Design Portfolio
Urban Development & Design 2013 - 2014
Ruyu Xiao (Julia)
|
Master of Urban Development & Design, UNSW, Australia
|
juliaryxiao@hotmail.com
URBAN DESIGN STUDIO 1
DARLING HARBOUR - EVELEIGH LIGHT RAIL CORRIDOR The fourth site on the lightrail encompasses two parcels of land separated by a wide railway corridor. The motivating concept ‘Bridging the Boundaries’ refers to physically connecting North and South Eveleigh as well as metaphorically unifying academia, fabrication and sales in a second campus for Sydney University in the Bauhaus tradition. The concept is also manifest in the integrated transport hub upon which, mixed use social housing is built. The site analysis arrived at five strategies; bridges, spine, public space, transport integration and second campus. The interrelated strategies combine to address the overriding problem of the bisecting railway, regenerating the ailing technology park and repairing the existing urban fabric. The proposal will build on the past success of Carriageworks and introduce student accommodation, social housing, teaching and commercial space thus embodying the idea of ‘urban land recycled’.
BRIDGING BOUNDARIES
Bianca Maria Francolini, Xiao Ruyu, Liam Williamsz
ARCHITECTURE & THE CITY
CITY VISIONS (PARIS)
PROBLEMS • Outdated boulevards • Monotonous building facades perspectives
PROBLEMS • Disused railway tracks • Urban blight in Northern Paris
SOLUTIONS Eugene Henard 1903 Boulevard a Redans Henard proposed articulated facades with alternating pedestrian ways along major boulevardes. Small, intermittant pockets of open space with playgrounds, cafes and gardens were to bring new vitality to the city street. He hoped to encourage responsive and diverse architecture and for the streetside spaces would be a good vantage point from which to appreciate the streetscape vista.
SOLUTIONS Christian de Portzamparc Paris Nord Masterplan Redundant railway tracks from Paris Nord could be transformed into a green corridor with new residential buildings alongside its edges. At Paris Est these could also be used for a new, dense and mixed-use residential quarter, whose main spine could extend to the new Nord Europe station (replaces both existing stations Gare du Nord and Gare de l’Est).
Alternating Trees and Houses
Building Frontage (window size)
New Nord Europe Station with business district, residential buildings and circular railway connection.
Before 1910
Boulevard a Redans
Boulevard a Redans Triangularires
COMPARISON In 1910, Housing development in Paris is more focus on changing the street pattern. Aims to break the boring mode to arrange the street and the buildings.Bringing with new vitality to the city street. In 2010, It is more focus on the reconstruction of the dis-used railway tracks. Build with green corridors and new residential areas, bringing with new functions to the city street.
URBAN DESIGN STUDIO 2
NEW CHINATOWN: A NEW HIGH-RISE FUTURE The fourth site on the lightrail encompasses two parcels of land separated by a wide railway corridor. The motivating concept This scenario transforms the current Chinatown to a high-rise area through amalgamation and development of the current special character area as a cluster of superblocks (SCA). In effect the site becomes an extension of the northern CBD in accommodating new demands for residential and commercial space. However it contrasts with the financial core of the city with an increased emphasis on pedestrian connectivity and car free spaces. This is predicated on the sites proximity to two future metro stops.
SUSSEX STREET
LIVERPOOL STREET
MUDD19 NEW CHINATOWN: A NEW HIGH-RISE FUTURE Sun Xiao, Xiao Ruyu, Xu Yi
NEW HIGH-RISE CHINATOWN Sun Xiao, Xiao Ruyu, Xu Yi
This scenario transforms the current Chinatown to a high-rise area through amalgamation and development of the current special character area as a cluster of superblocks (SCA). In effect the site becomes an extension of the northern CBD in accommodating new demands for residential and commercial space. However it contrasts with the financial core of the city with an increased emphasis on pedestrian connectivity and car free spaces. This is predicated on the sites proximity to two future metro stops. New spaces are provided to boost tourism and to create a new modern image of Chinatown that speaks to the future. Foreign investment is used to drive the vision. A mix of residential, retial and commercial floor spaces is included in the area which is promoted as a vital 24 hour economic area in the style of Hong Kong or Shanghai. To achieve this vision, future demographic changes in Chinatown, transport links to Chinatown, open space provisions in Chinatown, urban design fundamentals and design controls and codes were considered. The amalgamation of the various blocks makes possible the implementation of mega-developments to rival World Square and the new Lend Lease development of Darling Harbour. A “reborn� Dixon Street is inserted into the new development. This bigger, better, flashier, greener Dixon Street distinguishes the precinct from other areas of the city. High-rise towers above the pedestrian realm are designed to allow solar access. The area provides a dramatic new skyline for Darling Harbour.
Current Chinatown
New Chinatown
3. Green space between Ultimo Road and Thomas Street 1. Bridge on Goulburn Street over New Dixson Street
4. Parkland in Darling Harbour
2025
2018 2013
2015
6. Highrise buildings and New Dixon Street
2020
2. Lightrail on George Street
2023 5. Metro system under George Street
2038 2030
2033
2048
3. Green space between Ultimo Road and Thomas Street 1. Bridge on Goulburn Street over New Dixson Street
2025
2018 2013
2020
2015
2. Lightrail on George Street
1.
2.
Tenancy Mix
6. Highrise buildings and New Dixon Street
4. Parkland in Darling Harbour
2023
2038 2030
2048
2033
5. Metro system under George Street 3.
Change of Tenancy Mix
4.
5.
Floor Space
6.
Demographic Change
NEW DIXON STREET
entertainment areas and cultural charastics along it. Business areas and residentials areas as set backs from the street. A square is desighed in the middle of the street. A spine designed with vegetations and street furnitures located near the middle of the street. Each spine unit contains one tree, two benches, one rubbish bin, one street light. It is designed to have 7.5m between each unit. At night, it will still be a vibrant place with vendar shops on the street, colorful neolights and a foutain with light. City of Sydney. 2010, Chinatown Public Domain Plan 2010, City of Sydney, Sydney City of Sydney. 2008, Sustainable Sydney 2030: the Vision, City of Sydney, Sydney Lehnerer A. 2009, Grand Urban Rules, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers NSW Government. 2012, NSW Long Term Transport Master Plan, the Director General of Transport for NSW
1:1000
Pedestrian Path
New Dixon: 25m
Entrances
Gathering Space
George Street
New Dixon Square
1:1000
1:1000
Pedestrian Path
Entrances
1:500
Gathering Space
Throughways
1:500
ANCHORS
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 5
Phase 6
Residential Commercial Office Phase 4
URBAN DESIGN STUDIO 3 HAMBURG BEYOND IBA
Beyond IBA, the combination of large private landholdings along the Vering Canal and large public landholdings along the waterfront of the Reiherstieg creates the opportunity for public- private development by the Hamburg IBA GmbH in its new role as an urban development agency, carrying forward the three IBA themes: • METROZONES, neighbourhood design based on a combination of residential uses and employment generating industrial uses challenging the dominant 20th century planning model of separated, monofunctional zones introduced to protect public health in earlier phases of industrial development, but no longer critical in an era of new technologies; • COSMOPOLIS, a creative response to social disadvantage and the concentration of diverse immigrant groups in Wilhelmsburg by the creation of a ‘Global Neighbourhood’ embracing multiculturalism, educational initiatives, affordable housing and protection of tenants’ rights linked to incubator development for micro enterprises and immigrant entrepreneurs; • CITIES & CLIMATE CHANGE, rethinking urban development in relation to water management and flooding, working with the complex constructed ecologies of the Elbe Islands in new ways, in particular ‘super dyke’ extensions beyond the historic dyke ringing the island, which has protected the Wilhelmsburg community from flooding since the disaster of 1962 but has cut it off from the waterfront.
high-capacity r
STRATEGIES completion in 2
Eurogate Conta
port due for co
• upzoning the industrial
350m span Sou
MUDD19 HAMBURG BEYOND IBA HYBRID DISTRICT ON THE REIHERSTIEG
to promoteinthe creation a ring road s
neighbourhood integrat relocation of he
road traffica from industry, including res
HYBRID DISTRICT ON THE REIHERSTIEG Atiqah Muhamad, Rath Muengpaisan, Eunju Park, Xiao Ruyu
Super Dyke
Undeveloped Open Space
Aerial View of Wilhelmsburg
Green Links
source: http://www.seacityresearchnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/ super-dike-jp1.jpg
source: Stuido Urban Landschaften 2010, Metropolis: Metrozones, IBA_Hamburg, Hamburg.
source:Stuido Urban Landschaften 2010, Wasseratlas: WassweLand-Topologien für die Hamburger Elbinsel, IBA_Hamburg, Hamburg.
source: Stuido Urban Landschaften 2010, Metropolis: Metrozones, IBA_Hamburg, Hamburg.
lands, and the c with the principal monu urban district.
the World War II Flak T
The Hamburg I
as an Energy Bunker as projects – resto
Atiqah Muhamad, Rath Muengpaisan, Eunju Park, Xiao Ruyu
IBA;
the Alte Schleu
a linear park aln • re-design of the street
dramatic views industrial through-traffi
ISSUES
conversion of a Hohe Schaar on the wes
Industry has had a significant role in the growth of Wilhelmsburg since the nineteenth century and
& Creative Cen
waterway);
continues to underpin the local economy across the dispersed pattern of urban development and
• design of the new mixed OBJECTIVES accordance with the prin
rural lands of the Elbe Islands. In the Reiherstieg (‘Heron Way’) district on the western side of Wilhelmsburg, industrial development began with shipyards in the late seventeenth century and
Beyond IBA, urbanism (streets andths
became dominant with construction of the Vering Canal in the 1890’s by the engineer and contractor 0
Hermann Vering (1846-1922), who laid out
20
al continuous landholdings urban fabric
80
160m
factory sites along the canal and built the adjoining
public landhold
interior courtyards);
working class housing. Many small factories were established along the Vering Canal while heavy
Reiherstieg cre
• augmentation of Wilhelm private develop
industry - including a large oil refinery - occupied the waterfront along the Reiherstieg arm of the
frequency bus in itssystem new roleoa Metrobus 13 loop with carrying forwara
Elbe. Almost totally destroyed by Allied bombing in World War II, the area was re-established as an industrial zone with the exception of the oil refinery site, which remains an open expanse of
• METROZONES the Reiherstieg Metrozo
contaminated land colonised by ruderal vegetation at the Reiherstieg Knie, the right-angle bend of the
• construction combination of bridges o
Reiherstieg at the Alte Schleuse entrance to the Vering Canal. have begun to be established in former factory complexes along the Vering Canal such as the
Reiherstieg 1945
Rethe Bascule Bridge
View of the Canal
Hönigfabrik (‘Honey Factory’) youth centre, the source: www.vju-hamburg.de/energiebunker/indexph-
Landmark 1905 Water Tower
Lock on the Vering Canal
1. Bridge the east and west
3. New street & block pattern
Creative Centre, and the use of the abandoned oil
2017
6. Metrozone final stage
5. Metrozon stage1
in the south industrial centred dev on
2020
refinery site for the annual Dockville summer rock
era of Chu new St BonifatiusanParish
festival.
2015
Building
2018
Replacement of the 1934 Rethe Lift Bridge
on the western side of the Reiherstieg with a 2. Move the heavy industries out
• COSMOPOLIS Jugendstil Water Tower 2035 disadvantage
2025 4. Regenerate the contaminated land
neighbourhood in the no
immigrant gr
Timelineroad-rail Bascule Bridge due for high-capacity
a significant creation Expressioni of a ‘ complex of the 1920s a multiculturali
completion in 2014, construction of the vast new Eurogate Container Terminal west of the historic port due for completion in 2019, and plans for a 350m span South Elbe Bridge - the missing link
road traffic from Reiherstieg to the western port urban district.
3000
The Hamburg IBA began this process with pilot
2000
New building
projects – restoration of the historic locks of Existing building
1000
Existing building
the Alte Schleuse entrance to the Vering Canal;
0
a linear park along the Reiherstieg Dyke with
Green Space
dramatic views to the Rethe-Speicher silos; conversion of an old factory to the Veringhöfe Arts & Creative Centre.
Site Location
Site Context
OBJECTIVES
20
80
160m
landholdings along the Vering Canal and large public landholdings along the waterfront of the Reiherstieg creates the opportunity for publicprivate development by the Hamburg IBA GmbH in its new role as an urban development agency, carrying forward the three IBA themes: Open space
Open space
• METROZONES, neighbourhood design based on a Green space
Green space
combination of residential uses and employment generating industrial uses challenging the
Transportation Reiherstieg 1945
Rethe Bascule Bridge
View of the Canal
Landmark 1905 Water Tower
dominant 20th century planning model of
Lock on the Vering Canal
Section separated, monofunctional zones introduced
Neighbourhood
source: www.vju-hamburg.de/energiebunker/indexphp?site=8&lang=en
1. Bridge the east and west
3. New street & block pattern
2017 2015
6. Metrozone final stage
5. Metrozon stage1
2020 2018
2. Move the heavy industries out
to protect public health in earlier phases of industrial development, but no longer critical in an era of new technologies;
2035
2025 4. Regenerate the contaminated land
• COSMOPOLIS, a creative response to social disadvantage and the concentration of diverse immigrant groups in Wilhelmsburg by the
Timeline
creation of a ‘Global Neighbourhood’ embracing multiculturalism, educational initiatives,
Site Area
6000
affordable housing and protection of tenants’
4781
4713
5000
Public Facili8es 7%
4000
rights linked to incubator development for micro
Mixed Use 16%
Bus stop
Bus stop Bus line
3000
Railway(industrial)
1885
2000 1000 0
1000
Popula1on
500 Dwelling Exis1ng
1646
27
125
Density(dw/ha) Proposed
Number of jobs
Railway
Green Space 32%
Light Industry 20%
Road System
Exis8ng Industry 25%
rights linked • selective removal of obs
Mixed Use 16%
enterprises an
1885 1000
Popula1on
500 Dwelling Exis1ng
1646
27
along Vering Canal and
Green Space 32%
• CITIES & CLI
Light Industry 20%
line to open development physical acc waterfront; retention of and flooding,
125
Density(dw/ha)
Number of jobs
Exis8ng Industry 25%
Proposed
Comparison between exsiting and proposed
Functions of site area
Figures
constructed bridge over the Vering eC
new ways, in integrated bike/pedestr
beyond the h
Beyond IBA, the combination of large private 0
Public Facili8es 7%
4000
lands, and the creation of a new future for this
affordable hou Evangelical Church;
4781
4713
5000
relocation of heavy industry, logistics and heavy
Existing building
Site Area
6000
in a ring road south of Wilhelmsburg - will enable
dominant 20t
neighbourhoods with th separated, mo
particular the to Polish protectcom pub
p?site=8&lang=en
under threat of demolition), the Veringhöfe Arts &
Canal to link the existin
Neighbourhood
Soul Kitchen café which featured in the 2009 film of that name by director Fatih Akin (currently
generating in
Bird’s-Eye View of the Metrozone Project
In recent years, community and cultural uses
enterprises and immigrant entrepreneurs; New bus line Bus line
Railway(industrial)
• CITIES & CLIMATE CHANGE, rethinking urban Railway
development in relation to water management and flooding, working with the complex constructed ecologies of the Elbe Islands in
• relocation of high emiss
has protected
and removal of noxious
flooding since
Oelwerke Walther off fromCarro the w
1921) which produces a
vegetable oils, and has a pollution;
• retention of ‘clean indus SECTION A-A
Getränke GmbH, a fruit
company which has acce site;
• adaptive re-use of recen
logistics sheds to create
spaces for start-up busi
of the ‘World Commerci
frequency frequency bus bus system system organised organised around around thethe
Metrobus Metrobus 1313 loop loop with with a new a new bus bus line line through throug thethe Reiherstieg Reiherstieg Metrozone; Metrozone; • construction • construction of of bridges bridges across across thethe Vering Vering Bird’s-Eye Bird’s-Eye View View of the of the Metrozone Metrozone Project Project
Canal Canal to to link link thethe existing existing Wilhelmsburg Wilhelmsburg neighbourhoods neighbourhoods with with thethe new new Metrozone, Metrozone, in in
particular particular thethe Polish Polish community community at at Groß-Sand Groß-San in in thethe south south centred centred on on thethe district district hospital, hospital, St St Bonifatius Bonifatius Parish Parish Church Church and and landmark landmark
Jugendstil Jugendstil Water Water Tower; Tower; and and thethe Mannesallee Mannesallee
Building Building
neighbourhood neighbourhood in in thethe north, north, centred centred on on a significant a significant Expressionist Expressionist social social housing housing complex complex of of thethe 1920s 1920s and and thethe Emmaus Emmaus Evangelical Evangelical Church; Church;
• selective • selective removal removal of of obsolete obsolete factory factory buildings building along along Vering Vering Canal Canal and and thethe western western dyke dyke New building
line line to to open open physical physical access access and and vistas vistas to to thethe
New building
Existing building Existing building Existing building
Existing building
Existing building Existing building
waterfront; waterfront; retention retention of of thethe former former railway railway
Green Green Space Space
bridge bridge over over thethe Vering Vering Canal Canal as as part part of of an an integrated integrated bike/pedestrian bike/pedestrian network; network; • relocation • relocation of of high high emission emission logistics logistics facilities facilities
and and removal removal of of noxious noxious trades, trades, such such as as Nordic Nordi
Oelwerke Oelwerke Walther Walther Carroux Carroux GmbH GmbH (established (establishe 1921) 1921) which which produces produces animal animal fats fats and and Open space
Open space
Open space
Open space
Green space
Green space
Green space
Green space
vegetable vegetable oils, oils, and and hashas a long a long history history of of odour odou pollution; pollution;
Transportation Transportation
• retention • retention of of ‘clean ‘clean industry’ industry’ such such as as Punica Punica Getränke Getränke GmbH, GmbH, a fruit a fruit juice juice beverage beverage
company company which which hashas access access to to spring spring water water on on site; site; • adaptive • adaptive re-use re-use of of recently-constructed recently-constructed Bus stop Bus line
Bus stop Bus line
Bus stop
Bus stop
New bus line
New bus line
Bus line
Railway(industrial) Railway(industrial) Railway
Railway
logistics logistics sheds sheds to to create create affordable affordable incubator incubator
Bus line
Railway(industrial) Railway(industrial) Railway
spaces spaces forfor start-up start-up businesses businesses on on thethe model model
Railway
of of thethe ‘World ‘World Commercial Commercial Park’ Park’ built built on on
Road Road System System
Weimarer Weimarer Straße Straße as as part part of of thethe Hamburg Hamburg IBA IBA Cosmopolis Cosmopolis theme; theme; • development • development of of a cultural a cultural strip strip along along thethe
Vering Vering Canal Canal building building upon upon existing existing initiatives initiative
such such as as thethe Hönigfabrik Hönigfabrik and and Veringhöfe Veringhöfe Arts Arts New Road Road Highway
Highway
Highway
Railway
Railway
Railway
Railway
Road
& Creative & Creative Centre Centre as as a centre a centre of of creative creative
New Road
Road Highway
industries industries linked linked to to thethe Wilhelmsburg Wilhelmsburg
Road
M A IM N ARI O N URTO EU ST E S
Transportation Transportation
P R OPPROOSPEO DS E D C O NCNOENCNTE IO CN TS IONS R O URTO EU S TBEESYB OENYDO S NID T ES I T E
Canal lock Canal lock
Canal lock
Bridge
Bridge
Bridge Super dike
Canal lock Bridge Super dike
Dyke
Dyke
Dyke space Open
Dyke space Open
Public facilities
Public facilities
Green space Public facilities
Green space Public facilities
community, community, inspired inspired byby thethe history history and and ecology ecology of of thethe Elbe Elbe Islands; Islands;
• retention • retention and and conservation conservation of of thethe Soul Soul Kitchen Kitche
NEIG NH EB I GOHUBROHUOROHDO L OID NK LS INKS
as as an an integral integral part part of of thethe Vering Vering Canal Canal cultural cultur
M I XM ED I XU ES DEU DS E D
strip strip in in recognition recognition of of its its iconic iconic role role in in thethe film film
LIGH LT I GIH NTD U I NSDTU RS I ETS RIES
byby Fatih Fatih Akin, Akin, which which brought brought world world renown renown to t
G R EG ER NESEPA NS CPA E SC E S
Wilhelmsburg; Wilhelmsburg; • extension • extension to to thethe north north of of thethe existing existing ‘super ‘super dyke’ dyke’ on on thethe Reiherstieg Reiherstieg occupied occupied byby a new a new logistics logistics facility facility to to create create a flood-protected, a flood-protected,
high-level high-level development development precinct precinct forfor a sci-tech a sci-tec
business business park park with with a high-profile a high-profile image image on on theth waterfront; waterfront; • creation • creation of of a regional a regional park park and and biodiversity biodiversity reserve reserve on on thethe remediated remediated site site of of thethe prepreWorld World War War II oil II oil refinery refinery of of thethe Deutsche Deutsche
Canal lock Canal lock
Bridge
Bridge
Super dike
Dyke
Dyke space Open
Public facilities
Green space Public facilities
LIGHT INDUSTRIES
by Fatih Ak
G R E E N S PA C E S
Wilhelmsbu
• extension t
dyke’ on th
logistics fa high-level
business pa
waterfront
• creation of
reserve on
World War
Erdöl Werk
Wilhelmsbu
photos
photos
Jo Coenen
Agence Ter
• integration
pedestrian Perspective 1: Cultural Strip Along Vering Canal
Perspective 2: Neighbourhood Street
Metrozone
of vegetati
aimed at cl
summer he
restoration
habitat - re
of green ri
developme
Perspective 3: Open Space in Hi-Tech Park
Bridge 2
Water Cafe
Center
Square
Events centre
Mix use
Bridge 1
Deck
MUDD 19-City Visions Mix use
Theatre Green space
CULTURAL STRIP ALONG VERING CANAL
p along s as a meeting dences. The n get most changing humans into en spaces to
they can hold at either day or night time.
56
Canal Section
Bridge Section
Street Section
People walking along the Vering Canal
Lighting event in the Reiherstig
Spaces and events
Master of Urban Development & Design 2013-2014
MUDD19 EXHIBITION DESIGN Xiao Ruyu & Xu Yi
Sydney & Canberra City Visions
w6(12 banners) w5
(8 banners)
w4(13 banners) w3(13 banners w2 (14 banners)
Entry Reception
Entrance
w1(14 banners)
Flow
Window 1
Window 2
Bar
Window 3
Window 4
Window 5
Window 6
M floor
MUDD19 Master of Urban Development & Design 2013-2014 Ground Floor:
STADTVISIONEN 1910 | 2010 Berlin, Paris, London, Chicago A special exhibition from Berlin is displayed on the Ground Floor of the BE Gallery. Curated by the Centre for Metropolitan Studies and the Architecture Museum, Technical University Berlin, the exhibition is presented as a dialectic between central themes of city making a century apart. The focus on two epochs around the years 1910 and 2010 brings to the fore the urban reform movement at the end of the nineteenth century and the ambitions of sustainable urbanism at the end of the twentieth century without the intervening decades of high modernism, the devastation of total war and the emergence of the car-based city that destroyed urban fabric and urban life on an unprecedented scale worldwide. The result is an affirmation of urbanism in all its diversity and richness, which has informed MUDD Studio investigations this year. City Visions 1910 | 2010 for Sydney and Canberra undertaken by the MUDD19 class, inspired by the exhibition from Berlin, are also presented on the Ground Floor. ‘A city vision can be defined as a flexible language for sharing and augmenting the strengths of a place. It is a living body of work resulting from inclusive urban analysis, civic participation, trial, error and experience. A vision acts as a blueprint for the creative transformation of urban landscapes through specific, implementable, high impact projects all the while complementing the more tradition problem-solution model of dealing with urban challenges.’ - Dr Alfonso Vegara Gómez, Fundación Metropóli, Madrid, 2013 Reid Lecture, UNSW
Annual Exhibition 5 - 28 March 2014 Faculty of Built Environment Gallery Red Centre West Wing, UNSW
Mezzanine Level:
MUDD19 CITY VISIONS Hamburg, Venice, Sydney, Canberra The 2013-2014 Studios of the MUDD Program, now in its nineteenth year, are exhibited on the Mezzanine Level of the BE Gallery. The City Visions explored in the MUDD19 Studios, critical of current proposals for the cities under review, include urban development options for the Elbe Islands, Hamburg following the 20072013 Hamburg Internationale Bauausstellung (IBA); an urban gateway for Venice associated with the relocation of cruise ship operations from the historic centre to the mainland of the Venice Lagoon at Marghera; rethinking the Sydney CBD and North Sydney CBD in relation to a second harbour rail crossing; investigating development options for Chinatown and Haymarket in the context of the Central Sydney Planning Review; extending Light Rail from Darling Harbour West to Carriageworks, Eveleigh on the alignment of the 1855 goods line; post-ASIO Headquarters redevelopment of the Russell Defence complex, Canberra in a critical study of ‘Griffin Legacy’ principles for the National Capital in Canberra’s centenary year. The TU-Berlin exhibition has been brought to Sydney with the support of the Goethe Institute. Our MUDD19 sponsors and donors are honoured on the ramp linking the Ground Floor and Mezzanine Level display spaces.
The exhibition Stadtvisionen 1910 | 2010 is a celebration of the anniversary of the General Town Planning Exhibition, Berlin. It compares two key moments in time: the years around 1910 and 2010. 1910 The Berlin planning exhibition of 1910 presented the summation of contemporary urbanist thought and knowledge. It was the first time that an exhibition had given a comprehensive account of the reality of the built environment of metropolitan areas in the industrial age. The aim was to find solutions ‘for the demands of traffic as well as beauty, public health and economic efficiency’. The main message was that the problems of large cities could only be overcome with a multi-disciplinary approach. 2010 A hundred years later today’s agenda in the post-industrial metropolis is determined by a sustainable design approach. The big themes have remained the same to some degree; their context has changed dramatically, however. A new understanding of urban development is finding its way into town planning strategies, which are often broad in approach and controversial in design. At the same time new problems that threaten the integrity of cities are emerging such as a dramatic weakening of the influence of the public sector, the encroachment of private companies on the public realm and new forms of social polarisation as a result of de-industrialisation and immigration. Berlin | Paris | London | Chicago The exhibition concentrates on Berlin, Paris, London and Chicago, four outstanding metropolitan cities, whose approaches to town planning attracted a lot of attention in 1910 as it does today. Berlin In 1910 Berlin was trying to find answers to the challenges of unplanned growth in the industrial age. 100 years later Berlin is considered a model city of the post-industrial society. Paris Paris in 1910 was characterised by the big plans and visions of Eugène Hénard. Today’s Grand Pari(s) initiative marks an era of a new national urban development policy. London Previously Greater London was the birthplace of the Garden City Movement, which aimed to decentralise the metropolis in an orderly way. Today it has become the model of a renaissance of urban centres. Chicago In Chicago the world famous plan of Daniel H.Burnham was introduced in 1909. This aspired to enhance a city seen as lacking in beauty. Chicago Metropolis 2020 presents itself as a new strategic plan to develop a sustainable metropolitan region.
100 Years General Town Planning Exhibition in Berlin Town planning concerns everyone. It influences not just where and how we live and work, and how much we move around, but ultimately our happiness and well-being and that of our descendants. But it also has an impact on the ‘costs’ of urban living, today and in the future. Planning creates hopes and visions for a better, more liveable city. Over the years it has also been the subject of criticism and outrage. It has a long history and has been practised since cities came into existence. It is only since shortly before the First World War, however, that town planning was established as a profession with its own visions, principles and methods. And back then it was a success story. General Town Planning Exhibition in Berlin 1910 On 1st May, the ‘Allgemeine StädtebauAusstellung’ (General Town Planning Exhibition) opened its gates at the Royal Arts Academy in Charlottenburg at Harden- bergstrasse (today Berlin’s University of the Arts). The exhibition was inspired by the urban planning competition for Greater Berlin, the results of which were shown alongside many projects and plans from Germany and abroad. It reached a broad audience, attracting 65,000 visitors; success which came as a surprise to some. The feedback from abroad was equally positive. In August of the same year, it was shown in Düsseldorf and in the autumn some sections of the exhibition were presented at the International Town Planning Conference in London. STADTVISIONEN 1910 | 2010 Credits Berlin Exhibition October–December 2010 Hosted by Architecture Museum, Technical University Berlin Initiators Harald Bodenschatz (Professor for Sociology of Planning & Architecture, TU-Berlin) and Hans-Dieter Nägelke (Head, Architecture Museum, TU-Berlin) in cooperation with Harald Kegler (Bauhaus University Weimar) and Wolfgang Sonne (Technical University Dortmund) Curated by Christina Gräwe London Exhibition April-May 2011 Curated by Cordelia Polinna (TU-Berlin/Think-Berlin), Tobias Goevert and Kalin Coromina (Design for London) Editorial support Lee Mallett, Jeremy Melvin (Urbik), David Dunster Contributors Harald Bodenschatz (TU-Berlin), Dorothee Brantz (TU-Berlin), Sonja Dümpelmann (University of Maryland), Dieter Frick (TU-Berlin), Simone Goevert, Christina Gräwe (Kuratorenwerkstatt), Aljoscha Hofmann (TU-Berlin), Corinne Jaquand (Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture de Clemont-Ferrand), Harald Kegler (Bauhaus University Weimar), Hans-Di- eter Nägelke (TU-Berlin), Cordelia Polinna (TU-Berlin/Think-Berlin), Bar- bara Schönig (TU-Darmstadt), Wolfgang Sonne (TU-Dortmund), in cooperation with Regula Lüscher (Director of the Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin), Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin, Borough of BerlinMitte. City Visions 1910| 2010 has been organised by The Museum of Architecture, Berlin University of Technology Funded by German Federal Office for Building & Regional Development (BBR) and the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building & Urban Development (BMVBS).
One hundred years ago Berlin was going through immense growth, encouraged by private initiatives. This raised numerous key issues: at the fore were the issues of housing provision, transport capacity and the availability of public open space. At the same time planning professionals considered Berlin to be an urban laboratory, where new visions and new approaches to planning were tested. Many of these ideas were made visible at the Town Planning Exhibition in 1910. After the First World War the circumstances changed dramatically. Berlin was decentralised, the construction of housing in urban areas largely ceased and urban planning became public sector led. By the end of the Second World War, East and West Berlin faced grave housing shortages. Social housing delivery, however, was primarily concentrated in suburban areas. The compact and densely populated fabric of Berlin that had been severely decimated by bombings was further decreased by demolition programmes and car-oriented infrastructure schemes. In the years following the First World War, Berlin relied on strict planning policy controls and heavy subsidies. Since the fall of the Wall in 1989, Berlin’s public sectorled approach to urban planning has faced new challenges. Nowadays, an ageing population, increased social polarisation and climate change require new wasys of working. This comes at a time when the public sector is drastically reducing its lead role. Today, Berlin is concentrating its scarce resources on the central district. Alongside its historic splendour, the inner city is still home to former industrial sites and a great deal of former working class areas with dense tenement housing, which suffer from social exclusion but are also places to experiment. The outer districts, especially their vast social housing developments, are also important. The major city region of today is larger than its predecessor in 1910 and it is stretching beyond Berlin’s administrative boundaries into the federal state of Brandenburg. Limiting urban sprawl on one hand and addressing the renaissance of the southern half of the city region, catalysed by the new Berlin Brandenburg International Airport and the revitalisation of Potsdam, require combined efforts from the authorities of Berlin and Brandenburg.
Neither government nor any other official planning policy co-ordinated metropolitan planning / activities for a long time. The ‘banlieue’, or urban fringe, remained dominated by ‘pavillonnaire’, single dwelling suburban housing. The construction of five new satellite cities, ‘villes nouvelles’, from 1965 onwards has not changed the situation notably. However, over the last ten years some new ideas have emerged. In 2007 the dispute over the competition for the conversion of the covered market, Les Halles, led to a change in opinion about the importance of this central location for the entire metropolitan area. In June 2009 the cross-borough partnership, Paris Métropole, was founded. The historically single centrefocused Paris is moving away from splendid isolation. An expert study by 10 invited planning groups, Le Grand Pari du Grand Paris (The Big Challenge for Greater-Paris), began in 2008 and promised a comprehensive urban vision. The study envisages a metropolis suited to the post-Kyoto Protocol era committing to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, in terms of mobility, density, densification of the ‘pavillonaire’ (single dwelling suburban housing areas), regeneration of the ‘grands ensembles’ (large social housing estates), urban agriculture and, lastly, a new structuring of the spatial organisation of the entire metropolitan area. The details of the overall process are highly debated by the public. The history of ‘Grand Paris’ might have to be rewritten.
In 1910, London — the heart of the British Empire — was the capital of the largest political system in the world and the largest city in Europe. In this era, many urban planning strategies were designed to improve imperial London, such as the construction of the ceremonial route, The Mall and the Kingsway through Holborn. This followed half a century from 1855 when large scale urban infrastructure projects such as sewers and underground railways had been pioneered in London. Large and allencompassing urban plans, however, did not really stand a chance in London around 1900, at least in central London. The urban structure of the inner city experienced little change until the widespread destruction caused by the Second World War. Efforts to decentralise metropolitan areas, through the development of garden suburbs and new towns, were meticulously executed over decades. London doubled in size between 1918 and 1939 but lost population in the 1950s and 1960s at the height of the decentralisation to the new and expanded towns such as Harlow, Stevenage and Peterborough, regaining its upward growth from the 1980s. Industrial decline in London has freed up many industrial sites for redevelopment. One of the largest such sites, was the port of the West India Docks in East London, which was redeveloped into the Canary Wharf business district during the 1980s. This vast project has moved the financial centre of London eastwards. The late 1990s brought a u-turn in policy from decentralisation towards re-urbanisation, and focused on increased competition and innovation within the service and tourism sectors. The cuts to the system of local politics and planning made by the Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher, reached their zenith in 1986 with the abolition of the Greater London Council, London’s regional governing body. Its functions were transferred to the boroughs and the Government Office for London. The city was in desperate need of coordinated, regional planning and so, in the year 2000, under Tony Blair’s Labour government, the Greater London Authority (GLA) was established. The GLA is an institution that sees London’s urban development as a top priority. Strategically placed urban projects, steered by a comparatively lean authority, equipped with similarly lean budgets, are intended to support the regeneration of targeted areas within London. The aim is to turn London into a city that is economically thriving, inclusive and sustainable, with high-quality design.
CHICAGO
LONDON
PARIS
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INTRODUCTION 2
INTRODUCTION 1
Stadtvisionen 1910 | 2010
By 1910 Paris had accomplished its dramatic redevelopment programme, begun during the second half of the 19th century. This redevelopment, associated with the name of prefect Georges Eugène Haussmann, continues to affect the fabric and image of the central city today. Until 1910, its connectivity to the outer areas was strongly limited by the historic city wall. At that time, all attempts to break this ring failed. The construction of the underground metro since 1900 and later the introduction of the regional-high speed-rail system in the 1970s, however, has since connected the inner city with outer areas. Since the 1960s the urban ring road, Boulevard Périférique, forms a new barrier.
The second half of the 19th century brought a phase of incredible growth for Chicago — which had not even existed prior to 1800 and was only made a city in 1836. Within a few decades the city turned from a small military town on Lake Michigan to the second biggest city in the USA and into one of largest industrial metropolitan areas in the world. The city became famous for its dynamism and prosperity. The unmanaged growth that accompanied Chicago’s rapid industrialisation, however, was characterised by housing shortages, social conflict, traffic chaos and unsanitary conditions. The business elite of the city, in a group called the Commercial Club, responded to these problems by commissioning the Plan of Chicago (1909). The Plan, designed by Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett, delivered a regional approach to planning of hitherto unknown scale. It was recognised as exemplar well beyond the borders of the US. Unfortunately this dynamic ‘Spirit of Chicago’ could not prevent the post ‘Great Depression’ and World War II decline of the city which accelerated because of suburbanisation and deindustrialisation. Until the early 1980s, Chicago was still suffering from the consequences of this decline and of comprehensive Urban Renewal programmes, the construction of inner city motorways, which were mostly implemented after World War II, despite its many modernist architectural gems. Many parts of the city were dominated by urban decline and poverty, with the declining central business district surrounded by derelict, post-industrial quarters. Nowadays, Chicago’s inner city area is an attractive workplace, popular leisure centre and most of all a desirable residential location. Its reputation comes mainly from an innovative approach regarding urban revitalisation since the 1990s, but also from a clever combination of market orientated development policies and strategic planning. Once again the Commercial Club helped to deliver change to the City through planning. Of particular importance for the change in planning strategy was the support given by Richard M. Daley, Mayor of Chicago since 1989. The socially ambivalent consequences of this marketorientated development are very much apparent in Chicago’s urban fabric today, mainly in buzzing public spaces and parks or re-used historic buildings.