English material 1 by Ruth Elizabeth Hernandez Cornejo

ENGLISH MATERIAL

FIRST YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL (TENTH GRADE)

MODALIDADES FLEXIBLES DE EDUCACIÓN

Name: _______________________________________________ Sede: ________________________________________________ Año________

CHAPTER ONE

The choices we have What will I achieve in this chapter? Upon successful completion of this chapter, the different learning experiences will enable you to:

1. Exchange personal information with classmates in conversations or self introductions and brief reports, and show respect and courtesy with formal language in order to establish a friendly atmosphere in class and to foster cooperation with one another. 2. Evaluate the importance of the English language in academic fields, the job market and others, by reading and talking about the issue in class in order to find strong reasons for learning the language. 3. Set up your own learning goals and express expectations for the new school year or semester, using appropriate language (vocabulary and structures) in order to commit yourself to succeeding in the new school challenges.

1.1. Meeting New Classmates and Greeting old Friends 2

1.1.1

Conversation Nelson: Hi! What’s your name? Frank: My name’s Frank. What’s yours? Nelson: I’m Nelson. Nice to meet you. Frank: Me too. Do you know many people in the class? Nelson: Yes. Many of them were my classmates. Frank: I’m new here. I come from another school. Nelson: Where did you go to ninth grade? Frank: I studied in a school in Chalatenango, but two of my brothers live here in San Salvador, so I came here, too. Nelson: I see. I have always studied here, since first grade. Frank: Well, nice meeting you. Here comes the teacher. Nelson: Yes, talk to you later.

1.1.2 Answer the Question about the dialogue

1. Nelson is new in the school. ____________________________________________ 2. The two people knew each other before. __________________________________ 3. One of the students knows other classmates. ______________________________ 4. Both students know other classmates ____________________________________ 5. They stop talking when the class finishes. ________________________________

1.1.3 Verb To Be. Be (ser) We use Be as “ser” for -Jobs and professions, -relationships -adjectives of appearance - Nationalities - I am a student - He is my father

Be (estar) We use Be as “estar” for -places -adjectives of mood -as an auxiliary to write sentences in present continue. - I am in the house - You are sad

1.1.4 Personal Pronouns and verb To Be. PRONOUN

VERB TO BE

PRONOUN

SINGULAR 1st 2nd 3rd

I YOU HE SHE IT

VERB TO BE

PLURAL AM ARE

WE YOU

ARE ARE

THEY

ARE

1.1.5 Fill in the blanks with am, is, are. 1. You ____________ a mechanic. 2. He ____________ a teacher. 3. She ____________ a student. 4. My mother ____________ a secretary. 5. My father ____________ a bus driver. 6. Michael Jackson ____________ a singer. 7. I ____________ a painter. 8. We ____________ carpenters. 9. Billy ____________ a mason. 10. They ____________ pilots.

1.1.6 Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative forms of verb To Be. Affirmative I am a student. You are a carpenter. He is a doctor. She is a dentist. We are teachers. You are drivers. They are mechanics.

Negative I am not a student. You are not a carpenter. He is not a doctor. She is not a dentist. We are not teachers. You are not drivers. They are not mechanics.

Interrogative Am I a student? Are you a carpenter? Is he a doctor? Is she a dentist? Are we teachers? Are you drivers? Are they mechanics?

1.2 Nice to see you again… Listen to two classmates greet in school after 3 months of vacation. How do you think they will start? What will they talk about? Dialogue: Lucy: Hi Betty. It’s good to see you again. Betty: I’m glad to see you, too. How have you been? Lucy: Not bad. I’ve been working all over vacation. Betty: That’s why I haven’t seen you around. Where have you been working? Lucy: At a restaurant, but now I just work on weekends. How about you? Betty: I haven’t done anything exciting, but I’ve helped my mom at the store. Lucy: Anyway. Let’s talk about our new schedule. Betty: Yes. Look, we have to be here all day long. Lucy: Yes, until three, and in 9th grade we used to leave at noon. Betty: Yes, but it’s only two more years, then we’ll be out of here. Lucy: Well… If we study hard, we will.

1.2.1 Listen to the conversation again and answer the questions below. 1 . When did the girls last see each other? _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What’s new about Lucy’s life? _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Has Betty done any work lately? ____________________________________________________________________ 4. What do they miss about 9th grade? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Who’s more optimistic about the new school year? ___________________________________________________________________

1.2.2. Complete the conversations below with the expressions provided. Then practice the conversations with a partner. You may change expressions or add some others. Expressions: 1. How was your vacation?

2. How about you?

3. How are you?

4. Nice to see you again.

5. I prefer to be in class than on vacation.

Dialogue: Mary: Hi, John. John: Hello! Mary. ____________________? Mary: Good thanks. ____________________? John: Fine. ___________________________. Mary: Nice to see you too.__________________________? John: It was good. I relaxed and played sports a lot. Mary: I was bored most of the time. I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have much to do. John: Well, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s good to be back anyway. Mary: Yes. ____________________________. How about you? John: I like both.

1.2.3 CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS. Here are some expressions that can be used in class to avoid using Spanish.

Read as you listen to your teacher pronounce them. 1. Excuse me. I don’t understand. Could you repeat please? 2. How do you say ______ in English? 3. What’s the meaning of _______ ? 4. What does ______ mean? 5. What is the pronunciation of _______ ? 6. Is it correct to say ___________? 7. I’m sorry to be late. May I come in? 8. Excuse me. Could I use your dictionary? 9. Is it O.K. if I see your book? 10. Can you help me with this exercise? 11. May I go to the restroom?

1.2.4 English Everywhere.

Hereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an article about the importance of learning English. Before you read, think about these questions. 1. Why do many people want to learn English? 2. Is it too difficult to learn English? 3. Does anyone in your family speak English? 4. Can you think of other languages that are used as Lingua Franca?

1.2.4.1 English for global communication Approximately 350 million people speak English as their first language. About the same number use it as a second language. It is an official language in 44 countries. In many others it is the language of business commerce, and technology. There are many varieties of English, but Texan, Scottish, Australian, Indian, and Jamaican speakers of English, in spite of the difference in pronunciation, structure and vocabulary would recognize that they are all speaking the same basic language.

You are a medical doctor from Japan. You are at an international conference in Switzerland and you wish to communicate with a doctor from Senegal. What language do you speak with him? The answer is probably English. Today, nearly 600 million people around the world use the English language, but only half of these people speak English as their first language. Why is English useful for international communication? For one thing, many books and papers in specialized fields are written in English. As a result, specialists, in these fields often learn English. Specialists from different countries may use English for international communication. English is truly a language known throughout the world. When a language is used for communication between two or more people, whose native language is a different one, that language is called Lingua Franca. That is the case of Latin in the Roman world. Millions of people around the world want to learn English. Many of them go to the United States (and other English-speaking countries) to study at language schools, especially in the summer. There are thousands of different school. They offer courses for children, teenagers, and adults. There are courses in general English, Technical English, business English, and so on. English is for international communication.

Scan the article for the following information. 1. How many people approximately speak English as their native language? 2. What is a Lingua Franca? 3. What language is used for research on most specialized fields? 4. What is your first language? 5. What is the official language in El Salvador 6. Name a country in Central America where English is the official language.

1.2.4 Active Voice and Passive Voice

When do we use the passive voice? a) When the action is more important than the person who does it. Ex. Millions of letters are sent every day. b) When you describe a process. Ex. Paella is cooked slowly in a large pan. c) When you write a rule. Ex. Ball games are not allowed here.

1.2.5 The formation of passive voice in English. ACTIVE VOICE

PASIVE VOICE

Mary writes letters.

Letters are written by Mary.

S + V(present) + C

S + Be (present) + V (past participle) + C

Examples: 12

ACTIVE VOICE

PASIVE VOICE

1. We use satellites in many different ways.

1. Satellites are used in many different ways.

2. Television companies use satellites to broadcast television signals. 3. We often make telephone calls via satellites. 4. Pilots sometimes need satellites for navigation.

2. Satellites are used to broadcast television signals. 3. Telephone calls are often made via satellites. 4.Sometimes, satellites are needed for navigation.

1.3 READING STRATEGIES 1.3.1 Enjoying yourself

Most things cannot be enjoyed without friends â&#x20AC;&#x201C; but reading can. While sitting alone in our house we can travel around the entire world, and we can understand the reason for thousands of things. Living in this age, we can talk with those who lived thousands of years ago. We can become the friends of wise men. Only books can give us these pleasures. Those who cannot enjoy them are poor indeed; those who enjoy them most, obtain much enjoyment from them. Exercises:

a. Underline the sentence which gives the main idea of the passage: 1. It is a great pleasure to travel. 2. Reading offers people many pleasures. 3. Talking to wise men give us a great pleasure. b. Underline the expression which can be used in place of living in this age: 1. Although he is alive today. 2. Although he has lived to an old age. 3. Although we live in the twentieth century. c. Give synonyms for the following words from the passage: 1. Alone

____________________________

2. Entire

____________________________

3. Thousands of

____________________________

4. Wise

____________________________

5. Enjoy

____________________________

d. Complete the sentences: 1. Most things cannot be __________________ without friends. 2. We can travel around the world while __________________ in our house. 3. We can __________________ the reason for many things. 4. We can __________________ the friends of wise men. 5. Those people who cannot enjoy __________________ are poor indeed. e. Underline the auxiliary can, in the paragraph. (Can is a modal auxiliary that is used to ask for permission as well as to indicate ability.)

1.3.2

IF I HAD MY LIFE TO LIVE OVER

If I had my life to live over, I’d dare to make more mistakes next time. I’d relax, I would breath deeply. I would be sillier than I have been this trip. I would take fewer things seriously. I would take more chances. I would climb more mountains and swim more rivers. I would eat more ice cream and not so many vegetables. I would perhaps have more actual troubles, but I’d have fewer imaginary ones. You see, I’m one of those people who live sensibly and sanely hour after hour, day after day. Oh, I’ve had my moments, and if I had it to do over again, I’d have more of them. In fact, I’d try to have nothing else. Just moments, one after another, instead of living so many years ahead of each day. I’ve been one of those persons who never go anywhere without a thermometer, a hot water bottle, a raincoat and a parachute. If I had to do it again, I would travel lighter. If I had my life to live over, I would go barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that way later in to the fall. I would go to more dances. I would ride more merry-go-rounds. I would pick more daisies.

DO THE FOLLOWING EXERCISES •

READING STRATEGY: Getting the meaning from context.

a. I’d dare to make more mistakes (line 1) probably means -

I would be afraid to make mistakes.

I wouldn’t be afraid to make mistakes.

b. Be sillier (line 3) probably means: -

Take things seriously.

Not take things so seriously.

c. Actual (line 8) -

Real.

Imaginary.

d. Barefoot (line 22) probably means: -

With shoes.

Without shoes.

•

READING STRATEGY: Understanding figurative language.

a. This trip (line 4) probably means: -

In my life.

On my vacation.

b. Climb more mountains and swim more rivers (line 5-6) -

Get more exercise.

Do more difficult, exciting things.

c. Lines 16-19 mean that the author: -

Always takes a thermometer, a hot water bottle, a raincoat and a parachute when he/she travels.

Worries too much about things that might happen.

d. Go barefoot (line 22), for the author, is: -

A good thing.

A bad thing.

•

READING STRATEGY: Getting the main idea. Check (  ) the item that the author would check.

(

)

I’ve messed up my life. I’ve done everything wrong.

(

)

I’ve had pretty good life, but I wish I could make a few changes.

(

)

I’ve had a wonderful life. I don’t want to change a hing.

1.3.3 Simple Present.

We use the present simple to describe general facts, repeated actions and habits and facts that are always true. • -

General facts I like milk. Maria plays basketball.

- They speak Japanese. - We live in Mexico.

• -

Repeated actions and habits. Harry often arrives late.

- I usually get up at 6:00

• -

Things that are always true. The sun rises in the East.

- The earth goes around the sun.

1.3.4 Simple Present: Affirmative, Negative and Interrogative. Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S + V + C I live in Mexico. You watch television. He goes to the stadium. She washes the dishes. We get up early. You wear jeans. They live in that house.

S+ Aux (do/does)+ not+V+ C I do not live in Mexico. You do not watch television. He doesn’t go to the stadium. She does not wash the dishes. We do not get up early. You do not wear jeans. They don’t live in that house.

Aux + S + V+ C + ? Do I live in Mexico? Do you watch television? Does he go to the stadium? Does she wash the dishes? Do we get up early? Do you wear jeans? Do they live in that house?

Exercise: Write the negative and interrogative sentences. Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S + V + C I go to school by bus. You brush your teeth. He lives in that house. She leaves her home early. We live in El Salvador. You speak Spanish. They play football.

S + Aux (do/does) +not+V+C

Aux + S + V+ C + ?

1.3.5 ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

The Adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, color, etc. of nouns. We put them before nouns. They do not have plural (s). Examples: - He is tall. - She is tall.

- They are tall.

When we use an adjective with a noun, the adjective must come before the noun. Examples: - Look at my new coat. - You are a young woman. SHORT ADJECTIVES, SUPERIORITY (COMPARATIVES)

RULES:

A. We form the comparative of adjectives meaning superiority, with short adjectives by adding “-r” or “-er”. We use the word “than” (que) after the adjective. Ex. Wide = ancho Wider than = más ancho que Tall = alto Taller than = más alto que B. With adjectives ending in “-y”. We change “-y” to “-ier” Ex. Pretty = bonit@ Prettier than = más bonita que Ugly = fe@ Uglier than = más feo que C. We duplícate the last consonant letter if a vowel sound is between two consonants. Ex. Fat = gordo fatter than = más gordo que Big = grande bigger than = más grande que LONG ADJECTIVES, SUPERIORITY (COMPARATIVES) We form the comparative adjectives meaning superiority, with long adjectives by using the word more before the adjectives and then we write the word than after the adjective. Ex. – Vicky is more beautiful than Betty.

- Betty is more intelligent than Vicky.

SHORT ADJECTIVES SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

We form the superlative degree of short adjectives by writing the article “The” before the adjective and adding “-est” to the adjective. Ex. – He is the nicest boy. ( El es el muchacho más simpático) -Diana is the tallest girl in our classroom. (Diana es la muchacha más alta en nuestra clase) LONG ADJECTIVES, SUPERLATIVE DEGREE 20

With long adjectives we use the expression “the most” before the adjectives Ex. – You are the most intelligent student here. Tú eres el estudiante más inteligente aquí. -It is the most expensive car in town. Es el carro más caro de la ciudad.

REGULAR ADJECTIVES

Positive Adjectives Short Tall Fat Lazy Nice Cute Beautiful Intelligent Interesting

Comparatives Adj. Shorter than Taller than Fatter than Lazier than Nicer than Cuter than More beautiful than More intelligent than More interesting than

Superlatives Adj. The shortest The tallest The fattest The laziest The nicest The cutest The most beautiful The most intelligent The most interesting

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

Adjectives Good Bad Little Well Much Many

Comparatives Better than Worse than Less than Better than More than More than

Superlatives The best The worst The least The best The most The most

Assigment: Write 10 compound sentences using 7 regular adjectives (4 short and 3 long adjectives) and 3 irregular adjectives as in the example: •

Ice skating is dangerous, bungee is more dangerous than Ice Skating but skydiving is the most dangerous of them.

1.3.6 Reading “A funny thing happened to me”

A funny thing happened to me last Friday. I went to Chicago to do some shopping. I wanted to get some Christmas presents, and I needed to find a book for one of my classes. I finished my shopping early, so I decided to stop at a small cafeteria and have some coffee and doughnuts. I also bought the newspaper. When I entered the cafeteria I realized that there were plenty of empty tables, and I found one near the window. I sat down and started the crossword puzzle in the paper. I always enjoy doing that. A few minutes later a woman sat down across from me at my table. That surprised me because there were several empty tables. There was nothing strange about her, except that she was very tall. She looked like a typical businesswoman, conservative suit, briefcase. I didn’t say anything; I just kept doing the crossword puzzle. Suddenly she opened my package of doughnuts, took one out, and began to eat it. I couldn’t believe my eyes! I was too shocked to say anything. Anyway, I didn’t want to make a scene, so I decided to ignore it. I always avoid trouble if I can. I just took a doughnut myself and went back to my crossword puzzle. When the woman took a second doughnut I didn’t make a sound. I pretended to be very interested in the puzzle. A few minutes later I casually put out my hand, took the last doughnut, and glanced at the woman. She was staring at me furiously. I began to feel very nervous. I was ready to get up and go when the woman suddenly stood up and left the cafeteria. I felt very relieved and decided to wait for two or three minutes before going home. I finished my coffee, folded my newspaper, and stood up. And there, on the table, where my paper had been, was my package of doughnuts!!

1.3.7 PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (memorize them)

HERE: aquí OVER HERE: aquí My mother is here

THERE allá OVER THERE: allá The rabbits are there.

BESIDE: al lado de The mangoe tree is beside the house.

BETWEEN entre The seven is between six and eight.

ABOVE sobre See the clouds above the hill.

BEHIND detrás, detrás de There is a garden behind the house.

IN en, dentro de. The cat is in the house.

OVER

sobre The lamp is over my head.

ON en, sobre The birds are on the roof.

INTO

en, dentro de Don’t put waste into the river.

AT en Jenny is at the museum.

UNDER bajo, debajo, debajo de The cats are under the tree.

CLOSE cerca de NEAR cerca de BY cerca de The dog is close to the door.

BENEATH debajo y cubierto por The floor is beneath the rug. WITH

con (I want coffee with milk)

FAR AWAY lejos IN FRONT OF en frente de, frente de. The mountain is far away from here. The car is in front of our house. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS

a. They are _________ an international meeting. b. He wants to communicate _________ them. c. Millions _________ people _________ the world use English. d. Half _________ these people speak English as their first language. e. Many books _________ special fields are _________ English. f. He is a specialist _________ the field of medicine. g. There were specialists _________ different countries at the meeting.

1.4 POSSESSIONS AND PAST EVENTS

1.4.1 THE SAXON GENETIVE (‘S) POSSESSIVE APOSTROPHE: We use an apostrophe when we talk about things belonging to people. •

Singular (‘s) Ex. – This is Jane’s house.

•

Plural (‘s)

•

Two words with apostrophes together. Ex. – Is that Ann’s aunt’s car? = (Is that the car that belongs to the aunt of Ann?

•

Belonging to two people: Ex: -This is Carol and Tony’s house.

•

Names ending in “s”: Ex. – St. James’ park

- That’s my friends bike.

Ex. – These are the boy’s desks.

•

Use an apostrophe in front of the “s” of irregular plural words: Ex. – women’s , children’s, men’s

•

There is no apostrophe in possessive pronouns: yours, hers, its, ours, theirs.

•

We can use “of” when we talk about things belonging to things. Ex. – The roof of the house was damaged.

• •

“of” is not always necessary: Ex. I saw this dress in the store window. Own and belong. Ex. - I own this bike. = This bike belong to me. -Do you own this bike? = Does this bike belong to you?

1.4.2 OUR SCHEDULE Routines and Habits.

Routine: It is a usual, regular way of doing things.

•

Daily routines: - To feed the cat. - To set the table. - To take a shower. - To go to school. - To do the homework

- To water the plants. - To shine the shoes. - To eat breakfast. - To go to work. - To go to sleep.

Habits: An action that a person has done so often in the same way that he or she does it without thinking. There are good and bad habits.

•

Good habits: - To wash the hands before eating. - To brush the teeth after eating. - To use the fork, knife and spoon when eating. - To shine the shoes. - To eat slowly and chewing the food very well. - To sleep eight hours a day. Etc

•

Bad habits:

To smoke

- To drink alcohol.

To drink too much coffee.

- To procrastinate.

Write your own Schedule for the week. Morning Days Hour

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Friday

Saturday

Afternoon Days Hour

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday

Listen to two people talk about their routines and complete the chart below.

Morning

Afternoon

Evening

JULIA DENISE Tape script for the listening exercise Listen to two people talk about their routines and complete the chart. Denise and Julia, two friends from High School, run into each other at a store. Denise: Hi! Julia I hardly see you anymore. Julia: Denise? How are you doing? Denise: Great. How about you? Julia: I’m doing fine. But I’ve been so busy lately. Denise: What keeps you so busy? Are you working? Julia: Yes, I work in the morning as a teacher, and I go to class in the afternoon. Denise: Do you have classes in the evening, too? Julia: No, but I go to the gym. How about you? Denise: I go to the gym too, but in the morning sometimes. Julia: Yes, I see you have lost weight. Denise: Just a few pounds, but I feel good. Julia: Why don’t we get together someday? Denise: I’d love to. Maybe on a weekend because I do my homework in the afternoon and in the evening I go to church. Why don’t you call me when you have time? Julia: Sure. I’ll do that. What’s your number again? Denise: 278-0935 Julia: O.K. I’ll call you soon, Bye.

1.4.3 PAST SIMPLE TENSE

We use the past simple to describe finished events in the past. Example: * Yesterday I watched a great movie on TV. There are regular and irregular verbs, for the way they form their past. The regular verbs ended in “-ed”, for the past and past participle but changed in their pronunciation /Id/, /t/, and /d/. The two syllable regular verbs with the stress on the last syllable double the final consonant. Example: clap – clapped

stop – stopped

The irregular verbs have their own form for past and past participle, and follow different rules for that.

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S + V + C I arrived at 2:00. You called home. He went to the movie. She helped the teacher. We stopped the taxi. You washed the jeans. They opened that house.

S + Aux (did) + not + V + C I did not arrive at 2:00. You did not call home. He didn’t go to the movie. She did not help the teacher. We did not stop the taxi. You did not wash the jeans. They didn’t open that house.

Aux + S + V+ C + ? Did I arrive at 2:00? Did you call home? Did he go to the movie? Did she help the teacher? Did we stop the taxi? Did you wash the jeans? Did they open that house?

As in the present tense we need an auxiliary to form the negative and interrogative form. The auxiliary we use for the past tense is “did” and when we use it, the verb remains in infinitive form. See the examples on the previous chart.

1.4.4 PRONOUNS

The pronouns are used instead of a noun. There are different kinds of pronouns such as: •

Subject pronouns, which come before the main verb:

•

Object Pronouns, they come after the main verb:

- I think it’s awful. – Do you like it?

- I sent them a letter.

•

Possessive pronouns:

•

This and these generally refer to something closer (in space or time) to the speaker. That and those refer to something farther away: - What’s this?, - I’d like those, please. (close to the speaker)

- Is this pen yours or mine.

These shoes are nice.

- Is that blue car yours?

(farther away from the speaker)

•

Someone/ somebody is used for an unknown person. : - Someone is knocking at the door.

•

Something is use for unknown thing:

•

Anyhting, is used for questions and negatives: - Is there anything in the box.

•

No one/ nobody have a negative meaning. We do not use “not” - I’m sure that no one saw me.

•

Nothing also has a negative meaning. We do not use “not” - I pressed the button, but nothing happened.

•

None means “not one”. We do not use “not” - Can I have a cookie? There are none left.

•

None of. We usually use a singular verb with none, but some speakers use a plural verb. - None of the children is tired.

•

Everyone/ everybody means “all the people”. We always use a singular verb. - Everyone knows the answer.

•

Everything, means “all the things”. We always use a singular verb. - Everything is beautiful.

- Something is wrong!

1.4.4.1 CHART OF PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUN I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

OBJECT PRONOUN ME YOU HIM HER IT US YOU THEM

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN MINE YOURS HIS HERS ITS OURS YOURS THEIRS

1.5 DESCRIPTIONS. 33

ADJECTIVE PRONOUN MY YOUR HIS HER ITS OUR YOUR THEIR

Use different cuttings, pictures, magazines, to describe a room or a place, using adjectives and prepositions of place.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

1.5.1 MODAL AUXILIARIES The modal auxiliaries are used after the subject and before the main verb.

CAN

Expresses ability or possibility in the present or future.

Negative form Cannot/can not/ can’t

COULD

It is the past form of CAN. It is also used for polite requests.

Negative form Couldn’t/ could not

Express possibility in the present or future. MAY/MIGHT MAY is also used to ask for permission.

Negative form May not Might not/ mightn’t

SHOULD MUST

Expresses recommendation or advice. Expresses necessity or prohibition. States a logical conclusion.

Negative form: Should not / shouldn’t Negative form: Must not/ mustn’t

Exercise: What advice would you give the person who wrote this letter?

Dear Steve, I’m 25 years old and recently married. Both my husband and I have full time jobs. Since we got married. I’ve been doing all the cooking and most of the household chores. Lately he’s been coming from work in the evening a half hour earlier than I do, but he just waits for me to get home and prepare his dinner. I don’t think that’s fair. I’ve been thinking about talking it over with him, but I don’t want to start an argument. Newlywed I.

Make comments about the reading using these questions:

a. Should both a husband and a wife share responsibilities at home? b. Should a man cook for his family? II.

Write an answer for the letter.

________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 1.5.2 WH Questions We use WHO WHAT WHEN WHERE WHICH

With people With things With time With places To make choices

Who is that? What are you looking for? When are you leaving? Where do you live? Which blouse do you want?

1.5.3 PRESENT PERFECT.

- It´s Jack - A pen - At 6:00 - In that house. – The red one.

•

We use the present perfect when we talk about our experiences in the past and do not mention an exact time. Example: I’ve been to Ecuador.

•

We may explain a present situation by saying what has happened. We do not mention an exact time. Example: Why are you late? I’ve lost my watch.

•

Forming the present perfect:

have/has(Aux.) + past participle

The movie has started (regular verb)

I’ve eaten ten pizzas! (irregular verb)

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S+ Aux.+ V (past part)+ C I have started the plan. You have left the room. He has drunk my juice. She has eaten the apple. We have written a report. You have finished a book. They have lost their car.

S + Aux + not + V(p.p.) + C I haven’t started the plan. You haven’t left the room. He hasn’t drunk my juice. She hasn’t eaten the apple. We haven’t written a report. You haven’t finished a book. They haven’t lost their car.

Aux + S + V (p.p) + C + ? Have I started the plan? Have you left the room? Has he drunk my juice? Has she eaten the apple? Have we written a report? Have you finished a book? Have they lost their car?

1.5.4 FUTURE WITH GOING TO AND SIMPLE FUTURE

•

We use “going to” when we decide to do something in the future, when we make plans or have an intention. Plans can change, so it is not 100% certain. Example: -

Carol is going to visit my family in New York. (this is her plan or intention)

•

I’m going to study in China. (this is my plan or intention)

We also use “going to” for predictions from the situation. Sometimes we can see that something is going to happen. Example: * Look out! Those books are going to fall on your head.

•

Forming the “going to” We use the auxiliary (verb To Be) + going to + verb (in infinitive) Affirmative

Negative

S+Aux + going to + V + C S+Aux+not+going to + V + C I am going to stop. I am not going to stop. You are going to live here. You are not going to live here. He is going to go there. He isn’t going to go there. She is going to ask you. She is not going to ask you. We are going to get up early. We are not going to get up early. You are going to wear jeans. You are not going to wear jeans. They are going to stay here. They aren’t going to stay here.

Interrogative Aux+S+ going to +V+ C + ? Am I going to stop? Are you going to live here? Is he going to go there? Is she going to ask you? Are we going to get up early? Are you going to wear jeans? Are they going to stay here?

1.5.5 SIMPLE FUTURE •

We use “will” in simple future tense. - He will go to the beach. • We also use “will” to make a promise. - I will do lots of homework tonight. • For formal prediction. - The weather forecast for tomorrow it will rain in the afternoon. • Forming the simple future (with the auxiliary will)

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S + Aux. + V + C I will study English. You will begin to work. He will help her. She will write a poem. We will come early. You will find the word. They will paint the house.

S + Aux + not + V + C I will not study English. You will not begin to work. He won’t help her. She will not write a poem. We won’t come early. You will not find the word. They won’t paint the house.

Aux + S + V+ C + ? Will I study English? Will you begin to work? Will he help her? Will she write a poem? Will we come early? Will you find the word? Will they paint the house?

CHAPTER TWO

Advertisement What will I achieve in this chapter? OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to: • Understand the consequences of certain actions and unexpected results of life situations by studying different stories of people and their own experiences in English in order to adopt an optimistic and comprehensive attitude towards difficulties in life. • Analyze choices, make comparisons when shopping for goods and/or services by being informed of different offers, consumer rights, in order to get the best for their money and be aware of their rights and obligations as consumers, in situations where the English language is required. • Analyze their own learning styles through reading stories about how other people learn, what works for them, what doesn’t, doing questionnaires and exercises related to the learning strategies in order to make the most of the experience of being a second language learner, overcome difficulties they may encounter in the learning–teaching process and become independent learners.

II.1 How does he look like…? Adjectives: The adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, color, etc. of nouns. We put them before nouns. They do not have plural “s” or other changes. When we describe a person there are some things that we have to mention: • • • •

Name Age Build Height

Cristina Late teens good figure pretty tall 41

• • • • • • • •

Hair color Hair style Face Eyes Complexion Distinguishing features Dress Personality

black long, wavy oval-shaped, turned-up nose, full lips brown, long eyelashes olive-skinned dimples a T-shirt, a pair of jeans talkative, funny

ADJECTIVES THAT WE COULD USE TO DESCRIBE A PERSON.

Age

Build

Height

Hair color

Hairstyle

Face

Young

Fat

Brown

Long

Thin

Middle/aged

Thin

5’7” Medium height

Black

Short

Long

Elderly

Slim

In his/her 30’s In his/her early 40’s

Dintinguishing Features

Gray

Straight

Round

Petite

Average height Short

Dyed

Curly

Oval

Overweight

Tall

Dark

Wavy

Squar

Personality

Eyes

Complexion

Dress

Beard (male)

Nice

Black

Pale

Scruffy

Mustache (male)

Quiet

Bushy eyebrows

Suntanned

Conservative

Unshaven (male) A scar With glasses

Loud Moody Funny

Thin eyebrows Thick eyelashes brown

Dark-skinned Olive-skinned

Elegant Fashionable

“What is it like?” We use this question when we ask someone to give an opinion about, or describe, something or someone. We use an adjective in the answer. Examples:

- What’s your teacher like? - She’s fantastic! - What’s Joe’s house like? - It’s enormous!

GROUPS AND NATIONALITIES: Adjectives can become nouns if we add “the” -

Groups of people: The young the old

the rich

the poor

Some groups and nationalities have no plurals The French the Chinese the Japanese the Portuguese The Swiss the British the Amish the Dutch The Irish the Spanish the Welsh the Danish 43

- Some nationalities use noun plurals. The Indians the Brazilians the Americans

the Turks

the Greeks.

THE USUAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES. (you wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t often find them all in one sentence)

1.How much / How many

2.What is it like?

3.How big is it? 44

4.What shape is it?

5.How old is it?

a / an

Beautiful

little

Square

Old

one

Nice

small

Round

New

Three

Ugly

Medium-size

Oval

Modern

A lot of

Clean

Average-sized

Rectangular

Antique

some

Expensive

long

Flat

1982

6.What color is it?

7.What’s the pattern on it?

8.Where’s it from?

9.What’s it made of?

What is it? (noun)

pale

Check

French

Plastic

Scarf

Light

Striped

English

Cotton

Shirt

Bright

Plain

Japanese

Wood(en)

Chair

dark

Flowered

Mexican

Leather

Car

white

Leopard-skin

Chinese

Paper

Doll

Exercise: Put the words in order: a) Shirt cotton a new beautiful. _________________________________________________________________ b) Large wooden old a house. _________________________________________________________________ c) Apples large two green beautiful _________________________________________________________________ d) Movie an new interesting science-fiction _________________________________________________________________ e) Green vase old a beautiful _________________________________________________________________ f) Short a coat red plastic _________________________________________________________________ g) Carpet a old beautiful blue _________________________________________________________________ h) Puppy little a sweet black _________________________________________________________________

PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES: Adjectives ending in “–ed” or “–ing” can be confusing. -

John is bored. (the subject, John, feels bored)

John is boring. (the subject, John, causes the feeling in others)

Other examples: Bored

interested

excited

worried

fascinated

Boring

interesting

exciting

worrying

fascinating

II.2

Call 46

Work in small groups. Discuss these questions. • • •

How many phone calls do you make/ receive in a typical day? What do you use your phone for most? Who do you call most?

Work with a partner. List any things that you dislike about phones. Read the magazine article and check if it mentions any of the things on your list. PHONE MOANS: Audrey: “I hate when the person I’m speaking to starts drinking or eating something. It sound disgusting!” Ben: It’s so boring when you go out with somebody who spends half time talking on her cell phone. When I go out with somebody, I turn my phone off and listen to my voice mail when I get home. Cathy: I think there should be places where cell phones are banned. For instance, when I’m on a train or in a restaurant, I hate listening to people talking about private things. It should be against the law! Call me

old fashioned, but I like to travel and eat in peace. Dan: “I’ve given up calling my friends who have children. Every time I call them, they ask me to talk to their twoyear- old boy. I have to speak to him in this silly voice, and he never talks, so I have to listen to him breathing into the phone. Luckily, they haven’t asked me to talks to the baby yet, but she’s usually screaming in the background, so you can’t have a normal conversation anyway. Ellen: I like to talk to a real person on the phone, but nowadays You get a recorded message that gives you

all these options to choose from. If you don’t hear everything the first time, you can’t ask them to repeat. You have to start again. Oh, and the music that they play while you’re on hold – awful. Frank: I hate it when you call a company or an office and you can never get through to the person you want to speak to. The operator connects you to an extension, and the person you want is not there, so you have to wait for ages. Then you get another extension, and it’s still the wrong one, so you have to wait again. And again and again, until you get tired of trying.

COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS WITH WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS FROM THE PREVIOUS ARTICLE. a) Do you think it should be against the law to use a c________ p________ while you’re driving? b) Have you ever been in an embarrassing situation because you forgot to t________ your phone o________? c) When somebody leaves a message on your v________ m________, how long do you wait before you return the call? d) When was the last time you listened to a r________ m________ and had to choose from different o________? e) While you are o________ h________, do you prefer to listen to music or silence? There are formal and informal calls, and we use different kind of phrases for each

Offers

Requests

Requests for permission

Should I have a message for… Would you like me to drive over and pick you up…

Could you tell her it’s urgent? I was wondering if you could come over and baby-sit. Would you mind hanging on a minute, please?

Can I call you back later? Is it O.K. if I bring my boyfriend?

FORMAL CALL: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:

Good morning! HCB Incorporated, May I help you? Good morning. May I speak with Mr. Mason, please? Who’s calling, please? This is Miss Aguilar. Where are you calling from? I’m calling from Scotiabank Sorry, Miss Aguilar, but Mr. Mason is not available at this moment. Do you know at what time he will be available? No, I don’t know. But would you like to leave him a message. Yes, could you please tell him that we are missing some documents and we need the last three months taxes payment receipts for the loan? A: Sure, I will tell him. B: Thank you, you are very kind, good bye. A: Good bye. INFORMAL CALL: 48

A: B: A: B: A:

Hi! Doris, this is Ruth. Hi Ruth, How are you doing? Actually, not too good. Oh sorry, what’s happening? Is it something wrong with your children? Yes, Danny had a bad night; he was with fever and coughing. All night long; he even vomits. That’s awful, what would you like me to do? Well, Doris, I need to go to the doctor’s I imagine. Could you tell Mr. Gardner that I’m going to be late for class? OK, no problem. I hope that everything is going better. Take care of your children.

B: A: B: A: B:

II.3

• • • •

Shop.

When do you give presents? What’s the best present you’ve ever given? What’s the best present you’ve ever received? Do you think it’s easier to buy presents for men or for women?

Read the article about giving and receiving presents and answer the following questions: a) b) c) d)

Did a man or woman write the article? Does he or she think men are good at choosing presents? Does he or she think women are good at choosing presents? What do women and men really want for their birthday? Do you agree? WHAT PEOPLE REALLY WANT FOR THEIR BIRTHDAY 49

It was my birthday recently, and as usual, I didn’t get what I really wanted. I usually get a bunch of flowers, a book, a box of candy, and electronic gadgets. My family always asks me what I want, and I always say the same thing – I want a surprise. So this year I got flowers, books, candy and gadgets. Flowers are lovely, but they hardly ever last for more than a week, and a real present is something you can keep. I always look for the diamond ring hidden in the flowers, but it’s never there. Books are waste of time, and I hate getting candy because I’m normally on a diet. But gadgets are the worst. Most women are not interested in gadgets. Men buy gadgets for women because men love gadgets. For my birthday, my husband bought me a gadget that makes bubbles in the bath, like a Jacuzzi. Last year he got me one of those things you put on the back of your seal and it massages your back. What’s he trying to tell me? That I deserve some little luxuries? I agree with that, but the little luxuries I like are made of gold or silver. But women are sensitive and intuitive, so they always know the right thing to buy. Right? Wrong. The big mistake that women make is that they usually buy clothes. They buy clothes because they like them, and they want other people to wear the clothes they like. “you always wear dark colors, and want to change you, so I´m going to buy you a brightly colored tie or a pair of Mickey Mouse socks.” This is a big mistake. Men usually don’t want brightly colored ties or silly socks. The word to remember when you are buying a present for a male is gadgets. Men like anything digital or electronic. Like on of those watches that tell scuba flashlight and a Swiss army knife, the same present that I once gave to a 12 – year-old nephew. He was overjoyed. It’s very simple. You can’t ever go wrong if you always remember the “G” word for men and the “J” word for women – and that’s “J” for jewelry, not “J” for Jacuzzi.

GADGETS

JEWELRY

Exercise: Read the text again and underline the words referring to frequency. 50

Exercise: Rearrange the words below to make six statements from the article. You have been given the first word. a) A… can real you something is present keep ______________________________________________________ b) Books… time of waste a are ______________________________________________________ c) Most … in are interested women gadgets not ______________________________________________________ d) Women… and intuitive are sensitive ______________________________________________________ e) Men… usually silly or colored want socks don’t ties brightly ______________________________________________________ f) Men… anything like electronic digital or ______________________________________________________ II.3.1 Consumer rights

• • • • • • • •

To have a product warranty. To be able to return damage merchandise. To have a refund on damage merchandise. To have a discount on damage merchandise. To be able to read the ingredients written on the label of the products. To know the expiration date of the items (medicaments, food, etc) To pay fare prices for the items. To receive a good service. 51

• • • • • •

To receive the advices on the use of electric supplies. To get the receipts. To fit the clothing before buy them. To be able to change the clothing or shoes which do not fit them. The customer is always right. To receive the necessary warnings about the consumption of the products, for example “Cigarettes might be hazardous for your health”.

RETURNING AN ITEM Here is an example where the person needed to return an item. What do the person is going to return? And why? Read the questions and then in pairs read the dialogue and discuss the situations. After that make up a similar situation and write your own dialogue.

DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 52

1. Was Ana right about returning the blouse she bought? 2. Would the phrase: “the consumer is always right” apply in this situation, why or why not? 3. Should Ana get her money back if her mother doesn’t like the colors the store has? This would be a typical situation at a store, take roles, read it and discuss, use the questions as reference. IN A STORE:

II.3.2 Classified adds 53

Help Wanted Clerk Typist Expd. Clerks to help w/filing and typing 55 WPM. Top pay and bnfts. Apply in person 1-4 p.m. M&B Tool & Die Comp. 354 Lower Azusa Rd. El Monte, Calif. Clerk Typist General office exp. Type 65 WPM. Permanent FT. Excellent Salary and Fringe Bnfts. Call Mrs Stevens, please contact us phone. 2123-4567 Computer Programmer $2,125/ month. Must be Expd. Knowledge of Fortran Nec. Phone 2241-9999

Help Wanted General Office Must type 45 WPM. Nice phone personality. Congenial office. Excellent salary.

Call 2222-6655 Manager Assistant. Men’s clothing store, South Chicago. Pref. Bilingual Spanish – English. Exp. helpful but not Nec. Call Mr. Bernardo for Appt. phone 7765-4321 Nurse’s aide Wanted for 10 pm – 6 am shift. Gd. Sal. Excel. Benefits apply at General Hospital. Personnel office from 8 – 12 daily. No phone call Construction Sales Opening for FT. Temp. workers M/f. Will train, hi – fi, audio, some Exp. required $500/Wk + Pd. TV, Gd. Sal and Bnfts. Vac. Send fact Sheet with Ref. to The Ask for Napo. 7753-8205 Mark Baver Co. 2216 Wood Ave. Drivers Waiter/ waitresses 54

Deliver to hospital, flexible Hrs. Must have valid driver’s license, car provided, Call 2625-4142 Crane operator Exp. only. Salary commensurate with Exp. Send resume to Box Trans 008.

PT / FT work avail. Now. Days & evenings. $6.00/hr. plus tips. Call 6666-6500 Sales person Carpets, expanding store, Exp. Gd. Sal. Plus commission. Call for Appt. from 9 to 5 Phone 5555-2442.

READING THE WANT ADS The want Ads in the newspaper may be a gold mine of information about job openings. Most job hunters head for the want Ads first. The from page of each newspaper usually tells you on what page to find the want Ads (classified Ads) once you have found the right section, look under “Help wanted” or “Employment opportunities.” Sometimes want Ads are listed alphabetically. For example, job advertising for accountants would be near the beginning and those for waiters / waitresses near the end. Because there are often more highly qualified applicants than there are jobs, getting a good job is not easy. Its hard to find a job if you don’t have experience, but you can’t get job experience without first finding a job, you must fist decide what you are qualified for and what you want to do. You must be realistic. What should you do when you open the newspaper and find hundreds of jobs listed? How can you decide which jobs to go after? Look at the information shown in the Ad below.

Type of job Work Experience Required Personal Equipment required.

HELP WANTED Auto Mechanic Needed. HS req., 2 years Exp., 8 – 5, 5 days/ wk. Tools A must $8,000 guar. Phone 4444-4444. Bob`s Service Spot.

Education or Training required working hours Amount of pay Job location

QUESTIONS: 1. Which Ad requires a bilingual person? 2. How much does the construction job pay? 3. Which Ad promises you tips besides your salary? 55

4. Can a person with no experience apply for the crane operator job? 5. Which sales job sounds better for a person with no experience? 6. Which Ad says there will be some freedom in choosing working in restaurants? 7. Sandy only types 45 words in one minute. Which job should she try for? 8. What should you do if you are interested in the job of Crane operator? 9. Which ad us for working in restaurants? 10. Which ad promises the seller a percentage of every sale he/ she makes in addition to his/her salary?

II.4

ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

EXPRESSIONS: ON HILL STREET

En la calle Hill.

ON SECOND AVENUE

En la segunda avenida.

ON THIRD STREET

En la tercera calle.

ACROSS FROM THE PARK

Al cruzar el parque.

IN FRONT OF THE CHURCH

Enfrente de la Iglesia.

NEXT TO THE CLINIC

A la par de la clínica.

AT THE CORNER

En la esquina.

BETWEEN THE MOVIE AND THE BAN K:

Entre el cine y el Banco.

TWO BLOCKS FROM THE HOTEL

A dos cuadras del Hotel.

TURN TO THE LEFT/ RIGHT

Gira a la izquierda / derecha.

STRAIGHT AHEAD

Siga recto.

EXERCISES: 57

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS CHECK THE PLACES IN THE MAP: 1. Where is the Corner Store? ___________________________________________ 2. Where is the hospital? ________________________________________________ 3. Where is the bank? ___________________________________________________ 4. Where is the stadium? _______________________________________________ 5. Where is the post-office? _____________________________________________ 6. Where is the church? ________________________________________________ 7. Where is the Hotel? _________________________________________________ 8. Where is the bookstore? ______________________________________________ 9. Where is the bus terminal? ____________________________________________ 10. Where is the train Station? ____________________________________________

2.5 PAST CONTINUOUS

We use the past continuous to describe a continuing situation. We often interrupt a continuing situation with a sudden event. 6:30 p.m.

7:00 p.m.

7:30 p.m.

8:00 p.m.

X phone rang

Taking a bath Nadia called me at 7:30. I was taking a bath. Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S+Aux + V(ing) + C I was reading a book. You were living here. He was drawing a picture. She was asking you. We were sitting. You were wearing jeans. They were staying here.

S + Aux + not + V(ing) + C I was not reading a book. You were not living here. He wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t drawing a picture. She was not asking you. We were not sitting. You were not wearing jeans. They werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t staying here.

Aux + S + V(ing) + C + ? Was I reading a book? Were you living here? Was he drawing a picture? Was she asking you? Were we sitting? Were you wearing jeans? Were they staying here?

EXERCISE: Make questions using the words given. 1. Tim / draw pictures ___________________________________________________________________ 2. Kate and Bill / use the computer ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Ed and Lisa / read a book ___________________________________________________________________ 4. Paula and Jim / write on the board ___________________________________________________________________ 5. Anna / talk ___________________________________________________________________

2.6 PLURAL NOUNS

•

Spelling rules for regular noun plurals -

•

One vowel, one consonant o Cat – cats bed - beds Words ending in - ss -sh -ch -x -o o Glass – glasses dish – dishes o match – matches watch - watches o box – boxes fax – faxes o potato – potatoes tomato - tomatoes Words ending in a consonant and a y o Family - families Words ending in a vowel and a y o Donkey – donkeys

Irregular noun plurals Some nouns have irregular plurals, -

Knife – knives Leaf – leaves Shelf – shelves

- life – lives - thief – thieves - self – selves

Man – men Woman – women Child – children

- Tooth – teeth - mouse – mice - foot – feet

No change 60

Some words have the same singular and plural - Sheep – sheep - Fish – fish (fishes) •

2.6.1

Some words are always plural - Scissors - a pair of scissors - Pants/ jeans/ shorts - a pair of pants/ jeans/ shorts. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS.

We can count countable nouns: a bottle

two bottles

Countable nouns – singular a/an (we use an with words beginning with a vowel sound. I have an umbrella. Do you have a chair?

Countable nouns – plural. Some, any, not any. o We use some for statements There are some chairs in the other room. o We use any for questions Are there any chairs in the other room? o We use not…any for negatives There are not any chairs in the other room.

UNCOUNTABLE (MASS) NOUNS -

We cannot count uncountable nouns. Some coffee some milk

some rice

Uncountable / Mass nouns some, any, not any o We bought some tea o Did you buy any tea? o We didn’t buy any tea

Some can also be used for questions. o Could you buy me some tea? (a definite idea) o Are there some sandwiches for me?

EXERCISE: Put SOME or ANY in each space. a) There aren’t ____________ good restaurants in this town. b) Don’t worry about lunch. I bought ____________ sandwiches. c) You need ____________ scissors to cut the paper. d) Do you have ____________ brothers or sisters? e) I think you owe me ____________ money. f) We’d like to stay longer, but we don’t have ____________ time. g) Could you give me ____________ information please? h) Sam bought ____________ pants at the sale. i) There are ____________ books on the table. Are they yours? j) Could you bring me ____________ bread from the supermarket?

three bottles

2.6.2

PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE CONTRAST.

Sorry, he isn’t here. He has left. Sorry, he isn’t here. He left at 8:00.

• Smith has scored a goal! We are not interested in when he did this. We are interested that he has scored! • Smith scored a goal in the second minute of the game. We are interested in the time when he scored. • I’ve broken my pen. Now I can’t write my essay! This explains why we can’t do something now. • I broke my pen at school in math class. This explains what happened, where it happened, and when it happened. •

Have you been to China? Yes.

•

When did you go to China? I went in 1998.

BEEN AND GONE -

Kate has been to the store. Kate has gone to the store.

(She’s at home now). (She’s not at home).

EXERCISE: Put the verbs in parenthesis into the past simple or present perfect. a) Where (you go) __________________ on vacation last year? b) Jane is a famous writer, and (write) __________________ over fifty books. c) I (miss) __________________ the end of the movie last night. What (happen) __________________? d) I

(lose)

__________________

keys

Monday

but

__________________ them on Tuesday. e) “We had a great party last week” “Who (you, invite) __________________?” f) Where (you, meet) __________________ Sam? g) Peter is hurt and (not play) __________________ basketball for a month.

(find)

CHAPTER THREE

Making friends What will I achieve in this chapter? OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to:

3.1 MAKING COMPARISONS

WRITE CORRECT SENTENCES USING THE INFORMATION PRESENTED (see pages 19 to 21) EXAMPLE: (my sister – tall) (my mother – taller) (my father – the tallest) a) My sister is tall; my mother is taller than my sister; my father is the tallest of the three of them. 1) (Silvia – short) (Betty – shorter) (Rita – shortest) __________________________________________________________________ 2) (Robert – strong) (George – stronger) (Richard – the strongest) __________________________________________________________________ 3) (Gloria – beautiful) (Jenny – more beautiful) (Nicole – the most beautiful) __________________________________________________________________ 3.1.1 WHAT IS SHE LIKE? •

What is he/she like? Refers to personality.

Example: What is your father like? •

WHAT DOES SHE LOOK LIKE?

- He is a very patient man

What does he/she like? Refers to physical characteristics.

Example: What does your mother look like? 3.1.2

- She is short, with long wavy hair.

DESCRIBE YOUR BEST FRIEND ANSWER BOTH QUESTIONS.

What is he/she like? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________. What does he/she look like? 66

3.2 THAT’S WHAT FRIENDS ARE FOR.

3.2.1

Do you have a lot of friends?

1. Do you have many friends? 2. How many close friends do you have? 3. What makes a good friend? 4. Do you have a relative that you see as a friend? 3.2.2

VERSE 1

Look at the lyrics. The lines have been cut in half. The lines are in the correct order in column A, but they are mixed up in column B. Listen and match the two halves of each line. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

A When you’re down And you need some And nothing, no, Close your eyes Oh, and soon To brighten up

B loving care even your darkest night and think of me and troubled is going right I’ll be there

CHORUS

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

VERSE 2

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

You just call out And you know I’ll come running Don’t you know that winter, spring All you’ve got to do And I’ll You’ve got Ain’t it good to know that People can They’ll hurt you Take your very soul So don’t

be there, yes I will summer, or fall is call wherever I am a friend yeah, to see you again my name If you let them be so cold let them you’ve got a friend and desert you

3.2.3

Arrange the words below to make well-known English expressions about friendship. a) Friend - girl’s - a - best - are - diamonds __________________________________________________________________ b) Friends – enemies – like – who – that, - with – needs - ? __________________________________________________________________ c) Friend – friend – need – a – a – in – indeed __________________________________________________________________ 3.2.4

Complete each expression in the sentences below with one word from the box. out – stormy – difference – split – have – pursue – get

a) The best age to ___________ married is twenty-five for women and twenty-seven for men. b) A big ___________ in age should not be a problem for a couple if they are in love. c) It is impossible for both partners in a marriage to ___________ a career. d) A woman should never ask a man ___________ on a first date. e) A stormy relationship is much better than a boring one. f) A couple with children should never ___________ up. They should stay together. g) The main reason for getting married is to ___________ children.

3.2.5

MOTHER TERESA by Catherine Podijil (A book review)

In 1979, Mother Teresa won the Nobel Prize for Peace. This book tells about her lifelong work with poor people and how she finally became famous. The story begins with her childhood in Yugoslavia. She was born in 1910. At the age of 18, she decided to become a nun. The Catholic religion was very important to her. But more important was helping other people. She especially wanted to help poor people of India. She first worked as a school teacher in India. But her students were not poor people. So, finally she left the school. That was when she began her real lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work. She walked the streets in Indian cities looking for people who needed help. She gave them food, clothing, or medicine. After a while, other nuns began to help her. She built hospitals and schools for the poor. She also started a special group of nuns called the Order of the Missionaries of Charity. They began to work with the poor people in many countries around the world.

Important people sometimes gave Mother Teresa money or cars for her work. But the money and cars always went to the poor people. She lived very simply and worked very hard. The Nobel Prize gave her $100,000. Her Order has used this money to continue her work. This book provides many interesting details about her life work. We may not be able to give our lives to the poor like Mother Teresa. But we can learn from her, even after her death. EXERCISE: Think about the information carefully as you read. Then in the following exercise, circle the letter of the expression that best completes each sentence. 1. This book probably a. Is fun to read. b. Is good for children. c. Has a lot of useful information. d. Tells about the problems of the poor people. 2. Mother Teresa was famous because she a. Was an Indian. b. Helped poor people. c. Had a lot of money. d. Was a schoolteacher. 3. People gave Mother Teresa money in order to a. make her rich. b. help her win the Nobel Prize. c. help her travel. d. help her to help poor people

3.2.6

MOHANDAS K. GANDHI

Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Probandar, India, Gandhi’s father and grandfather had both gone into politics, and each had served as prime minister of an Indian State. Gandhi was married at the age of thirteen to a girl of the same age named Kasturbai. He had been engaged to Kasturbai for several years. When Gandhi was nineteen, he went to England to study law. His wife and his son stayed in India. In 1891, Gandhi returned to India. He passed his bar examination, but he was so shy and afraid to speak that he wasn’t a good lawyer. Two years later, however, an Indian business company sent Gandhi to South Africa as its lawyer there. In South Africa, Gandhi was shocked at the treatment of other Indians. Gandhi read books by Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. In them, he found ideas about nonresistance, the dignity of labor and civil disobedience. Gandhi believed in these ideas so strongly that he became an excellent lawyer and political leader, and after a twenty-year fight, he ended legal discrimination against Indians in South Africa. A forty-six, Gandhi returned to India, where he used the same ideas of nonviolent civil disobedience to free his country from British rule. India became independent in 1947. Since his death in 1948, Gandhi’s work has influenced other leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr., in the United States.

EXERCISES: * According to last reading about Mohandas K. Gandhi answer the following questions: 1. Which was his Profession? _________________________________________________ 2. What was his date of birth? ________________________________________________ 3. Which was his wife’s name? _______________________________________________ 4. Where is he from? _______________________________________________________ 5. How old was him when he get married? ______________________________________ 6. Who influenced him? _____________________________________________________ 7. When was the Indian’s independence? _______________________________________ 8. At what age he returned to his country? ______________________________________ 9. In which country did he work as a lawyer? ____________________________________ 10. Besides an excellent lawyer Ghandi became a ________________________________ * Answer the following questions: What happen first? (Select “a” or “b”) 1. a) Gandhi got married. b) He went to England to study law. 2. a) Gandhi was born. b) His grandfather was prime minister of an Indian State. 3. a) Gandhi died. b) Martin Luther King Jr., used his ideas in the U.S. 4. a) Gandhi became a lawyer. b) He became engaged to Katurbai. 5. a) Gandhi became an excellent lawyer. b) An Indian firm sent him to Africa. 6. a) India became independent. b) Gandhi died. 72

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COMBINE EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES IN ONE SENTENCE. Sentences “a” has to be changed into the past perfect form and should be place “when” before the sentence, and sentences “b” should be leave in simple past.

EXAMPLE: a) Gandhi got married b) He went to England to study law. 

When Gandhi had gotten married, he went to England to study law.

1. ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

3.3 PAST PERFECT TENSE

The past perfect talks about an event in the past that happened before other past event. Forming the past perfect:

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HAD(Aux.) + VERB in past participle

The movie had started when we arrived to the movies theater. (regular verb)

We’d eaten ten pizzas, then they gave us some ice cream.

(irregular verb)

We use the Past Tense for the more recent event and Past Perfect Tense for the previous event.

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

S+ Aux.+ V (past part)+ C I had started the plan. You had left the room. He had drunk my juice. She had eaten the apple. We had written a report. You had finished a book. They had lost their car.

S + Aux + not + V(p.p.) + C I hadn’t started the plan. You hadn’t left the room. He hadn’t drunk my juice. She hadn’t eaten the apple. We hadn’t written a report. You hadn’t finished a book. They hadn’t lost their car.

Aux + S + V (p.p) + C + ? Had I started the plan? Had you left the room? Had he drunk my juice? Had she eaten the apple? Had we written a report? Had you finished a book? Had they lost their car?

Use these words with the Past Perfect tense: For por/durante Since desde Before antes Ever jamás/ alguna vez

Never Once Twice

nunca/ jamás una vez dos veces

The past perfect is used to describe a past event which took place before another past event. By the time the train arrived, Susan had managed to push her way to the front of the crowd. It is not always necessary if a time expression makes the order of events clear. Before the train arrive, Susan managed to push her way to the front of the crowd. EXERCISE 74

CHOOSE THE MOST SUITABLE TENSE. 1. I suddenly remembered that _______________________ my keys. (forgot / had forgotten) 2. By the time Sheila got back, Chris _______________________ (went / had gone) 3. David _______________________ Japanese food before, so he knew what to order. (ate / had eaten) 4. Laura missed the party because no-one _______________________ her about it. (was telling / had told) 5. I didn’t know you _______________________ a new car. (buy / had bought) KEYPOINTS: • The past Perfect describes past events which took place before another past event. Generally referring to two events in the past. •

If before or after is used, the past perfect is optional

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The past perfect is not used to show that an event happened a long time ago in the past.

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It expressed a continuous state for a time in the past, but that have finished before the present time (it means, that does not continue).

3.4 POLLUTION

CIVILIZATION OR PLANET DESTRUCTION? When I was a child and a young boy, we had a better life than now a days. Some young people would say that life is better now, that they live in a modern way with T.V. sets, cell phones, beepers, fast cars, fast motorcycles, video games, VHS’s, computers and calculators that make their life easier. That’s fine, very fine, but we have to go to the core of the matter: Is modern man living better than before? Just take a look at our world: rivers, lakes, lagoons and seas are contaminated; our air is polluted; cars, buses, trucks and vans are filling the air with pollution; we contaminate our earth with the garbage we produce every day and we contaminate the air with smoke and loud noise produced by our stereos and radios. We are killing our Mother Earth with our carelessness and stupidity … We are not intelligent… We are going right into the abysm… Our ancient people told us take care of the earth but we are foolish. We don’t want to hear and understand this message. We should do it, but we can’t understand the message: save the earth to save yourself. EXERCISE: ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. USING CAN AND CAN’T. SEE THE EXAMPLE.

a. Can we clean our rivers?

Yes, we can clean our rivers. No, we canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t clean our rivers.

1. Can people help to preserve forests and wildlife? _________________________________________________________________. _________________________________________________________________. 2. Can we sort the garbage in bags for pick up? _________________________________________________________________. _________________________________________________________________. 3. Can we have special laws to protect the environment? _________________________________________________________________. _________________________________________________________________. 4. Can our community outlaw burning garbage? _________________________________________________________________. _________________________________________________________________. 5. Can we have a recycling center in our community? _________________________________________________________________. _________________________________________________________________.