & Østby, 2013), a finding that is supported by other studies indicating that greenery leads to reduced stress in humans (Kaplan, 1995; Stigsdotter, 2004). Furthermore, several studies indicate that size and shape influence the perception of an UGS (Giles- Corti et al., 2005; Kaczynski, Potwarka, & Saelens, 2008; Van Herzele & Wiedemann, 2003; Berggren-Bärring & Grahn, 1995). Also the presence of facilities such as, e.g. benches, tables, paved or unpaved paths and playgrounds affects the use and perception of a UGS (Schipperijn et al., 2013; Kaczynski et al., 2008; Sullivan et al., 2004). Finally, a number of studies have investigated the relationship between experience of an UGS and sound, and have found that natural sounds are preferred over mechanical sounds, and that preference for certain sounds may be related to demographic background (e.g. Kang & Zhang, 2010; Yu & Kang, 2010; Raimbault, Lavandier, & Berengier, 2003; )

New Zealand Context In New Zealand, global climate change is predicted to raise sea levels, place increased pressure on stormwater infrastructure, increase food- and water-borne diseases, increase heat-related illness and affect agricultural production (Woodward, Hales, De Wet N, 2001). New Zealand has the fourth-highest per capita greenhouse gas emissions in the developed world (Metcalf, Woodward, Macmillan, 2009). Motor vehicles are a major contributor to outdoor air pollution and account for almost 20 percent of New Zealand’s carbon emissions. Between 1990 and 2005, when overall emissions increased by 25 percent, road transport emissions increased by 65 percent (Greenaway, Mc Creanor, Witten, 2008). Reaching targets to reduce emissions requires a significant reduction in car usage and vehicle miles travelled. Vehicle miles travelled (which affect carbon emissions) are connected to the sprawling features of urban areas. Sprawling neighbourhoods also rely heavily on scarce resources such as oil, are less efficient in reabsorbing carbon dioxide than bush or farmland, and can affect water quality. Physical inactivity, obesity and a number of ailments (for example, hypertension, emphysema, asthma, abdominal problems and severe headaches) have been found to be associated with features of urban sprawl. These features include low-density dispersed development, single-use development, poorly connected street networks, and shops and public transport that are out of walking distance. (Ewing, Schmid, Killingsworth, 2003). People of all ages now spend more time in cars and less time walking or cycling for transport or recreation, particularly in urban areas (Keall, Chapman, Howden-Chapman, 2009). More than half of New Zealand children walked or cycled to school in 1989/90 and now less than one-third do so. (Ministry of Transport, 2009) Physical inactivity accounts for almost 10 percent of New Zealand’s 20 leading causes of death (Ministry of Health,2004). It is a contributor to obesity and type 2 diabetes, which together cost the health system over $500 million per year (Health Committee, 2007). People become more isolated in low-density development in which people spend more time in cars and walk less (Dora & Phillips, 2000). Low-density development is linked with less civic engagement and weakened sense of community. It can also lead to social exclusion for those who do not have a car (Rose, Witten, McCreanor, 2009). Social cohesion is important for health. Individuals in communities with higher social cohesion tend to live longer, experience better cardiovascular health, recover faster from minor illness and be psychologically healthier ( PHAC, 2008). Most New Zealand cities and towns were built upon earlier Ma¯ori settlements, and so mana whenua have spiritual connections with this land. For taurahere and other diverse populations migrating to urban areas, it is important that these places allow for establishment and retention of cultural expression. Cities and towns can provide children with resources and safe environments that enable them to flourish and grow. In urban communities, older people may be better able to access necessary services, remain socially connected and live in their homes longer. People in more socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods experience higher rates of obesity and chronic conditions, and are often exposed to environmental factors that exacerbate ill health. For example, levels of outdoor pollution are higher in New Zealand’s more deprived neighborhoods. The prevalence of traffic accidents and the risk of pedestrian injuries are also greater in some deprived urban neighborhoods. Some more deprived neighbourhoods have poorer access to high-quality green spaces. People living in low-income households without a car and in areas with few services and little public transport are less likely to be able to reach important services such as supermarkets and health care facilities.

Maori Perspective For many Maori, the wider physical and natural environment is intrinsically connected to their concept of health and wellbeing. In addition, as ta ̄ ngata whenua of our urban areas, Maori have the role of kaitiaki (guardians) of the environment. The role of iwi, hapu and ta ̄ngata whenua as kaitiaki is recognised in the RMA. The Local Government Act 2002 also recognises this unique role, but is more general in requiring local authorities to promote Ma ̄ori participation in decision-making processes (Ministry of Health, 2009). Maori engagement in urban planning can contribute to whanau ora in a number of ways. Te Pae Mahutonga (a Maori model of health promotion developed by Professor Mason Durie) can be important part of Mauriora, used to outline elements of Ma ̄ ori engagement in urban environments.

Te Pae Mahutonga The Southern Cross Star Constellation Brings together elements of modern health promotion

- Waiora promotes the idea that aspects of the physical environment important to Ma ̄ ori are protected. - Toiora suggests that neighbourhoods where Ma ̄ ori live promote active and social living. - Mauriora includes an urban cultural landscape that reflects cultural symbols, as well as the correct use of tribal names. Through Te Oranga, Ma ̄ ori are supported to participate in community engagement processes and design of urban features. The principles of Nga ̄ Manukura and Te Mana Whakahaere are important for ensuring that Ma ̄ ori priorities are expressed and incorporated into urban planning, and that iwi have the autonomy to determine urban development priorities.). the three Ps form the treaty of Waitangi are important factors in Maori Health Partnership - collaborative process between groups to achieve a common purpose, ‘working together’ Participation - enablement of individuals or groups to reduce inequalities; pathways of access enabling Māori to participate across the health sector. Protection - a duty of health services to recognise and respond to Māori cultural beliefs, values and practises. 17

Community Engagement Cities need to be built to provide a positive environment for all populations. Involving children, older people, people with disabilities, and the variety of ethnic groups in the planning and development of urban areas helps achieve appropriate design and improve accessibility. It protects the interests of people whose needs might otherwise be ignored. Despite evidence of the importance of community participation in addressing urban living conditions, decision- making processes often remain beyond the reach of people at local and community levels. (Ministry for the Environment, 2005) Attractive, well-lit interconnected walking and cycling networks increase cohesion because they encourage people- and family-centred activity and create opportunities for casual meetings between people. (PHAC. 2008) There is also evidence that connected, well-lit walking paths, together with buildings that face the street, reduce crime rates.142 One study found more people walked when they lived closer to attractive and large public open spaces. (Gilies- Corti & Donovan, 2003) Other elements of urban form that create opportunities for community cohesion are high-quality, accessible public spaces where people can meet, play, socialise and hold group events. (Edwards & Tsouros. 2006) Such spaces include parks, sporting fields, outdoor play areas for children, community gardens, leisure areas and community halls. Availability of green space, including parks as well as trees and grass, is related to increased levels of outdoor social activity. High-quality public spaces and parks are linked with higher participation in community and cultural activities. (Ministry for the Environment. 2005) Local character is another important part of community cohesion. Local character activates peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sense of identity with their neighbourhood, and encourages them to be active within their neighbourhoods. (Edwards & Tsouros. 2006) Each population and community has different priorities that need to be addressed in public spaces. Young people may value having parks and recreational spaces close to where they live, while working age adults may appreciate having cafes and shops within a walkable distance to home and work. Older people are sensitive to the presence of a high-quality pavement system or street crossings The PHAC believes high-quality public spaces are important for health from an equity perspective not only because of their associations with social cohesion but also for their implications for physical activity. Such public spaces can improve opportunities for people on a low income to participate in recreation, leisure and physical activity when they otherwise may not be able to afford to. Overseas, public parks are the most common sites for exercise among people from low-income neighbourhoods, but access is affected by distance to and quality of parks. (Edwards & Tsouros. 2006) Although some New Zealand studies show that more socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods have equal access to green space,153 other evidence suggests that more deprived urban neighbourhoods have less access to high-quality green space (ARPHS 2006).

Analysis

Source: R Iseli

2013 Statistics data of median household incomes where mapped over area units with GIS Software. As depicted to the right. It became aparrent that the most deprived area in Auckland was situated within close proximity to some of the most affluent suburbs in Auckland. This observation determined Pt England to have the lowest household income.

Source: R Iseli

Central government and Auckland Council recognise Tﾄ［aki is a priority area for growth in the Auckland Plan. With a rich history, strong community spirit and idyllic location only 12 minutes from the CBD by train, the area is earmarked for significant growth and opportunity. The Tamaki Regeneration Company has been formed as a new entity owned by the New Zealand Government and the Auckland Council. The team will work in partnership with local residents and businesses, mana whenua, local and central government agencies, local service providers and the private sector to provide a platform for successful regeneration of Tﾄ［aki. Its aim is to transform Tﾄ［aki (including Glen Innes, Point England and Panmure) over the next 20-25 years. This will be done through co-ordinated economic, social, and housing initiatives to improve education, employment, health, safety and the environment.

Source: Fenchurch Report V1.2 2014. Tamaki Regeneration

Tamaki Regenertion, summary plan highlights the 4 key housing regeneration areas to be focused on, the first at the top of the page is the Fenchurch neighbourhood the third and fourth are Point England and Tamaki, which areproposed as case study models.

Source: Fenchurch Report V1.2 2014. Tamaki Regeneration

The Fenchurch Neighbourhood Plan provides modern homes, safer streets and pathways, and new well-connected community facilities. It invests in the Scout Hut and school sites, makes the most of existing green spaces, and uses vacant land for new homes to minimise disruption to existing residents. The Neighbourhood Plan has been developed with input from a number of community groups and residents. Key Attributes of the current situation where diagrammed shown to the left.

Source: R Iseli

SIS ALY AN CH UR CH FEN Fenchurch Analysis

Source: Fenchurch Report V1.2 2014. Tamaki Regeneration

The People of Tamaki

23% Maori

Source: R Iseli

28%

European

51%

Pacific

13%

Asian

Source: Fenchurch Report V1.2 2014. Tamaki Regeneration

The Draft Unitary plan shows that there will be an increase of Town house and apartment style buildings in close proximity to the town centres, as well as the single housing model changing into a predominantly mixed housing model means there will be more dwellings on smaller portions of land, this intensification will increase the population of Tamaki, hightening the need for Quality open spaces, especially when private green spaces are decreased.

Draft Unitary Plan

Source: R Iseli

The Existing Hydological maps show that there is a tendancy for flooding on some roads and in some open spaces, Low impact urban design techniques can be utilised to address these issues such as rain gardens, swales, and retention ponds.

Existing Hydrology

Source: R Iseli

Open space walk maps show us at 5 min intervals the time it would take to walk to an open space, houses in the yellow are within 5 mins, houses within light purple are within 10 mins, and houses in the dark purple are within 15 mins. This map was also created in conjunction with research which shows that the first 5 min of green excercise is most beneficial.

Open Space Walkability

Source: R Iseli

Community Services such as dairys, takeaways shops etc are easy to access on a local level, and if you dont have transport how easy is it to acess them within Tamaki. Most houses are shown to be within 10min walk to community hubs.

Community Hub Walkability

Source: R Iseli

Current Environment

Tripoli Street:

Anderson Ave:

Photo source: R Iseli

Boundary Reserve:

Photo source: R Iseli

Point England Reserve:

Photos source: R Iseli

Taurima Reserve:

Photo source: R Iseli

Boundary Reserve:

Strategy

A B

Source: R Iseli

Open Space - Taurima Reserve - Vast underutilised mowed grass space - Single pathway connects roads - Overland flooding - No lighting - Lack of play equipment - Within itensification zone

Residential RoadTypology - Anderson Avenue - Proposed Intensification, Terrace house/ apartments (unitary plan) - Wide car dominated roads - Unsafe for pedestrians - Undesirable for walking /cycling - Overland flooding

Open Space Typology - Boundary Reserve - Overland flooding - Erosion - No water cleaning device before exit to Tamaki River - No Pathway - Unsafe at night - Vast underutilised mowed grass space

Mixed Use Typology - Tripoli Road - Community Shops - Wide car dominated roads - Unsafe for pedestrians - Undesirable for walking /cycling - Overland flooding - Lack of usability

Source: R Iseli

The Street While streets were once a place where we stopped for conversation and children played, they are now the exclusive domain of cars. Even where sidewalks are present along highways and high-speed streets, they feel inhospitable and out of place.Traffic and road capacity are not the inevitable result of growth. They are the product of very deliberate choices that have been made to shape our communities around the private automobile. We have the ability to make different choices–starting with the decision to design our streets as comfortable places for people. Neighborhood streets can be places where parents feel safe letting their children play, and commercial strips can be designed as grand boulevards, safe for walking and cycling and allowing for both through and local traffic. We are poised to create a future where priority is given to the appropriate mode, whether pedestrian, bicycle, transit or automobile. To be sure, cars have their place, but the rediscovered importance of walking and “alternative transportation modes” will bring more people out onto the streets—allowing these spaces to serve as public forums where neighbors and friends can connect with one another. (PPS)

Source: http://blog.heaps.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/carwel1.jpg Source: http://static2.stuff.co.nz/1366426003/508/8576508.jpg, Source: http://static2.stuff.co.nz/1338987388/737/7055737.jpg

In order for our streets to fulfill the critical “town square” function that is missing in most communities today, they need to be planned and designed appropriately using three essential guidelines: DESIGN FOR APPROPRIATE SPEEDS Whereas freeways should remain high-speed to accommodate regional mobility, speeds on other roads need to reflect that these are places for people, not just conduits for cars. Desired speeds can be attained with a number of design tools, including changes in roadway widths, curvature, and intersection design. Roadside strategies, like building setbacks and sidewalk activity, can also impact the speed at which motorist comfortably drive.Speed kills sense of place. Cities and town centers are destinations, not raceways, and commerce needs foot traffic. You can’t buy a dress from a car. Even foot traffic speeds up in the presence of fast-moving vehicles. Access, not automobiles, should be the priority in city centers. Don’t ban cars, but remove the presumption in their favor. People first! PLAN FOR COMMUNITY OUTCOMES Communities need to first envision what kinds of places and interactions they want to support, and then plan a transportation system consistent with this collective community vision. Designing road projects to fit community contexts can help increase developable land, create open space, and reconnect communities to their neighbors, a waterfront, or park. They can reduce household dependency on the automobile, allowing children to walk to school, connecting commercial districts to downtowns, and helping build healthier lifestyles by increasing the potential to walk or cycle. THINK OF STREETS AS PUBLIC SPACES Not so long ago, this idea was considered preposterous in many communities. “Public space” meant parks and little else. Transit stops were simply places to wait. Streets had been surrendered to traffic for so long that we hardly considered them to be public spaces at all. But now we are slowly getting away from this narrow perception of “streets as conduits for cars” and beginning to think of “streets as places.” The road, the parking lot, the transit terminal—these places can serve more than one mode (cars) and more than one purpose (movement). Sidewalks are the urban arterials of cities—make them wide, well lit, stylish and accommodating with benches, outdoor cafes and public art. Roads can be shared spaces with pedestrian refuges, bike lanes, and onstreet parking. Parking lots can become public markets on weekends. Even major urban arterials can be designed to provide for dedicated bus lanes, well-designed bus stops that serve as gathering places, and multi-modal facilities for bus rapid transit or other forms of travel. Roads are places too! Transportation, the process of going to a place can be wonderful if we rethink the idea of transportation itself. If we remember that transportation is the journey, but enhancing the community is always our goal.

Source: http://transportblog.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Housing-Street.jpg Source: http://www.clcgroup.co.nz/files/cache/SP_Gallery/Stage_3_-_Second_Re-

10 Qualities of a Great Street Project for public Spaces has identified ten qualities that, in conjunction with the guidlines previously described, contribute to the success of great streets. • Attractions & Destinations. Having something to do gives people a reason to come to a place, and to return again and again. When there is nothing to do, a space will remain empty, which can lead to other problems. In planning attractions and destinations, it is important to consider a wide range of activities for: men and women, people of different ages, different times of day, week and year, and for people alone and in groups. Create an enticing path by linking together this variety of experiences. • Identity & Image. Whether a space has a good image and identity is key to its success. Creating a positive image requires keeping a place clean and well-maintained, as well as fostering a sense of identity. This identity can originate in showcasing local assets. Businesses, pedestrians, and driver will then elevate their behavior to this vision and sense of place. • Active Edge Uses. Buildings bases should be human-scaled and allow for interaction between indoors and out. Preferably, there are active ground floor uses that create valuable experiences along a street for both pedestrians and motorists. For instance, a row of shops along a street is more interesting and generally safer to walk by than a blank wall or empty lot. Sidewalk activity also serves to slow vehicular traffic. At the very minimum, the edge connection should be visual, allowing passers-by to enjoy the activity and aesthetics of the indoor space. These edge uses should be active year-round and unite both sides of the street. • Amenities. Successful streets provide amenities to support a variety of activities. These include attractive waste receptacles to maintain cleanliness, street lighting to enhance safety, bicycle racks, and both private and public seating options—the importance of giving people the choice to sit where they want is generally underestimated. Cluster street amenities to support their use. • Management. An active entity that manages the space is central to a street’s success. This requires not only keeping the space clean and safe, but also managing tenants and programming the space to generate daily activity. Events can run the gamut from small street performances to sidewalk sales to cultural, civic or seasonal celebrations. • Seasonal Strategies. In places without a strong management presence or variety of activities, it is often difficult to attract people year-round. Utilize seasonal strategies, like holiday markets, parades and recreational activities to activate the street during all times of the year. If a street offers a unique and attractive experience, weather is often less of a factor than people initially assume. • Diverse User Groups. As mentioned previously, it is essential to provide activities for different groups. Mixing people of different race, gender, age, and income level ensures that no one group dominates the space and makes others feel unwelcome and out of place. • Traffic, Transit & the Pedestrian. A successful street is easy to get to and get through; it is visible both from a distance and up close. Accessible spaces have high parking turnover and, ideally, are convenient to public transit and support walking and biking. Access and linkages to surrounding destinations must be a part of the planning process. Automobile traffic cannot dominate the space and preclude the comfort of other modes. This is generally accomplished by slowing speeds and sharing street space with a range of transportation options. • Blending of Uses and Modes. Ground floor uses and retail activities should spill out into the sidewalks and streets to blur the distinction between public and private space. Shared street space also communicates that no one mode of transportation dominates. • Neighborhood Preservation. Great streets support the context around them. There should be clear transitions from commercial streets to nearby residential neighborhoods, communicating a change in surroundings with a concomitant change in street character. (Streets as Places: How Transportation can Create a Sense of Community, Project for Public Spaces.)

CHICANES

GRASS VERGE

KERB EXTENSION

POCKET PARK

TRAFFIC CALMING

PLAY SPACE

SWALES

CYCLE

RAINGARDENS

WALK

REMEDIATION

SHARED PATHWAYS

Streets for People - CASE

STUDY 42

Case Studies

http://issuu.com/livingstreetsla/docs/living_streets_la_case_study

Living Street Case study model Source: R Iseli

MOVEMENT ON MAIN seeks to elaborate on the streetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role as an agent of social and recreational life. This unique and innovative street redesign will create a new public gathering place that encourages the community to engage in their neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emergent creative life through a variety of movement and new technologies. The winning design proposal takes a broad understanding of health, one in which physical, psychological, social, environmental and public health are all intertwined and can contribute to an enhanced sense of community. Light-Play! addresses all of this, in a concentrated and fun streetscape that beckons people to interact, to move, to engage.

Produce a healthy life,Healthy body Healthy mind + Improve health of the Environment = Healthy Community

Source: http://www.stoss.net/projects/24/movement-on-main-lightplay/

Movement on main - CASE

STUDY

“Light-Play!” focuses on shaping healthy bodies, a healthy street, and a healthy—and vibrant—community in the Near Westside. The design plays with light and colorful materials to create a new identity for Wyoming Street, a new activity center for neighborhood life, and playful new surfaces and structures that inspire movement in people of all ages. LightPlay!’s design proposal includes activity mounds (small and large), seating elements and rain gardens—arranged as social rooms along the street that allow for people to sit, jump, skip, run, sled and play. Additionally, projected lights are activated at night by people via motion sensors, and reflective surfaces. Tilted panels, colored paint in street and on light poles, and embedded road reflectors will catch the headlights of passing cars, engaging all of Wyoming Street in a display of flickering lights and glowing walls. STOSS‘s proposal “Light-Play!” was among five competitive proposals by talented interdisciplinary teams reviewed by a panel of jurors consisting of Near Westside residents and business owners, Syracuse School of Architecture professors, Syracuse University Office of Community Engagement and Economic Development staff, city and county officials, experts in health services and human dynamics, and Richard Weller, the chair of Landscape Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.

Benefits of Green

Relationship between Green and health In Australia and New Zealand 1 in 5 experience depression, more than 6 million working days are lost in Australia as a result. In a study of people suffering from mental illness 90% or more of them indicated that green exercise activities had benefited their mental health, such as greater esteem, focus of mind, more relaxed, more motivated and enjoyed an improved quality of life (National association of mental health, 2007).

Source: http://img.breakingmuscle.com/sites/default/files/imagecache/full_width /images/bydate/20130201/shutterstock75615955.jpg

Every green Environment improved both self esteem and mood; the presence of water generated higher effects. (what is the best dose of nature & green exercise for improving mental health? (Barton, Pretty, 2010) Green Exercise = Physical activity in the presence of nature 1 . The Most effective dose of nature & green exercise was found to be in the first 5 – 10 minutes, suggesting there is an immediate effect obtained from green exercise. 2. Exercise Intensity – mood improvements where found to be great for light and vigorous activity 3. Type of Green space – all green environments improved both self esteem and mood, the presence of water generated greater improvements. In Adelaid Australia it was found that Neghbourhood greenness was more strongly associated to mental health than Physical Health (Sygiyama. et,al 2008). Morality data for 2001 – 2005 in England showed that death from all causes in income deprived communities was lower for those living in the most green areasand higher for those living in less green areas (Mitchell & Popham 2008).

Source: https://www.amoils.com/health-blog/wp-

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When a childs cognitive functioning was compared before and after they moved from poor – to better quality housing that had more green space in its immediate environment profound attention capabilities emerged. Children who walk to school, have shown a greater ability to remain settled and focus on class work for a longer period of time than those who do not walk to school (Wells)

Gorilla Landscapes

Observation in Somerset west, Capetown. It was observed that a barren open space had been turned into an informal bmx park by the dumping and shaping of dirt to form a bmx track. Information was gathered to asertain that this is a community initiative supported by the local lions club who have organised this transformation this local green space. there are no car parking or public facilities people just park on the grass. Though this had only taken place within weeks it was observed that the community had engaged with a range of ages and familys present. The initiative facilitated an activity which not onluy interested the participant but also fascinated the observer and provided a place for the community to come out and socialize, as can be seen in photo 3 observers sitting and watching the activity of the bmx riders.

Source: R Iseli

Techniques

The Restorative Environment From a research program carried out for the US forest service in 1989 to study the benefits of an ongoing wilderness program, brought out components which could be explored and used in different context. The participants found the experience profoundly restful and even healing one. In addition to recovery from mental fatigue, many of them found themselves in a reflective mode, stepping back to consider their lives and their priorities. They found nature more powerful, and at the same time more comforting than they had ever imagined; they left the wilderness at the end of the trip worrying about how they could maintain their contact with this unexpectedly significant environment. Four Key components have been discovered which provide a restorative setting. Being Away - Being in some othere setting makes it more likely that one can think of other things, when people are overwhelmed by accumulation of mental fatigue they often talk of hav to get away or needing change. Extent - Connectedness & Scope; Scope is requireing the space to be large enough to move around without having to be careful of going out of its limits. Connectedness - belonging to a larger whole, feeling that you are part of a greater community or universe Fascination - A Facinating stimulus is one that can call forth involuntary attention, it allows one to function without using directed attention. One of the greatest benefits of fascination is that it frees one from the need for effort not to be distracted or to day dream. Compatibility - The Natural environment is experincced as a particularly high in compatibility, for many people functioning in natural settings requires less effort than functioning in more civilised settings (Kaplan,1995).

Source; http://oneadamtwelv.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/p5102156.jpg

Techniques

Restorative Techniques applied to landscape Being Away - Seaside, lakes, mountains, streams, forests, meadows Extent - trails & paths can be arranged to make a space seem larger than it it actually is. Minituraisation other device for providing a feeling of being in another world.

provides an-

Japanese gardens often combine both of these devices to create a sence of scope & connectedness. Extent also functions at a conceptual level eg. historic artifacts can promote a sense of connectedness to a past errar or past environment, thus a greater world. Fasination - Fascination of the natural environment might be soft fasinations; such as clouds, sunset, snow patterns, leaves in the breeze, vegetation. People find it easyer to reflect upon different matters which in other circumstances would be too confusing or painful. Compatibility - Features for rest & restitution; Eye level greenery eg. bushes which create enclosure & sense of security, varied terrain , materials, and water features stimulate facination.

Source: R Iseli

Open Space Source: R Iseli

Taurima Reserve

Source: R Iseli

TESTING

Taurima Reserve

Source: R Iseli

ISOMETRIC

Street view

PERSPECTIVE Source: R Iseli

Residential Street

TESTING Source: R Iseli

Anderson Ave

Grassed swales along roadside Permeable paving Roadside parking

Source: R Iseli

ISOMETRIC

Anderson Ave

Street calming with Pedestrian Priority

Source: R Iseli

PERSPECTIVE

Open Space Source: R Iseli

Boundary Reserve

TESTING Source: R Iseli

Boundary Reserve Grassed and Vegetated Swales

Sensory plantings â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Lavenderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Mowed Grass areas

Flat Concrete path

Planted Riparian Hogin Viewing platforms

Public Facilities Basket ball court Skate park

Source: R Iseli

PLAN

Boundary Reserve

Water views framed & enhanced

Source: R Iseli

PERSPECTIVE

Mixed Street

TESTING Source: R Iseli

ISOMETRIC Source: R Iseli

PERSPECTIVE Source: R Iseli

Findings First finding from Gis mapping of statistical data revealed, that Point England has the lowest Median Household Income in Auckland of $31,800, its southern Neighbour was in the $31,800 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; $40,000. It was apparent that within a close proximity the highest median incomes feature of between 80,000 to 140,000. The open spaces mapping showed that there is urban parkland in this area. The findings where that it is the quality and the connectivity of the open space which matters more in conjunction to the availability of the open space. Therefore the focus changed to the lowest median household income, and the connectivity of the open spaces, as every user perceives quality differently. Ambercrombies formula for appropriate level of open space for London in 1943 proposed a target of 1.62 ha / 1000ppl of open space as an appropriate level. Auckland has a population of 1.42 million people, applying the same formula would mean we should have 2300ha 4000sqm of urban parkland per population. From a 1999 report the 4 quarters of Auckland have a combined total of 6,166ha and 26 regional parks cover 40,000 ha. The connectivity and usability in an urban context are of importance in this study. People in low socio economic situations may not have access to public or private transportation therefore the immediate surroundings are of most importance to them. Also our streets are public domain and are underutilized as public open spaces. Hence if the design of streets changed its perspective from being vehicle dominant to a more pedestrian orientated, it has the ability to facilitate social interaction at multiple levels.

Furthermore the desktop studies and onsite analysis finds the roads within the areas to be car dominant and wide. This also encourages speeding, with little amenity for walking or cycling. Therefore, when walking and crossing streets safety is a concern across ages. The Focus was put on making the streets safer for pedestrians, in order to facilitate promotion of physical exercise and the benefits of green exercise. Case studies analyzing Living Street, Streets for People and Greenways were able to collate a list of traffic calming techniques and integration of shared pathway concepts which where tested on the site. For the drivers it was found that a combination of chicanes and curb extensions changes the experience of the road. This change is done through shifting the road center, which consequently causes the driver to proceed with more caution, as with road narrowing at intersections due to curb extensions. For pedestrians it was found that the presence of street trees as well as a green strip between themselves and the traffic created a feeling of safety. This safety decreases the psychological stress of pedestrians by creating a shorter distance to cross the road or being able to cross one side at a time and stop in a central median. Sense of safety and ease of interaction with traffic, is also important for children, as children do not have the same peripheral vision as adults and lack ability of judging a carsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; speed from a distance. Incorporation of adequate Street lighting is an important factor for the perceived safety of pedestrians in low light conditions, lighting should be focused on the pedestrian pathways more the the road carriageway.

Open Space findings:

Relationship between Green and health:

It was found that although there is a highly rich natural environment with multiple park spaces within Tamaki and PT England, these spaces lack engagement, connectivity, and quality.

Statistics report that 1 in 5 New Zealanders experience some kind of mental illness within 12 month. Likewise for almost 90% of people experiencing mental illness, spending time in nature and in cooperating any type of physical activities has shown to benefit their mental as well as their physical wellbeing. Interestingly the immediate effect has shown to be obtained, even in first 5-10 minutes of this physical activities or “Nature and green exercise.” Some of these effects include having greater self-esteem, focus of mind, relaxed moods, motivation and quality of life.

Kaplan’s techniques for restorative environments where applied to facilitate designs which incorporate multiple use of the open space. The application of techniques allows the user to benefit from the environment in response to their need, whether physical activity, play space, or a secluded revitalizing space to meditate.

These positive improvements were also found to have Safety of environment is paramount in Tamakis park spac- an impact on children’s mental and cognitive wellbeing. es, visual permeability needs to be considered as well as Children were shown to have an increase in their attention sufficient lighting. capacity in a more green and better quality housing neighborhood and environment. Moreover children, who walked Connectivity: to school experiencing a green space, have shown to have a greater ability to remain settled and focus on class An ecological study investigated the association between work for a longer period of time. access to urban green space and mental health. This investigation revealed that decreased distance to useaIn addition having access to nature and green exercise ble green space and increased proportion of green space contributes in maintaining a healthier weight, which conwithin the larger neighborhood were associated with indi- sequently contributes to having better physical health. viduals’ mental wellbeing. This study also suggests that Also as evidence, studies of morality data for 2001 – benefits of green space on mental health is related both 2005 in England showed that death from all causes in to active participation in useable green spaces near to the income deprived communities was lower for those living home and observable green space in the neighborhood in the most green areas and higher for those living in less environment ( Nutsford, 2013 ). Moreover having access green areas to urban green space has shown to improve anxiety and decrease depressives mood.

Conclusion Streets-capes and Open Spaces. The main findings: Connectivity & Safety Streets-cape designs are shown to increase the connectivity of open spaces, fulfilling the benefits of individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contact with nature. This connectivity is also shown to be creating a more positive experience when using urban park spaces. But most importantly, increase in connectivity plays a vital role in enhancing the mental and physical aspect of our health. Safety is paramount to the success of good health. Hence the design of an open space should be practical and applicable to the safety of its users. Adequate lighting in all settings and designing visually permeable spaces were the main focus of this case study. Community engagement strengthens place association, through painting murals, sculpture or participation in community gardens Tamaki will have character created by its people, celebrating its diverse cultural mix. The Main purpose of this report is to heighten the awareness that Landscape architectural designs are more than aesthetic, with application of the techniques unfolded, the immediate urban environments of neighbourhoods in Tamaki ill have the ability to restore Health and Well being of the people. This study can be taken one step further to create a set of guidelines which promote the outcomes of ecological restoration combined with the outcomes of a restorative environment. Moreover designers can apply integrated techniques to environments to facilitate the health of the community as well as the natural environment.

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