Thesis Research (Part B : Case Study)

PROPOSED MARINE

INTERPRETATION AND RESEARCH CENTER AT SINDHUDURG, MAHARASHTRA

(PART B- Case studies)

By. Rutuja Mohan Kankekar

1. Case studies:

3.1 For museums related to marine environment:

Name Type Reason

3.1.1 Oceanographic museum, Germany. online Detailed case study for understanding area, planning, form, lighting.

3.1.2 National museum of Marine Science and technology, Taiwan online To understand different exhibition areas

3.1.3 Marine Science Museum, Mali Lošinj online To understand functioning of spaces related to marine science.

3.2 For interpretation center

Name of structure Type Reason

3.2.1 Mapungubwe Interpretation Center online Detailed study of structure

3.2.2 Wasit nature reserve visitors center online To study the indoor and outdoor connection.

3.3 For live case studies

Name of structure Type Reason

3.3.1 Taraporewala Aquarium, Mumbai Live To understand the details of aquarium

3.3.2 Marine and mangrove biodiversity center, Airoli Live To study the outdoor functions like nature trails and marine bird watching.

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3.1 For marine museums:

3.1.1 Ozeaneum German Oceanographic Museum

Introduction:

This Oceanographic Museum is located on the city’s historic waterfront immediately adjacent to the historic centre which has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With its skyline of restored warehouses and visible traces of its former use, the entire port island district remains has distinctive architectural monument on the outskirts of the historic city centre.

Location: Stralsund, Germany.

Architect: Behnisch Architekten, Stuttgart, Design: Behnisch & Partner 2002-2008

Gross Area :17.400 Qm / 187,294 Sq. Ft.

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i. Location, site and accessibility.

Accessibility:

a) 12min i.e. 5.8 km from Stralsund Airport.

b) 7 min i.e. 2.4 km from Transit stop (Stralsund, Bahnhofstr.)

Climate:

• The average water temperature during the year located in Stralsund (Baltic Sea) at 9.80°C | 49.64°F.

• At about 18.70°C | 65.66°F is the maximum of the water temperatures over the months. This will be reached in August. The low is 2.50°C | 36.50°F and is measured in February.

• The date of the lowest water temperature is around February 17. At this time, it is about 2.50°C | 36.50°F. The maximum of 18.70°C | 65.66°F is measured around August 02.

• The closest Ocean of Stralsund is Baltic Sea

Fig. 13. Ozeaneum German Oceanographic Museum, Stralsund, Germany

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ii. Site plan:

It is conceived as an open house that can be flooded from all sides by daylight and visitors, in a manner akin to that of water swirling around stones on the seabed. The building is divided into four individual sections, each of which is devoted to a particular exhibition theme. The layout of the museum allows visitors to take a spectacular journey of discovery, through and between the stones.

iii. Program /Spaces and zoning (entrance from ground floor, entrance from first floor)

a. Entrance - foyer

b. Exhibition for sea giants

c. Aquarium for fishes in North Sea

d. Aquarium for fishes in Baltic sea

e. Conference room

f. Exhibition area

g. Café

h. Kitchen

i. Services: Technical plant

Fig. 14a . Site plan

Fig.13.OzeaneumGermanOceanographicMuseum,Stralsund,Germany

Fig. 14b. Zoning

Fig.13.OzeaneumGermanOceanographicMuseum,Stralsund,Germany

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iv. Floor Plans and horizontal circulation

KITCHEN

CAFE

TECHNICAL PLANT

TECHNICAL PLANT

EXHIBITION

CONFERENCE

EXHIBITION

AQUARIUM AQUARIUM

EXHIBITION

Fig.16. First floor plan

Fig. 15. Ground Floor Plan

Fig.13.OzeaneumGermanOceanographicMuseum,Stralsund,Germany

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• A 30-metre suspended escalator diagonally traverses the entire breadth of the foyer, past genuine whale skeletons, bringing visitors to the upper floor. Here a splendid view opens across the Strela Sound and the new Rugen Bridge to Rugen Island.

• The individual exhibition spaces are deliberately different from each other in terms of atmosphere and content.

• Two aquaria respectively devoted to the Baltic Sea and the North Sea are set on the inland side of the museum complex.

• The centrepiece of the North Sea Aquarium is the huge tank of schooling fish. Its 10 x 5 metre glass front offers visitors remarkable insight into the infinity of the sea.

v. Section and vertical circulation.

Section 1: The design of each section of the Ozeaneum was also led by the building’s functional requirements. The aquaria are set around a central core of maintenance and technical amenities. This optimises the use of space and shortens timeframes for the daily care of marine stock.

Section 2: It was realised with the support of Greenpeace and is devoted to the Giants of the Sea. Visitors are here confronted by life-size replicas of whales. Almost 20 metres high and only dimly lit, this room too, is designed to plunge visitors into a realistic experience of the infinite underwater worlds. Three exhibition levels, to be visited in descending order, illustrate the oceans of the world, the Baltic Sea, and marine research and resources. There is also a cinema on the ground floor of this section presenting topic-related films.

Fig. 17a. Section 1

Fig.13.OzeaneumGermanOceanographicMuseum,Stralsund,Germany

Fig. 17b. Section 2

Fig.13.OzeaneumGermanOceanographicMuseum,Stralsund,Germany

i. Details, Form and Materials

Details:

The centrepiece of the North Sea aquarium is the huge tank of schooling fish that contains approximately 2.6 million litres of water. Its 10 x 5 metre glass front offers visitors remarkable insight into the ‘infinity’ of the sea. A Krypta underneath affords views of the ground of the sea through an arched pane.

Materials:

The Facades: Graceful slung ribbons reminiscent of sails in an ocean breeze wind their way around the facades of both the exhibition and aquarium sections. They are of no structural requisite, but determine the building’s character with their slightly projecting edges, giving it a light, elegant shape.

The slung ribbons draw together the various sections of the building with their nuanced design and manifold buildings together, giving them a strong, unified profile The ribbon cladding is composed of large format, pre-formed steel sheeting. This required shipbuilding technology. A local company specialising in forming steel sheeting for container ship construction cut and formed steel sheets measuring up to 16 metre x 3 metre. These were secured at isolated points on the building’s steel frame. Without any further structural support, overhangs are braced, yet appear to be freestanding. The steel sheeting’s surface was treated with several coats of highly resilient white paint to further create a connection between the building and its maritime environment.

Lighting:

For the most part the exhibition rooms are lit by the exhibition architecture. The display cases and exhibition objects are lit almost exclusively by state-of-the-art LED technology. These save approximately 50 to 60% of electricity.

Fig. 18. Aquarium plan

Fig. 19. Cladding

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ii. Inference / SWOT analysis

STRENGTH Planning -Skylight with double height ceiling in the foyer makes a good indoor-outdoor connection.

Circulation -Different type of aquariums and exhibitions are planned for different sea’s and biodiversity’s which segregates the crowd equally throughout the area.

Services -The 2 aquariums can be accessed from level 2, to keep the maximum public on a single floor

Aesthetics -Segregation of mainly the kitchen and the technical room (requires services) have been given access and placement on the ground floor.

WEAKNESS Planning - the entry way lacks direction as visitors may get confused about where to go first.

Aesthetics -it does not blend with the surroundings

OPPORTUNITIES - -

THREATS

Human-induced noise affects the ocean world. The Ozeaneum is doing its best to educate people about this kind of pollution. Another issue is the oxygen deficiency caused by too much fertilizer. Due to fertilizers, plankton massively grows.

3.1.2 National museum of marine science and technology

The NMMST is more than just a museum. It epitomizes balance, combining modern design and scenic landscapes. Encompassing an area of over 500,000 square meters.

Location: Beining Road, Zhongzheng District, Keelung City, Taiwan 202

The Museum Complex, which includes the Main Exhibition Building, IMAX Theater, and the Regional Exploration Building, features detailed exhibitions pertaining to marine science, technology, ecology, and culture. Additionally, the Museum Complex has important ties to the history of Taiwan. Formerly the site of the Pei-Pu Steam Power Station, which was constructed in 1937 during the Japanese occupation of the island, the Main Exhibition Building retains the power station's existing foundation and structure, which can still be seen from inside the museum today.

Accessibility:

a) 1min i.e 0.850km from Badouzi Railway Station.

b) 50mins i.e 74.7kms from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport

Climate:

Taiwan's climate is subtropical, except for the very southern part of the island, which is tropical. Summers are long and hot, lasting from April or May to September or October. The winters are short and mild, although snow does fall in the mountains and occasionally at lower elevations in the north

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Site plan:

Retrofit building

Pei-Pu Steam Power Station

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Plans:

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Main exhibition building:

• The Deep-Sea Theater situated in the former boiler room of the north Thermal Power Plant utilizes

• Through special lighting and a surround stereophonic sound experience, visitors are momentarily transported from the past into the future and from sky and land to the uttermost depths.

• In particular, they experience the unpatrolled ambiance of the ocean through the deep-sea theater where the audience’s senses are exposed to deep sea organisms that have uniquely adapted to live in extremely harsh physical environmental conditions of food scarcity and light deprivation.

• In a similar manner, visitors also become more familiar with the specific technological equipment that is associated with deep-sea exploration. It is through these combined experiences that the once seemingly mysterious depths of the ocean become better known to the public.

1) Deep Sea Theater:

Entry Entry

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2) Marine Environment Gallery: "Marine Environment Gallery" asks visitors to first stop and appreciate the unique richness and beauty of the oceans surrounding Taiwan. Furthermore, they should come to understand that the marine environment is becoming increasingly vulnerable.

• The Gallery is constructed with metal, glass, water and other elements, coupled with projections in shades of aquamarine, creating a serene, hi-tech ambience. Furthermore, a mockup of a 1/10 scale, 8,600 TEU container ship is featured in the center of the Gallery.

• Visitors also learn about the domestic yacht construction process in Taiwan by strolling through a yacht's opulent living quarters and are sure to gain a deep sense of the importance of marine engineering technology development in Taiwan.

3) Naval architecture and Ocean engineering Gallery

4) Fishery science gallery:

• Through illustrations of the food chain relationship that exists between humans and aquatic life forms that are found in this exhibit, visitors can not only better appreciate the indispensable role that oceans play in ensuring the continual survival of humanity but also develop a greater sense of urgency in maintaining dwindling marine resources.

• Visitors are exposed to the latest developments in aquaculture.

5) Wonders of the Deep-sea gallery

• Dark and mysterious, the depths of oceans are seldom placed in the public’s view. Deliberately positioned in the former boiler room of the historic North Thermal Power Plant, this exhibit closely mimics the unfathomable nature of aquatic abysses found throughout the world.

• The once uncharted depths of the oceans are now brought into light. Deep sea ecosystems and their subsequent life forms, however, merely scratch at the surface of what this information rich gallery has to offer.

6) Kids exploration area

3.1.3 Marine Science Museum by blue world Institute (Proposed)

It is a scientific museum Centre befitting the 21st century

Concept:

• The Marine Science Museum is a project that combines interdisciplinary science, culture, and education in order to promote sustainable development community involvement community in the conservation of natural heritage and environment.

• The project brings together scientific research, educational activity, cultural experience, tourism, learning and their engagement in everyday life.

• It stands to improve the quality of life of residents, promote scientific innovation, and support economic development, in particular tourism.

• The Marine Science Museum’s vision is to become a regional center of excellence offering opportunities for scientific research, of students and researchers from across Adriatic and the Mediterranean.

• By using applied science, the museum will actively participate in the design and development of innovative methods for the conservation of marine species, habitats, and ecosystems.

• The Marine Science Museum will offer a contemporary educational framework based on permanent – and temporary thematic – exhibitions, public activities such as lectures, workshops, events, panel discussions and informal talks such a programmed will increase public understanding of the connections between the natural environment and human society.

• The Marine Science Museum visitor experience with be thought provoking and comprehensive, stimulating and fascinating, immersing and animating.

Location: The position for the new museum is located on the central waterfront of Mali Lošinj, offering ease of access from land and sea, while simultaneously providing an exceptional public facility, unparalleled around the Adriatic Sea and beyond.

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Using existing topography, the building is organized on three floors, each with external direct access.

Each floor is designed with a distinct identity reflecting its separate function: the glass facade of the ground floor reflects the sea surface, the vertical stone strips forming the first-floor facade of educational spaces evokes the sense of the pine forest, while the secondfloor space is organised into smaller interconnected units, providing the feel of a “Science city”, using metal plates similar to those used in the nearby shipyard.

The building will skillfully and seamlessly correspond with the surroundings and comprise of several parts: the visitor experience (permanent exhibition and temporary exhibitions), educational facilities (conference room, laboratory – classrooms, 3D – classroom), science section (laboratories, storerooms), flexible-purpose (the veterinary clinic, the “touch pool”), working space (offices, meeting rooms, library), dormitories for professional visitors, and technical rooms (server room, copy shop, garage, workshop, boiler room, air conditioning, water conditioning, etc.).

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• The rooms are centered on a central three floors shaft with some of the museum’s main exhibits and visually connecting the museum’s facilities while offering a flexible usage scenario.

• The building will rely on available techniques and technologies to reduce or fully neutralize the impact on the environment, aiming to become a model for planning other public or private buildings.

The state-of-the-art permanent exhibition and additional temporary exhibitions aimed at raising public awareness for marine conservation

●High-school, primary-school and kindergarten programs licensed by the Croatian Ministry of Science and Education demonstrating the strong commitment to the education of future generations;

●Hands-on experience in the sea turtles rescue facility will act as a hub for the highly endangered species enlisting public support for its conservation;

3.2 For Interpretation center:

3.2.1 Mapungubwe Interpretation centre

Introduction: Mapungubwe National Park Interpretation centre tells a story of its world heritage listed cultural landscapes while achieving economy of means, social improvement and low environmental impact.

Importance of this project is complex and diverse. At its core are two sets of relationships:

• Between people and environment

• People with one another

Location:

• Located in Mapungubwe National Park, Limpopo, South Africa.

• On the borders of Zimbabwe and Botswana with vantage points into both landscapes

• Historically complex region of an ancient civilization, first class based social system in southern Africa

Designed by peter rich architects:

• They preserved and promoted an ancient heritage

• Created spaces deeply rooted in physical and cultural selling

• Supported local ecology

• Created a space of respect and celebration

Fig. 20. Mapungubwe Interpretation center

Fig. 21. Limpopo, Zimbabwe

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Site conditions:

• Arid soil

• Intense sun

• Breezy winds

• Site slopes steeply from mesa

• Home to intensely rich flora and fauna

• Economically poor local population

Program:

• Spaces to tells local stories

• Spaces to house artifacts

• Tourist facility

• Parks offices

Fig. 22. Mapungubwe Interpretation center

Fig. 22. Site plan

Form: Visual dominance is by two large hollow cairns which emulate trading route markers by ancient tribe.

Circulation:

• Ramped walkways zig zag through the complex, creating a formal counterpoint to the large masses.

• Ramps, stairs, interior circulation, elevated views and routes provide multiple, engaging experiences.

Fig. 23. Cairns

Fig. 24a. Section 1

Fig. 24b. Section 2

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Passive systems:

Light:

• ample amount of natural sunlight is brought in through windows and skylights.

• Intensity is tempered by rustic steel screens that eco the branches of indigenous trees

• Reflecting ponds bounce sunlight up into vaults, giving diffused and dramatic light

Ventilation:

• Reflecting ponds placed around the perimeter cool the air that naturally passes through the structures

Fig. 25. Play of natural light and show on the structure

Fig. 26. Reflecting Pool

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Structure:

• Main structural system is timbrel vaulting, a system of cross-layering bricks for structural support – incredibly thin and efficient, no steel reinforcement required, tiles a s a substitute for steel

• Form local to the area. but structure is European

• No double roof

• Other system includes cast concrete and timber framing

Materials and construction:

• Local unskilled labour was used as a part of poverty relief program addresses ‘vulnerability’ of local economy low economic and environmental impact

• Local labours produce 200,000 tiles from a local pressed soil cement tile

• Manual brick pressing machine rusted stell window screens mimic natural branch patterns.

• Spaces express raw materials and handmade aesthetics.

• Exterior: surfaces layered with local rubble stone, creates timeless quality, local timber used for shading structures.

Fig. 27a. Construction process

Fig. 27b. Material

Analysis

Circulation:

• From a distance the space ties to the land evokes an ancient structure weathered with time

• Main entrance to the grand hollow cairn is lit by an oculus that tracks the path of the sun

• Multiple routes of passage allow free-flow between interior / exterior and high elevation / low elevation

Light:

• Light is diffused from natural elements and dappled into the spaces, constantly changing throughout the day

• Shadows catch and spill over intricacies of natural textures

Texture:

• Exposure of raw, local materials gives handmade weathered texture

• It acts as a canvas for light and shadow

Environment :

• Dramatic juxtaposition of materials and forms create natural environent of valleys, caves and ponds giving multiplicity of experiences.

Fig. 28. Internal circulation

Fig. 29. Roof lighting

Fig. 30. Soil Cement tile as External finish

3.2.1 Wasit Nature Reserve Visitors Center,Sharjah, UAE

Wasit Natural Reserve was originally a waste-water and rubbish dump. The rehabilitation process of the damaged eco-system started in 2005, 40,000m2 of rubbish removed, 35,000 trees been re-planted, healing the land from toxic chemicals and conservation of the Unique salt flats and costal sand dunes.

After years of efforts to bring the non-migratory birds back to the site, WNR is now home to 350 species of birds, a landing zone for 33,000 migrate birds, and a breathing lung to Sharjah city.

A wetland visitor center is established on site to continue protecting the natural environment, educate people on the richness of the wetland ecosystem and provides information about the birds that frequent the area and other wetlands areas of the emirate. The facility became heaven for bird watchers and researchers.

Location : Sarjah, United Arab Emirates

1) Nearest Metro: 22.4km i.e 22 mins

2) Nearest Airport: 22.5kms i.e 17mins from Dubai international airport

3) Nearest Highway station: 7.8 kms i.e 10 mins from Grand service station, Ajman

Design:

• The architecture of the center blends with its’ surroundings and uses the existing topography to minimize the visual impact on the natural scene.

• When visitors arrive, a pathway leads them underground into a linear Gallery.

• A fully transparent wall allows the visitors to experience the birds’ natural environment and become part of it.

In designing the visitor centre, the architects took advantage of the site’s natural topography to minimise its visual impact by making it appear submerged into the ground.

• Visitors descend a ramp to arrive at an angled intersection between two linear elements of the building: one, to the sides, containing services and administrative offices; the other, ahead, a long viewing gallery flanked by aviaries where birds can be seen in their natural habitat.

• At the far end of the viewing gallery, a third linear element, running perpendicular, houses a café and multipurpose space with views out over the open wetlands.

• A cantilevered steel truss roof over the viewing gallery avoids the need for peripheral columns, allowing seamless glazed façades.

• The interior is deliberately minimalistic throughout, placing the full focus on the surrounding nature: informative displays are the only adornment on the supporting central wall.

• The façade glazing is slightly tilted, to enhance reflections of the landscape for the birds while minimising reflections for people looking out.

• The floor being lower than the ground outside, a continuous concrete sill provides a place to sit and contemplate birds at their level.

• To counter the very hot desert climate, the roof is well insulated and the glass is shaded by its overhang. Some fabric shading is also provided over the aviaries.

• What had become a waste dumping ground has had its indigenous ecosystem restored, and is proving a popular place for visitors to appreciate and learn about their natural environment.

• Rainwater harvested from the roof is discreetly directed to specific areas of the landscape via carefully placed spouts that are camouflaged by landscape elements.

• Six bird hides scattered around a lake created in the middle of a 200,000m2 site follow a unified aesthetic but are each individually designed for their context, and employ some recycled wood and plastic in their construction, reinforcing the ecological message.

3.3 Sites for Live case studies : 3.3.1 Taraporewala aquarium :

Introduction:

• Was constructed in 1951 by combined efforts og maharashtra government and a parsi businessman.

• It has a total of 70 specimens with water tanks ranging from 1000- 1500 gallons

• Includes both marine and fresh water fishes

Location: Located on the western coast of India in the metropolis mumbai at Marine Drive (charni road) is the only example of aquarium in the state.

Fig. 31. Location map of Taraporewala aquarium

Interior planning and circulation:

• Major fish division is based on 2 water types : fresh water and salt water fishes.

• The circulation is in anticlockwise direction and easy, placing te aquarium along the wall side in corner sand one major fisheries typology has been displayed centrally along with the movement.

• Theatre has a capacity of 47 seats where films are projected for kids such as marine life and technology, animation movies about pollution etc.

• The tunnel tank at entrance is made up of flexi glass of 120mm. The tunnel is 15 ft in length, freshwater and seawater tanks 10ft x 4ft x 2ft .

• Supply of water inside the aquarium is directly connected to the water of marine drive through pipelines and hence supplied to the aquariums through filtration system.

• Filtration system used in the aquarium is closed water filtration system

Fig. 32: Ground floor Plan

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Quarantine room:

• Size: 6.3 x 4.5 m

• Before new fishes are transferred into display area they are kept here so that they are adjusted to the tank

• Here, treatment are care is given and taken of the fish

Tank size of aquarium:

• Normal size of tank: 10 x 4 x 7

• Turtle tank: 12 x 8 x 7

• L shaped tank : 16 x 4 x 7

• Mid size tank: 4 x 4 x 7

• Fresh water hexagonal: front (4 x 7 ) sides (3 x 7) back ( 12 x 7 )

LSS (Life Supporting System)

• Sea water is collected and stored in these tanks.

• sent to This water is then filtration process

• This filtered water is then used to fresh water fishes

Lighting :

• Artificial lighting is majorly used

• Halogen and flurocent lights are predominantly used (white, yellow, blue)

Auditorium:

• Has a capacity of 47 seats

• Films are projected mainly for kids such as marine life and technology and about pollution

Users:

• Average users on a working day: 2000 per day

• Average users on a holiday: 3000 per day

• Age group visiting are either students or kids with their parents

Fig. 33: LSS diagram

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Parking:

• There is no parking facility for visitors in the aquarium

Architectural feature:

• Building has been designed according to the requirement but the façade does not project the aquarium that is housed inside.

• Façade has just been treated with a painting of fishes.

• Arrangement of the tank is concrete rectangle which is good for the visitors to observe both fresh water and salt water exhibits simultaneously.

• Area around 1 m from the tank is cordoned off to prevent the public from touching the tank.

• Enclosures are too small for large marine animals.

Analysis:

Planning

• Entrance is not bold enough to attract visitors

• The entrance lobby and portico are small for the amount of people visiting.

• The tanks fail to meet the minimum standard size.

Circulation

Aesthetics

Services

• Rectangular circulation through the building

• Appearance is not attractive

• Interior lighting of fluorescent tube is not sufficient to read any information.

The centre aims to provide a glimpse into the marine and coastal biodiversity around Mumbai

The other features of the information centre includes watching a ‘turtle’ lay eggs, smell mangroves, see what a crab looks like from all angles and hear what a bird sounds like while singing to attract a mate. All these can be experienced through multi-sensory and mechanical exhibits at the Airoli centre.

Additional facilities like a mangrove trail using a boardwalk on one end of the site, a separate centre for educating students about crab-farming, a bird-hide to spot and photograph avifauna and an artificial water body will soon be set up, officials added.

3.3.2 Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Centre, Airoli.

Fig. 34. Marine biodiversity center, Airoli

Bibliography:

CRZ-1: These are ecologically sensitive areas these are essential in maintaining the ecosystem of the coast. They lie between low and high tide line. Exploration of natural gas and extraction of salt are permitted CRZ-2: These areas are urban areas located in the coastal areas. Under Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) Notification 2018, the floor space index norms has been de-freezed.[5] CRZ-3: Rural and urban localities which fall outside the 1 and 2. Only certain activities related to agriculture e

CRZ-1: These are ecologically sensitive areas these are essential in maintaining the ecosystem of the coast. They lie between low and high tide line. Exploration of natural gas and extraction of salt are permitted CRZ-2: These areas are urban areas located in the coastal areas. Under Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) Notification 2018, the floor space index norms has been de-freezed.[5] CRZ-3: Rural and urban localities which fall outside the 1 and 2. Only certain activities related to agriculture e https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Regulation_Zone

CRZ-1: These are ecologically sensitive areas these are essential in maintaining the ecosystem of the coast. They lie between low and high tide line. Exploration of natural gas and extraction of salt are permitted CRZ-2: These areas are urban areas located in the coastal areas. Under Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) Notification 2018, the floor space index norms has been de-freezed.[5] CRZ-3: Rural and urban localities which fall outside the 1 and 2. Only certain activities related to agriculture e https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Regulation_Zone

Jagdeep DESAI

11:48 AM

https://sindhudurg.nic.in/en/service/unsigned-digital-7-12-only-for-view/ https://bhulekh.mahabhumi.gov.in/

https://sindhudurg.nic.in/en/service/land-records/

Jagdeep DESAI

11:49 AM

dlrmah[dot]mah[at]nic[dot]in