Energy Efficient Retrofits: An Analysis of Buffalo, New York Homes by Ryan Grace

ENERGY EFFICIENT RETROFITS: AN ANAYLSIS ANALYSIS OF BUFFALO, NEW YORK HOMES Ryan J. Grace University at Buffalo rjgrace@buffalo.edu

Nathaniel J. Heckman University at Buffalo njheckma@buffalo.edu

Nathan St. John University at Buffalo nathanst@buffalo.edu

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

This case study discusses high performance retrofits for early 20th century homes in Buffalo, NY. As millennials are moving back into the city, once vacant homes are being renovated and inhabited again. However, due to the early construction period of these houses, many lack adequate energy performance practices; therefore, making these homes consume a great amount of energy. With the recent success of The University at Buffalo’s Solar Decathlon 2015 House, we looked towards this as a precedent as an ultraefficient home for Buffalo. Although, the Solar Decathlon home proposes new construction, we looked to utilize the same general strategies that allow it to gain efficiency. We asked ourselves, “What would it take to make a typical Buffalo single family home become net zero?” The four strategies we used from the University at Buffalo’s Solar Decathlon house were: a tight envelope, high performing windows, photovoltaic panels, and lastly insulation improvements. We sought to find the most ideal combinations for home owners to renovate a typical Buffalo house and make it an ultra-efficient home. By testing varying combinations of these strategies in the program Building Energy optimization (BEopt), we found many different solutions for a typical Buffalo home. When these solutions are cross referenced with upfront costs for renovation, we can evaluate the most efficient strategies based on payback period and energy efficiency. Home owners can look to the outcome of our results as a starting point to analyze which strategies they can implement into their existing Buffalo house. Although the results can be interpreted based on users’ needs or expectations, we have provided three options which cover the spectrum of our findings.

The average age of the housing stock in the Buffalo/Niagara region is 63 years old (AHS, Census 2011). Only 36.4% of these houses have central air conditioning, while 72% have warm air furnaces as their main heating system (AHS, Census 2011). Since 2002 the US Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon has been focused on creating highperforming, cost-effective, single family homes (U.S. Department of Energy). The 2015 University at Buffalo’s Garden, Relax or Work (GRoW) Home proposed a Buffalo specific approach to the Solar Decathlon. However, an understanding of how to successfully retrofit older homes to become net zero is needed to enable a wider adoption of such strategies and positives city wide effects. This becomes even more necessary as an increasing number of people are returning to Buffalo, specifically on the Buffalo’s west side; these people will then generally be rehabilitating these homes as they move in. These renovations have typically been within a historic preservation context, however, renovations that take into account energy resilience need to be considered for the future of these homes. Technologies and strategies developed and utilized in the GRoW Home can be used as strategies to retrofit the current housing stock to make it more energy efficient; these different renovation strategies can improve the energy efficiency of Buffalo’s housing stock. However, cost for implementation and lifecycle cost could make certain renovation strategies unfeasible. We looked to analyze the best retrofits available to reduce the energy loads of the current residential buildings in Buffalo, while providing a reasonable payback for the homeowners. This report will analyze a typical house in Buffalo to determine what it will take to make the home net-zero from an envelope perspective. This envelope perspective includes renovation

strategies to improve the following: wall, roof, and basement insulation, window thermal performance, infiltration rates, and lastly the addition of photovoltaic panels to the house. A digital energy analysis, coupled with a material cost estimate, will determine the upfront cost and payback period if one is looking to achieve net-zero energy for the home. The report will provide Buffalo homeowners with a more tailored analysis based on their expectations and plans for living in the house.

1.2 Research Question with Hypotheses

1.1 Literature Review

Hypothesis 2: A renovation with the most efficient improvements will not be a feasible solution in regards to payback period.

Literature 1: Housing literature for the Buffalo Niagara region states that the average housing age is 63 years old. (American Housing Survey, 2011). These homes are generally ill suited for energy efficiency in regards to their construction materials and methods. 36.4% of these homes have central air conditioning, while 72% have warm air furnace as main heating (AHS, 2011). However, many of the houses in Buffalo were constructed before 1940, thus the status of homes in the city are much older than the surrounding suburban settlements. Literature 2: Midcentury housing materials and products had begun to standardize. The construction methods were becoming more prescriptive compared to earlier homes. (Review of Structural, 2001)

Which combination of improvements yields the best result of reducing energy loads of a typical Buffalo home, while providing a reasonable payback for homeowners? Hypothesis 1: We will be able to achieve a Net-Zero home in Buffalo, New York by implementing a series of different renovation strategies.

2. METHODS Although the GRoW home utilized state of the art energy saving strategies, in order to provide recommendations which will be feasible and energy efficient, we incorporated lower and higher end strategies into our analysis. These renovation strategies will range from higher performing to lower performing in order to view a wider range of possibilities which someone could incorporate into their home. To then try to achieve our net zero retrofit, we created a separate column amongst the tables which shows the most efficient strategies. 2.1 Renovation Strategies

Literature 3: U.S. electricity consumption totaled nearly 3,862 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) in 2014 (Energy Information Administration, 2016). The used of electricity has been on the rise in the United States; from 1950 to 2014, the use has increased by 13 times (EIA, 2016). Residential electricity accounts for 36% of this total usage in the U.S. (EIA, 2016). Literature 4: Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) is a method in financing energy efficient upgrades to almost any type of property. These upgrades can include heating and cooling systems, solar panels, insulation, water pumps, lighting improvements and etc. PACE pays for 100% of the cost of these upgrades, and then gets repaid over the course of up to 20 years (PACE, 2016). The financing stays with the building upon selling of the property. This is beneficial to home owner who initially is looking into making their building more efficient. Now they do not have to worry about being in the building long enough in order to see a return on their investment, or continuing to pay off the upgrades after they have left the building. PACE has already upgraded over 82,000 homes through their program (PACE, 2016).

As previously mentioned, the following strategies range from lower to higher performing. The wall upgrades have three total variables which we are testing, while both the roof and basement have four variables. Additionally, there are two window upgrade types which will be run into the analysis. Figure 1. on the following page shows all of these variables with the corresponding costs affiliated with them: The testing of the photovoltaic panels was unique since we took into consideration that not all homes are facing the same direction. In addition, not all homes have the same roof angle, which could affect PV performance. There are many different systems on the market, ranging in performance levels, which one can select from. House Orientations Tested: 0° – South Facing 45° - Southwest to Northeast Facing 90° – East to West Facing 135° – Northwest to Southeast Facing Photovoltaic Panels: 1 KW, 2 KW, 3 KW, 4 KW, 5 KW, 6 KW, 7KW Figure 2. on the following page shows these variables with the corresponding costs affiliated with them.

Figure 1. Itemized Test Upgrade Costs Improvements

Price

Description

R-13 Cellulose

$3,705.00

Grade 3

R-13 Cellulose

$3,748.00

Grade 2

R-13 Cellulose

$3,791.00

Grade 1

R-19 Fiberglass

$704.00

Batt

R-30 Fiberglass

$1,103.00

Batt

R-38 Fiberglass R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

$1,340.00

Batt

$6,692.00

Batt/4'x8' Sheet

R-5 XPS

$1,932.00

4'x8' Sheet

R-10 XPS

$2,306.00

4'x8' Sheet/s

R-15 XPS

$2,688.00

4'x8' Sheet/s

R-20 XPS

$3,069.00

4'x8' Sheet/s

WindowDouble Pane

$15,221.00

Window-Triple Pane

$30,441.00

Location

Wall

1 kW

Price

$4,742.00

Lower performing: 15.0 ACH50 Infiltration Rate Higher performing: 5.0 ACH50 Infiltration Rate Highest performing: 2.0 ACH50 Infiltration Rate Simultaneously to selecting these variables, we also selected a typical Buffalo home which we could run these variables on.

Roof

Basement

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35) Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Figure 2. PV Array Costs Array Size

Lastly, for the infiltration rates, we have three testable variables. A lower performing home will have a leakier envelope, while a higher performing home will have a tighter sealed envelope.

Description Crystalline silicon, Inverter Efficiency= 0.96, South Azimuth, Tilt= Roof Pitch (40 deg.)

2 kW

$9,392.00

(See 1kW description)

3 kW

$13,916.00

(See 1kW description)

4 kW

$18,416.00

(See 1kW description)

5 kW

$22,848.00

(See 1kW description)

6 kW

$27,073.00

(See 1kW description)

7 kW

$31,264.00

(See 1kW description)

2.2 Typical Buffalo Home Prior to the start of our analysis to the preceding variables discussed, we then focused on selecting a a typical Buffalo home to use as a baseline. Our selected home is 424 Potomac Avenue, Buffalo NY 14213. The selection of this home was based off two factors: first, it is a typical west side home and second, that one of our teammates occupied the home at the time of the report. This allowed us to accurately acquire dimensions and necessary information to input to our BEopt model. The following is a checklist used to set up the initial baseline home in BEopt:         

House is in Buffalo, New York, Suburban terrain House is 24 feet wide, 55 feet deep, and 2 stories tall The walls are 2x4 wood studs and each floor has a wall height of 9 feet Front porch has a 10-foot depth, while the front door faces South There are 6 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms There is a basement under the entire house The roof is gabled with an 8:12 pitch and has grey color asphalt shingles. It is also constructed of rafters and is an unfinished attic There are 438 sq.ft. of windows and are equally distributed on all sides There are neighbors on the left and right side 10 feet away

These variables created the baseline home in which we could start to incorporate all of the renovation strategies. 2.3 BEopt Modeling Assumptions In addition to the preceding strategies and variables we made to the home, we made a series of assumptions which one would have to implement in order to see the results which we achieve. These range from generally modest upgrades to more extreme upgrades, but all help to improve the energy efficiency of a home.

Assumption 1: Figure 3. shows a list of assumed additional upgrades. These improvements were uniform across all tests: Note: All tests were performed with an electric furnace providing heat unless otherwise noted. Figure 3. Standard Home Upgrades Improvements

Price

Description

Insulate and Seal Ducts

$1,548

Insulate Hot Water Pipes

$1,744

R-8, 7.5% Leakage R-2, Copper

Solar Hot Water Unit

$7,554

64 sq.ft.

TOTAL

$10,846

Figure 4. Maximum Home Upgrades Price

After establishing all of our renovation strategies, and our list of assumption for each run, we then began to compare the strategies against one other. This was accomplished by compiling the information into a matrix which covers all of the different combinations someone can make to their home. We brought our information into Microsoft Excel to start laying out the matrix. Once this was established, we could then input our BEopt numbers into it. In addition to having the more in depth matrix, there is an additional shortened column labeled ‘Max’ adjacent to it. This column displays the values obtained from maximum upgrade testing. We concluded with having six different tables which provided us with answers to our research questions. 3. RESULTS

Assumption 2: Figure 4. shows the additional upgrades we made in order to try to max out our energy savings potential regardless of initial cost. These assumptions were made assuming we needed the best upgrades available to achieve our net zero goal.

Improvements

2.4 Table Matrix Formatting

Description

Insulate and Seal Ducts

$1,548

R-8, 7.5% Leakage

Insulate Hot Water Pipes

$1,744

R-2, Copper

Solar Hot Water Unit

$7,554

64 sq.ft.

Mechanical Ventilation

$2,270

ERV, 72%, 2010 ASHRAE 62.2

Air Source Heat Pump

$8,751

SEER 22, 10 HSPF

LED Lights

$1,012

100% LED

Appliances

$9,238

Refrigerator ( Top Freezer, EF= 21.9), Cooking Range (Electric), Dishwasher ( 290 kWh), Washing Machine ( Energy Star), Dryer (Electric, Heat Pump, Ventless)

Hot Water Heater

$2,937

Electric, Tankless

TOTAL

$35,054

You will find attached to this report our list of tables. There is not one definitive way to use the tables, however as previously mentioned, they can be tailored to users’ expectations and plans of living. The following will be descriptions of our results. Please refer to the corresponding table to view the numerical values. Each table’s numerical value is a combination of the corresponding X and Y axis variables. Table 2: Annual Electricity Usage (kWh/Year) This matrix measures how many kilowatt hours (kWh) are used per year based on each combination. Table 3: Annual Energy Produced (kWh/Year) This table shows how much energy a home will produce; the values depicted are in kWh. The other variables, although help with the overall performance of the house, do not produce energy. Table 4: Initial Cost ($) This matrix describes, in a dollar amount ($), how much it costs to make these renovations initially. This is simply the upfront cost of the variables added together and was used as the starting point in order to figure out the payback period. Note: The numbers shown are strictly for the cost of the materials and do not include cost of construction. Table 5: Payback Period (Years) The payback period is the measurement of time it takes for the energy savings created by upgrades to pay for the initial costs of the upgrade. This results in a numerical value that shows the number of years it takes for someone to see a return on their investment.

Table 6: Energy Savings ($/Year) This is a complimentary matrix to the preceding table #. This shows the amount of money, in dollars, you will save per year. Table 7: Duplicate Combinations This matrix shows the number of runs that achieved the same energy usage, despite having a different combination of upgrades and costs. This shows that there is no right answer of combinations and that homeowners can mix and match to their needs or budget.

The low improvement, which is one standard deviation above the mean, can be seeing in Table 1-1. The medium improvement, which is within one standard deviation of the mean, can be seen in Table 1-2. Lastly, the high improvement, which is one standard deviation below the mean, can be seeing in Table 1-3. For each category, we have a coupling of numbers which show the minimum kWh and maximum kWh and also the lowest cost option. To have a better understanding of how these relate to a typical buffalo home, please see the baseline figures in Figure 6.

4. DISCUSSION

Figure 6. Baseline Home kWh/yr Usage

After analyzing our results, we were able to answer our previous hypotheses.

0_South Hypothesis 1 Outcome: 45_SW-NE Under every possible situation, we were actually unable to achieve a net zero retrofit. This came as a shock to us since we figured with all of the highest end upgrades that we would not only be able to achieve net zero, but also that we would be producing enough energy to become net positive. Many different trial runs and variables all led to the same conclusion determining that were unable to achieve this. This outcome is not to say that achieving net zero is impossible, however, based off of our analysis, it will be very difficult, and quite possibly monetarily unfeasible to do so. Hypothesis 2 Outcome: The next hypothesis is difficult to summarize with a definitive answer. Although the tables are organized for the viewer to make their own judgement and analysis, we have several different recommendations which would be beneficial to a home owner making improvements. In order to have a format for issuing recommendations, we developed a method based on setting the mean kWh/yr as our baseline, and then using the standard deviations off of it to determine low, medium, and high performing upgrades. (See Figure 5) Figure 5. Standard Deviation % Reduction from baseline test

kWh/ yr Mean

39,437

-50.98%

Standard Dev.

12,705

N/A

Plus 1 Std.Dev.

52,142

-35.19%

Minus 1 Std. Dev.

26,733

-66.77%

% Reduction to Mean

Baseline kWh/yr

90_E-W 135_NW-SE

80,449 80,420 80,171 80,174

-50.98% -50.96% -50.81% -50.81%

The general trend we observed, which is quite intuitive to what one would think, is that as improvements in energy efficiency occurred, it cost more money to implement these strategies. However, the unique phenomena are that the payback period for the greatest solutions is not as far off in years as we once thought. Assuming someone would move into a home for a ten year period, they would see the payback in a majority of the options listed in Table 5. 4.1 Takeaways This research begins to show that achieving net zero with existing homes is very difficult to do. As designers, this should make us more aware of our future designs to ensure that we are being energy efficient during the initial design phase and not reprimanding future generations with our negligence. Additionally, the research in the charts shows the subtle and vast difference between different improvement strategies. It was quite evident that infiltration rates had one of the largest impacts. This can be seen in the overall percentage change from the 15.0ACH50 infiltration rate, to the 5.0ACH50. This made up one of the greatest differences compared to just upgrading the home with the best insulation and windows. Lastly, the pairing of BEopt and Microsoft Excel provided us with a simplification of complex matrices and numbers to

make the information generated by the research more accessible to designers, builders, and homeowners alike.

6. REFERENCES 1.

5. CONCLUSION Although we were unable to achieve net zero energy in any of our test runs, we still look to this series of testing in an optimistic fashion. Net zero is essentially the ultimate goal for a building in our day and age, however, for a retrofit of an older house, saving any energy is better than not taking any initiative at all. With an average savings of about 50% kWh/yr for the total energy on our test runs, we still managed to save a substantial amount of energy compared to where the house currently stands. We look at this and think if all homes can be retrofitted and save this amount of energy then that is a great start to solving some of the energy related problems with residential homes. We also hope to discourage the thought of demolishing older homes and starting new. Creating thousands of tons of demolition waste to sit in landfills to reduce long term energy usage is the beginning of a zero sum game. The benefit of building a new ultra-efficient home at the expense of destroying the embodied energy of an older home, may not necessarily see its benefits.

3. 4.

J. D. Muhs, “Hybrid Solar Lighting Doubles the Efficiency and Affordability of Solar Energy in Commercial Buildings”, CADDET Energy Efficiency Newsletter December 2000, p. 6. J. D. Muhs, “Design and Analysis of Hybrid Solar Lighting and Full-Spectrum Solar Energy Systems”, Solar 2000, July 16-21, 2000, American Solar Energy Society. PACENation. Saving Energy & Creating Jobs. Residential PACE. 2016. Review of Structural Materials and Methods for Home Building in the United States: 1900 to 2000, NAHB Research Center, Inc. Upper Marlboro, MD. 2001. U.S. Energy Information Administration: Independent Statistics & Analysis. Electricity Explained. January, 2016 2011 Housing Profile: Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY. American Housing Survey Factsheets. July 2013.

For a new home owner, implementing performance upgrades may seem like an expensive endeavor; however, we hope to disprove this thought by allowing people to see how relatively quickly they can make a return on their investment through our research. We hope people can review this report and realize the payback potential there is. Even if homeowners do not retrofit to the full energy savings potential, saving a small fraction of energy can go a long way when this becomes multiplied by the number of older homes in Buffalo, or even better, the United States.

ENERGY EFFICIENT RETROFITS: AN ANAYLSIS OF BUFFALO, NEW YORK HOMES SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS

Energy Modeling Data Tables: Table 1-1: Low Improvement…….……….......……..…………………………………………….…….......................8 Table 1-2: Medium Improvement………..…………..……………………………………...……………....................8 Table 1-3: High Improvement…….……...…………..……………………………………………...……....................8 Table 2: Annual Electricity Usage (kWh/Year)…..……………………………………………….……........................9 Table 3: Annual Energy Produced (kWh/Year)…..……………………………………………….……......................10 Table 4: Initial Cost ($)……...…………………………………….…………………………….……........................11 Table 5: Payback Period (Years)……………………………………………………………….……..........................12 Table 6: Energy Savings ($/Year)……...………………...……………………………..………….……....................13 Table 7: Duplicate Combinations…..……...……………………………………………………..………….……......14

Table 1-1. Low Improvement Pick Type

kWh

% Reduction

Payback (years)

Initial Cost

MIN kWh

52763

-34.41%

4.29

$22,328

MAX kWh

80414

-0.04%

20+

$4,742

CHEAPEST COST OF RANGE

80414

-0.04%

20+

$4,742

Combination Description Wall: R-13 Cellulose (Gr.3) Roof: R-30 Fiberglass Basement: XPS R-5 Windows: Wood Frame Single Pane PV Array: 1 kW Wall: Unchanged Roof: Unchanged Basement: Unchanged Windows: Wood Frame Single Pane PV Array: 1 kW Wall: Unchanged Roof: Unchanged Basement: Unchanged Windows: Wood Frame Single Pane PV Array: 1 kW

Table 1-2. Medium Improvement Pick Type

kWh

% Reduction

Payback (years)

Initial Cost

MIN kWh

26733

-66.77%

7.89

$56,309

MAX kWh

52131

-35.20%

3.27

$17,586

CHEAPEST COST OF RANGE

52131

-35.20%

3.27

$17,586

Combination Description Wall: R-13 Cellulose (Gr.1) Roof: R-30 + R19 Fiberglass Basement: XPS R-15 Windows: Double Pane, Low-e PV Array: 5 kW Wall: Unchanged Roof: Unchanged Basement: Unchanged Windows: Wood Frame Single Pane PV Array: NONE Wall: Unchanged Roof: Unchanged Basement: Unchanged Windows: Wood Frame Single Pane PV Array: NONE

Table 1-3. High Improvement Pick Type

kWh

% Reduction

Payback (years)

Initial Cost

MIN kWh

18881

-76.53%

9.34

$80,837

MAX kWh

26731

-66.77%

7.39

$52,769

CHEAPEST COST OF RANGE

44811

-44.30%

6.89

$46,205

Combination Description Wall: R-13 Cellulose (Gr.1) Roof: R-30 + R-19 Fiberglass Basement: XPS R-15 Windows: Triple Pane, Arg. Filled, Low-e PV Array: 7 kW Wall: R-13 Cellulose (Gr.1) Roof: R-30 + R-19 Fiberglass Basement: XPS R-15 Windows: Double Pane, Low-e PV Array: 4 kW Wall: R-13 Cellulose (Gr.1) Roof: R-30 + R-19 Fiberglass Basement: XPS R-15 Windows: Wood Frame Single Pane PV Array: 6 kW

Table 2: Annual Electricity Usage (kWh/Yr)

MAX

Wall

NONE

(CODE) R-13 Cellulose (Grade 3)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 2)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 1)

Roof

NONE

(CODE) R-30 Fiberglass

R-38 Fiberglass

R-30 Fiberglass + R-19 Fiberglass

R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

Basement

NONE

(Whole Wall) XPS R-5

(Whole Wall) XPS R-10

(Whole Wall) XPS R-15

(Whole Wall) XPS R-20

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

80449

52131

47801

45413

50988

46629

44234

49773

45383

42974

15.0

63658

36123

31818

29478

35042

30721

28381

33873

29530

27184

5.0

80420

52098

47778

45404

50959

46611

44228

49751

45363

42969

15.0

63644

36121

31815

29497

35053

30722

28401

33884

29535

27203

5.0

80171

51911

47661

45288

50777

46496

44113

49566

45253

42855

15.0

63393

35942

31709

29388

34873

30619

28298

33709

29430

27102

5.0

80174

53935

49692

47320

52803

48534

46152

51597

47295

44899

15.0

63393

37950

33719

31402

36883

32636

30315

35723

31446

29123

5.0

79277

50961

46632

44244

49818

45460

43065

48604

44214

41805

15.0

62490

34953

30648

28309

33872

29552

27211

32704

28361

26013

5.0

80414

52093

47772

45399

50953

46605

44223

49745

45358

42963

15.0

63638

36115

31809

29491

35047

30716

28395

33878

29529

27198

5.0

79016

50756

46506

44133

49623

45341

42958

48411

44098

41701

15.0

62238

34787

30554

28233

33718

29464

27143

32554

28275

25947

5.0

79001

52763

48520

46148

51630

47361

44979

50424

46123

43726

15.0

62221

36778

32547

30229

35711

31463

29143

34550

30274

27951

5.0

78098

49783

45453

43066

48640

44282

41887

47423

43036

40626

15.0

61311

33775

29470

27131

32694

28373

26033

31526

27183

24835

5.0

80408

52087

47766

45393

50947

46599

44217

49739

45352

42957

15.0

63632

36109

31803

29485

35041

30710

28390

33872

29523

27192

5.0

77849

49590

45340

42967

48456

44174

41792

47245

42932

40534

15.0

61072

33620

29387

27067

32551

28298

25977

31388

27109

24781

5.0

77823

51585

47342

44970

50452

46183

43801

49246

44944

42548

15.0

61043

35599

31369

29051

34533

30285

27965

33372

29096

26773

5.0

76917

48602

44272

41885

47459

43101

40706

46242

41854

39445

15.0

60130

32594

28289

25950

31513

27192

24852

30344

26002

23654

5.0

80402

52081

47760

45387

50942

46594

44211

49733

45346

42951

15.0

63626

36104

31797

29479

35035

30704

28384

33867

29517

27186

5.0

76677

48417

44168

41794

47284

43002

40619

46073

41759

39362

15.0

59900

32448

28215

25895

31379

27126

24804

30216

25936

23609

5.0

76642

50404

46161

43789

49271

45002

42620

48065

43763

41367

15.0

59861

34418

30188

27870

33352

29104

26783

32191

27915

25591

5.0

75730

47415

43085

40698

46272

41914

39519

45055

40667

38258

15.0

58943

31407

27102

24763

30326

26005

23665

29157

24815

22467

5.0

80387

52066

47745

45372

50927

46579

44196

49719

45332

42937

15.0

63611

36089

31783

29464

35021

30690

28369

33852

29503

27171

5.0

75502

47242

42992

40619

46109

41827

39444

44897

40584

38187

15.0

58724

31273

27040

24719

30204

25950

23629

29040

24761

22433

5.0

75458

49220

44977

42605

48087

43818

41436

46881

42579

40183

15.0

58677

33234

29004

26686

32167

27920

25599

31007

26731

24407

5.0

74540

46225

41895

39508

45082

40724

38329

43865

39478

37068

15.0

57753

30217

25912

23573

29136

24815

22475

27968

23625

21277

5.0

80326

52005

47684

45311

50865

46517

44135

49657

45270

42875

15.0

63550

36027

31721

29403

34959

30628

28308

33790

29441

27110

5.0

74321

46061

41811

39438

44928

40646

38263

43716

39403

37005

15.0

57543

30092

25859

23538

29023

24769

22448

27859

23580

21252

5.0

74271

48033

43790

41418

46900

42631

40249

45694

41392

38996

15.0

57490

32047

27817

25499

30980

26733

24412

29820

25544

23220

5.0

73351

45035

40706

38318

43892

39534

37139

42675

38288

35878

15.0

56563

29027

24722

22383

27946

23625

21285

26778

22435

20087

5.0

80206

51885

47564

45190

50745

46397

44014

49537

45149

42755

15.0

63430

35907

31601

29283

34839

30508

28187

33670

29321

26989

5.0

73137

44877

40627

38254

43743

39462

37079

42532

38219

35821

15.0

56359

28908

24675

22354

27839

23585

21264

26675

22396

20068

5.0

73078

46840

42597

40225

45707

41438

39056

44501

40199

37803

15.0

56298

30854

26624

24306

29788

25540

23220

28627

24351

22028

5.0

72158

43842

39513

37125

42699

38341

35946

41482

37095

34686

15.0

55371

27834

23529

21190

26753

22433

20092

25585

21242

18894

5.0

79998

51676

47356

44982

50537

46189

43806

49329

44941

42547

15.0

63222

35699

31393

29075

34631

30300

27979

33462

29113

26781

5.0

71950

43690

39440

37067

42556

38275

35892

41345

37032

34634

15.0

55172

27721

23488

21167

26652

22398

20077

25488

21209

18881

5.0

71888

45650

41407

39035

44517

40248

37866

43311

39009

36613

15.0

55108

29665

25434

23116

28598

24350

22030

27437

23161

20838

5.0

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Orientation

NONE

0_South

14683

45_SW-NE

14722

90_E-W

14695

135_NW-SE

16682

Orientation

1 KW

0_South

13514

45_SW-NE

14716

90_E-W

13540

135_NW-SE

15510

Orientation

2 KW

0_South

12336

45_SW-NE

14710

90_E-W

12374

135_NW-SE

14332

11155

45_SW-NE

14704

90_E-W

11202

135_NW-SE

Orientation

4 KW

0_South

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

Orientation

5 KW

11967

8778

45_SW-NE

14628

90_E-W

8845

135_NW-SE

10780

Orientation

0_South

7588

45_SW-NE

14508

90_E-W

7661

135_NW-SE

9587

0_South

Orientation

9968

10026

0_South

6 KW

13151

14689

135_NW-SE

7 KW

ACH50 Infiltration Rate

Orientation

Photovoltaic Panels

3 KW

0_South

6395

45_SW-NE

14300

90_E-W

6474

135_NW-SE

8397 NOTE: Cases include additional standard equipment upgrades. See report for details

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 2.0

Window

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Table 3: Annual Energy Produced (kWh/Yr)

MAX

Wall

NONE

(CODE) R-13 Cellulose (Grade 3)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 2)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 1)

Roof

NONE

(CODE) R-30 Fiberglass

R-38 Fiberglass

R-30 Fiberglass + R-19 Fiberglass

R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

Basement

NONE

(Whole Wall) XPS R-5

(Whole Wall) XPS R-10

(Whole Wall) XPS R-15

(Whole Wall) XPS R-20

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

80449

52131

47801

45413

50988

46629

44234

49773

45383

42974

15.0

63658

36123

31818

29478

35042

30721

28381

33873

29530

27184

5.0

80420

52098

47778

45404

50959

46611

44228

49751

45363

42969

15.0

63644

36121

31815

29497

35053

30722

28401

33884

29535

27203

5.0

80171

51911

47661

45288

50777

46496

44113

49566

45253

42855

15.0

63393

35942

31709

29388

34873

30619

28298

33709

29430

27102

5.0

80174

53935

49692

47320

52803

48534

46152

51597

47295

44899

15.0

63393

37950

33719

31402

36883

32636

30315

35723

31446

29123

5.0

1172

1170

1169

1170

1169

15.0

1168

1170

1169

1170

1169

1170

1169

1171

5.0

15.0

5.0

1155

1154

1155

1154

15.0

1155

5.0

1173

1172

1173

1172

1173

15.0

1172

1173

1172

1173

1172

1173

1172

5.0

2351

2348

2347

2348

2347

2350

2347

2348

15.0

2347

2348

2347

2348

2347

2349

5.0

15.0

5.0

2322

2321

2322

2321

15.0

2321

2322

2321

2322

2321

5.0

2351

2350

2351

15.0

2350

2351

2350

2351

2350

2351

2350

2351

2350

5.0

3532

3529

3528

3529

3528

3531

3529

15.0

3528

3529

3528

3529

3528

3530

5.0

15.0

5.0

3494

3493

3494

3493

3494

3493

3494

3493

15.0

3493

3494

3493

3494

3493

3494

3493

3494

3493

5.0

3532

3531

3532

15.0

3532

3531

3532

3531

3532

3531

3532

5.0

4719

4716

4715

4716

4715

4718

4716

15.0

4715

4716

4715

4716

4715

4717

5.0

15.0

5.0

4669

4668

4669

4668

15.0

4669

5.0

4716

4715

4716

15.0

4716

4715

4716

4715

4716

5.0

5909

5906

5905

5906

5905

5908

5905

5906

15.0

5905

5906

5905

5906

5905

5907

5.0

15.0

5.0

5850

5849

5850

15.0

5850

5.0

5903

5902

5903

15.0

5903

5902

5903

5902

5903

5.0

7098

7096

7095

7096

7095

7098

7095

7096

15.0

7095

7096

7095

7096

7095

7097

5.0

214

213

214

15.0

214

5.0

7034

15.0

7034

5.0

7096

7095

7096

15.0

7095

7096

7095

7096

7095

7096

7095

7096

7095

5.0

8291

8289

8288

8289

8288

8291

8288

15.0

8287

8289

8288

8289

8288

8289

8288

8290

5.0

422

15.0

422

5.0

8221

15.0

8221

5.0

8286

8285

8286

15.0

8285

8286

8285

8286

8285

8286

8285

5.0

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

14683

Orientation

NONE

0_South

14722

45_SW-NE

14695

90_E-W

16682

135_NW-SE

Orientation

1 KW

0_South

1169

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

1155

135_NW-SE

1172

Orientation

2 KW

0_South

2347

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

2321

135_NW-SE

2350

3528

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

3493

135_NW-SE

Orientation

4 KW

0_South

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

Orientation

5 KW

4715

5905

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

5850

135_NW-SE

5902

Orientation

0_South

7095

45_SW-NE

214

90_E-W

7034

135_NW-SE

7095

0_South

Orientation

4715

4669

0_South

6 KW

3531

135_NW-SE

7 KW

ACH50 Infiltration Rate

Orientation

Photovoltaic Panels

3 KW

0_South

8288

45_SW-NE

422

90_E-W

8221

135_NW-SE

8285 NOTE: Cases include additional standard equipment upgrades. See report for details. Cells shaded in black with white text are baseline kWh from Table 2.

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 2.0

Window

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Table 4: Initial Cost ($) Wall

NONE

(CODE) R-13 Cellulose (Grade 3)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 2)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 1)

Roof

NONE

(CODE) R-30 Fiberglass

R-38 Fiberglass

R-30 Fiberglass + R-19 Fiberglass

R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

Basement

NONE

(Whole Wall) XPS R-5

(Whole Wall) XPS R-10

(Whole Wall) XPS R-15

(Whole Wall) XPS R-20

Orientation Orientation

NONE

Window

1 KW

MAX

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

N/A

$17,586

$32,807

$48,027

$18,240

$33,461

$48,681

$19,132

$34,353

$49,573

$76,995

$4,742

$22,328

$37,549

$52,769

$22,982

$38,203

$53,423

$23,874

$39,095

$54,315

$81,737

$9,392

$26,978

$42,199

$57,419

$27,632

$42,853

$58,073

$28,524

$43,745

$58,965

$86,387

$13,916

$31,502

$46,723

$61,943

$32,156

$47,377

$62,597

$33,048

$48,269

$63,489

$18,416

$36,002

$51,223

$66,443

$36,656

$51,877

$67,097

$37,548

$52,769

$67,989

$22,848

$40,434

$55,655

$70,875

$41,088

$56,309

$71,529

$41,980

$57,201

$72,421

$99,843

$27,073

$44,659

$59,880

$75,100

$45,313

$60,534

$75,754

$46,205

$61,426

$76,646

$104,068

$31,264

$48,850

$64,071

$79,291

$49,504

$64,725

$79,945

$50,396

$65,617

$80,837

$108,259

0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W 135_NW-SE 0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W

Orientation

2 KW

135_NW-SE 0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W

90_E-W

Orientation

4 KW

0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W

Orientation

5 KW

135_NW-SE

$90,911

$95,411

0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W

Orientation

6 KW

135_NW-SE 0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W

Orientation

135_NW-SE 0_South 45_SW-NE 90_E-W 135_NW-SE NOTE: Cases include additional standard equipment upgrades. See report for details

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 2.0

45_SW-NE

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 15.0

Orientation

3 KW

0_South

135_NW-SE

7 KW

Photovoltaic Panels

135_NW-SE

Table 5: Payback Period (Years) Wall

NONE

(CODE) R-13 Cellulose (Grade 3)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 2)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 1)

Roof

NONE

(CODE) R-30 Fiberglass

R-38 Fiberglass

R-30 Fiberglass + R-19 Fiberglass

R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

Basement

NONE

(Whole Wall) XPS R-5

(Whole Wall) XPS R-10

(Whole Wall) XPS R-15

(Whole Wall) XPS R-20

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

3.27

5.29

7.21

3.26

5.21

7.07

3.28

5.16

6.96

6.16

3.27

5.29

7.22

3.26

5.21

7.08

3.28

5.16

6.97

6.17

90_E-W

3.28

5.31

7.25

3.27

5.23

7.11

3.29

5.18

6.99

6.19

135_NW-SE

3.53

5.66

7.69

3.51

5.57

7.53

3.52

5.50

7.40

6.38

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

0_South 45_SW-NE

0_South

21.30

3.99

5.84

7.67

3.95

5.75

7.52

3.95

5.68

7.40

6.05

45_SW-NE

4159.65

4.15

6.05

7.93

4.10

5.95

7.77

4.10

5.87

7.63

6.17

90_E-W

21.61

4.00

5.87

7.71

3.96

5.77

7.56

3.96

5.70

7.43

6.08

135_NW-SE

21.28

4.29

6.24

8.16

4.24

6.13

7.99

4.22

6.04

7.84

6.27

0_South

21.03

4.63

6.35

8.08

4.57

6.24

7.93

4.55

6.15

7.79

5.95

45_SW-NE

4119.30

5.01

6.80

8.63

4.93

6.67

8.44

4.89

6.57

8.28

6.17

90_E-W

21.29

4.64

6.38

8.12

4.59

6.27

7.96

4.56

6.18

7.83

5.98

135_NW-SE

21.03

4.97

6.76

8.58

4.89

6.64

8.40

4.85

6.54

8.25

6.15

0_South

20.74

5.21

6.80

8.45

5.13

6.68

8.29

5.08

6.58

8.15

5.85

45_SW-NE

4069.01

5.85

7.53

9.31

5.74

7.37

9.10

5.67

7.24

8.92

90_E-W

20.96

5.22

6.83

8.50

5.15

6.71

8.33

5.10

6.61

8.19

135_NW-SE

20.74

5.57

7.23

8.96

5.48

7.09

8.77

5.42

6.98

8.61

0_South

20.54

5.74

7.22

8.80

5.64

7.09

8.63

5.58

6.98

8.48

45_SW-NE

2937.16

6.68

8.25

9.98

6.54

8.07

9.75

6.44

7.92

9.55

90_E-W

20.76

5.75

7.25

8.84

5.66

7.12

8.67

5.60

7.02

8.52

135_NW-SE

20.55

6.12

7.66

9.31

6.01

7.51

9.12

5.94

7.39

8.95

0_South

20.35

6.22

7.60

9.11

6.11

7.46

8.94

6.04

7.35

8.79

5.65

45_SW-NE

1279.28

7.49

8.95

10.62

7.32

8.74

10.38

7.18

8.56

10.15

6.16

90_E-W

20.56

6.24

7.64

9.16

6.14

7.50

8.98

6.06

7.38

8.83

5.68

135_NW-SE

20.37

6.62

8.05

9.62

6.50

7.89

9.43

6.41

7.76

9.26

5.84

0_South

20.07

6.64

7.93

9.38

6.52

7.79

9.21

6.44

7.67

9.05

5.56

45_SW-NE

665.84

8.24

9.59

11.22

8.04

9.36

10.95

7.87

9.17

10.71

6.15

90_E-W

20.26

6.66

7.97

9.43

6.55

7.83

9.25

6.46

7.71

9.10

5.59

135_NW-SE

20.08

7.05

8.39

9.89

6.92

8.22

9.70

6.82

8.09

9.52

5.74

0_South

19.85

7.02

8.24

9.63

6.90

8.09

9.45

6.81

7.97

9.30

5.47

45_SW-NE

389.92

8.94

10.20

11.78

8.72

9.95

11.49

8.53

9.73

11.23

6.13

90_E-W

20.02

7.05

8.28

9.68

6.93

8.13

9.50

6.83

8.01

9.34

5.50

135_NW-SE

19.86

7.45

8.70

10.14

7.31

8.53

9.95

7.20

8.39

9.77

5.65

NOTE: Cases include additional standard equipment upgrades. See report for details

6.17 5.88 6.05 5.75 6.17 5.78 5.94

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 2.0

N/A

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 15.0

Orientation Orientation Orientation Orientation Orientation Orientation Orientation Orientation

7 KW

6 KW

5 KW

4 KW

3 KW

2 KW

1 KW

NONE

Window

Photovoltaic Panels

MAX

Table 6: Energy Savings ($/yr)

MAX

Wall

NONE

(CODE) R-13 Cellulose (Grade 3)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 2)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 1)

Roof

NONE

(CODE) R-30 Fiberglass

R-38 Fiberglass

R-30 Fiberglass + R-19 Fiberglass

R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

Basement

NONE

(Whole Wall) XPS R-5

(Whole Wall) XPS R-10

(Whole Wall) XPS R-15

(Whole Wall) XPS R-20

Window

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

$5,380.42

$6,203.12

$6,656.84

$5,597.59

$6,425.80

$6,880.85

$5,828.44

$6,662.54

$7,120.25

15.0

$5,231.65

$6,049.60

$6,494.20

$5,437.04

$6,258.03

$6,702.63

$5,659.15

$6,484.32

$6,930.06

5.0

$5,381.18

$6,201.98

$6,653.04

$5,597.59

$6,423.71

$6,876.48

$5,827.11

$6,660.83

$7,115.69

15.0

$5,229.37

$6,047.51

$6,487.93

$5,432.29

$6,255.18

$6,696.17

$5,654.40

$6,480.71

$6,923.79

5.0

$5,369.40

$6,176.90

$6,627.77

$5,584.86

$6,398.25

$6,851.02

$5,814.95

$6,634.42

$7,090.04

15.0

$5,215.69

$6,019.96

$6,460.95

$5,418.80

$6,227.06

$6,668.05

$5,639.96

$6,452.97

$6,895.29

5.0

$4,985.41

$5,791.58

$6,242.26

$5,200.49

$6,011.60

$6,464.18

$5,429.63

$6,247.01

$6,702.25

15.0

$4,834.17

$5,638.06

$6,078.29

$5,036.90

$5,843.83

$6,284.82

$5,257.30

$6,069.93

$6,511.30

5.0

$222.68

$5,602.72

$6,425.23

$6,878.95

$5,819.89

$6,647.91

$7,102.96

$6,050.55

$6,884.65

$7,342.36

15.0

$221.92

$5,453.95

$6,271.90

$6,716.31

$5,659.34

$6,480.14

$6,924.93

$5,881.26

$6,706.43

$7,152.55

5.0

$1.14

$5,382.13

$6,203.12

$6,653.99

$5,598.73

$6,424.85

$6,877.43

$5,828.25

$6,661.78

$7,116.83

15.0

$1.14

$5,230.51

$6,048.65

$6,489.07

$5,433.43

$6,256.32

$6,697.31

$5,655.54

$6,481.85

$6,924.74

5.0

$219.45

$5,588.85

$6,396.35

$6,847.22

$5,804.12

$6,617.70

$7,070.47

$6,034.40

$6,853.87

$7,309.30

15.0

$219.45

$5,435.14

$6,239.41

$6,680.40

$5,638.25

$6,446.51

$6,887.50

$5,859.41

$6,672.42

$7,114.74

5.0

$222.87

$5,208.09

$6,014.26

$6,464.94

$5,423.36

$6,234.47

$6,687.05

$5,652.50

$6,469.69

$6,925.12

15.0

$222.68

$5,056.85

$5,860.74

$6,301.16

$5,259.58

$6,066.70

$6,507.50

$5,480.17

$6,292.61

$6,733.98

5.0

$446.69

$5,826.54

$6,649.24

$7,102.77

$6,043.71

$6,871.73

$7,326.78

$6,274.94

$7,108.47

$7,566.37

15.0

$445.93

$5,677.77

$6,495.72

$6,940.13

$5,883.16

$6,704.15

$7,148.75

$6,105.08

$6,930.25

$7,376.37

5.0

$2.28

$5,383.27

$6,204.26

$6,655.13

$5,599.87

$6,425.99

$6,878.57

$5,829.39

$6,662.92

$7,117.97

15.0

$2.28

$5,231.65

$6,049.79

$6,490.21

$5,434.57

$6,257.46

$6,698.26

$5,656.68

$6,482.99

$6,925.88

5.0

$441.18

$5,810.39

$6,617.89

$7,068.76

$6,025.85

$6,839.43

$7,292.01

$6,255.94

$7,075.41

$7,531.03

15.0

$440.99

$5,656.87

$6,461.14

$6,901.94

$5,859.98

$6,668.05

$7,109.04

$6,080.95

$6,893.96

$7,336.28

5.0

$446.69

$5,431.91

$6,238.08

$6,688.76

$5,647.18

$6,458.29

$6,910.87

$5,876.32

$6,693.70

$7,148.94

15.0

$446.50

$5,280.86

$6,084.56

$6,524.98

$5,483.40

$6,290.52

$6,731.32

$5,703.99

$6,516.43

$6,957.80

5.0

$671.08

$6,050.93

$6,873.63

$7,327.16

$6,268.10

$7,096.12

$7,551.17

$6,499.33

$7,333.05

$7,790.76

15.0

$670.32

$5,902.16

$6,720.11

$7,164.52

$6,107.55

$6,928.54

$7,373.14

$6,329.66

$7,154.64

$7,600.76

5.0

$3.42

$5,384.41

$6,205.40

$6,656.27

$5,600.82

$6,426.94

$6,879.71

$5,830.53

$6,664.06

$7,119.11

15.0

$3.42

$5,232.60

$6,050.93

$6,491.35

$5,435.71

$6,258.60

$6,699.40

$5,657.63

$6,484.13

$6,927.02

5.0

$663.86

$6,033.26

$6,840.57

$7,291.63

$6,248.53

$7,062.11

$7,514.88

$6,478.62

$7,298.28

$7,753.71

15.0

$663.67

$5,879.55

$6,683.82

$7,124.62

$6,082.66

$6,890.73

$7,331.91

$6,303.63

$7,116.83

$7,558.96

5.0

$671.08

$5,656.30

$6,462.47

$6,913.15

$5,871.57

$6,682.68

$7,135.26

$6,100.71

$6,918.09

$7,373.33

15.0

$671.08

$5,505.25

$6,308.95

$6,749.37

$5,707.79

$6,514.91

$6,955.90

$5,928.38

$6,740.82

$7,182.38

5.0

$896.61

$6,276.46

$7,099.16

$7,552.69

$6,493.63

$7,321.65

$7,776.70

$6,724.86

$7,558.58

$8,016.29

15.0

$895.85

$6,127.69

$6,945.64

$7,390.05

$6,333.08

$7,154.07

$7,598.67

$6,555.19

$7,380.17

$7,826.29

5.0

$6.27

$5,387.26

$6,208.25

$6,659.12

$5,603.67

$6,429.79

$6,882.56

$5,833.19

$6,666.72

$7,121.77

15.0

$6.27

$5,235.45

$6,053.59

$6,494.20

$5,438.37

$6,261.26

$6,702.25

$5,660.48

$6,486.79

$6,929.87

5.0

$887.11

$6,256.51

$7,064.01

$7,514.88

$6,471.78

$7,285.36

$7,738.13

$6,702.06

$7,521.53

$7,976.96

15.0

$887.11

$6,102.80

$6,907.07

$7,348.06

$6,305.91

$7,114.17

$7,555.16

$6,527.07

$7,340.08

$7,782.40

5.0

$896.04

$5,881.26

$6,687.43

$7,138.11

$6,096.53

$6,907.64

$7,360.22

$6,325.67

$7,143.05

$7,598.29

15.0

$896.04

$5,730.21

$6,533.91

$6,974.33

$5,932.94

$6,739.87

$7,180.86

$6,153.34

$6,965.78

$7,407.34

5.0

$1,122.71

$6,502.56

$7,325.26

$7,778.79

$6,719.73

$7,547.75

$8,002.80

$6,950.96

$7,784.49

$8,242.39

15.0

$1,121.95

$6,353.79

$7,171.74

$7,616.15

$6,559.18

$7,380.17

$7,824.77

$6,781.10

$7,606.27

$8,052.39

5.0

$17.86

$5,398.85

$6,219.84

$6,670.71

$5,615.45

$6,441.57

$6,894.15

$5,844.97

$6,678.50

$7,133.55

15.0

$17.86

$5,247.23

$6,065.37

$6,505.79

$5,450.15

$6,273.04

$6,713.84

$5,672.26

$6,498.57

$6,941.46

5.0

$1,111.50

$6,480.90

$7,288.40

$7,739.27

$6,696.17

$7,509.75

$7,962.52

$6,926.45

$7,745.92

$8,201.54

15.0

$1,111.50

$6,327.19

$7,131.46

$7,572.45

$6,530.30

$7,338.56

$7,779.55

$6,751.46

$7,564.47

$8,006.79

5.0

$1,121.57

$6,106.79

$6,912.96

$7,363.64

$6,322.06

$7,133.17

$7,585.75

$6,551.20

$7,368.58

$7,823.82

15.0

$1,121.57

$5,955.74

$6,759.44

$7,199.86

$6,158.47

$6,965.40

$7,406.39

$6,378.87

$7,191.31

$7,632.87

5.0

$1,348.62

$6,728.66

$7,551.17

$8,004.89

$6,945.83

$7,773.85

$8,228.90

$7,177.06

$8,010.59

$8,468.49

15.0

$1,348.05

$6,579.89

$7,397.84

$7,842.25

$6,785.28

$7,606.27

$8,050.87

$7,007.20

$7,832.37

$8,278.49

5.0

$40.66

$5,421.65

$6,242.64

$6,693.70

$5,638.25

$6,464.37

$6,917.14

$5,867.77

$6,701.49

$7,156.35

15.0

$40.66

$5,270.03

$6,088.17

$6,528.59

$5,472.95

$6,295.84

$6,736.83

$5,695.06

$6,521.37

$6,964.45

5.0

$1,336.46

$6,705.86

$7,513.36

$7,964.23

$6,921.32

$7,734.71

$8,187.48

$7,151.41

$7,970.88

$8,426.50

15.0

$1,336.46

$6,552.15

$7,356.42

$7,797.41

$6,755.26

$7,563.52

$8,004.51

$6,976.42

$7,789.43

$8,231.75

5.0

$1,348.24

$6,333.46

$7,139.63

$7,590.31

$6,548.73

$7,359.84

$7,812.42

$6,777.87

$7,595.25

$8,050.49

15.0

$1,348.05

$6,182.41

$6,986.11

$7,426.53

$6,384.95

$7,192.07

$7,632.87

$6,605.54

$7,417.98

$7,859.35

5.0

$1,575.29

$6,955.33

$7,777.84

$8,231.56

$7,172.50

$8,000.52

$8,455.57

$7,403.73

$8,237.26

$8,694.97

15.0

$1,574.53

$6,806.56

$7,624.51

$8,068.92

$7,011.95

$7,832.75

$8,277.54

$7,233.87

$8,059.04

$8,505.16

5.0

$80.18

$5,461.36

$6,282.16

$6,733.22

$5,677.77

$6,503.89

$6,956.66

$5,907.29

$6,741.01

$7,195.87

15.0

$80.18

$5,309.55

$6,127.69

$6,568.11

$5,512.47

$6,335.36

$6,776.35

$5,734.58

$6,560.89

$7,003.97

5.0

$1,561.99

$6,931.39

$7,738.89

$8,189.76

$7,146.85

$7,960.24

$8,413.01

$7,376.94

$8,196.41

$8,652.03

15.0

$1,561.99

$6,777.68

$7,581.95

$8,022.94

$6,980.79

$7,789.05

$8,230.04

$7,201.95

$8,014.96

$8,457.28

5.0

$1,574.34

$6,559.56

$7,365.73

$7,816.41

$6,774.83

$7,585.94

$8,038.52

$7,003.97

$7,821.35

$8,276.59

15.0

$1,574.15

$6,408.32

$7,212.21

$7,652.63

$6,611.05

$7,418.17

$7,858.97

$6,831.64

$7,644.08

$8,085.45

5.0

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

$12,496

45_SW-NE

$12,483 N/A

90_E-W

$12,440

135_NW-SE

$12,063

Orientation

1 KW

0_South

$12,718

45_SW-NE

$12,484

90_E-W

$12,660

135_NW-SE

$12,286

Orientation

2 KW

0_South

$12,941

45_SW-NE

$12,485

90_E-W

$12,881

135_NW-SE

$12,510

$13,166

45_SW-NE

$12,486

90_E-W

$13,104

135_NW-SE

Orientation

4 KW

0_South

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

Orientation

5 KW

$12,959

$13,617

45_SW-NE

$12,500

90_E-W

$13,552

135_NW-SE

$13,185

Orientation

0_South

$13,844

45_SW-NE

$12,523

90_E-W

$13,777

135_NW-SE

$13,412

0_South

Orientation

$13,391

$13,328

0_South

6 KW

$12,734

$12,489

135_NW-SE

7 KW

ACH50 Infiltration Rate

Orientation

Photovoltaic Panels

3 KW

0_South

$14,070

45_SW-NE

$12,563

90_E-W

$14,002

135_NW-SE

$13,638 NOTE: Cases include additional standard equipment upgrades. See report for details

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 2.0

Orientation

NONE

0_South

Table 7: Duplicate Combinations

MAX

Wall

NONE

(CODE) R-13 Cellulose (Grade 3)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 2)

R-13 Cellulose (Grade 1)

Roof

NONE

(CODE) R-30 Fiberglass

R-38 Fiberglass

R-30 Fiberglass + R-19 Fiberglass

R-38C Fiberglass + R-25 XPS

Basement

NONE

(Whole Wall) XPS R-5

(Whole Wall) XPS R-10

(Whole Wall) XPS R-15

(Whole Wall) XPS R-20

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)

Double Pane Low-e (U= 0.35, SHGC=0.35)

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

80449

52131

47801

45413

50988

46629

44234

49773

45383

42974

15.0

63658

36123

31818

29478

35042

30721

28381

33873

29530

27184

5.0

80420

52098

47778

45404

50959

46611

44228

49751

45363

42969

15.0

63644

36121

31815

29497

35053

30722

28401

33884

29535

27203

5.0

80171

51911

47661

45288

50777

46496

44113

49566

45253

42855

15.0

63393

35942

31709

29388

34873

30619

28298

33709

29430

27102

5.0

80174

53935

49692

47320

52803

48534

46152

51597

47295

44899

15.0

63393

37950

33719

31402

36883

32636

30315

35723

31446

29123

5.0

79277

50961

46632

44244

49818

45460

43065

48604

44214

41805

15.0

62490

34953

30648

28309

33872

29552

27211

32704

28361

26013

5.0

80414

52093

47772

45399

50953

46605

44223

49745

45358

42963

15.0

63638

36115

31809

29491

35047

30716

28395

33878

29529

27198

5.0

79016

50756

46506

44133

49623

45341

42958

48411

44098

41701

15.0

62238

34787

30554

28233

33718

29464

27143

32554

28275

25947

5.0

79001

52763

48520

46148

51630

47361

44979

50424

46123

43726

15.0

62221

36778

32547

30229

35711

31463

29143

34550

30274

27951

5.0

78098

49783

45453

43066

48640

44282

41887

47423

43036

40626

15.0

61311

33775

29470

27131

32694

28373

26033

31526

27183

24835

5.0

80408

52087

47766

45393

50947

46599

44217

49739

45352

42957

15.0

63632

36109

31803

29485

35041

30710

28390

33872

29523

27192

5.0

77849

49590

45340

42967

48456

44174

41792

47245

42932

40534

15.0

61072

33620

29387

27067

32551

28298

25977

31388

27109

24781

5.0

77823

51585

47342

44970

50452

46183

43801

49246

44944

42548

15.0

61043

35599

31369

29051

34533

30285

27965

33372

29096

26773

5.0

76917

48602

44272

41885

47459

43101

40706

46242

41854

39445

15.0

60130

32594

28289

25950

31513

27192

24852

30344

26002

23654

5.0

80402

52081

47760

45387

50942

46594

44211

49733

45346

42951

15.0

63626

36104

31797

29479

35035

30704

28384

33867

29517

27186

5.0

76677

48417

44168

41794

47284

43002

40619

46073

41759

39362

15.0

59900

32448

28215

25895

31379

27126

24804

30216

25936

23609

5.0

76642

50404

46161

43789

49271

45002

42620

48065

43763

41367

15.0

59861

34418

30188

27870

33352

29104

26783

32191

27915

25591

5.0

75730

47415

43085

40698

46272

41914

39519

45055

40667

38258

15.0

58943

31407

27102

24763

30326

26005

23665

29157

24815

22467

5.0

80387

52066

47745

45372

50927

46579

44196

49719

45332

42937

15.0

63611

36089

31783

29464

35021

30690

28369

33852

29503

27171

5.0

75502

47242

42992

40619

46109

41827

39444

44897

40584

38187

15.0

58724

31273

27040

24719

30204

25950

23629

29040

24761

22433

5.0

75458

49220

44977

42605

48087

43818

41436

46881

42579

40183

15.0

58677

33234

29004

26686

32167

27920

25599

31007

26731

24407

5.0

74540

46225

41895

39508

45082

40724

38329

43865

39478

37068

15.0

57753

30217

25912

23573

29136

24815

22475

27968

23625

21277

5.0

80326

52005

47684

45311

50865

46517

44135

49657

45270

42875

15.0

63550

36027

31721

29403

34959

30628

28308

33790

29441

27110

5.0

74321

46061

41811

39438

44928

40646

38263

43716

39403

37005

15.0

57543

30092

25859

23538

29023

24769

22448

27859

23580

21252

5.0

74271

48033

43790

41418

46900

42631

40249

45694

41392

38996

15.0

57490

32047

27817

25499

30980

26733

24412

29820

25544

23220

5.0

73351

45035

40706

38318

43892

39534

37139

42675

38288

35878

15.0

56563

29027

24722

22383

27946

23625

21285

26778

22435

20087

5.0

80206

51885

47564

45190

50745

46397

44014

49537

45149

42755

15.0

63430

35907

31601

29283

34839

30508

28187

33670

29321

26989

5.0

73137

44877

40627

38254

43743

39462

37079

42532

38219

35821

15.0

56359

28908

24675

22354

27839

23585

21264

26675

22396

20068

5.0

73078

46840

42597

40225

45707

41438

39056

44501

40199

37803

15.0

56298

30854

26624

24306

29788

25540

23220

28627

24351

22028

5.0

72158

43842

39513

37125

42699

38341

35946

41482

37095

34686

15.0

55371

27834

23529

21190

26753

22433

20092

25585

21242

18894

5.0

79998

51676

47356

44982

50537

46189

43806

49329

44941

42547

15.0

63222

35699

31393

29075

34631

30300

27979

33462

29113

26781

5.0

71950

43690

39440

37067

42556

38275

35892

41345

37032

34634

15.0

55172

27721

23488

21167

26652

22398

20077

25488

21209

18881

5.0

71888

45650

41407

39035

44517

40248

37866

43311

39009

36613

15.0

55108

29665

25434

23116

28598

24350

22030

27437

23161

20838

5.0

Triple Pane low-e Argon filled (U= 0.18, SHGC=0.4)

Orientation

NONE

0_South

14683

45_SW-NE

14722

90_E-W

14695

135_NW-SE

16682

Orientation

1 KW

0_South

13514

45_SW-NE

14716

90_E-W

13540

135_NW-SE

15510

Orientation

2 KW

0_South

12336

45_SW-NE

14710

90_E-W

12374

135_NW-SE

14332

11155

45_SW-NE

14704

90_E-W

11202

135_NW-SE

Orientation

4 KW

0_South

45_SW-NE

90_E-W

Orientation

5 KW

11967

8778

45_SW-NE

14628

90_E-W

8845

135_NW-SE

10780

Orientation

0_South

7588

45_SW-NE

14508

90_E-W

7661

135_NW-SE

9587

0_South

Orientation

9968

10026

0_South

6 KW

13151

14689

135_NW-SE

7 KW

ACH50 Infiltration Rate

Orientation

Photovoltaic Panels

3 KW

0_South

6395

45_SW-NE

14300

90_E-W

6474

135_NW-SE

8397 NOTE: Cases include additional standard equipment upgrades. See report for details

ACH50 Infiltration Rate = 2.0

Window

Wood Frame Single Pane (U= 0.84, SHGC=0.63)