Study on the Effects of AFTA-CEPT Scheme on Manufacturing Industries by Ronald Yacat

Philippine Institute for Development Studies

Study on the Effects of AFTA-CEPT Scheme on Manufacturing Industries Virginia S. Pineda DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 97-23

The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute.

September 1997 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3rd Floor, NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines Tel Nos: 8924059 and 8935705; Fax No: 8939589; E-mail: publications@pidsnet.pids.gov.ph Or visit our website at http://www.pids.gov.ph

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STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF AFTA-CEPT SCHEME ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Virginia

S. Pineda

Economist

Phi_lippine Institute _or Development Studies Mal_ati, Metro Manl]a

30 SEPTEMBER 1992 ( FINAL REPORT )

A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF THE AFTA-CEPT ON PHILIPPINE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

1. INTRODUCTION The Common Effective Preferential Tariffs (CEPT) scheme of the ASEAN Free q_l:ade Area (AFFA) provides for a progressive reduction of tariffs on ASEAN products to the zero to five percent range by year 2003. This will benefit Philippine exporters to ASEAN. The lower CEPT rates makes the country's products cheaper in these markets, thus stimulating greater demand. The increase in exports to ASEAN would depend on the price elasticity of demand. In the Philippine market, lower tariff on inputs sourced from ASEAN would decrease production cost of using local industries. On the other hand, the lower CEPT rates could adversely affect domestic producers competing with imports from ASEAN. Cheaper ASEAN imports could result in lower market share, production, and prices of competing local goods. Considering the CEPT's benefits to Philippine exporters and its possible negative effects on local manufacturers, this study aims to analyze the impact of the CEPT on Philippine manufacturing industries, identify gainers and vulnerable industries, and specify policies for improving global competitiveness, The paper gives a background on AFTA-CEPT in the next section, followed by a brief review of Philippine-ASEAN trade. The fourth section describes the methods used for classifying and determining gainers and vulnerable industries under the CEPT. Section 5 presents the impact of the CEPT on the effective protection of the manufacturing sector and identi.fies commodities/industries which are gainers, non-vulnerable, and vulnerable to ASEAN competition. The last section summarizes the thndings and discusses some adjustment measures and policies for improving global competitiveness.

2. BACKGROUND

ON AFTA-CEPT

At the Fourth ASEAN Summit in January 1992, the ASEAN Heads of Governments agreed to establish an ASEAN Free Trade Area by year 2008. The target date was advanced to 2003 during the ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM) Meeting in September 1994. AFTA has the following objectives: (1) to increase intra-ASEAN trade and facilitate further opening of ASEAN economies; (2) to attract outside direct investors to ASEAN and to promote investment by ASEAN investors; and (3) to make ASEAN's manufacturing sectors more efficient and competitive within the liberalizing global market. The main implementing mechanism of AFTA is the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme. Under the CEPT, tariffs on ASEAN manufactured goods and agricultural products will be progressively reduced to the zero to five percent range. This will be completed by 1998-2000 (originally2000-2003) tbr 15 product groups under the fast track schedule and by 2000 to 2003 (originally 2003-2008) for goods under the normal track schedule. To avail of the preferential tarns, at least 40 percent of the value of the product must be of ASEAN origin. In

addition to tari.ff reductions, member countries are to eliminate quantitative restrictions immediately, and non-tariff barriers over five years for products included in the CEPT. Initially, each ASEAN member may exclude certain products from the CEPT coverage under the following categories: (1) unprocessed agricultural products: (2) general exceptions, particularly those with health and security reasons; and (3) temporary exclusions for "sensitive products" that would be subject to review by the eighth year or year 2001. For excluded produq!s, the ASEAN member would not enjoy AFTA benefits. During the September 1994 AEM meeting, the Ministers have decided to eliminate the temporary exclusion list. Products under "that list will be transferred to the inclusion list in five equal annual installments of 20 percent, starting Januaz'y 1, 1996. Unprocessed agricultural products, which were previously excluded fiom the CEPT, will also have items tbr inclusion, temporary exclusion and sensitive list. The Philippines' 1996 CEPT package totalled 4,694 tarifflines, of which 4,380 lines were under the Inclusion List and 314 lines were previously excluded from the CEPT. The latter consisted of 155 lines from the temporary exclusion list and 159 lines fiom unprocessed agriculture. About 562 more tariff lines in the temporary exclusion list will be transferred to the inclusion list from 1997-2000. Of the remaining lines in unprocessed agriculture, 203 lines are in temporary exclusion list and 25 are in sensitive list.

3. PHILIPPINE-ASEAN

TRADE

Philippine trade with ASEAN has been minimal. ASEAN constituted an average of 10.79 percent of the country's exports and 11.49 percent of its imports from 1993-1995 (Table 1). The Philippines was a net importer from ASEAN, with an an average trade deficit of US$ 1.16 billion fiom 1993-1995. Its exports to and imports from ASEAN during the same period averaged US$1.5 billion and US$ 2.66 billion, respectively.

4. METHODOLOGY The objective of the study is to fred out which would gain most and which would be most vulnerable to the CEPT. The obvious gainers__arenet exporters to ASEAN. Hence, the fu'st step is to categorize commodities into those wherein the Philippines is a net exporter to and wherein it is a net importer from ASEAN. The latter may be further subdivided into net exporters to the world and net importers from the world. In the case of net exporters to the world, the CEPT is not expected to have adverse impact considering the country's international competitiveness in such products.

The next task is to identify from among the net importers from ASEAN and the world which industries would be vulnerable to competition. An industry is considered vulnerable it it is high-cost, its effective protection dropped significantly under the CEPT, and it produces goods wherein Philippine imports from ASEAN are substantial. Using these criteria, vulnerable (and non-vulnerable) industries are determined as follows: (1) Net importers from ASEAN and the world are classified into high-cost and low-cost industries based on their Domestic Resource Cost/Shadow Exchange Rate (DRC/SER) ratios. The DRC/SER ratio is used to indicate competitiveness. Low-cost industries (with DRC/SER <= 1.2) are considered as competitive and non-vulnerable. (2) High-cost industries (with DRC/SER > 1.2) are sifted further according to the changes in Effective Protection Rate (EPR). Those with higher or same EPR under the CEPT are deemed as non-vulnerable. (3) High cost industries with significant EPR reduction are ranked based on the share of competing ASEAN imports in the Philippines' total imports of the particular products. The greater the EPR reduction and the higher the share of ASEAN imports, the more vulnerable the industry would be under the CEPT. To gauge the significance of vulnerable industries, we derive their proportion to total manufacturing output and employment. Concerning industries with minimal EPR reductions under CEPT, those with already low EPRs even without the CEPT may also be regarded as vulnerable. Following the above process, we computed the difference between exports to and imports from ASEAN and the world at 3-digit PSCC (Philippine Standard Commodity Classification). Commodities were then grouped according to the country's trade balance, as follows: A. Net exporter tO A_EAN Philippine exporters to ASEAN markets will gain most from the CEPT. The ASEAN-wide tariff reduction will improve their price-competitiveness and encourage greater demand for their products. B. Net importer from ASEA,Nand

neCe_porter tOworld

Since the Philippines is world-competitive in these products and has existing markets, the CEPT is not likely to have negative impact. It.Â˘Quld even stinmlate exports to ASEAN markets. .C. Net importer from both ASEAN andthe world Under this group, there could be vulnerable industries. By making imports from ASEAN cheaper, the CEPT could have unfavorable effects on competing locally-manufactured goods, such as decreases in market share, prices, and production.

For commodities wherein the Philippines was net importer from both ASEAN and the world, corresponding industries were derived from the 1992 NSO Annual Survey of Establishments. Indicators were computed for the industries, as follows: (1.) Effective Protection Rate (EPR) to take into account the combined effect on value added of tariff changes on output and inputs. TarNs provide protection by raising the prices of hnports in the domestic market. This enables local producers to increase theh output prices and mm'ket shares, resulting in higher value added. However, tariffs on inputs raise production costs and reduce value added. The EPR measures net protection or net increase in value added due to tariffs. Two sets of EPRs were computed: a. EPRs at non-CEPT rates using data from the tariff and customs code which are up to the year 2000. b. EPRs at CEPT rates utilizing data from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). (2.) Domestic Resource Cost/Shadow Exchange Rate (DRC/SER) Ratio - to provide an indication of competitiveness. The DRC concept is an application of social cost-benefit analysis to tradable goods production. In such activity, both domestic and foreign costs are incurred. Benefits are in terms of foreign exchange earned through exports or saved though production of import substitutes. The DRC measures the social cost of domestic resources used per unit of net foreign exchange earned or saved (benefits less foreign costs) by the activity. Since domestic costs are in local currency and net benefits are in foreign exchange, the DRC can be considered as the activity's own exchange rate in the same way that the IRR (internal rate of return) is the activity's own rate of return to capital. Just as the IRR is compared with the opportunity cost of capital, the DRC is compared with the SER to gauge tl_e activity's efficiency in earning o_ saving foreign exchange. The SER represents the opportunity cost of domestic resources used in all activities producing tradable goods. It indicates society's valuation of foreign exchange which is not necessarily equal to the official or market exchange rate due to government intervention or market distortions. For 1992, the SER was estimated to be 20 percent higher than the official or market exchange rate. A DRC less than the SER (or DRC/SER < 1) indicates efficiency. The lower the DRC relative to the SER, the more efficient an activity is. Following previous studies (Tecson. 1996), we consider an industry as competitive if its DRC/SER ratio is less than or equal to 1.2. Based on the DRC/SER ratios, the industries were grouped into: a) Competitive industries b) Uncornpetitive industries

- those wifl_ DRC/SER ratios less than or equal to 1.2 - those with DRC/SER ratios greater than 1.2

Uncompetitive industries were further subdivided into those with higher or same effective protection rates and those with lower EPRs under the CEPT. Higher EPRs are possible as a result of decreases of tarns on inputs. In such cases, industries gain from the CEPT. Industries with lower EPRs were classified into those with minimal and with significant EPR reduction. If the EPRs under the CEPT are lower by four or more percentage points, the reduction is considered significant. The industries with subtantial EPR reduction were then 4

ranked according to the EPR levels and the ASEAN share in imports. An EPR rate above 20 percent in 1996 under CEPT is considered high. Also, a 15 percent share of ASEAN in Philippine imports is deemed relatively high. To assess the importance of industries with significant tariff reduction, their employment and output value and respective shares in total manutacturing employment and output are presented. These data were derived from the 1988 Census of Establishments which has wider coverage than the Annual Survey of Establishments.

5 EFFECTS OF THE CEPT ON MANUFACTURING 5.1 Effective protection of the manufacturing

INDUSTRIES

sector

For the whole manufacturing sector, the estimated average EPRs based on CEPT rates are slightly lower than those at non-CEPT rates, by about two percentage points (Table 2). EPRs at CEPT rates are 11.92 percent Ibr 1996 and 7.27 percent for year 2000. These are very close to the EPRs at non-CEPT rates of 13.86 percent for 1996 and 9.22 percent for year 2000. At the 3-digit PSIC (Philippine Standard Industrial Classification) level, metal furniture and ILxtures,fabricated metal products, and glass products showed greatest EPR reduction (by 13-20 percentage points) while transport equipment has slightly higher EPR under the CEPT, by around two percentage points. 5.2 possible net gainers 5.2.1 Commodities wherein the Philippines is net exporter to ASEAN The Philippines will gain most from the CEPT in commodities wherein it is a net exporter to ASEAN (Table 3). From 1993-1995, exports to and imports from ASEAN of these products averaged US$1.263 billion and US$ 497 million, respectively, yielding a trade surplus of US$ 766 million for the country. The ASEAN tariff reduction will make our exports more price- competitive in these markets and increase the demand tbr Philippine products. The higher the country's net exports to ASEAN, the greater would be its gains from the CEPT. Excluding special and unclassified transactions and goods, the top five commodities in terms of net exports included semi-conductor de.vices, fertilizers, motor vehicle parts and accessories, fixed vegetable fats and oils, and copper.

5.2.2 Products where the Philippines is net importer from ASEANand net exporter to the world Exports to non-ASEAN markets are not affected by the CEPT but exports to ASEAN could increase due to the tariff reduction. Thus, the CEPT can be expected to have positive impact on total exports of commodities wherein the Philippines is net importer from ASEAN and net exporter to the world (Table 4).

:::

From 1993 to 1995, the country incurred an average deficit of US$116 million in its trade with ASEAN on these products. The CEPT could therefore be a threat â&#x20AC;˘to producers competing with ASEAN imports in the domestic market. (Products where net imports and proportion of ASEAN imports were highest included sugar and molasses/honey, cocoa, and animal or vegetable tats and oil.) On the other hand, the Philippines registered a surplus of us$ 1.27 billion in its trade with the world on these commodities. If the country can be competitive in the world market, it can also compete with ASEAN imports in the domestic market.

5.3 Non-vulnerable industries In commodities where the Philippines is a net importer from both ASEAN and the world, the CEPT could adversely affect certain local producers competing with ASEAN imports (Table 5). However, some industries can be considered not vulnerable to ASEAN competition. These include competitive industries as well as uncompetitive industries with same or higher effective protection or minhnal EPR reduction under the CEPT. 5.3.1 Competitive Industries An industry is considered competitive if its DRC/SER ratio is less than or equal to 1.2. The list of industries which meet this criterion are shown in Table 6. Many of the industries are in food manufacturing, paper and printing, chemicals, fabricated metal products, and electrical machinery. 5.3.2 Industries with higher or same EPRs under the CEPT The CEPT could raise the effective protection of industries. This results when tariff reduction on inputs is greater than on outputs. In such cases, producers gain from the CEPT. If the effective protection rates based on CEPT rates are almost the same as those based on non-CEPT rates, then CEPT does not pose any threat to the industry. The list of industries with higher or same effective protection are shown in Table 7. Most of these industries are in manufacture of food, non-electrical machinery, and transport equipment. 5.4 Vulnerable industries An industry can be considered vulnerable to ASEAN competition and could be adversely affected by the CEPT if it is uncompetitive, its eff._ctiveprotection fell significantly under the CEPT and is relatively low, and the proportion of ASEAN imports is high. The greater the EPR reduction and the higher the share of ASEAN in total imports of the particular commodities, the more vulnerable the industry would be to competition. Exceptions, however, are industries which continue to have relatively higher EPRs (20 percent or more in 1996) even with significant EPR reduction under CEPT. Among these are manufactures of metal containers, chocolate and cocoa products, household equipment, meat processing, and paints. (See Table 8).

Industries with EPRs below 20 percent in 1996 under CEPT are ranked according to the share of competing ASEAN imports in total Philippine imports of the particular products. The proportion of imports fiom ASEAN is relatively high (about 15 percent or more) in hardboard and particleboard, glass containers, food products, non-metallic mineral products, and general hardware. In 1988, these five industries constituted only 0.87 percent and 1.08 percent of total m_mufacturing employment and output, respectively. On the whole, industries with significant EPR reduction accounted for only about 5 percent and 4 percent shares of total manufacturing employment and output, respectively, which are very minimal. Among industries with minimal EPR reduction, many aheady have low EPRs even without the CEPT (Table 9). These may be deemed vulnerable. However, except for food and beverage, the industries (such as textiles, chemicals, iron and steel, non-electrical machinery) are in the capital and intermediate goods sectors. Since they are sources of inputs, the low EPRs of these industries is consistent with the policy of minnnizing the cost of inputs tbr using downstream industries and helping them become cost-competitive.

SUMlVlARY AND CONCLUSION Under the Common Effective Preferential Tariffs (CEPT) scheme of the ASEAN Free Trade kaea (AFTA), tariffs on ASEAN products will be progressively reduced to the zero to five percent range by year 2003. Such tariff reduction benefits Philippine exporters to ASEAN markets but could also adversely affect local producers competing with ASEAN imports in the domestic market. This study aimed to analyze the impact of the CEPT on Philippine manufacturing industries, identify gainers and vulnerable industries, and specify policies for improving global competitiveness. The effects of the CEPT on protection of manufacturing industries is measured by comparing effective protection rates (EPRs) with and without the CEPT. The obvious gainers from the CEPT are producers of commodities wherein the Philippines is a net exporter to ASEAN. On the other hand, an industry is considered vulnerable to ASEAN competition it it has high costs (i.e., with DRC/SER ratio > 1.2), its effective protection falls significantly under the CEPT ( by 4 percentage points or more) and is relatively low (less than 20 percent in 1996 under CEPT), and the proportion of ASEAN_imports is high (15 percent or more). Based on these criteria, the main findings of the paper are as follows: 1. EPR In terms of effective protection, based on CEPT rates are slightly lower percentage points. EPRs at CEPTrates 2000. These are very close tO the EPRs 10 percent for year 2000. 7

the estimated average EPRs of manufacturing than those at non-CEPT rates, by about two are 12 percent/or 1996 and 8 percent for year at non-CEPT rates of 14 percent for 1996 and

2. Gainers, Non-vulnerable, and Vulnerable industries On the whole, industries with significant EPR reduction accounted tbr only about 5 percent and 4 percent shares of total mantffacturing employment and output, respectively, which are very minimal. In other words, an overwhelming majority of industries with about 95 percent share of manufacturing employment and output will either be gainers or non-vulnerable to ASEAN competition under the CEPT. Among the gainers, the top five commodities are semi-conductor devices, fertilizers, motor vehicle parts and accessories, fixed vegetable fats and oils, and copper. Regarding the vulnerable industries, the greater the EPR reduction and the higher the share of ASEAN in total imports of the particular commodities, the more vulnerable the industry would be to competition. Industries with significant EPR reduction under the CEPT as well as low EPR, and with high ASEAN share in imports include hardboard and particleboard, glass containers, tbod products, non-metallic mineral products, and general hardware. Concerning specific adjustment measures for vulnerable industries, these can be addressed better at the industry-level. In general, high-cost firms/industries with signiticant EPR reduction under the CEPT would have to improve their efficiency. Those unable to do so could contract, close down or shift to other product lines or business. But there could 'also be expansion as efficient firms get a share of the market of contracting firms. Some labor/capital displacements could take place but this is part of ASEAN-wide industrial restructuring towards greater efficiency. Training assistance, better information system on job availability, and livelihood financing programs could facilitate the adjustment process. The Department of Labor and Employment's adjustment measures to GATT-WTO are also applicable to AFTA-CEPT. These include training for skills upgrading and retraining for displaced industrial workers, productivity improvement programs, and establishment of a computerized network of public employment service offices (PESO). The PESO is a community-based facility 'aimed at providing information and referral services, including selfemployment, to employment seekers, especially displaced workers. Instead of introducing new measures, attention could focus more on information dissemination and efficient implementation of the existing safety nets to ensure that they reach theft"intended beneficiaries.

Measures to improve global competitiveness of Philippine industries have akeady been identified and discussed in many studies, such as thosÂ˘_b_yIntal (1997) and Medalla and others (1995). The country's comparative advantage is in labor-intensive products. Rising labor costs, labor unrest, and low productivity erodes competitiveness. Policies should be geared towards nroductivity improvement, productivity-linked wage adjustments, acceleration of skills levelopment, and strengthening of labor and management relations. Export competitiveness could be enhanced by providing exporters easier access to credit, echnology and information assistance, incentives tbr research and development, training, and

mm'ketdevelopment, and avoiding peso overvaluation. Policy reforms should hnclude measures increasing the automaticity of the duty drawback system and granting equivalent tax credits tot locally-produced inputs. Global Competitiveness of industries could be fostered through greater investment in physical infrastructure and human capital, promotion of private investment in infrastructure in priority areas based on market-oriented user charges, reduction of transaction costs by streamlining import, export and other business procedures and by more extensive use of computers, and maintenance of financial and price stability.

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TABLE 2 EFFECTIVE PROTECTION RATES (EPR) AT 3-DIGIT PSIC

...... PSIC

311 312 313 314 321 322 323 324 331 332 341 342 351 352 353 354 355 356 361 362 363 369 371 372 381 382 383 384 385 386 390

DESCRIPTION

EPR (%i .... NON-CEPT 1996

Food Other food Beverages Tobacco Textiles Apparel Leather products Footwear Wood products Furn. & fixt., exc. metal Paper products Printing, publishing Industrial chemicals Other chemicals Petroleum refining Coal products Rubber products Plastic products Pottery & china Glass products Cement Other nonmetal mineral product Iron & steel Nonferrous metal basic product Fabricated metal products Machinery except electrical Electrical machinery Transport equipment Professional equipment Furniture & fixtures, metal Other manufacturing

TOTAL MANU.F..ACTURING ....

9.10 41.45 30.65 31.96 5.21 2.09 20.06 -2.10 11.69 4.62 20.07 7.89 -0.57 18.69 22.92 -0.35 18.33 17.01 12.40 24,95 0.64 20.58 4.87 1.23 52.57 1.39 4.92 21.78 17.51 34.42 .... A.54

CEPT NON-CEPT 1996 2000

CEP-I 2000

7.15 40.25 23.93 32.52 4.63 2.31 18.61 -2.09 8.64 1.05 18.35 0.20 -0.69 16.78 22.96 -0.06 14.03 12.66 11.80 11.58 0.64 13.40 4.14 1.23 37.99 1.09 2.75 24.38 14.06 14.16 3.75

5.06 40.74 13.32 16.47 1.70 0.46 9.40 -0.58 3.80' 0.21 8.86 -0.64 -0.89 8.67 12.80 0.25 9.03 6.27 3.61 4.59 1.93 8.54 2.47 1.33 14.90 0.90 1.68 16.32 3.95 11.43 1.68

13.86, ,_, 11.92

'11

4.29 38.95 19.95 23.10 1.81 0.59 13.93 -1.32 7.19 3.41 9.82 7.25 -1.18 11.97 12.73 -0.10 11.62 13,64 7,45 17.36 1.93 10.21 2.41 1.32 33.04 1.24 3.28 15.28 7.33 24.78 3.22

9.22 ._. 7.27

TABLE 3 COMMODITIES WHEREIN THE PHILIPPINES IS NET EXPORTER TO ASEAN

PSCC

NET EXPORTS TO ASEAN

DESCRIPTION

ASF"AN SHARE It, EXPORT

(.U.S_}_FOB) ,. (% _,NET EXPORTER g31 776 422 971 582 231 344 371 835 D36 358 593 884 D37 288 889 845 899 844 831

851 059 543 897 062 223 245 057 248 269 265 558 281 291 035 961

TO ASEAN

& TO THE WORLD

special transactions and commodities not classified according to kind thermionic cold cathode/photocathode valves & tubes;diodes,transistors,similar semiconductor devices; photosensitive SCDs; light-emitting diodes; piezo-electr crystals, electronic ICs & microassemblies;parts fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude, refined or fractionated other than _off gold, non-monetary copper natural rubber, balata, gutta-percha, guayule, chicle & Other natural gums

350,281,504 138,086,158

14.11 17.40

49,905.571 33,669,629 26,552,349 8,888,287

9.87 17.97 10.46 54.25

petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons, nes coffee and coffee substitutes wood manufactures nes crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic invertebrates, in shell or not, frlch/fr"z,drd/slt/bm/ckd fruit, preserved, and fruit preparations (excl fruit juices) explosives and pyrotechnic products. optical goods nes fish, crustaceans, mollusks, other aquatic invertebrates, prepared or preserved nes nonferrous base metal waste and scrap, nes miscellaneous nonferrous base metals used in metallurgy and cermets articles of apparel, of textile fabdcs, whether or not knitted or crocheted nes miscellaneous manufactured articles nes women's or girl's garments of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted trunks, suitcases, briefcases, school satchels; binocular,camera,musical instrument,spectacle,gun cases holsters, similar containers; travelling bags, handbags, etc; wallets, purses, tool bags, sports bags; jewelry boxes, powder boxes, cutlery cases, etc.; of leather, plastic, textile, fiber, paperboard; travel sets for personal toilet, sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning footwear fruit and vegetable juices, unfermented and not containing added spirit, sweetened or not men's or boy's garments of textile fabrics, knitted or crocheted jewellery, goldsmith's and silversmith's wares, other articles of precious or semi-precious materials nes sugar confectionery oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, whole or broken, for the extraction of other fixed veg. oils fuel wood and wood charcoal fruit and nuts, fddrd wood in chips or particles and wood waste worn clothing and other worn textile articles; rags vegetable textile fibers, raW or processed but not spun; waste of these fibers made_up articles, wholly or chiefly of textile materials nes iron ore and concentrates crude animal materials, nes fish, drd/slUbrn/smk coin not being legal tender

3,848,947 3,762,268 2,817,089 2,666,897 2,634,472 2,596,403 2,437,725 1,743,850 1,632,662 1,570,295 1,460,598 1,174,410 813,718 813,373

632,400 454,206 428,138 400,016 369.851 219,024 140,436 137,524 128,912 122,154 105,122 49,603 44,664 19,410 5.062 1,270

AVERAGE

6_91I 46.54 2.57 0.93 2.89 56.30 21.43 1.42 7.29 50.23 0.58 1.77 0_93 1.26

1.61 2.57 0.43 1.12 39.26 2.34 1.37 0.45 26.37 17.22 0.51 1.20 13.68 1.19 1.63 11.57 11.25

B. NET EXPORTER TO ASEAN & NET IMPORTER FROM THE WORLD 562 784 S55 054 856 282 524 044 725 122 891 811 553 583

fertilizers parts and accessodes of the motor vehicles in 722, 781,782, and 783 knitted or crocheted fabdcs (incl. tubular knits nes, pile and open-worked fabrics) nes vegetables, fdch,/fr'zor prsvd, legumes, roots, tubers, other edible veg._pTo_lsnes, fr/drd tulles, lace, embroidery, ribbons, tdmmings and other small wares ferrous waste and scrap; rernelting ingots of iron or steel other inorganic chemicals; organic and inorganic compounds of precious metals maize (excl. sweet corn), unmilled paper mill and pulp mill machinery, machines for the manufacture of paper articles,parts tobacco, manufactured (whether or not containing tobacco substitutes) arms and ammunition prefabricated buildings perfumery, cosmetics or toilet preparations (excl. soaps) monofilament whose x-sect dimension > 1ram, rods, sticks, profile shapes, of plastics

57,981,983 51,019,202 5,272,964 3,579,962 2,704,296 1,693,794 1,088,727 1,036,936 392,387 325,048 82,030 81,852 4,372 89

90.08 38.93 32.90 28.96 22.77 45.43 44.81 94.01 34.40 22.66 14.95 18.79 34.00 22.87

:! AVERAGE

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TABLE 5 NET IMPORTER PSCC

FROM ASEAN

& NET

IMPORTER FROM WORLD ASEAN SHARE IN

DESCRIPTION

:)01 :)11 312 :)16 317 322 323 324 325 341 342 343 1045 046

live animals other than fish meat of bovine animals, fr/clVfrz other meat and edible meat offal, fr/oh/frz meat and edible offal, slt/brn/drd/smk, edible flours & meals of meat & offal meat & edible offal, prepared or preserved, nee milk and cream and milk products, other than butter & cheese butter and other fats and oils derived from milk cheese and curd eggs, burds & egg yolks,fr/drd or preserved, swtnd or not; egg albumin wheat and meslin, unmilled rice barley, unmilled cereals, unmilled meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin

i047 048 056 073 074 075 081 '091 098 111 112 121 211 222 232 244 247 248 251 261 263 264 266 267 268 272 273 274 277 278 283 285 321 322 325 333 334

other cereal meals and flours cereal preps and preps of Ilour or starch of fruit and vegetables vegetables, roots, tubers, prepared or preserved nes chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, nes tea and mate spices feeding stuff for animals (excl. unmilled cereals) margadne and shortenings edible products and preparations, nes non-alcoholic beverages nes alcoholic beverages tobacco,Unmanufactured; tobacco refuse hides and skins (except furskins), raw oil seeds and oleaginous fruits of a kind used for the extraction of soft vegetable oils synthetic rubber, reclaimed rubber; waste, parings & scrap of unhardened rubber cork, natural, raw and waste wood in the rough or roughly ,squared wood, simply worked, and railway sleepers of wood pulp and waste paper silk cotton jute& other textile bast fibers, nes, raw or processed but not spun; tow & waste of these fibers synthetic fibers suitable for spinning other manmade fibers suitable for spinning and waste of manmade fibers wool and other animal hair (incl. wool tops) fertilizers; crude stone, sand and gravel sulphurand unroasled pyrites natural abrasives, nes (incl. industrial diamonds) othercrude materials copper ores and concentrates; copper mattes, cement copper aluminum ores and concentrates coal whether or not pulverized, but not agglomerated briquettes, lignite and peat coke and semi-coke of coal, lignite, or of peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals; preps nee containing 70% or more of these, these being the basic constituents of the preps residual petroleum products, nes and related materials liquifled propane and butane coal gas, water gas, producer gas and similar gases animal oils and fats fixed vegetable fats and oils, soft, crude, refined or fractionated hydrocarbons, nes and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives alcohols, phenols, phenol-alcohols, and their derivatives carboxylic acids and their anhydrides, halide, peroxides & peroxyacids; their derivatives nitrogen-function compounds organo-inorganic compounds, heterocyctic compounds, nucleic acids and their salts other organic chemicals inorganic chemical elements, oxides and halogen salts metallic salts and peroxysalts, of inorganic acids radioactive and associated materials synthetic organic coloring matter and color lakes, preps based on these dyeing and tanning extracts, synthetic tanning materials pigments vpaints t varnishes and related materials

335 342 345 411 421 511 512 513 514 515 516 522 523 525 531 532 533

ASEAN SHARE IN

EXPORTS (_%)

IMPORTS (%}

14.75 0.0(3 0.00 1J4 30.50 19.78 0.00 12.07 0.043 0.00 0.00 O.00 0.00 0_(30

1.45 1.83 27.48 11.16 7,07 1.66 5.08 0.42 3.34 0.00 88.24 0.00 0_19 0.29

0.00 3.26 1.96 19.46 0.(30 21.91 1.38 2.93 31.08 0.57 7.79 1_99 0_00 0.00 79.63 0.00 0.00 24.82 0.08 0.00 34.02 0.(30 2.47 2.14 0.00 70_55 8.23 0.00 0.(30 9.77 0.(30 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.85

11.41 8.75 5.47 8.94 33.33 41.76 2.46 23.86 33.42 44.30 1.69 2.41 0.29 14.34 7.08 12.76 28.42 63_35 12.71 28.42 2.12 0.00 5.82 14.28 10.23 2.34 42_22 8.70 2.85 16.23 47.33 2.72 44_29 0.00 0.03 10.95 43.88

51.88 11.90 0.00 0.00 98.04 3.80 7.82 25.71 8.2"2 11.61 6.84 51.32 20.56 0.00 22.07 0.85 19.98

10.75 8.86 45.54 0.59 89.60 10.82 46_62 12.51 16.89 12.75 12.18 26.04 3.96 6.52 12.71 3_59 19.81

TABLE 5 NET IMPORTER _SCC

FROM ASEAN

& NET IMPORTER FROM WORLD ASEAN SHARE IN

DESCRIPTION

ASE._N SHARE IN

EXPORTS (._%) IMPORTS {%) 541 542 551 554 571 572 573 574 575 579 581 582 591 592 597 598 611 512 513 521 525 629 533 534 541 542 551 552 $53 554 557 559 561 562 563 564

medicinal and pharmaceutical products, other than medicaments of 542 medicaments (incl, veterinary) essential oils, perfume and flavor materials soap, cleansing and polishing preparations polymers of ethylene in pdmary forms polymers of styrene, in primary forms polymers of vinyl chloride or other halogenated olel_ns, in pdmary forms polyacetals,other polyethers,epoxide resins;polycarbonates,alkyd resins,other polyesters in primary forms other plastics, in primary forms waste, parings and scrap, of plastics tubes, pipes and hoses of plastic plates, sheets, film, foil, and strip of plastics insecticides, fungicides, anti-sprouting prods, disinfectants etc in forms for retail sale or as preps starches, inulin, and wheat gluten; albuminoidal substances; glues prepared additives for mineral oils and the like; for hydraulic transmissions, lubricating preps etc miscellaneous chemical products nes leather manufactures of leather or of composition leather, nes; saddlery and harness furakins, tanned or dressed, with or without head, tail or paws, not assembled materials of rubber rubber fires, interchangeable tire treads, tire flaps and inner tubes for wheels of all kinds articles of rubber, nes cork manufactures veneers, plywood, particle board and other wood, worked, nes paper and paper board paper and paperboard cut to size or shape, and articles of paper and paper board textile yam cotton fabrics, woven (excl. narrow or special fabrics) fabrics, woven, of manmade textiel materials (excl. narrow or special fabrics) . other textile fabdcs, woven special yarns, special textile fabrics an d related products floor coverings, etc. lime, cement, and fabricated construction materials (except glass and clay materials) clay construction materials and refractory construction materials mineral manufactures nes glass

565 571 572 573 574 575 576 677 678 679 1681 683 684 685 686 691 692 693 694 695 696 699 711 712 713 714 716 718 721 722 723 724

glassware pig iron, spiegeleisen, sponge iron, iron or steel granules and powders and [erroalloys ingots and other primary forms or iron or steel; semi-finished products fiat-rolled products of iron or nonalloy steel, not clad, plated or coated fiat-rolled products of iron or nonalloy steel, clad, plated or coated fiat-rolled products of alloy steel iron or steel bars, rods, angles, shapes and sections (incl. sheet pilings) rails and railway track construction material, of iron or steel wire of iron or steel tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, and tube or pipe fittings, of iron or steel silver, platinum and other metals of the platinum group nickel aluminum lead zinc structures and parts of structures nes, of iron, steel or aluminum metal containers for storage or transport wire products (excl. insulated electrical wiring) and fencing grills nails, screws, nuts, bolts, rivets, staples, etc. of iron, steel, copper, aluminu-m (excl.copper heads) tools for use in the hand or in machines cutlery manuPactures of base metal nes steam or other vapro generating boilers, super heated water boilers, auxiliary plants; parts steam turbines and other vapor turbines, parts nes internal combustion piston engines, parts nes engines and motors, nonelectric; parts nes of these rotating electric plants and parts thereof, nes other power generating machinery and parts nes agdcultural machinery (excl. tractors) and parts tractors civil engineering equipment and contractors' plant and equipment textile and leather machinery, and pa_s nes

3.40 43.62 40_05 12.30 20.60 12_59 2.93 3_64

12.01 8.50 14.71 17.37 14.71 10.59 12_74 19.27

15.56 0.71 9.13 4.85 95.02 21.10 81.54 12.35 0.00 0.67 0.00 4.22 11.91 7.01 0.00 5.11 66.17 11,72 6.12 49.12 0.81 12.84 10.27 2.18 25.63 26.70 34.76 17.35

16.38 1.84 4.47 15.20' 8.37 13.76 36.33 15.29 2.87 9.91 0.53 32.92 30.25 8.36 2.83 49.43 5.55 14.8_ 12.8_ 5.5 7.14 ! 1_17 15.66 I 6.10 6.861 13.59' 15.801 23.89'

23_76 0_20 0.00 29.46 6.31 27.89 0.03 0.00 55.59 1.43 0.82 0.00 17.74 21.40 0.00 15.18 18.11 80.16 0.54 1_50 0.28 16.22 0.00 0.00 23.59 0.00 24.97 100.00 72.59 1.23 2.39 34.45

37.40 44.42 0.00 2.67 2.36 4.03 5.56 2.51 35_16 9.97 17.00 7.13 16.29 4.45 4.39 7.55 27.07 19.62 10.69 11.39 14,60 12.72 2.96 0.96 6,81 1.62 8.72 20.39 6.79 0.59 15.91 2.77

TABLE5 NET IMPORTER FROM ASEAN & NET IMPORTER FROMWORLD -PSCC

726 727 728 731 733 735 737 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 751 759 '63 '64 71 72 '74 775 778 781 782 783 785 786 791 792 793 812 813 871 872 873 874 381 382 385 _92 393 _,95 898

DESCRIPTION

ASEAN

SHARE IN EXPORTS (%)

SHARE IN IMPORTS (%)

printing and bookbinding machinery and parts food processing machines other machinery and equipment specialized for particular industriesand parts nes machine tools for working any material by removing metal or other material machine tools for working metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets, without removing material parts nes and accessories for machines in 731 and 733, incl. tool holders, attachments etc metalworking machinery and parts nes heating and cooling equipment and parts nes . pumps for liquids with measuring device or not, liquid elevators, parts pumps, air, other gas compressors & fans, ventilating hoods w/fans, centrifuges,filtering app, parts mechanical handling equipment and parts nes other nonelectrical machinery, tools and mechanical apparatus, parts nes ball or roller bearings taps, cocks, valves, similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks vats and the like transmission shafts and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearings; ball screws; gear boxes & other speed changers; flywheels & pulleys; clutches & shaft couplings; parts nonelectric parts and accessories of machinery, nes office machines parts and accessories for use solely with machines under 751 and 752 sound recorders or reproducers; TV image and sound rec/rep; prepared unrecorded media telecommunications equipment nes and parts nes and accessories of apparatus under 76 electric power machinery and parts . electrical apparatus for switching/protecting electr circuits/making connections to or in electr, circuits electr.resistors; pdnited circuits; boards, panels, other bases for these, for electr, control or distribution electro-diagnostic apparatus for medical,surgical, dental or veterinary sciences; radiological apparatus household type, electrical and nonelectrical equipment nes electrical machinery and apparatus nes motor cars and other molor vehicles, for the transport of parsons, incl. station wagons and racing cars motor vehicles for thetransport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles road motor vehicles nes motorcycles (incl. mopeds) and cycles; morotized and non-motorized; invalid carriages trailers & semi4railers;other vehicles, not mechanically propelled;specially designed and equipped transport containers railway vehicles and associated equipment aircraft and associated equipment; spacecraft and launch vehicles, parts ships, boats, and floating structures sanitary, plumbing and heating fixtures and fittings, nes lighting fixtures and fittings nes optical instruments and apparatus nes instruments and appliances nes for medical, dental, surgical, or veterinary purposes meters and counters nes measuring, checking, analyzing and controlling instruments and apparatus ens photographic apparatus and equipment nes photographicand cinematographic supplies watches and clocks printed matter ....... articles, nes, of plastics office and stationery supplies nes musical instruments, parts and accessories; records, tapes, other soundor similar recordings AVERAGE

29.74 35.97 31.24 42_74 46_19 16.54 29.16 5.71 3.33 45.30 74.08 14.54 68.21 3.49 0.47

3.93 8.77 9.14 17.58 4.42 3_80 3_20 11.82 6.99 29.99 7.43 5.36 5131 11.78 9.31

19.37 54.73 17.15 4.17 5_33 20.71 15_19

10.11 10.45 18.49 27.12 7.47 9.17 10.00

0,00 10.98 7.98 51.62 79.14 0.00 1.99 0.87

6.43 13.48 14.37 0.74 0.68 0.37 3.05 5.72

0.00 2.35 18.11 4.34 2.73 0.00 1.91 3.27 5.31 4.90 0.10 33.16 8.87 4.00 3.64 8.69

2_13 6.29 41.89 6.96 8.94 7.01 19.75 4_62 11.42 3.09 4.62 7.67 7.68 11.92 9.58 17.45

9.63

12.28

TABLE 6 COMPETITIVE INDUSTRIES

(NET IMPORTER FROM BOTH ASEAN & THE VkORLD)

PSIC

DESCRIPTION

31121 31122 31223 31244 31281 31282 31293

FOO_3 processing of fluid milk & ¢_eam Powdered. condensed, evap milk Rice noodles Popcorn and pepdce Prepared feeds for animals Fish meal feed Fqavoring extracts and food (x)loring

1.11 1.12 0.95 1.02 1.04 0.99 1.05

31330

BEVERAGES Malt liquors & malt

0.84

32119 32141

TEXTILES Spinning. weaving, |exturd_ing,n.e,o, Carpets& rugs

1.04 1.08

34113 34140 34190 34210 34220

PAPER PRODUCTS. PRINTING. PUBLISHING Paper mills A_cles o1paperboard Manufacture of pulp. paper and paperbeard artcles PdntJng of newspapers & periodicals Printing & publishing of books

1.08 0,67 1.04 0,77 0.93

35111 35115 35131 35140 35220 35231 35291 35296

INDUSTRIAL & OTHER CHEMICALS Inorganic acids, alkalies Organic acids & acid compounds Synthetic resins Pesticides. insectides Drugs& medicines Soaps & synthetic detergents Waxes & polishing preparations Adhesives and glues

0.90 0.76 1.15 1.09 0.80 1.04 0.83 1.08

35400

COAL PRODUCTS Miscellaneous products of petroleum & coal

0.57

35511 35512

RUBBER PRODUCTS Tires & tubes Retreading plants

0,80 0.87

IRON & STEEL. NON-FERROUS METAL BASIC PRODUCTS Rolling mills Galvanized steel tinplates Non-ferrous smelting and refining Non-ferrous rolled products

0.96 0.88 1,14 0,97

3_123 38141 38151 38191

FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS Sheet metal component for boilers Metal stamping, pressing & spinning mills W_re nails Metal sanitary ware & plumbing

1,12 1_12 1.09 1.13

38236 38292 38298

MACHINERY. EXCEPT ELECTRICAL Manufacture of metal-treating machinery Mech power transtnlssion equipment Domestioandagrtcultural refrigerators

0.94 0,86 0.97

38312 38313 38314 38322 38323 38324 38325 38329 38339 38340 38350 38391

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY Electric generating sets Transformers Switch gears & protective equipment Gramophone records Electdcal communications eqpt. Radio & TV transmitting. ¢Jgnaltingetc. eqpt_ Parts & supplies for radio, T,V. Radiographic, fluoroscopic and other x-ray eqpt etc. - ...... Elestd,'._l applian(_s & housewares Pdmaty cells & batteries Elesttic=alaccumulators Electrical lamps & f_ourss_ent tubes

0.78 1.09 1,16 0,86 0.70 0.98 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.83 0,81 0.78

38514 38521

PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT Fluid & liquid-measudng & control equipment Photographic equipment & acc_s..c.odes

0.97 0.53

39021 39070

OTHER MANUFACTURING Pianos Stationers'. artists' supplies

0.71 1_14

37121 ' 37123 37220 37230

DRC/SER (1992)

TABLE 7

INDUSTRIES WITH HIGHER OR SAME EFFECTIVE PROTECTION UNDER CEPT (NET IMPORTER FROM BOTH ASEAN & THE WORLD)

DRC/ SER 1992

NON-CEPT 1996

EPR (%) CEPT NON-CEPT 1996 2000

CEP] 2000

FOOD Slaughtedng Butter and cheese Milled rice & corn Flour milling except cassava Biscuits Starch and its products

2,96 1_48 1.58 1.63 1.36 1.53

22.00 36.21 19.68 20.56 48.11 15.06

22.14 38,34 19.76 24_42 46.41 17.79

21,29 19.32 19.93 10.69 32.16 12.49

21.47 20.40 20.03 12.99 34.22 15.22

31440

TOBACCO Cured tobacco leaves

1.21

28.83

29.68

18,44

19.32

32131 32151 32152 32170 32199

TEXTILE Industrial bags Cordage, rope and twine Nets, excl. mosquito nets Fiber batting, padding, etc. Misc. textiles, nec.

1.49 1,59 1.36 5.66 2.69

8.17 37.15 24_19 4.80 4.73

9.16 37.22 24.19 4.83 4.74

1.66 18.49 12.08 3.88 3.84

1,68 18.56' 12_08 3.91 3_85

32329

LEATHER PRODUCTS Products of leather & leather subs.

1.82

29.84

35.10

27.32

23.06

34120 34130

PAPER PRODUCTS Containers & boxes of paper & paperboard Articles of paper

2,00 1.29

41.12 22.53

47.06 23.66

18.99 17.02

24.93 18.24

35114 35295

INDUSTRIAL & OTHER CHEMICALS Industrial alcohols inks

1.37 1_28

-0.55 3.69

-0.26 4.69

-0.50 0.60

0.46 0.87

35300

PETROLEUM REFINING Petroleum refineries

1.22

22.92

22.96

12.73

12.80

36201

GLASS PRODUCTS Flat glass

4.07

71.81

74.17

48.86

48.89

36300

CEMENT Cement

1.68

0.64

1_93

1.93

37210

NONFERROUS METAL BASIC PRODUCTS Gold & other precious metal refining

2.09

-0_00

0.01

0.28

0.29

38233 38241 38256

MACHINERY, EXCEPT ELECTRICAL Machine tools & accessories Food machinery Computing & accounting machine

...... 2,75 1.30 1.96

-0.09 0.06 0.90

-0_08 0.00 0.96

-0.05 0.06 1_04

0_01 0.10 1.10

38430 38461 38462 38463 38470

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT Motor vehicles Mfr, and assembly of motorcycles Bicycles & tricycles Motorcycle engines & parts Aircraft

1.54 2.02 1,47 1.58 2,53

70.49 138.51 40.59 32.18 2.20

78,56 159.01 43,19 33.32 2.20

PSIC

DESCRIPTION

31111 31131 31180 31190 31222 31291

56.00 112.22 31.29 24.37 2.21

61.38 125.93 33_02 25,13 2.21

000000000

O00000000OO

TABLE 9

INDUSTRIES

WITH MINIMAL EPR REDUCTION UNDER CEPT

(NET IMPORTER FROM BOTH ASEAN & THE WORLD)

DESCRIPTION

DRC/ SER 1992

NON-CEPT 1996

CEPT 1996

EPR (%) NON-CEPT 2000

CEP'I 2000

31142 31221 31225

FOOD Canned & preserved vegetable sauces Breads, cakes, pastries Snack products

2.59 1.61 1.73

8.46 43_38 39.19

6.27 41.34 37.79

4.26 28.15 26.01

3.17 28.51 27.09

31311

BEVERAGES Distilled & refined alcoholic liquors

1.28

32_19

30.47

21.69

19.42

32112 32111 32113 32114 32116

TEXTILES Fiber & filament Integrated textiles Spinning Tex'turizing Mills Finishing

3.45 1.69 1.64 1.94 2.81

-1_39 5.41 4.66 10.81 10.97

-1.39 4.93 3.86 7.21 8.01

-0.54 1.61 0.81 5.61 5.55

-0.49 1.63 0.83 4.07 4.48

1.29

7.09

7.16

4.17

1.86

WOOD PRODUCTS 33140

Wood drying & preserving INDUSTRIAL & OTHER CHEMICALS

35112 35113 35119 35132 35133

Inorganic salts & compounds Industrial gases Manufacture of basic industrial chemicals Man-made fibers exc. glass Industrial gases

1.30 1.72 1.22 2.54 1.70

1.09 3.00 0.12 6.28 6.16

0.78 2.37 -0.27 5.52 5.51

0.56 1.78 -0.14 2.92 2.40

0.7(3 1.79 -0.12 2.94 2.49

36103

POTTERY AND CHINA Vitreous china plumbing, fittings & fixtures

1.36

11.74

11_12

7.15

3.94

36910

OTHER NONMETAL MINERAL PRODUCTS Structural clay products

1.26

14.71

13.94

10.93

8.58

1.34 2.75 2.21 1.45

4.75 5.96 3_77 4.04

4.12 5.13 2.43 2.38

2.30 2.82 2.50 2.65

2.31 2.84 2.52 2.66

2.92 3.32 1.93 1.85 11.81 1,34 1.69

7.41 7.18 0.76 0.59 0.77 6.67 0.82

5.51 5.34 0.54 0.40 0.50 5.69 0.59

6.22 6.45 0.59 0.45 0.59 5.81 0.77

3.67 3.58 0_64 0,47 0.60 3.82 0.57

IRON & STEEL 37122 37129 37131 37132

Iron & steel pipes & tubes Steel works & rolling mills Cast iron manufacturing Cast steel

38221 38222 38232 38234 38239 38291 38293

MACHINERY EXCEPT ELECTRICAL Farm tractors Machine implements for crop production Metal-working machinery Dies, jigs, fixtures & molds Manufacture of metal and woodworking machinery Pumps, compressors, & blowers Sewing & embroidery machine

38315

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY Electrical industrial control devices

1.54

10.24

10_07

6.93

4,61

38411 38412 38414

TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT Boats & motorboats Manufacture of marine engines & parts Shipbuilding, Including passenger vessels

3.56 1.65 1.91

5.88 5.04 5.93

3.89 2.78 3.92

5.92 5,82 5.96

3.93 3.56 3.96

38516 38519

Surgical, dental, orthopedic equipment Professional & scientific measuring & contr, devices

1.32 2.37

8.46 7.89

5.40 5.15

4.58 4.33

3.57 3.42

39040

OTHER MANUFACTURING Surgical, dental, medical su[q.plies

1.38

21.79

20.08

7.88

5.85

PROFESSIONAL

EQUIPMENT

REFERENCES

GATT-Uruguay Round Inter-Agency Committee. "The Philippines in WTO: Moving the Filipino to Win (Complete Report)". No date. Intal, Ponciano, Jr. "Improving IndustrM Relations and Reducing Adjunct Costs of Production and Trading: Steps Toward Improved International Competitiveness". Policy Notes No.97-05. April 1997. Makati: Philippine Institute for Development Studies. 0"

Jurado, Gonzalo. "The Philippines in AFTAI Opportunities and Challen,,es . PIDS Development Research News. Vol. xm, No. 5, September-October 1995. Makati: P1DS. Medalla and others, Catching UpWith Asia's Tigers. Vol. I. Makati: PIDS, 1995. Tecson, Gwendolyn. "Philippine Manufacturing Industries and the Effects of Trade policy Reforms on Structure and Efficiency." In Medalla and others, Catching Up With Asia's _. Vol. II. Makati: PIDS, 1996.