Assessing the Role of Passive Strategies in Hot and Dry Climate : A case of Anganwadis

StudyofThermal-VisualComfortinAnganwadis:

AssessingtheroleofPassiveStrategiesinHotandDryClimate

TheAnganwadiProject

PassiveTechniques

Thermal-VisualComfortParameters

Hot-DryClimate

Name;18BAR056,Guidedby–Prof.SujanUmaraniya

ResearchQuestion-

Howcomfortableandclimate-responsiveareAnganwadiswhenapplyingpassivestrategies?

Aim-

ToanalysetheimpactofpassivestrategiesthatareappliedinhotanddryclimateinAnganwadisforthermal-visualcomfort.

Objectives-

●TounderstandthevisionandmissionofICDSanditsschemesrelatedtoanganwadis.

●Tostudytheclimateresponsivepassivestrategiesandgeneralclassificationinhotanddryclimate.

●Toanalyzetheimpactofpassivestrategiesinanganwadis.

●Toassessthethermal-visualcomfortparametersinordertodeterminetheefficiencyofpassivestrategiesusedinanganwadis.

Scopeandlimitation-

●ThestudyislimitedtoselectedanganwadisdonebyaNGOcalled“TheAnganwadiProject”fromvariousNGOworkinginthisfield.Addingtothatanother anganwadisareselectedbasedonreccewithinAhmedabadregion.Theseareselectedforsimilaritiesandcomparativeanalysis.

●Asthestudyisquantitativeforvisualandthermalcomfortlevelofusers,itislimitedtoonlyhotanddryclimate.Personalcomfortparametersandradiant temperatureareexcludedasthethesisisfocusingonarchitecturalparameters.

●Selectedanganwadisarecomparedandanalyzedbasedonpassivestrategiesthatareappliedwhiledesigningthatarerelatedtoonlyhotanddryclimate.

●Thisthesisislimitedtoonlyspecificsummerseasonandafternoontimeasitispeakhoursforusingandreadingsaretakenduringthattimeonly.

●Instrumentsforreadingsareusedfromtheinstituteonlyanditisproducedby“TESTO435”

●ThisthesiswillhelptostudyfurtheronthecomfortlevelofsmallscaleprojectslikeanganwadisandNGOworkinhotanddryclimate.

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Methodology

●AsitisbasedonreadingtakenonsiterelatedtoThermal-Visualcomfort parameters,itisquantitativeresearchandsupportedbygenericobservations andfieldsurveys.

●Approachtothestudyhasbeencase-studybased.Theinitialchaptersare derivedfromtheliteraturereviewthatprovideabaseforthediscussioninthe casestudy.

●Forcomparativeanalysis,thetoolsofsketches,diagrams,drawingsandimages tobringouttheinferencesandobservationonsite.

QuantitativeMethod

●Thermal-Visualcomfortparameters-readingsonsitebyTESTO435.

QualitativeMethod

●Briefoverviewandsitevisit-byHarshilParekh

●Documentation-photographs,measuredrawings,sketches,diagrams

●Informalinterviewswith-AnganwadiWorkers(AWW)andAnganwadiHelpers (AWH).

InstrumentsDescriptionusedfortakingreadings

References:

https://www.testo.com/en-IN/testo-435-1/p/0560-4351

Framework

LITERATUREREVIEW

THEANGANWADI

PASSIVETECHNIQUES inHOTandDRYCLIMATE

●ICDS

●AnganwadiService

RESEARCHTOPIC

CASESTUDY

SELECTION

●Bholu(NGOBased)

●Nandghar(Governmentbased)

●Techniqueswithrespecttothe designofbuildings

●Techniqueswithrespectto modificationsinbuilding elements

●Techniquesusingadditional buildingelements

THERMAL-VISUAL COMFORT PARAMETERS

ANALYSIS

●Temperature

●Humidity

●AirSpeed

●Illuminance

●CO2

OBSERVATIONS

RESULTS (Bydatacollection andcomparison)

CONCLUSION

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ICDS

IntegratedChildDevelopmentServices

-foundedon2ndOctober,1975.

-UnderMinistryofWomenandChildDevelopment.

PurposeoftheICDSscheme-tomeetthehealth,nutritional,andeducationalneedsofthepoorandvulnerableinfants, pre-school-agedchildren,andwomenintheirchild-bearingyears.

Aim-toprovideintegratedpreschoolservicestochildreninrural,tribal,andslumareastoensurepropergrowthand development”(PIB,2022).

SchemeforAdolescentGirls

ChildProtectionServices

ICDSUmbrella

NationalCrècheScheme

AnganwadiServices

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ICDSlogo

References: Khullar,Vandana.1998.'IntegratedChildDevelopmentServices:ACritiqueofEvaluation Bhakare,S.(2017).AComparativeStudy:IntegratedChildDevelopmentSchemeAnganwadisandSEWABalwadisin Ahmedabad.CeptUniversity.

AnganwadiService

acourtyard–playcentrelocatedwithinthevillageorslumareaitselfwherealltheICDSservicesareprovidedinanintegrated manner.

Aim-Itactsastheconvergentinterfacebetweendisadvantagedcommunitiesandgovernmentprogrammessuchas–nutrition, primaryhealthcare,andeducation(AnganwadiServices,2023).

●Functionalhours-8amto12pm.

●capacityofeachanganwadi-40

●ProvidesnacksinthemorningandnutritiousmealsbyAWH.

●Apartfromteaching,alsoseektoimprovethenutritionlevelsofthechildren(Kapur,2018).

Structure

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StateLevel BlockLevel Project Level UnitLevel

DirectorateofSocial Welfare

ICDSProjectOffice

ICDSProjectOffice

Director

DistrictProgramOfficer

ChildDevelopmentProjectOfficer (1per5Supervisors)

MukhyaSevikas/Supervisors(1per 5AWs)

Anganwadicentre

AnganwadiWorkers(Teachers)

AnganwadiHelpers

Anganwadi(Bholu17),Ahmedabad.

References: Bhakare,S.(2017).AComparativeStudy:IntegratedChildDevelopmentSchemeAnganwadisandSEWABalwadisin Ahmedabad.CeptUniversity.

Anganwadi(Bholu13),Ahmedabad.

PassiveStrategies

●Naturalenergyresourcessuchas:SolarRadiation,OutsideAir,Sky,WetSurfaces,Vegetation,internalgains,etchelptoprovidethermalandvisualcomfort throughpassivestrategies.

●Threenaturalsystemsforenergytransfer-radiation,conduction,andconvectionwithnoorlittlemechanicalintervention.Itvaryfromclimatetoclimate.

PassiveStrategies

Techniqueswithrespect tothedesignofbuildings

●Orientation

●Landscaping

●Locationofwaterbodies

●Buildingform/surface-tovolumeratio

●Fenestration

●Shadingdevices

●Movableblindsorcurtains

●Overhangsandlouvres

Techniqueswithrespecttomodificationsin buildingelements

ModificationsinRoof

ModificationsinWall

●Conventionalmethods–shaded roof,roofwithreflectivebarrier, transmittiveweathercoat

●Coolrooftechniqueroofwithair cavityandthermalinsulation

●shadedwallsandwindows

●Useofaircavity

●Useofthermalinsulation

●Windowsandglazing

●Multiplefilmbaseddaylightcontrols forwindows

●Materialsandconstruction techniques

●Surfacefinishes

Techniquesusingadditionalbuilding elements

Passive Heating Passive Cooling

SolarInduced Ventilation

●Directgainsystem

●indirectgainsystem

●Sunspaces

●Evaporativecooling

●Ventilation

●Windtower

●Earth'sairtunnel

●Useofasolarroof

●Solarchimney

●Trombewall

References:

ComfortParameters

●Theimportanceofthermalcomfortinaninteriorenvironmentforusers'comfortcannotbeunderestimated.Inordertoenhancecomfortandtheinternalsetting, extraconveniencessuchasvisualcomfortanddaylightingcomfortshouldbeconsidered(Navada,2015).

●Thermalcomfort-"theconditionofmindinwhichsatisfactionisexpressedwiththethermalenvironment"(ASHRAE55,2005).

●Onlyarchitecturalparametersareconsidered.

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PersonalFactors

HumanComfort

●ClothingInsulation

●MetabolicRate

Thermal

●AirTemperature

●AirSpeed

●Humidity

●RadiantTemperature

EnvironmentalFactors

IndoorAirQuality

●CO2

●VOCs

Visual

●Illuminance

References: Bhakare,S.(2017).AComparativeStudy:IntegratedChildDevelopmentSchemeAnganwadisandSEWABalwadisin Ahmedabad.CeptUniversity.

Casestudy-AnganwadisofAhmedabad

●Basedonorganizationtheyaremanaged.

●Timeline

●InformalLiving–4.5%inSlums(2011)

Approx.700slumsettlements

Climate

●MarchtoJune-Hot

Avg.MaxTemperature-43°C(109°F).

Avg.MinTemperature-24°C(75°F).

Thehighesttemperaturewasrecorded48°C(118°F)on20th May,2016inAhmedabad.

●NovembertoFebruary-Cold

Avg.MinTemperature-13°C(55°F).

Avg.MaxTemperature-30°C(86°F).

●Annualaveragerainfall-800millimeters(31inches).

●Avg.monthlyhumidity-<55%.

Ahmedabad,Gujarat,India

Ahmedabad–West

References:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gujarat_district_location_map_Ahmedabad.svg https://earth.google.com/web/@23.07087616,72.58335713,76.25292351a,9516.77866504d,35y,16.22916701h,0t,0r https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/ahmedabad-india-vector-map-gm1355127486-429697838

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad#Slum_Networking_Project

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Bholu 14,16,17

Bholu 13.15

Nandghar16

Nandghar11

BHOLU-NGObasedAnganwadi

●Bholu-homewarecompany,-JodieFried -terriblestateofthepreschools,teamedupwithAWF

●AWF-ArchitectsWithoutFrontiers-esthercharlesworth -anaustralianNGO

-collaboratedwithManavSadhna

●ManavSadhna-VirenJoshi -operatinginslumsforaround22years -topromotehealthandsanitation,aswellastoeducatethe underprivilegedmasses.

-upliftingthepooranddowntrodden

TAP-TheAnganwadiProject-JaneRothschild

●foundedin2007.

●upliftmentandimprovingthelivesofcommunitiesthatdwellinslums orareeconomicallybackwardthroughprovidingfacilitiesofgood design.

●Sustainableapproachindesignofanganwadis

●Promoterecycled-lowcostbuildingmaterials

●employinglocallabours,artisansandneighbourstoengagethe communities

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BholuManavSadhna Architectswithoutfrontiers

FormationofNGO,TheAnganwadiProject

FoundersofvariousNGO

References:

https://www.designdotstory.com/post/glass-half-full-jane-rothschild-the-anganwadi-project https://www.architectswithoutfrontiers.com.au/team/esther-charleworth/ http://thedesignfiles.blogspot.com/2010/05/interview-jodie-fried-of-bholu.html

GovernmentbasedAnganwadi

Nandghar16-SmartAnganwadiMission Nandghar11

NGObasedAnganwadi

Bholu13

Bholu14

Bholu15

Bholu16

Bholu17

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References:

https://www.anganwadiproject.com/our-approach https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b4f1cd7b98a78a59604d49a/t/5b5a6ebd0e2e7212a768fab4/153265333 7204/TAP_AnnualReport_2015-16_draft3.pdf

BHOLU13

Completion:2014

Cot:326,751INR

Sitearea:28sqm

BuiltUpArea:28sqm

BuiltvsOpen:100%-0%

DesignFeature

-Inbuiltsittingalsoactasa communicatorbetweenoccupants andneighbours.

Material

-CorrugatedMetalSheetRoofing

-RenderedBrickExteriorWalls

-FabricatedDoor-Windowswith PerforatedJali

-Reusedstones+tilesformosaicflooring

-LoadBearingWalls

-RecycledTileMosaicFlooring

Landscaping

-Createsaviewfromskylightandshade thegardenplot.

ThermalMass

-LoadBearingBrickwallsboththeside leavenospaceforheatradiation.

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

Landscaping Shading CrossVentilation

AxoVIew Plan Section Surf-Volratio

Orientation

BHOLU14

Completion:2017

Cot:576,494INR

Sitearea:66.8sqm

BuiltUpArea:30.6sqm

BuiltvsOpen:46%-54%

DesignFeature

-Bamboosstructuresareplacedon groundwithMScylindricalpipeswith GazettePlates

Material

-CorrugatedMetalSheetRoofing

-BambooInfillWalls

-FabricatedDoor-Windows

-Debrisareusedinmakingofcompound wall.

-BamboostructurewithMSbaseplates

-Recycledstonemosaicflooring

Landscaping

-TreeattheEntranceshadethe courtyard.-actasalandmark

ThermalInsulation

-BamboocaneWallcreatesa transparentlayerwhichbringslightand penetratethehotair.

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

Courtyard

Shading CrossVentilation

AxoVIew Plan

Section

Surf-Volratio

Orientation

BHOLU15

Completion:2016

Cot:542,457INR

Sitearea:65.1sqm

BuiltUpArea:35.2sqm

BuiltvsOpen:46%-54%

DesignFeature

-Mosaicflooringmadeoutofreusedtiles -stones.

Material

-CorrugatedMetalSheetRoofing

-RenderedBrickWallWithJalifeature

-Reusedstones+tilesformosaicflooring

-SteelTrussRoofingStructure

-RecycledTileMosaicFlooring

Landscaping

-Smallscaleplantingincourtyard createdapleasantenvironment.

ThermalMass

-BrickWallsonnorthsideopenupsinto streetwithsmalleropeningsandsouth wallsarecoveredbyexistingbuildings.

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

Landscaping Shading CrossVentilation Surf-Volratio

Orientation

BHOLU16

Completion:2017

Cot:523,693INR

Sitearea:34sqm

BuiltUpArea:30sqm

BuiltvsOpen:80%-12%

DesignFeature

-Streetfacingelevationiscreatedby brickjaliwallswithnamecalledBHOLU 16.

Material

-CorrugatedMetalSheetRoofing

-RenderedBrickJaliWall

-FabricatedDoor-Windows.

-Circularwindowwithrecycledplastic glassbottlesRecycledmetalGates

-SteelPortalFrameStructure

-IPSFlooring

Landscaping

-TreeattheEntrance-plantedina memoryoflandowner.

ThermalMass

-BrickJaliWallcreatesacrossventilation ongroundlevel.

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

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BHOLU17

Completion:2019

Cot:587,662INR

Sitearea:33.8sqm

BuiltUpArea:24sqm

BuiltvsOpen:71%-29%

DesignFeature

-Concreteblockpatternsandhandprints ofchildrenaretracedonwalls.

Material

-CorrugatedMetalSheetRoofing

-RenderedBrickwallswithPatterned ConcreteBlock

-FabricatedDoor-Windowswith PerforatedJali

-Reusedtileflooring.Recycledtilewall dado

-LoadBearingWalls

-RecycledTileFlooring

ThermalMass

-ThickBrickWallwithsmallopeningon southfacadereducedirectsunlightinto thespace.

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

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Courtyard Shading CrossVentilation Surf-Volratio

NANDGHAR16

Completion:2018

Cot:768,000INR

Sitearea:59.16sqm

BuiltUpArea:47.82sqm

BuiltvsOpen:81%-19%

DesignFeature

-Upliftingtheslabandcreatingaskylight onsouthwallactasatoolfornatural lightandcrossventilation

Material

-RCCSlab

-PlasteredandPainted1.5brickthkwall

-FabricatedDoor-Windows

-AddingskylightbyincreasingVolume

-RCCFrameStructurewithInfillwalls

-KotaStoneFlooring

Landscaping

-SurroundedbyEmptyland.Scopefor lawnandGardeningArea

ThermalMass

-1.5"thkBrickwallswithmaximum openingonEast-Westside

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

NANDGHAR11

Completion:2021

Cot:23,000,000INR

Sitearea:300sqm

BuiltUpArea:171.6sqm

BuiltvsOpen:57%-43%

DesignFeature

-VerandahonroadsideandServiceson othersidehelpstomaintainbufferfrom noiseanddirectheatgain

Material

-RCCSlab

-PlasteredandPainted1.5brickthkwall

-FabricatedDoor-Windows

-RCCFrameStructurewithInfillwalls

-KotaStoneFlooring

Landscaping

-BackyardcanbeactedasaGardenfi itiswellmaintained.

ThermalMass

-1.5"thkBrickwallsveryupperheight openingscan'tbeusefultotheusersfor naturalventilation.

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References: Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

Context Shading CrossVentilation Surf-Volratio

CaseStudyAnalysis

References: SiteContext_GoogleEarth Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

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References: SiteContext_GoogleEarth Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

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References: SiteContext_GoogleEarth Basedrawing-plan,section,axonometric_TAP Diagrams,photos_author

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ResultsandFindings

Temperature

ComfortRange

Bholu16

Between23-26°Cinclassroomscanbeconsideredhighertemperatures(Parsons,2002).

●Bholu16

-Southfacinglongitudinalwallabsorbsmoreheatandtransfersitinsidethe room.

-aclearstorycoveredbycurtainstoavoidharshsunlightanddust

●Bholu13

-boththelongitudinalsidesarecoveredbyexistingunits.Noheatradiation -Toreleasehotair,anupliftedroofishelping.

●Bholu14,Bholu15andBholu17

-Courtyard.

-Bholu17isfacingmoreareatowardsthesouthside,becauseofsmall openingsonthesouthsideandcourtyardfacinglargeopenings,whichhelpstorun offhotair.

●Nandghar11andNandghar16

-Verandahononeside.abufferbetweeninsideandoutside.

-Nandghar16-clearstoryfacingtotheWest,runoffhotair.

-Nandghar11hasanEast-Southfacingservicesarea,abufferbetween insideandoutside.

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Nandghar16,Nandghar11

References: Author

Bholu13

Bholu17,Bholu15,Bholu14

AirVelocity

ComfortRange

Thehighestairspeedcouldbe0.2m/s.Havinghigherthanthiscouldleadtodiscomfortas ASHRAE-55.

●Bholu13,Bholu16

-Bholu13haslargeopeningsontheWest.coveredbygoodsofthe Anganwadi.

-Bholu16,jaliwall-coveredbybricksbecauseofdustissues.

●Bholu15

-hasopeningsontheupperlevel.

-Jalitypeopeningsonthelongitudinalwallsthatfailtocreateairmovement.

●Nandghar11

-hasonlyVerandahfacingopeningsbutnosingleopeningisfacingonthe Eastside.nocrossventilation

●Nandghar16

-haslargeopeningsontheSouthsidecoveredbyVerandahandtheNorth sidehasoneopenings.

-crossventilation.

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Bholu16,Bholu13

References: Author

Bholu15

Nandghar16

Nandghar11

HUMIDITY

ComfortRange

Bholu13

●AlltheAnganwadishaveenoughhumiditymeasuresaccordingtotheASHRAE-55between30%to60%.

●Bholu13

-theareaoftheinsidespaceandnumberofstudentssittinginthat.

-thekitchenisinsidethespace.noopeningsneartothekitchentorunoff hotair.

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References: Author

Illuminance

Forpre-schoolorschool,300-500LuxisrequiredaccordingtoASHRAE55.

●Bholu13

-Thoughhavingaclearstoryandlargeopeningtowardsthenorthside,itis notlightedupbecausecoveredbygoodsoftheAnganwadi.

-SamegoesforBholu14.

●Bholu17

-Acourtyardonthenorthside,bringsnaturallightthroughouttheday.

●Nandghar16,Nandghar11

-Surface-volumeratioalsoplaysanimportantroleforNandghar11and Nandghar16.Havingaclearheightof3.3minNandghar11and

-Nandghar16-additionalvolumewiththeheightof1m.createsa clearstory.

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References: Author

Nandghar16,Nandghar11

PsychrometricChart

Duringsummermonths(MarchtoJune),72%uncomfortablehours/conditionisobserved becauseofhighdrybulbtemperature(Jayswal,2012).

●Alltheanganwadisareinnotcomfortablecondition.

●Bholu13

-isnearertothecomfortablezoneorconditionofthechartwhichmeans thatrelationbetweenairtemperatureandrelativehumidityarequitebalanced whichisnecessaryforcomfortableconditions.

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References: Author Jayswal,M.(2012,0101).″.″-Wiktionary.RetrievedMay27,2023,from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.11.126

Conclusion

Bholu13

AirTemperature

Bholu14

ORIENTATION

SHADING

SURFACE-VOLUME RATIO

NATURALVENTILATION

Bholu15

AirVelocity

Bholu16

Bholu17

Nandghar16

Humidity

COURTYARD

THERMALMASS

INSULATION

LANDSCAPING

WATERFEATURES

Nandghar11

Illuminance

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MATERIAL

References: Author

Conclusion

Bholu13

AirTemperature

Bholu14

Bholu15

AirVelocity

Bholu16

Bholu17

Nandghar16

Humidity

ORIENTATION

SHADING

SURFACE-VOLUME RATIO

NATURALVENTILATION

COURTYARD

THERMALMASS

INSULATION

LANDSCAPING

WATERFEATURES

Nandghar11

Illuminance

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MATERIAL

References: Author

Conclusion

Bholu13

AirTemperature

Bholu14

Bholu15

AirVelocity

Bholu16

Bholu17

Nandghar16

Humidity

ORIENTATION

SHADING

SURFACE-VOLUME RATIO

NATURALVENTILATION

COURTYARD

THERMALMASS

INSULATION

LANDSCAPING

WATERFEATURES

Nandghar11

Illuminance

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MATERIAL

References: Author

Conclusion

Bholu13

AirTemperature

Bholu14

Bholu15

AirVelocity

Bholu16

Bholu17

Nandghar16

Humidity

ORIENTATION

SHADING

SURFACE-VOLUME RATIO

NATURALVENTILATION

COURTYARD

THERMALMASS

INSULATION

LANDSCAPING

WATERFEATURES

Nandghar11

Illuminance

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MATERIAL

References: Author

Conclusion

Bholu13

AirTemperature

Bholu14

Bholu15

AirVelocity

Bholu16

Bholu17

Nandghar16

Humidity

ORIENTATION

SHADING

SURFACE-VOLUME RATIO

NATURALVENTILATION

COURTYARD

THERMALMASS

INSULATION

LANDSCAPING

WATERFEATURES

Nandghar11

Illuminance

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MATERIAL

References: Author

Conclusion

Passivestrategiessignificantlycontributetoachievinghumancomfort,particularlyintermsofthermal-visualcomfort. However,accordingtotheASHRAEstandardcode,achievingcomfortsolelythroughpassivestrategiesisnotpossibledue toitsdependenceonothercomfortparametersthatcannotbeinfluencedarchitecturally.

Toaddresstheintensesunlightduringsummer,passivestrategiescanbeemployedduringthebuildingdesignprocess. Thesestrategieshaveasubstantialimpactoncost,energyconsumptionduringconstructionandoccupancy,heat radiation,naturalventilation,andhumancomfort

Astherearemultiplefactorsinvolvedinachievinghumancomfort,thesameappliestopassivestrategiesthatrespondto theclimate.Individualpassivestrategiesarenotaseffectiveasacombinationofstrategies.Theinterrelationbetween thermalcomfortparametersplaysacrucialroleindeterminingwhichpassivestrategiesshouldbeimplemented.

Forinstance,airtemperatureandhumidityareinterconnected,whichindicatestheinterdependencyofpassivestrategies suchasshadingdevices,thermalinsulation,andsurface/volumeratio.Bholu13,locatedbetweentwoexistingresidential buildings,hasa100%built-uparea,leavingnospaceforheatradiation.Thus,shadingfrombothsidesbenefitsBholu13. However,thetotalbuilt-upareaisrelativelysmallcomparedtothenumberofchildrenattending.Additionally,thekitchen lacksventilationtoexpelsmoke,whichcreatesaconflictbetweentemperatureandhumidity.

Thediagramillustratestherelationshipbetweenpassivestrategiesandcomfortparameters.Selectedcasestudiesare linkedtothecomfortparametersinwhichtheyperformwell.Consequently,specificpassivestrategiesprovetobehighly efficientinmentionedcasestudiesbasedoncomfortparameters.Inordertoachieveidealcomfort,theprovided standardcodesarenotapplicableinprojectsandscaleslikeanganwadis.Therefore,inordertoapproachcomfortable conditionsorhours,thementionedpassivestrategiesinfluencethestatedcomfortparameters,asevidencedbyexamples ofanganwadis.

Overall,passivestrategiescertainlyhelptoachievethermal-visualcomfortbutnottoidealconditionandalsohelpto minimizethecostofthebuildingconstructionandmaintenance.Also,theperceptionofpeopletolookatgovernment basedanganwadisandNGObasedanganwadiscanbechanged.

References: Author

Wayforward

●Asresearchislimitedtoonlyhotanddryclimates,furthercanbeexploredfordifferentclimatezones.

●Basedontheresearch,onecanlookatthedifferentNGOsworkinginthisfieldfromapointofitsworkabilityandcompare ittotypicalanganwadis.Also,thisresearchisonlylimitedtoAhmedabadcontext,itcanbeexploredindifferentcontexts anditsresponsetoanganwadis.

●Theresearchexaminesthermal-visualcomfortparametersofanganwadisthroughpassivestrategies,butitcanbelooked atexperientialaspectsfromchildren’spointofview.Also,canbeexploredfromothercomfortparameterssuchas, personalfactors(clothinginsulationandmetabolicrate),acousticcomfort.

●Onecanalsolookatthesameconcernfordifferentscalesandfunctionsoftheprojectsuchasprimaryschools,primary healthcentre,creche,etc.

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