Poverty Alleviation and Equity Promotion by Ronald Yacat

Philippine Institute for Development Studies

Poverty Alleviation and Equity Promotion Celia M. Reyes and Edwin A. del Valle DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 98-06 (Revised)

The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed. The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute.

October 1998 For comments, suggestions or further inquiries please contact: The Research Information Staff, Philippine Institute for Development Studies 3rd Floor, NEDA sa Makati Building, 106 Amorsolo Street, Legaspi Village, Makati City, Philippines Tel Nos: 8924059 and 8935705; Fax No: 8939589; E-mail: publications@pidsnet.pids.gov.ph Or visit our website at http://www.pids.gov.ph

2 by economic restructuring and changes in the sociopolitical environment. To incorporate these concerns, the Updated MTPDP was adopted. In the current plan, poverty reduction is seen as crucial to realizing the goal of Philippines 2000. Employment generation is seen as the key to increasing incomes and alleviating poverty. The Social Reform .Agenda (SRA) is the government's safety net and poverty alleviation program that is subsector/clientele-specific. Targeted as beneficiaries of the program are not only the poor but also the children and the youth, senior citizens, overseas workers, ,persons with disabilities, indigenous, cultural communities and victims of natural calamities. Selected Human Development Indicators On the whole, data show that the Philippines experienced improvements in some key human development indicators. From 1986 to 1995, for example, life expectancy rose from an average of 63.4 years to 69.1 years. This represents a marked improvement in the general health condition of the population. Malnutrition among children six years old and below likewise declined from 1992 to 1996. For underweight children, the prevalence went down from 9.9 to 8.4 percent. For stunted children, the rate went down from 8.2 to 5.6 percent. However, there was deterioration for wasted children as the prevalence rate increased from 5.5 to 6.2 percent. The prevalence rates for all three groups during the period were higher in rural areas than in urban areas although both exhibited the same trend. Data also show that, as of 1993, first degree malnutrition is higher for children 0 to 6 years old compared to children 7 to 10 years old while the opposite is true for third degree malnutrition. From 1986 to 1994, the country's crude death rate went down from 6 to 5 per 1,000 population. For the same period, the number of deaths resulting from pneumonia -- the reported number one cause of mortality -- also went down by 31 percent from 52,888 cases to 36,626 cases. Exhibiting the same positive trend, and in a more dramatic scale, infant mortality declined from 63 to 47 per 1,000 live births for the decade 1986-96. International Comparison Despite these improvements in key areas, a comparison among five ASEAN countries shows that the Philippines ranked only 4th overall in terms of selected human development indicators (Tables 3 and 4). The country fared poorly in terms of life expectancy, low birth weight infants, crude death rate, infant mortality, employment, and access to sanitary toilet facilities. It however ranked first in adult literacy, mean years of schooling, and growth of earnings per employee. Poverty From 1985 to 1994, poverty incidence in the Philippines declined from 44.2 percent to 35.5 percent of families and from 49.3 percent to 40.6 percent of the

Table 3. Human

Development

Indicators

of selected

1986

Asean Countries

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

Indonesia

14.0

Malaysia Philippines

10.0 II_.0

10.0 15.0

8.0 15.0

6.0 12.0

7.0 13.0

Singapore Thailand

Indonesia Malaysia

11.0 -

610

9.0

8.9

9.0

8.4

8_3

8.0

510

5_3

5.0

8.0 6_0

7.0 5_0

7,4 5.4

7.0 5.0

7.0 5.7

6.9 5.8

6_8 4.8

Thailand

7.0

6.8

6.0

6.I

6.1

84.0

732

71.0

68.0

58,0

Malaysia Philippines

24_0 44.0

23.0 44,0

22.0 43.0

15.0 42.0

13.0 44.0

12.0 55..0

Singapore Thailand

9.0 38.0

8.0 27.0

8.0 26_0

7,0 28.0

6,0 37,0

5.0 29.0

Indonesia Malaysia

80 90

Philippines

53,0

100 70

I00 90

100 90

51 72

51 78

82 100

85 100

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia Philippines Singaporc

94 69 96

94 69 99

Thailand

Singapore Thailand

Indonesia Malaysia

Philippines Singapore

Source: UNDP Hmnan Development * Source : World Bank ** Source : Asian Development NOTES

Report

Bank Annual Report

data not available

figures

for the :lear are the average of the period startlng

figures for the year _e the average

1985

of the period start ng 1988

figures in i1Nics are from _be World Devclopmem

Report

1996

14_0

Philippines Singapore

Indonesia

1995

62 78

Table 11. Percentage Distribution 0t'Total Family Income by Income Quintile, 1961,,1997

INCOME GROUP

196'1

1965

1971

1985

1988

1991 i

First Quintile Second Quintile Third Quintile

42 7.9 12.1

3.5 8_1 12.8

3.6 8.1 13.3

Fourth Quintile Fifth Quintile

19.3 56.5

20,1 55.5

21,0 54.0

Distribution

oi'Total

Percentage

5.2 9.1 13.3 9 _ -0,9 52.1

Family

income

19941997 _

5.2 9.l 13.3

4.7 8.5 12,7

4.9 8.8 13.4

20.7 5'1.8

20.2 53.9

20,9 51.9

by Income

I ! &4 7.7 12 20 55.8

Decile, 1961-1997

i :::: i -'-

100%

2!;:

90%

_ :.......

80% 70%

...........

: ;

50%

40%

:::_?i

: :i 'i_,','

20%

.....:

_ _7 )

:::....

__ :::_ ::: :,,< ::}:i:?,

10%

::;_;i :i:

v .........

0% 1961

1965

1971

1985

1988

199t

1994

Year = .........................= ......

2 .....................................................

--....................................................................

Source _Family Income and Expenditures Survey, 1965-1994

= ....................

1997

:......

:.......

..................... ............................................................

Table_.5, Characteristics ofFilipino FIousei_olds: BoEom 30% andUpper70%, 1992and 1994

[

1991Bottom[ 30 %1994

AREAS OF CONCER2_

ZZTZ T::.ZZ7:

Z772i_f?__![ff:5:Z

2 7-_:ZUi

Number of Families Size of FamiEes Type of Household

(

1991UpperI 70 %1994

All 1.,Iouseholds 199! I 1994

ZZ 17 3,598 502 6

3,832,776 6

8,375,9.39 5

8,922,163 5

1i,975,4'4 / 5

84.2 !5,8

78. i 2 i.9

79.9 2C,.:

Single FarnAIy Extended Fami[y >-=-2non rela_ed persons/fatal!its Average Number of Fami!y Members Empby, e_

!2,75-".9"._. 5

83.2 i 6.6 0.2

77.4 22.0 0:5 2

792 ?0.4 0.4 2

Average Income of Household Major Source of rncome

25,469

2-2,664

S2,248

_02:444

_5, _85

_3,!5:

Wages/Salaries _,n:e_rzneurial Activities

37.> -_,e _,.-

.36.7 50. i

49.2 ..... =A.v

Other sources of incom.e Minor Source of Income

i i. 8

!3.3

47.0 .33.8 :[9.2

i 9.8

4.:;.i J38.c, ,' 7.5

,;5,4 zo._ 27.8

" i 4_9 22.4 32.6 !.5 5.8 ,'_.,'7 4.7 1.6 O,S

&O 4:2, 14.5 3.9 ;..6 _.-'_ ? 8.3 1.7 2.8

i2 0,3

i $.2 2".5 33," " 5.8 0.5 4.4 .:.5 0.8 1.3 0.i

2.0 0?

5.4. 42;.8 13.1 5,7 2,.i 0.2 $.0 i _7 0.8 1.9 3.:

S.7 35.4 l,¢.9 :.1 4.5 ,,3..=', 7.2, : .7 : .5 i.$ ,'_v

g.4 27.;. :9.1 5.8 4.2 02 7.0 ;.5 !.4. :.7 ,'_I

Construction Enterp,,reaeur a[ Act:,','t es n. e. c, Net Share of C_ops, Fruits and Vegetr_bles

0,3 0.3

0.3 0. l

0.3 ,3.2

0.2 0.3

0.3 :2.2

3',.3 3.2;

and Lives_:ock, poultW and other households Cash Receipts: gists and other

!.-;

;_3

_,.8

i .2,

'_.7

:.3

forms of assistance from abroad Cash Receipts, supper:, assistance

1.7

2.0

8.5

o.o" o

f,.5

6.8

anrdre_bf from domestic source Rental from non-agrie-;tural lands.

3,7

_._''

3.0

3.C

3,2

.3,4

B"ildings, S,gaees and other Pro[:e__ies interest from bank deposits & ;gang to other households Pension & Retirement, ','7orkmen's

0, : 0.0

O,O 0.0

0.6 .. O.',

0.6 O.i

8.5 5. ',

0'.5 ¢'.0

comgeasaZioa and soeia] see,rib benefits imptned renta_ value oi'ox_le..,-oceupied dwelling units Net receipts from famiiy suszenaPce activities Dividends from lnvestmer._ Goods and sec.'ices received as gi_,'Is Other sources of inco:'ae n.e.¢. Kind of Business involved in

0.7 0,8 !79

0,9 0,8 2,2

1.7 :,S 0.5

!.4 0.t

',.5 0,0

i.2 0.0

2.2 2,2 0.4 3,0 i.', _.._", "

2.4 !.5 0.9 0,9 _.j 0.0

:.S h8 !.0 9.9 1.3 0.0

Agricultural Industries Non- Agriculmrai indus:r_es Crop Farming & Gardening Livestock & Poult%, Raising Fishing Foresmv, & Huming Wholesaie& Xetaii Trade Mar,ufactu,'ing Communib, Social,. "_' : & Personal So,ices a_acrea_:ena_, Transportation Storage & Commxn_catio,n Services Minin_ & Quarr},Lqg

AgricuitereJFishew / Forestw Mining & Quarrying Conszrucfiea

74.7 0_5 9.9

.3,_.0 0,5 ]7.9

49.9 0.5 15.3

EIeetricib,/ gas/ water '¢v'holesa;e/retail trade Transoorzafion storage & commun_eaffon Financing, insaraace, real esaate, business services Communikv, soeia_ & personal ser,,"ices Activities n.e,c.

,3.2 4.7 4.5 0.3 5.2 0.0

0.9 [2.2 ,a.4 2.8 !8.3 5,3

0,7 9.2 7.g 2.0 14,0 :3,0

1_-_ ._._

_0O,0

:00.O

Expenditure Pattern (Percentage

of Total

Expenditure}

Food Alcoi_olie Beverages Tobacco Furls Transportation & Communication Sz:wices Household Operations, Personal Care Clothing Education Recreation

64.3 [2 2.4, 5," 3.0 2.6 2.9 .3.6 i.g 0.2

,54,4 i. ! 2. i 5.7 2.7 2.4 3.! 3.4 1.9 0.2

Medical Care Non Durables Durable Fum kures RenraI of Occupied Dwelling Unit

!.5 0.3 0.5 6,5

1,5 0.g O.7 6.6

45.8 :,.0 : .6 5.6 5.8 2,7 3.4 _.7 3.3 "u,_ k9 0,4 2.4 ]3,4

Taxes Ho.",scMaintenance/Repairs Special occasions ,Gifts to griper households Other Expenditures

0.2 0,7 1.4 0,6

02 0.8 1.8 0.5

_:.",, i.2 2,6 ;.O

0,5

45,1) 0,9 : .g 5,5 5,0 2,6 3,3 3.6 4,0 2.4. 2,.4 3. _' :.a _ T,,._ _" _.0 2.7 1.0, ],_l

48,5 ?,O L7 5.7 5.4 2.7 3.2; 3.7 3.0 5.4 :.S 0.3 2. ', 7.2.4 i.4. L 1', 2,4 _.O ]

47.8 0.9 ,;.4 5.5 4.7 2.6 32 3.5 3.7 0,4 2.3 0,4 2.7 '_.3A __. 4 ].O 2.6 1.0 1.7

Table 15, Characteristics of Filipin_a Households Bottom 30% and Upper 70 %, 1991 and 1994

AREAS OF CONCERN

1991BottomI 30 %1994

1991Upper [ 70 % 1994

All Households 1991 } 1994

Food Expenditure Food Consumed at home Cereal & Cereal Preparations RootS & Tubers Fruits & Vegetables Meal:& Meat Preparations Daiw Products Fish & Marine Products Coffe, Cocoa & Tea Non Alcoholic Beverages Food N,E.C. Food Eaten Outside

97.3 45.6 2.0 8.2 7,5 4.9 15.8 2.7 1.4 9.1 2.7

90.8 26.6 1.7 9.3 16.2 7.8 14.1 2.9 3.0 9.1 9.2

89_6 26.9 1.4 8.9 16.2 7_5 14.0 2.8 3.0 9.I 10.4

92.1 29.9 1_8 9,2 14.6 7.2 14.6 2.9 2,7 9.2 7.9

9I .1 30.5 1.5 8.7 14.5 7.0 14.4 2.8 2.7 9.I 8.9

" 44.0

46.0

48,0

49,0

46,0

48.0

Male FemaIe Marital Status

9I .4 8.6

90.0 10.0

83.4 16.6

82.7 17,3

85.8 14,2

84.9 15.1

Single Married Widowed Divorcecb_Sepaa-ated Unknova] Employment Status

1,2 88.9 8.8 1.I 0.1

I. 1 87.7 10,4 0,7 0, I

3.9 81.8 12.8 1.4 0.1

3,6 81.2 I3.7 1.6 0.0

3.1 83.9 11.6 t.3 O.1

2.8 83. i 12.7 1.3 0,0

Employ'ed UnempIoyed Class of Worker

91,9 8, I

91,8 8.2

83.8 16.2

82.4 ] 7.6

86,2 13.8

85.2 14.8

3,1 28.4 2.2 6I ,5 3.7 0.2

4.0 26.8 2,2 62.0 3.5 0, I

2.8 34.2 I 1,0 43,6 7. ] 0,2

2,7 35.5 10.8 42.4 6.8 0.2

2.9 32.3 8.2 49.3 6,0 0,2

3. t 32.7 8.0 48.7 5.7 0.2

0.9

1.3

I. I

1.6

1.0

1.5

Employed Unemployed Not applicable EducationaI Attainment

25.3 61.7 13_i

26.4 59.0 I4.6

30.7 45.4 23.9

31,9 43.3 24,8

29.1 50.3 20.6

30.2 IS,O 21.7

no grade Grades !-5 Elementa_' Graduate 1st to 3rd ?ear High School Graduate CoIlege undergraduate At least College Graduate Occupation

8.1 35,6 29.7 I1.6 11.5 2,9 0.6

8.0 35.9 30,8 10.6 11.3 2,7 0.8

4,4 21.8 2I .6 I0.7 18.7 l l.O 11.8

4.0 20.1 22.1 I0.8 20,2 I1.7 1I. I

5.5 26.0 24,0 I1,0 16.5 8.6 8.4

5,2 24.9 24,7 10.7 17.5 9.0 S,O

1.2 0. I 0.6 5.3 13,4 61,8 17.4 0,0 0.1

1.1 0.4 0.6 4,2 12.8 64.5 16.2 0.0 0.1

5.9 2, 7 3.9 11.7 12,7 34.5 27.8 0.1 0,7

5.8 3.1 3,9 I_._'_ "_ l 3.4 31,9 29.3 0.1 0,4

4.4 1,9 2,8 9.6 12,9 43.3 24.4 O.I 0.5

4.3 2.2 2.8 9.6 13.2 42.4 25, i 0.1 0.3

0.0

60. I 39.9

66.7 33.3

46.3 53.7

43.1 56.9

50.4 49.6

50.2 49.8

95.8 0,9 0.8 2.4 0.1 0.0

96.3 0.9 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.0 "

91.1 2.2 5.0 1.1 0.6 0.I

90.5 2.3 5.4 1.4 0,4 0.0

92.5 1.8 3.7 1.5 0.4 0.0

92.2 1.9 4,0 1,6 0.3 0,0

,:-._,.._,.Tr-_-.----:.v--r-.-:

• :..

,."

_:. ,v_., ...: --,::----7'-_v

• "_ .........................

97.5 43.5 2.4 8.9 7.8 4.9 16.5 2.6 1.4 9.4' 2..:; w:.-'-:-.--_

:..::;,:, •_ .:.':..:.HotLvehold.Heads ,. v.,.

.":................

:..7- :-.'w._. '_

_, :-. • .; ::.:.:. 2

Age Gender

Worked for Private Household Worked for private establishment Worked for GO/NGO corporation Self Employed without any, employee Employer in oxx_ thmiIy-operated fen'a/business Worked with pay in o_n-lhmily operated _hnn/basiness Worked withou_ pay in o',_m-family operated lane/business Wife is Employed

Professional, Technical and Related Workers Adminis'_rative. Executive and Managerial workers Clerical and Related Workers Sales Workers Service Workers Fishermen &Hunters Production & equipment operators Workers not classified by occupation Members of AFP Non gainful activities workers

Urbani_" Rural Urban Housing Characteristic Single Duplex Apartment/condominium Improvised Commercial Others

Table 15. Characteristics of Filipino Households, Bottom 30% and Upper 70 %, 1991 and 1994 , AREAS OF CONCERN

Bottom 30 % 1991

[

1994

Upper 70 % 1991

1994

All Households 1991

[

1994

Tenure Status O_TJOXvaerlikepossesion of house &Iot Rent house/room including lot Oxs'n house, rent lot 0_ house, rent-free Jot with consent ofo_ner Ow'n house, rent-free Iot without consent of ox_er Rent-free house and lot with consent of owner Rent-free house and lot without consent of o_'ner

60.6 2.4 5.4 24.3 2_5 4.7 0. I

62.3 1.6 4_0 25.5 3.0 3.8 0. I

63.8 8.9 5.6 14.6 2,1 4.9 0.1

66,7 8.0 4.3 13.6 2.4 4.9 0.1

62.9 6,9 5.5 17.5 2.2 4.9 0_1

65,4 6.0 4.2 I7.0 2.6 4.6 0.1

26.8 60.8 2.3

24.6 56.5 2,1

59.3 28.5 1_0

57.9 22.3 1.3

49.5 38.2 1.4

47.9 32.6 1.5

4,9 4.5 0.6

7.4 8,8 0.6

7.2 3.6 0,4

11.7 6.4 0.4

6.5 3.9 0.4

10.4 7.1 0.5

24.7 55.6 3.6 7,5 7.8 0.8

22.3 52.4 2.9 10.0 11.6 0.8

57.2 24.8 1.3 10.8 5.4 0.4

54.3 20.9 1.7 14.7 7,9 0.5

47.4 34.0 2.0 9, 8 6.1 0.5

447.0 30.4 2. I 13.9 9.0 0.6

7,3 21.5 10,2 23.3 20.6 I4.8

6.5 22,7 11.2 23.8 19.2 14.4

27,9 18.9 16,0 15_8 12.3 5.S ..

29.7 19,5 17.8 16.0 9,3 4.4

21.7 19.7 I4.3 18,0 14.8 8,5

22,7 20.5 I5,8 18.3 12.3 7.4

0.6 1.6

0.6 1.5

0.6 2.7

0,6 2.6

0.6 2.4

0.6 2.3

34.5 20." I7.8 3.8 23.5

35.3 20.4 17,8 3.7 22.7

65,0 13.7 7.8 3.9 9.6

73.2 l 0.0 7.3 2.2 7,4

55.8 15,7 I0.8 3,9 13.8

61.8 I3.1 10.4 2.6 12,0

35,4 64.5

36.3 63,7

73.0 27.0

78.8 21,2

61,7 38.3

66.0 3-k0

59,3 I 1.4 0.7 1.8 2.5 0. I 0. I l 8.7 18.2 0.9

65.6 14.1 0,9 3.5 3.4 0,0 0.1 17.6 14.6 1,2

78,0 50. I 12.6 20,1 33.1 1.5 2.3 57.0 50.2 9,2

80.9 59,2 16.5 25.4 38.9 1.8 2.9 58,4 49.8 11.6

72.4 38.5 9.0 I-L6 23.9 I, 1 1.7 45.5 40.0 6.7

76.3 45.7 I l.fi 18.8 28,2 1.3 2,0 16.I 39.2 8.5

Roofing Material Strong Light Makeshift IVlixedbut predominantly strong Mixed but prcdominantIy light Mixed but predominantly makeshil't WaII Material Strong Light Makeshit_ Mixed but Mixed but Mixed but Main Source of

predomfnantly strong predominantly light predominantly makeshift Water Supply

Oxvn use, faucet Shared, faucet Oxx_ use_tube&'piped well Shared, tubed/piped well Dug well Spring, river, stream, etc. Rain Peddler Toi/et Facili b' Water Sealed Closed Pit Open Pit Others (Pail System) None Electricity' with without ....." i".._".7.....:,_...:.,........ :2: ;:O;.;&&/sI{Z_?t"C'e_[niDd_t_t_'"::: ........ •......:., : ..., ....... ,:..., ......• ............ .......:, :::"""_:"::.:: ,,r......... : ........ • ::": ... Radio T\." VTR Stereo Refrigerator Freezer Airconditioner Sala Set Dining Set Car

Semrce : ,t2ulril_r Decome am:N-cf.__.*_a'_Sures S#r_-er f_)9:aml 1994 ,\_xirmal ._lat_.vttc._O__'qce

i::7-,

iTabi_201s_ or,'_-ca_iSIm_an_iion tA_otMay i 997) ._

i P,.EGION r Population 3/

_ _

Total ,, , Muni¢: ,_aliti_s ................. Total No. 2/ ' ' X;CithCBIS

Bararmaw Total No, _ With CBIS

Population 3/

.....................................

:::: i 76'

1,254,838

_*gi0,

.........

......._

Reg on [v

.....

99407-,2

geglon V

.....

.1,323,307

P._ioii'

: :i

•

i: i

" _3 "-" .......

Rct_,IxTI_ .

a 60a158

P, egiOii _',11 ::

a.k.mx.OX ,,,_,_._._,t

_23

990,714 .... :

1,0

74,6

1,114

.....41

5,768

,1:390 ]:

Regir,_iX :

, I

65 ......

.......

66 ......

....

19;2687

...... ",a,ngn_ I

....

1 qlo -

....25

521

....

' ....

39.1

....

..... 7i ........ __g3..... ......

84l

66:

3,471

....

68g,968

3:003 140

3,366,917

1 t

2,108

'' ....

R¢_,iOi/vii ......... 5,014.588 ......:

* 8S4

93 112

-_ _

i-_f

_ /_"_

818

........

921

.....

::::

1174

.......

: 2,536.035

....

75'

.......

_>-:_L

#._i#:_._;_::.,_!_ ?.,_,_J_{_: :_.>,:-_:}i_::_::_.-'-

!i,o4o .... CAP.

>./_

:...... 5th and 6t5 C a._ ......... Mtmicipalltie_ Baran_ Total No, _d: _ With CBIS Total No, _ With CT_IS

I) .... ,_8 .....

........

2. 36

..... _4 .......

735.719 1,646,05.

. :::

O_Pmvln_t,II_.,porl(Ac_eO l/Ba_,d on#OP-BLGFJuh/f, fg93LGU¢l#s_,iflc_tiOn ?.d basedonDILG-BLGS,A_ of Se_¢embe# 1995 .... 3./NSCB 4$of S_p_rnt._"f 1995 : i CBISIn._talted.-_;mpletJ'Ja of b_rang_Fdatagathering,t_._ultthavebe_nvalid_tedwffh¢ornmtJntt). _e_dent.% _naly_.¢..nd¢on._olidation cf d_f_: dor_#_in_MBNFc_m2,

....

15 :

: 530 :

.....: L'7

...... :

R_gi0nV"

i ¸

CatanduaneS Sorsogon

::: .......

i¸ : ::''::

:202_464 591 927

.... ....

:: ,

¸'¸" ):/:

17 Leg,aZl_

City

Camarines Nort* CamarineS Sur '¢_:_"Ci"' .....

439 i51 432 598 "

Ja t_9,_

Naga City Masbate

653:852

..... : : 2i

315 ...... 541

....... :

650.

12 : 3511 ....

4 I0 ....

: 21

..... 2871,000 ..... 361 1

¸?¸ ,-i:::, :::iii/,4::2:::)-::::::?/:?:?-:::):?:i::':::::-:?:7,,'?:: .......? 3 3

:: 97 70

2 551'1;

: 152552 i: 292

_550

I0 ::11

323

i150,4t_ :

: 2

........

159 535 : 563,169:::: ......... : 32g 759

'''

.......

4::

125: ...... .......

i 15:

::14

358 ............ : 338_'

!,iiiiiiii!!, i!!!i! ¸iii!!ii i,!!,,,,ili! il i i ! i!i :iilii i i i !!ii ilii i!iiii

: :

_oses

(in thousand