Te Tihi | Urban Development Proposal by Russell Cooper

Te Tihi

Urban Development Proposal

UNITEC | Studio Five

Assignment Two

Russell Cooper

The following design exercise looks to explore urban development in reference to a regional development framework. Within the Puhinui region work has been under taken in order to inform appropriate levels of future intensification. This propsal sets up a design language and development typology that is deemed to be appropriate in terms of future Auckland growth patterns, best practice and ecological responsibility. The final response has been informed by landscape characteristic and development works to enhance natural system and make use of principles of low impact urban design and use landscape characteristics to appropriatly and sustainably place people upon the land.

Design Drivers

The following pages are excerpts from the initial Te Tihi Development strategy, exploring the ways in which the Puhinui region could be activated to allow for urbanisation. This sets the premise for Te Tihi - Urban Development Proposal. Each step has informed the vision for smaller scale development and it is necessary to recap the key influencers and design drivers that contribute to the first proposal for marking the land.

Te Tihi Puhinui Urban Growth Strategy

Russell Cooper, Aynsley Cisaria, Fiona Ting, Reuben McPeak

Te Ti

AUCKLAND GROWTH Challenges Ahead

Auckland Council, for the first time in history, holds a shared vision to be “the most liveable city in the world.” Underpinning this vision is the one million new residents that are expected within the next 30 years, which translates to approximately 400,000 new dwellings across the Auckland region. Great challenges lie ahead for Auckland and its communities, and the ideal of liveability must not be treated lightly or carelessly. Regardless if Auckland Council is truly committed to this vision, we as a city and as communities will have to address these challenges sooner or later. Among the significant issues include: Increasing economic instability, peak oil, resource depletion, increasing emissions and pollution, loss of biodiversity, diminishing returns in topsoil and arable land, increasing economic inequality, unaffordable housing, waste accumulation, increasing cost of living (Mackesy, Marshall & de Vos, 2011) This studio has identified low impact urban design (LIUD) as an appropriate response to some of these challenges. Acknowledged is that none of these challenges can be addressed in isolation, and it is a complex city (and world) we are living in, in which no panacea exists. LIUD incorporates design strategies that address topography and water, micro climates, integrating animals and overall ecological performance, whilst identifying areas of potential development.

Auckland Region Auckland’s Ecological Foot Print

Figure 03. Self Regulate: Auckland’s Ecological footprint is 4.8 times the region’s land.

Figure 04. Refueling: Urban and rural communities are consistantly reinvesting capital throughout the bioregion - Natural, built, human, social, cultural, and fin

ihi

Puhinui Urban Growth Strategy

Russell Cooper, Aynsley Cisaria, Fiona Ting, Reuben McPeak

SITE

Puhinui study area

Puhinui study area samples a vast range of landscape typologies that readily characterise the Auckland region. It takes in an expanse of coastline, inland estuarine environments, volcanic landforms, saltmarsh and wading bird habitats, it has great significance culturally, retaining important connections with Te Akitai Waiohua who have occupied the land for centuries. The study area has been extensively used for agriculture which is evident through landscape patterns and characteristics. Puhinui is located to the east of Auckland International Airport and sits outside of the Metropolitan Urban Limit (MUL) (Manukau City Council, 2002). Although Puhinui retains strong rural character, on the site it is clear the surrounding industrial areas and residential development are encroaching from all sides. The greenfield site is under intense urban pressure, and is becoming increasingly recognised as a site for potential development within the Auckland region.

The site in Puhinui presents an opportunity to think about urban design with a new understanding. The challenges Auckland faces are entirely entwined with the way the city chooses to physically structure itself in its wider biophysical environment, which in turn determines the invisible social and economic structures of the city. Recognising Auckland as an ecosystem in itself, one can begin g into all forms of to understand Puhinui’s place in the wider system of the region. nancial.

Te Tihi: enriching the cultural namescape The landscape around the Puhinui study area has been named over the centuries by the communities of people who occupied the land and commemorated important people and events in their naming of place. The name ‘Puhinui’ comes from the plumes in the hair of Kawharu; a Ngati Whatua invading chief who sacked the pa at Matukutururu. Likewise, the names of volcanic landforms talk of gods walking through the landscape and chiefs who were alert to attack (Matukutureia). The surrounding suburbs of Wiri and Takanini are named after a Te Akitai Waiohua ancestor: Ihaka Wirihaana Taakanini. Our new community on the Puhinui peninsula follows this same tradition, taking the name ‘Te Tihi’ from Taakanini’s grandfather who lived here, thus reinforcing the connection of Te Akitai Waiohua with their ancestral land. Tihi also means summit or point, and the community is physically located on the highest point on the site that juts out into the harbour.

RATIONALE

Sustainability and Resilience Defined

Underpinning the rationale of this project are three fundamental principles: Firstly, “...the human enterprise is structurally and functionally inseperable from nature. That is, the human enterprise is a fully embedded, totally dependent subsysytem of the ecosphere - people live within socio-ecosystems. Human activites can therefore significianctly affect the integrity and behaviour of supportive ecosystems and these changes immediately feed back to affect the state of the human subsystem.” (Rees, 2010) Secondly, Sustainable landscapes “...contribute to human well-being and at the same time are in harmony with the natural environment, work with native landscape conditions, do not deplete or damage other ecosystems, (and) conserve valuable resources such as water, soil, nutrients (and) energy”. (CELA, 1988, as cited in Thayer, 1994, p. 237)

Thirdly, “A resilient city is one that has the ability to absorb and respond to change and continue to function in the same or similar way. The change can range from business as usual small scale disturbances through to unprecedented events requiring fundamental cultural transformation. A resilient community is therefore one that changes in response to forces it can foresee and also to forces that it cannot. A liveable city must be able to effectively prepare itself and respond to the range and scale of changes we can expect over the next thirty years.” (Mackesy, Marshall & de Vos, 2011) The diagram opposite demonstrates differing levels of resilience in centralised, decentralise and distributed networks. These can be applied to urban design in a number of areas including infrastructure, communities, commercial activity etcetera. The growth strategy for Puhinui study area aims to move from the current centralised urban planning approach towards a more distributed one. The growth strategy plans to build in connections where they are currently non-existent within a centralised network.

Short-rotation Cropland

LAND USE

High Producing Exotic Grassland

Orchard Vineyard & Other Perennial Crops

Pukaki lagoon - ONF orchard/vineyard/other crop High Producing Exotic Grassland

short-rotation crops water body Transport Infrastructure short-rotation crops Crater Hill - ONF

Exotic Forest Lake and Pond

orchard/vineyard/other crop Urban Parkland/Open Space

Transport Infrastructure

high producing cropland

Land presently used for grazing, orchards and vegetable cropping prevails across the area. Industry and infrastructure are increasingly occupying land, as is the intensification of horticultural enterprises. The presence of mana whenua of Te Aki Tai Waiohua and Ngati Te Ata in the area has effected conservation of some sites. Pukaki Marae (Te Aki Tai) sits on land acknowledged as iwi-owned, and decisions on its surrounds, including view shafts, respect this fact. Many sites are significant for the archaeological value of history below ground level, as is the case with middens. Others have significance more for what once resided there (Mikaere & Associates, 2010). The upper reaches of the Waokauri Creek hosted the Papatoetoe Pa, and pa also existed at Chapel Point and on the northern side of Crater Hill (Furey, 2005; Paxton, 2013). The latter has largely been disregarded unfortunately, with quarry activity removing much of the previous pa grounds (Bulmer, 1994). Similarly, unique ecological habitats within Puhinui have determined zones to be set apart to conserve what remains of local ﬂora and fauna. Department of Conservation land exists on several sections of the site, and estuarine ecosystem surrounds the site at all points where land meets the Manukau harbour and its local tributary streams.

parkland/open space transport infrastructure

Short-rotation Cropland

High Producing Exotic Grassland

Exotic Forest

Short-rotation Cropland

Urban Parkland/Open Space

Mangrove High Producing Exotic Grassland

Orchard Vineyard & Other Perennialshort-rotation Crops

crops

Mangrove Mangrove

Deciduous Hardwoods

Exotic Forest

Estuarine Open Water

Exotic Forest

orchard/vineyard/other crop

high producing cropland revegetation

Gorse and/or Broom

Urban expansion has inﬂuenced the establishment of Manukau Memorial Gardens, a prominent cemetery covering 42ha including chapel and function lounge as well as plots. Enhancement of the rail network through Puhinui has also changed the rural landscape (Auckland Transport, 2012), with additional plans ahead to link the Puhinui station with a rail loop connecting directly to the airport (AKTNZ, 2011). Residential area across the site is insignificant at present. 0

0.75

1.5

3 Kilometers

ASPECT & SLOPE

Site Boundary

aspct_clp NorthBoundary Site

Slope Orientation East aspct_clp

Aspect

north East North

The Puhinui region is scattered with a number of volcanic cones, many still being discovered in recent years. The site bounds boast Pukaki Crater, Crater Hill, Puhinui Pond Crater, Puhinui Arena Crater and Puhinui Eroded Crater (Hayward et al., 2012), each contributing to the gentle, rolling landscape character of the site. This rolling nature contributes to wide diversity of aspect to the extent that a site-wide average might prevail as very ﬂat.

south South East

east South East west West South West South North West

0.5

West North

Slope Volcanic activity has played a significant role on the terrain across the Puhinui site. Basaltic eruptions have contributed to gently sloping hills, with the volcanic cones forming broad, shallow tuff rings, gently inclined out slopes with steep inner slopes typical of the region’s maars (Smith & Allen, 2010). Subsequent erosion of land across the site by streams and surface runoff has taken place, though the site on the whole remains relatively ﬂat.

SlopeSite Boundary

Inclines greater than 15° are highlighted, demonstrating the dominance of largely ﬂat land across the site as well as the dispersion of small, steep slopes. Coastal erosion is evident where Site Boundary the site meets the Manukau Harbour. 0° - 3°

0°- 3°- 3° 0° 3°- 7°- 7° 3° 7° 7°- 15° - 15°

>15° 15° <

3° - 7°

Inclines less than 15° predominate the site. Coastal erosion is 7° - 15° evident where the site meets the Manukau Harbour. 15° <

0.5

2 Kilometers

HYDROLOGY & CATCHMENTS

Rainfall across the area averages at c.1330/yr, peaking in the midwinter with c.155mm/month. The site is at its driest in January with c.60mm (Semadeni-Davies & Parshotam, 2009). Fingers of stream network spread across the Puhinui area, feeding into the Manukau Harbour. Two major catchments exist across the site, these being the Pukaki/Waokauri and the Puhinui catchments (Auckland Council, 2014). Estuaries created where outflow occurs are a frequent and important character of Puhinui. Surface ﬂow is relatively slow-moving due to the shallow incline of land. The upper reaches of all the inter-tidal streams are choked with mangroves. Inland water bodies exist onsite, namely Puhinui Pond and Crater Hill Lake. Both are fed by rainfall and surface runoff and support significant ecologies, though neither contribute outflow to the harbour. Prior to its draining and damming in the 1920’s, Pukaki Lagoon was traditionally intertidal, fed by Pukaki Creek (Jamieson, 2009). High tides still feed the periphery of the lagoon to a small extent.

rivs_clp ctchmnt_clp Site Boundary

Elev_clp <VALUE> -1 - 5

rivs_clp streams rivs_clp ctchmnt_clp catchment boundaries ctchmnt_clp Site Boundary Site Boundary

Elev_clp Elev_clp Elevation <VALUE>

<VALUE> rivs_clp 0m-5m -1 -5 5.000000001 - 10 -1 -5 ctchmnt_clp 5m-10m 5.000000001 - 10 10.00000001 - 15 5.000000001 Site Boundary 10m-15m -- 10 10.00000001 15 15.00000001 - 20 10.00000001 Elev_clp 15m-20m - 15 15.00000001 20 20.00000001 - 25 15.00000001 <VALUE> 20m-25m - 20 20.00000001 25 25.00000001 - 30 20.00000001 -1 - 5 25m-30m -- 25 25.00000001 30 30.00000001 - 35 25.00000001 - 30 5.000000001 - 10 30m-35m 30.00000001 - 35 35.00000001 - 40 30.00000001 - 35 10.00000001 - 15 35m-40m 35.00000001 - 40 35.00000001 - 40 15.00000001 - 20

0.5

2 Kilometers 1 1

AIRPORT & NOISE

Auckland International Airport has a significant effect on the Puhinui Study Area. A corridor of higher noise areas stretches across the site, largely centred over and parallel to Puhinui Road, dissipating beyond. Aircraft noise zones within this corridor have been delineated into three key categories, each affecting development activity. HANA - High Airport Noise Area Noise levels may exceed Ldn 65 dBA. Developers are required to incorporate acoustic treatment measures in their designs. MANA - Medium Airport Noise Area Noise levels are not allowed to exceed Ldn 60 dBA. Developers are required to incorporate acoustic treatments measures in their designs. ANNA - Airport Noise Notification Area Noise levels are not allowed to exceed Ldn 55 dBA. The placement of schools, hospitals and rest-homes in all these noise notification areas is discouraged, while existing residents and activities sensitive to aircraft noise (ASAN) are given support to access additional sound insulation. Airport ground lighting also affects the HANA, making it a less-thandesirable option for residential areas.

Airport Noise Site Boundary Boundary Site Site Boundary Site Boundary 55 dB 55dB 55 dB 55 dB 60dB 55 60 dB dB 60 dB 60 dB 65dB 60 65 dB dB 65 dB 65 dB 65 dB AirportGroundLighting AirportGroundLighting AirportGroundLighting airport ground lighting AirportGroundLighting Site Boundary

0 0.5

0.5

0.5 1 0.5

1 1

Â´Â´

2 Kilometers 2 Kilometers 2 Kilometers 2 Kilometers

METHODOLOGY

With a maintained focus on Auckland’s urban growth and the need to locate eﬃcient and environmentally supportive communities, analyses were carried out to identify areas best suited for placement of residential, agricultural and ecological land use. The significantly rural character of the wider site has been a constant consideration, as keeping the essence of this character is key to ensuring the genius loci is maintained.

Subjective calls made at the onset included the following:

Subjective decisions were made after becoming familiar with the site, leading to the isolation and exclusion of some zones and strategic operations in the proximity of others.

- Maintaining the rural character is important

Maori owned-land and archaeological key areas were excluded from development, and middens were preserved by the placement of ecological preservation zones across these areas. Calculations were carried out to create a priority map for each key focus, these being Residential, Agricultural and Ecological. Contributing factors were identified as to an area’s suitability for each of these, and a number scale was given to each factor relating to its importance. For areas that were deemed as definite inclusion, a value of 100 was attributed. Conversely, areas sought to be definitely excluded were represented with a -100 value. Values were totaled for each respective parcel of land, revealing a value patchwork across the site highlighting high-importance and low-importance areas for each focus.

- Auckland’s urban expansion is of primary importance in the development of the study area - Enhancement of the region’s environmental and sustainable qualities is key - Ecological enhancement is required in the area

- Slopes greater than 15 degrees were unsuitable for residential or agricultural development

AGRICULTURAL COMPOUND MAPS: ECOLOGICAL COMPOUND MAPS: ECOLOGICAL historical wetlands

historical wetland proximity to streams

Land Use Capability proximity to coastline

Proximity to streams

slope Focus was placed on the strengthening of stream-side ecologies alongside industrial hubs. This was seen as an important step the adjacence to of Manukau Harbour ecological Proximity to itscoast in the mitigatiGiven on of secondary effects chemical run-off and and wealth, Puhinui plays a significant role in supporting this taonga. leachates. Tributary streams across the site contribute to the harbour’s mudfl at and water qualiti es. aStrength Ecologically signifi cant zones were given protectiof on stream zone ecologies is affected by the quality nati ve vegetati on feeding Cemetary & depending on the neighbouring land of use. Streams across the site these streams, as well as how these buff ers fi lter the impact of neighbouring were given high value, and buffered for ecological enhancement Conservation Reserves land acti vity. As an example, surface fl ow of excess accordingly. All streams were given a 15m buffer where adjacent agricultural ONFs nutrient has encouraged an abundance of mangrove stands into to agriculture, however, this was extended to 100m where the high reaches of these harbour tributaries (Morrisey et al., proximal to industry. Residenti al areas were generally kept 100m Slope 2007), altering tributary ecology as a result. ative vegetation has dwindled across the site with the from streams, with the potential for development to 50m of the Agricultural activity across the and study area includes orcharding, stream centre with the following stipulation: evelopment of agriculture and industry, subsequently so too Natiwithin ve vegetati ona stream has dwindled acrossroofed, the site with the grazing, cropping, viti culture and market gardening. The site development in 50m of must be green ave native bird, insect and reptile populations. The shortage of Any agriculture andre-use, industry, andhave subsequently so too general is very fertifor le, migratory Landcare birds Research (Landcare for rainwaterofcollecti on and and a Aspect ative trees as roosti ng sites also has a directResearch, have a systemdevelopment bird, insect and repti le ve populati defining Pukaki inPeninsula containing some the 50% have nfluence2011) on their abundance ManukauasHarbour (Dutt on, of minimum of sitenati asve soft landscaping with nati plants.ons. The shortage of native trees as roosting sites for migratory birds also has a direct 995). country’s most fertile soils. The majority of the site has excellent influence onadjacent their abundance in Manukau Harbour (Dutton, fertility for production, the exception being poorly drained soils of shorelines, Pukaki largely to agricultural land, were 1995). low fertility Pukaki Reserve across att Crater ributed a 50m ecological buffer in an effort to avoid excess uhinui Conservati oninArea is Lagoon, a 39.5haPuhinui block along theand southHill. of the site, home to a population of matuku removal of agricultural land from the zone. All other coastlines astern edge Puhinui Conservati onasArea is aa new 39.5ha block along the southecological buffer part of coastal linear Botaurus poiciloptilus), the Australasian Bittern. This species has were given a 100m eastern edge ofalthe site, homeis encouraged to a populati High ferti lity landon wasstatus favoured for agricultural usen.d.). in thispark. study.Agricultural and residenti development toon of matuku n endangered conservati (Birdlife International, (Botaurus lus),the thefollowing Australasian Bitton: ern. This species has So too was land seenaofhistorical low value for residenti al development. the parkpoicilopti edge with stipulati his reserve stretches across wetland, as does the interweave along an of endangered conservati onwill status (Birdlife Internati As Puhinui such, areas of high airport weretimepreferred to A minimum 50% the encroached buffer be maintained as onal, n.d.). majority of Stream’s intersecti onnoise of the(HANA) site. These This access, reservewith stretches across a historical maintain agricultural producti on and topotenti support rural public universal access walkwayswetland, (2.0m as does the roven sinks were high deemed as having high ecological al, therevegetated majorityconnecti of Puhinui oncoastline. of the site. These timethe as area. Zonesforofstrengthening gradient greater than 15°width) were and cycleways ng Stream’s smoothlyintersecti along the nd werecharacter given highofvalue an input ecological proven werewhenua deemed as having high within ecological potential, excluded. Aspect was given minimal influence on determining All sites of signifi cancesinks to mana must be retained estoration. ander. were given high value as an input for strengthening ecological ideal agricultural land, given that the majority of included theland ecological buff restoration. had minimal gradient.

iven the adjacence to Manukau Harbour and its ecological wealth, Puhinui plays a significant role in supporting this taonga. ributary streams across the site contribute to the harbour’s mudﬂat and water qualities. Strength of stream ecologies is ffected by the quality of native vegetation feeding these streams, s well as how these buffers filter the impact of neighbouring and activity. As an example, surface ﬂow of excess agricultural utrient has encouraged an abundance of mangrove stands into he high reaches of these harbour tributaries (Morrisey et al., 007), altering tributary ecology as a result.

proximity to stream

proximity to coastlin

Focus was placed on the strengthening of stream-side ecologies alongside industrial hubs. This was seen as an important step in the mitigation of secondary effects of chemical run-off and leachates. Ecologically significant zones were given a protection zone depending on the neighbouring land use. Streams across the site were given high value, and buffered for ecological enhancement accordingly. All streams were given a 15m buffer where adjacent to agriculture, however, this was extended to 100m where proximal to industry. Residential areas were generally kept 100m from streams, with the potential for development to 50m of the stream centre with the following stipulation: Any development within 50m of a stream must be green roofed, have a system for rainwater collection and re-use, and have a minimum 50% of site as soft landscaping with native plants. Pukaki shorelines, largely adjacent to agricultural land, were attributed a 50m ecological buffer in an effort to avoid excess removal of agricultural land from the zone. All other coastlines were given a 100m ecological buffer as part of a new coastal linear park. Agricultural and residential development is encouraged to interweave along the park edge with the following stipulation: A minimum 50% of the encroached buffer will be maintained as revegetated public access, with universal access walkways (2.0m width) and cycleways connecting smoothly along the coastline. All sites of significance to mana whenua must be retained within the ecological buffer.

slop

RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL

proximity to industry proximity to industry proximity to motorway proximity to motorway river buffers river buffers distance to coastline distance to coastline

The way that residential activities occur upon this site is an important contributor toalthe development the Puhinui The way that residenti acti vities occur of upon this siteregion. is an The area with its current rural characteristi cs, sitti ng outside the important contributor to the development of the Puhinui region. metropolitan limitsrural means that thecs,inherent residenti al The area with urban its current characteristi sitting outside the characteristi is very limits much means associated the rural residenti landscape metropolitanc urban that with the inherent al program. Dwellings are few and separated by the agricultural land characteristic is very much associated with the rural landscape that they Dwellings associate with. program. are few and separated by the agricultural land that they associate with. Auckland is suggested to need 400,000 new dwellings by 2040, in order tois begin to accommodate an additi millionbypeople. Auckland suggested to need 400,000 newonal dwellings 2040, The need has arisen to begin to fi nd ways to accommodate this in order to begin to accommodate an additional million people. populati onhas growth within the Auckland Region and to determine The need arisen to begin to find ways to accommodate this the viability for this within the Puhinui region. population growth within the Auckland Region and to determine the viability for this within the Puhinui region. The elements that we felt were contributors to the placement of residenti al development as follows: The elements that we feltare were contributors to the placement of residential development are as follows: Airport noise Proximity to existing Industry Airport noise Proximity infrastructure Proximity to to motorway existing Industry Current use Proximityland to motorway infrastructure Reserves Current land use Outstanding Natural Features Reserves Conservati onNatural Sites Features Outstanding Cultural and Value Conservati onArchaeological Sites Soil classifi cati on Cultural and Archaeological Value Proximity to Coastline Soil classification Proximity Proximity to to waterways Coastline Slope Proximity to waterways

Slope These attributes have been ranked (see table over page) in These attributes have been ranked (see table over page) in

accordance with their perceived importance to future development, determining suitability criteria importance for how new residenti al activities accordance with their perceived to future development, can be applied within criteria the Puhinui region. Conditions thatvitiwe determining suitability for how new residenti al acti es believe created a defi nite yes or no for residenti al development can be applied within the Puhinui region. Conditions that we received either -100 nite from development, believe created a defifor nitedefi yes or exclusion no for residenti al developmenta zero if there was nofor realdefi positi value infrom development there,a received either -100 niteve exclusion development, or a number 0 and 15vetovalue beginintodevelopment create rankings for zero if there between was no real positi there, suitability. or a number between 0 and 15 to begin to create rankings for suitability. Following the addition of these values, within a raster map with value assigned to raster -100 within value created defiwith nite Following the additi on ofcells, thesethis values, a raster amap set ofassigned outliers to thatraster allowed of created these areas value cells,for thisexclusion -100 value a defifrom nite development and the positi ve values began to rank the land based set of outliers that allowed for exclusion of these areas from on the definedand importance of values each contributi layer. development the positive began tong rank the land based

on the defined importance of each contributing layer. From this assessment of landscape suitability for residential use, we arethis able to informofthe overlaying and interplay of the nal From assessment landscape suitability for residenti al fiuse, residenti al zones. The the areas that have outputt we are able to inform overlaying andbeen interplay of ed the from final our ranking system as being the most suitable for residenti al residential zones. The areas that have been outputted from development lie largely to the the South of the site , for outside of the our ranking system as being most suitable residenti al airport noise zones and with proximity to the desirable coastline. development lie largely to the South of the site , outside of the Some of development towardstothe of the airportpockets noise zones and with proximity theNorthern desirableend coastline. site aim to extend existing residenti al zoning into the end site of in the Some pockets of development towards the Northern the hope of reducing the hard edge that currently exist, due to the site aim to extend existing residential zoning into the site in the eff ectsofthe metropolitan urban limits. hope reducing the hard edge that currently exist, due to the

effects the metropolitan urban limits. These residential sites will incorporate a gradient of development types higher densiti focused about key roads, in central These with residenti al sites willes incorporate a gradient of development locati will bleed into lower densiti as appropriate typesons withthat higher densitiout es focused about keyesroads, in central for the landscape and to make the most of interacti on with park locations that will bleed out into lower densities as appropriate and reserve edgesand andto stream for the landscape makebuff theers. most of interaction with park and reserve edges and stream buffers.

airport noise airport noise open space open space land use land use slope slope aspect aspect

GROWTH STRATEGY: DESIGN PROPOSAL The proposed Growth Strategy design proposal for the Puhinui Study Area revolves around the strategic priorities ﬂowing out from our key principles: -

Protecting the region’s ecosystem services Maintaining rural character and sense of place Creating a network of ecological patches and corridors across the site Protection of sites significant to Mana Whenua Protection of Outstanding Natural Features (ONFs) and areas of archaeological or historical importance the need for new residential communities, connecting eﬃciently and effectively with nearby suburban areas infrastructure services that connect seamlessly with existing capacity

In the top section of the site around Pukaki Road and Retreat Drive we recognized the possibility for existing residential areas to be extended and blended into the surrounding agricultural landscape, softening the hard edge that has formed along the current MUL. The Pukaki Lagoon area is an ONF to be protected from development, valued for its ecological contribution to green space, wetlands and wildlife corridor for people and fauna. We envisage walking and cycleways to connect these communities around the crater rim and to the adjacent Crater Hill park. Nestled between Crater Hill park and Pukaki Lagoon is a finger of land that houses the Samaon Maleola Community Centre in an isolated area at the end of an industrial cul-de-sac. Right next door on our site are small areas of agricultural production, some grazed paddocks alongside the park, and a small area of

residential housing along Tidal Rd that has been separated from the rest of Mangere by State Highway 20. We propose to unite these fragments into a new residential community, with the Maleola Centre functioning as a social and cultural hub. Auckland Council has already allocated land on the coastal edge of the current Colin Dale Park for a Ngati Te Ata national marae. We propose to use that marae development as the foundation for a new residential area on the Puhinui peninsula, as it provides a natural social hub around which to organize a community. Transport linkages are provided by connecting Prices and McLaughlins Roads. There is room for this community to expand north and south as future urban growth requires. Servicing these new communities will be a new commercial/light industrial area adjoining Prices and Puhinui Rds. We expect the re-sited motorsport park and equestrian events centre to attract associated service industries to this area as well. Prices Rd has been extended past the cemetery to connect with Tidal Rd, thus joining our new communities. A light rail link along Puhinui Rd connects the Puhinui train station with the Airport, providing eﬃcient public transport to major employment hubs. The light rail will also provide much-needed public transport access to the cemetery. Connecting all these communities, commercial zones and sporting precincts will be a walkway and cycleway network located within the ecological buffers surrounding the streams and a new coastal linear park – the re-distributed Puhinui Reserve. The following pages give more detail of connectivity within the Growth Strategy.

Residential Stage 1 Pukaki Lagoon Residential Stage 1 Residential Stage 1

Crater Hill Agriculture

Cemetery

Colin Dale MotorSport Park

Commercial Agriculture Puhinui Equestrian Park Residential Stage 2 Residential Stage 1

Residential Stage 2

Conservation Reserve low

high

low

Residential Densities

100m

50m

Buffer Zones

0 0 0 10 20 30

DENSITY STRATEGY

The Auckland Council Housing Action Plan Stage 1 (ACHAP) produced in 2012 recognises that Auckland will need another 400,000 dwellings over the next 30 years to house the expected population growth of the city. With the current median house price being over $500,000, many households struggle to gain a foothold in the housing market and there is a need for a more affordable, quality housing model. The ACHAP developed a series of 12 priorities and 32 actions to address these issues with the overall goal of achieving secure, healthy and affordable housing for all Aucklanders. We feel Priority 1, Action 8 exemplifies the key housing density strategy for our site: “Facilitate partnerships on Council-owned sites with the potential to create exemplar housing developments demonstrating quality, medium density urban neighbourhoods, aﬀordable to a range of households types and incomes, well-connected to transport and other essential facilities and services.”

We expect medium-density neighbourhoods to form the majority of our residential areas, blending out to lower density housing on the edges of agricultural and ecological areas. We envisage a high-density node to develop along the key transport route of Prices Rd, and also around neighbourhood service centres within the new community. The maximum height of any development will be 3 stories, as there are height restrictions in this zone under the Auckland Plan that relate to airport ﬂight paths. Limiting building height also helps retain the current rural character of the site, as many of the existing shelterbelts exceed 9m in height and will screen new development. Priority Areas 9 & 10 of ACHAP specifically relate to housing for Maori and Pacific Peoples. There is a current lack of housing stock designed for these communities, and the Southern Initiative area is also recognized as having poor quality rental accommodation. This represents possible future design development opportunities within our residential zones.

HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

HIGH DENSITY IN SYDNEY LILYFIELD SOCIAL HOUSING

We propose to focus on the new residential areas only in the following discussion on density. The areas zoned for agriculture within the study area do have some associated housing, however we do not propose any allowance for increased housing within this zone except as needed for existing/future rural production land use. Likewise the papakainga development at Pukaki is excluded, as it is a specialized housing zone on Maori land.

MEDIUM DENSITY IN AUCKLAND EARTHSONG ECO-NEIGHBOURHOOD

Average housing density levels were derived from Housing New Zealand (2002) guidelines for typical New Zealand suburban statistics. High, medium and low housing density levels are presented on the next page. The assumption was made that residential property would occupy 80% of residentially zoned area, the remaining 20% allocated to roading, infrastructure and amenities. Avg. Dwelling Area * Dwellings / Land Area (m2) = Dwellings/ area Dwellings/area * People/dwelling = Population/area

LOW DENSITY IN CHRISTCHURCH THE STYX-PURAKAUNUI

Regents Park greenfield development â&#x20AC;Ś.

DENSITY CATEGORIES

HIGH DENSITY

MEDIUM DENSITY

LOW DENSITY

Dwelling type

3 story apartment block

2 story terraced

1-3 story detatched

People/dwelling

3.5

Avg. area/dwelling

150m2

350m2

600m2

Dwellings/ha

200

Population/ha

400

105

SUMMARY liveable is the one segde ehAuckland t no gnisCouncil, uoh ytisnfor edthe rewfiorst l ottitme uo in gnhistory, idnelb ,holds saera alashared tinedisevision r ruo to fo be ytir“the ojammost eht m rof ot scity dooin hrthe uobworld.” hgien ytUnderpinning isned-muidemthis tcevision pxe eW million dnuora o sla dnanew ,dRresidents secirP fo that etuoare r troexpected psnart yewithin k eht gthe nolnext a pol30 eveyears, d ot ewhich don yttranslates isned-hgihtoa approximately egasivne eW .s400,000 aera lacignew olocdwellings e dna laruacross tlucirgthe a foregion. The Puhinui study area samples a vast range of landscape typologies from .across region. ytinumthe mocAuckland wen eht n ihtiw sIt ertakes tnec ein civarevast s doexpanse ohruobhof giecoastline, n important gniwolloinland f eht oestuarine t drager nienvironments, ylraluctirap , 2volcanic 102 ceD landforms, 1 egatS nalPsaltmarsh noticA gnand isuowading H licnuobird C dnhabitats, alkcuA ehitt has htiwgreat llew signifi sngilacance ygetarculturally, ts htworg retaining ruo leef eW connections with Te Akitai Waiohua who have occupied the land for centuries. The study area has been extensively used for:oagriculture t ytiroirp which patt muidemis,yevident tilauq gthrough ntiartsnolandscape med stnem poerns levedand gnischaracteristi uoh ralpmecs. xe etaerc ot latinetop eht htiw setis denwo-licnuoC no spihsrentrap etatilicaF“ setiilicaf latinesse rehto dna tropsnart ot detcennoc-llew ,semocni dna sepyt sdlohesuoh fo egnar a ot elbadroffa ,sdoohruobhgien nabru ytisned ”.secivres dna

The rationale for our Puhinui urban growth strategy is based on the following three principles: • Human enterprise is a socio-ecosystem structurally and functionally inseparable from nature • Sustainable landscapes conserve valuable resources such as water, soil, nutrients and sensitive ecologies • A resilient landscape has the ability to adapt existing resources to new operating conditions The growth strategy aims to move from the current centralised urban planning approach towards a more distributed one, building in connections where they are currently non-existent within a centralised network. The principles translated into three mapping objectives: • Ecological • Agricultural • Residential land uses. Strategic priorities considered were: .auregion’s nehw eecosystem h atagnat eservices t o agnaro et ,iak eh atagnat et o otot eT • Protecting the .dnal ehrural t ni scharacter eil elpoep and eht sense fo erafof lewplace eht tub ,elpoep eht fo doolb eht si dooF • Maintaining • Creating a network of ecological patches and corridors across the site • Protection of sites significant to Mana Whenua • Protection of Outstanding Natural Features (ONFs) and areas of archaeological or historical importance • the need for new residential communities, connecting eﬃciently and effectively with nearby suburban areas • infrastructure services that connect seamlessly with existing capacity. The key land-use changes informed by the mapping process have been to: • redistribute Puhinui Reserve as a coastal linear park • open up the former reserve for sensitive residential development • re-site Colin Dale motorsport park within a more appropriate noise zone and beside transport links • re-site equestrian activities to a permanent area able to be developed further • create a second transport axis across the site • strengthen the conservation area on Puhinui peninsula • retain a significant portion of the site in rural production

We expect medium-density neighbourhoods to form the majority of our residential areas, blending out to lower density housing on the edges of agricultural and ecological areas. We envisage a high-density node to develop along the key transport route of Prices Rd, and also around neighbourhood service centres within the new community. We feel our growth strategy aligns well with the Auckland Council Housing Action Plan Stage 1 Dec 2012 , particularly in regard to the following priority to: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Facilitate partnerships on Council-owned sites with the potential to create exemplar housing developments demonstrating quality, medium density urban neighbourhoods, affordable to a range of households types and incomes, well-connected to transport and other essential facilities and services.â&#x20AC;?

Te toto o te tangata he kai, te oranga o te tangata he whenua. Food is the blood of the people, but the welfare of the people lies in the land.

Urban Design Response

This proposal is an interpretation of the core drivers outlined within The Te Tihi Regional framework.

The site developed in this proposal was chosen to for the development of a finer grain of design ideas because it sampled a range of proposed activities and landscape programs, allowing an expression of design typologies that are sugested to be regionally appropriate and applicable throughout the entire Puhinui design framework.

Selected Site Proposed Te Tihi Regional Framework for future development

The concept for this site was born out of GIS analysis. It works to be responsive to the inherant landscape characteristics as they exist currently, as an outworking of current land use practice. Also with reference to landscape characteristics that would have existed prior to extensive land alteration. Factors that were deemed relevant to future design and therefore mapped and interpreted were: Slope - All slopes deemed steeper than appropriate for development were included in resrves and designated as revegetated Water Flow - Overland Flow is a large contributor to site development. Areas that exhibit streams currently were picked up in the initial framework response as revegetated reserves. In this propsal flow accumulation was explored to caracterise flow regions in terms of maximum collection and minimum collection zones. Maximum collection being what fed the streams immediatly and minumum feeding through to maximum collection zones in heavy fall events. Maximum collection areas were included within reserves where appropriate

These elements were mapped and contributed to the outworking of form upon the site

residents within land form and makes use of ecological work place, 3 story (max) apartment style living is planning principles inherant within the set about green corridors containing walkway, Te Tihi framework proposal. It takes an amenity landscape and revegetation efforts, feeding organic form on the landscape, into to connective green framework throughout bearing in mind the presence of the airport and the site. Creating a mixed development town hub, with the opportunity to showcase urban design as interplay between commerciality and residential development a work of art when viewed from the to create a dynamic and vibrant environment that is air as on the ground. inhabited continually. The output design is

responsive to the

The intensive hub of the development puts

Low Density Residential development makes up the remainder

suggests

typologies

development that

are

l a n d s c a p e more appropriate near responsive and work the revegetated coastal to an enhaced sate reserve as it creates larger of ecology for the site, land management realising the recreation and units, with cost and maintenance community benefits responsibilites placed on that are associated land-owners. Also developing with the natural Development typologies create a Big Box style commercial and light insustry future resilience for e n v i r o n m e n t gradient upon the landscape. is set about key arterial routes, developed in conjunction with the appropriate infill and the wider effects that revegetation, water Concentrating people and residential hub, yet with a distinct disconnect to development when needed. sensetive design and careful activity within high amenity avoid any reverse sensitivities that might occur. and resource areas. A connective Reserve and Ecological planning can have on a site. network of transport: prioritises Medium Density Residential development Offsets have been attributed in walking and cycling, and steps down towards the coast, allowing another form of residential accrodance with the Te Tihi masterplan, through this a conective and inherant development. Terrace housing with allowance for outdoor areas sits developing buffers about association with nature. within pockets of revegetation with proximity to ponds and walkways. coastline and streams of

the

development.

Deemed

Spatial Arrangement, Access and Lineal Representaion

Rendered Site Plan Coastal Ecology Park

Low Density Residential

Medium Density Residential

High Density Residential Medium Density Commercial

Big Box Commercial Light Industry

Section AA

Walkways through bush reserves 1:5000

Landscape spatial arrangements

tia

Co m m er ci

Re sid

tia

Re sid

ns ity

Re sid

Bo xC om m er ci

iu m

ns ity

iu m

Lo w

Re se rv e

Recreation reserves in association with high density residential

Green Network works from the coast throughout site to Big Box commercial development

The design sits upon the land as a way of ecological enhancement. It sets up an urban language that looks to allow for natural processes of water management, nutrient cycling and landscape stabilisation within extensive development. It uses a network of revegetation and reserve to order development from coast to inland. Realising a gradient of natural landscape typologies that are absent and allowing the reintroduction of these within a need for residential and commercial intensification