The Marine Collective: From Exile to Genetic Nomadism Thesis Document by ryanteojy

The Marine Collective: from Exile to Genetic Nomadism

Ryan Teo Jun Yan | M.Arch Thesis Thesis Mentors: Prof. Eva Castro, Prof. Federico Ruberto

Content

Abstract As sea levels continue to rise higher with each passing day, large populations residing in coastal communities around the world will soon be turned into climate migrants, in search of a new space to inhabit. This forces the world to face the inevitable question - after the loss of their land, where will these people go? This thesis delves into questions on the state of the forcibly displaced, proposing the migration towards the uncharted frontiers of the ocean as a suitable incubator for the development of a self-sustaining micronation. Utilising tools such as fiction, infrastructure and integrated hybrid systems, the objective of this project is to reimagine the creation of a new socio-ecological reality for these margainalised communities. Exploring the idea of embracing nomadism in order to better adapt to this new way of life on the sea, it also allows the target demographic to transition from a state of extreme subjugation to a state of pure freedom.

04 06 16 24

Displaced: A Global Prespective Introduction of Issues Three Modes of Global Responses Hypothesis

26 28 34 36

Constructing A Utopia Case Studies I: Grand Utopian Visions Subverting the Narrative Case Studies II: Bottom-Up Approaches

42 44 46 52

Nomadism: Life on Sea Redefining Nomadism State vs. War Machine Constructing a Nomadic State-of-Affairs

54 56

A Localised Approach ASEAN: Identifying the test bed

64 68 70

Bangladesh: A Localised Approach The Char Condition Introducing the Bhasan Char

76 78 88

Crafting A Narrative Narrative Timeline Agents Map

90 92 94

Cheographing an Evolution Economics of Scale Phasing Strategy

118

Typical Infrastructure Studies

128

Proto-Typical Infrastructure Studies

142

Growth Within The Fractal An Adaptive Society

174

Conclusion

176

Biblography

GLOBAL DRIVERS

INTRODUCTION OF ISSUES

Displaced: A Global Prespective Global Statistics According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugeesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (UNHCRâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) Refugee Population Statistics Database, the global population of forcibly displaced people have been increasing substantially over the past two decades from 43.3 million in 2009 to 79.5 million in 2020. (UNHCR, 2020) During the Global Refugee Forum in Geneva and International Migrants Day, the Cape Town refugees attempted to bring in some international attention by hosting a peaceful but not so silent protest. With about 30 organisations making pledges worth more than $250 million, it was a scene which showchased the possibility for change. (Andres, 2019)

Forcibly Displaced Global Population/(million)

9 8

79.5 million

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Data Source: UNHCR, 2020 Image sources (left to right): Daily Maverick/Sandisiwe Shoba Brendan Magaar/African News Agency(ANA) IPTC/Martin Lukongo/NNP_DRC

1 in 122 people are considered internally displaced.

INTRODUCTION OF ISSUES

Displaced: A Global Prespective Who are the Displaced? According to International Organisation for Migration (IOM), forced migration or involuntary displacement has been defined as “a migratory movement, which although drivers can be diverse, involves force, compulsion, or coercion.” (IOM Glossary on Migration, 2019) From the 1951 United Nations Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the subsequently established 1967 Protocol, refugees are defined as “groups of persons who flee their country due to “well-founded fear” of persecution due to reasons of race religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, and who are outside of their country of nationality or permanent residence and due to this fear are unable or unwilling to return to it.” (UNHCR, 2017)

“Every day, all over the world, people make one of the most difficult decisions in their lives: to leave their homes in search of a safer, better life.”

INTRODUCTION OF ISSUES Breakdown of Globally Displaced Population/ (million)

Terms for the displaced such as “refugee”, “asylum-seeker” and “internally displaced persons” are often used to describe their situations. Refugees are defined as “groups of persons who flee their country due to a “wellfounded fear” of persecution due to reasons of race religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, and who are outside of their country of nationality or permanent residence and due to this fear are unable or unwilling to return to it.” (UNHCR, 2017) Asylum-seekers are “individuals who have sought international protection and those who claims for refugee status have not yet been determined.” (UNHCR, 2017) Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border.” (UNHCR, 2017)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

0 Interally Displaced Persons Asylum Seekers

UNRWA Refugees

UNHCR Refugees

INTRODUCTION OF ISSUES

Causes of the Crisis Global Conflict and Violence Zones Globally, the main causes of forced displacement can be attributed to two main factors: (1) conflicts and violence, (2) climate exodus

Western Europe

Germany

A dominant cause of forced displacement in the world can be attributed to that of conflict.

Turkey Syria Lebanon

The story of global displacement can be traced back to just a few conflicts. With the same top ten accounting for a majority of the forcibly displaced under the UNHCR mandate, both refugees and IDPs, every year since 1991. In South Asia and the Middle East, these include prolonged conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq and the most recent Syrian crisis; in Africa, persistent conflict and instability in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, and Sudan; in Latin America, four decades of internal armed conflict in Columbia; and in Europe and Central Asia, wars in the Caucasus and the former Yugoslavia. (Devictor, 2017) Other notable more recent conflicts includes the massive flow of Rohingya refugees to Bangladesh towards the end of 2017. (UNHCR, 2018) Right Mapping of Global Conflict Zones. Identification of conflict clusters Data Source: UCDP Database

East Asia

Afghanistan

Iraq

Iran

Jordan

Pakistan

Northern Africa

South Asia Middle East

Yemen

Sudan

Ethiopia

Nigeria CAR

India

Bangladesh Myanmar

South East Asia

Somalia Philippines

South Sudan DRC

Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda

Oceania

INTRODUCTION OF ISSUES

Causes of the Crisis Climate Exodus: The Next Great Migration Globally, there are two main causes of forced dispalcement: (1) conflicts and violence, (2) climate exodus

Western Europe

Germany

As our sea level continues to climb higher and higher each day, populations residing in coastal communities around the world will soon be forced to find a new space to inhabit.

Turkey Syria Lebanon

Iran Pakistan

Northern Africa

By as early as 2050, the late British Ecologist Norman Meyers have predicted that there would be at least 200 million people worldwide who will fall under the category of environmental refugees. This phenomenon has since been coined by many as the Climate Exodus.

East Asia

Afghanistan

Iraq

Jordan

South Asia Middle East

Yemen

Sudan

Ethiopia

Nigeria CAR

India

Bangladesh Myanmar

South East Asia

Somalia Philippines

South Sudan DRC

Sub-Saharan Africa Uganda

Oceania

Right Mapping of Global Vulnerability to Rising Sea Levels Data Source: Scott A. Kulp & Benjamin H. Strass

Population at risk 10,000,000 - 50,000,000 1,000,000 - 9,000,000 500,000 - 999,000 100,000 - 499,000 < 100,000 No Data

INTRODUCTION OF ISSUES

Displaced: A Global Prespective A Crisis in the Developing World An overwhelming two thirds of all refugees come from just five countries: Syria (6.5 million), Afghanistan (2.7 million), South Sudan (2.3 million), Myanmar (1.1 million) and Somalia (900,000). (UNHCR, 2018)

Western Europe

Germany

Turkey

Out of which about 85% are currently being hosted in developing regions with a large number of the developing countries hosting a growing population. (UNHCR, 2018)

Syria Lebanon

Iran Pakistan

Northern Africa

South Asia India

Middle East

Upon inspecting the historical migration patterns, a common trend emerges that an overwhelming majority of the forcibly displaced would typically end up in neighbouring, often less developed countries, which themselves tend to be conflict laden.

East Asia

Afghanistan

Iraq

Jordan

Bangladesh Myanmar

South East Asia

Yemen

Sudan

Ethiopia

Nigeria

Somalia Philippines

CAR

South Sudan DRC

Sub-Saharan Africa

This is an especially troubling trend, as the least equipped to handle this crisis are currently bearing the blunt of assisting large numbers of these displaced populations.

Uganda

Oceania

Right Mapping of Origin/ Host Countries for the Global Forcibly Displaced Population Data Source: UNHCR Database

Legend: Main Host Countries Main Source Countries

Syria 6.784

DRC 4.480

Iraq 2.648

Yemen 2.014

Sudan 2.072

Nigeria 1.707

Afghanistan 1.286

Turkey 1.113

Ethopia 1.078

Somalia 0.825

CAR 0.689

India 0.806

Myanmar 0.635

Philippines 0.445

GLOBAL RESPONSES

Response 1: Denial Outsourcing the Crisis Case Study: Libya For decades, the largest flow of modern African migration funnels through a single country, Libya, serving as the gatekeeper for the African Migration Crisis being the only portal between the Mediterranean and safe haven in Europe. The issues driving migration through the northern fold had been festering for decades. But world leaders for a short time were able to keep the wave from spilling over to Europe, through the late former dictator Muammar Gaddafi. In 2008, the European Union went into a deal with Gaddafi, in exchange for a sizable compensation from Europe, he would ensure that makeshift loads of human cargo will not suddenly arrive in search of refugee on Italian shores. Even as his iron clad rule over Libya loosened in later years, he tapped into the ugliest parts of the public’s fear of immigrants, by famously warning that,“Europe runs the risk of turning black from illegal immigration. It could turn to Africa.” This ensured that his demands would be continually met.

Despite the end of his reign, conditions in Libya seem to not have changed much. In 2015, the European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa had been set up, pitched as a response to the refugee crisis in 2015, under the guise of addressing the “root causes of instability, forced displacement and irregular migration” in the region. (MSNBC, 2016) In actual fact, the EU is effectively outsourcing its refugee crisis, as these migration deals are essientially offering developmental aid and trade in return for the repatriation of unwanted migrants and the strengthening of internal and border security within the North African countries, which is not unlike the previous deals done with Libya’s former dictator. Policies such as the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa are often being used as tools of economic manipulation in order to dump the burden of the refugees onto Africa. With the well documented horror stories of life in such camps starting to make its rounds around the world, the EU has started to be called into question for the extent in which it is enabling such atrocities, slowly bringing to the forefront of the need to address the issue more directly. This would hopefully spell the end of such arrangements.

References: Amanda Sakuma, MSNBC Photo Credit: Lorenzo Meloni

“Europe runs the risk of turning black from illegal immigration. It could turn into Africa.”

GLOBAL RESPONSES

Response 2: Pseudo-Acceptance Refugee Settlement Camps Case Study: Zaatari Refugee Camp, Jordan With there being an unprecedented number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), more now than at any point in history, many are seeking solace in purpose built refugee camps and unplanned settlements, where they will either wait out their displacement or begin anew. Most of the world’s refugee settlement camps are initially designed as temporary facilities. However, many have eventually grown and developed into fully fledged cities, replete with vibrant economies, systems of governance, and civic institutions. Refugee camps are monuments to human suffering, and the sheer size of these settlements testifies to the severity of forced displacement around the world. Yet, the settlements are also spaces of hope and optimism: for many inhabitants, these camps represent a stepping stone on the path to safety and prosperity. While most of the world (America and the European Union) are opting to close their borders to refugees, in response to the outset of the Syrian civil war. (Bremer, 2016) Located on the arid plains of northern Jordan, the Zaatari Refugee Camps were established by the Jordanian government and UNHCR in 2012. Initially designed to accommodate 60,000 people, the camp reached a population of over 150,000 people within a year of its construction.

It has since declined in size, as occupants have been relocated to other camps, resettled in other countries, or have returned home. (UNHCR, n.d.) But while Jordan’s generosity for its neighbours is real, it is not entirely selfless. The World Bank’s $300 million interest free loan certainly factors into Amman’s (Jordan’s capital city) decision to open its borders to the Syrians in need, as does the prospect of tax free exports to the EU. (Bremer, 2016) The conditions of the camps are often subpar due to the rigidity of the camps structure, often unable to accommodate for large unplanned influxes of refugees. Host countries often correlate the success of these camps with its repatriation rates, this fact is especially troubling as it brings to light the motivations and mindsets of these host countries. Looking at the camps as more of a temporary measure to buy time to stem the crisis, which is troubling as many of their needs are often overlooked, for instance their identity as a community or their opportunity for growth. Last but not least, as stated previously, many of the host countries view the camps as a lucrative economic opportunity, as they are able to receive economic benefits from international entities such as UNHCR or the World Bank, as well as injecting life into the local economies.

References: Arcgis Photo Credit: Mandel Ngan/AFP/ Getty Images

“But while Jordan’s generosity for its neighbours are real, it is not entirely selfless.”

GLOBAL RESPONSES

Response 3: Integration Allocation to Slums Case Study: Dhaka Dhaka, one of the world’s fastest growing and most densely populated megacities, has been receiving a steady annual influx of such refugees. Though the city is perceived as the country’s bastion of economic opportunity, it is also fraught with extreme poverty, public health hazards, human trafficking, and other risks, including its own vulnerability to floods. (Mcdonnell, 2019) Many experts such as Saleemul Huq, the director of the Dhaka-based International Centre for Climate Change and Development and one of the country’s leading climate scientists, has deemed that “the coming millions will be impossible to absorb.” (Mcdonnell, 2019) Dhaka may be reaching its saturation point, as conditions deteriorate, the capacity of these areas to absorb more people may be nearing its end. Life is less than ideal for the migrants of Dhaka. Men and boys work in brick factories, drive rickshaws, and build skyscrapers. While the women typically clean houses, stitch Western fashions, and attempt to raise a family whilst often having to fend off sexual violence at multiple steps along the way. Education is a luxury, while the cost of rent is high. Eviction can come as suddenly as a collapsing riverbank. (Mcdonnell, 2019)

Local officials have the inclination to view these slum dwellers as illegal squatters, rather than residents with a right to basic services. Tariq bin Yousuf, a senior official at the Dhaka City Corporation, a government agency that manages the city’s infrastructure, says that while the city has plans to build more affordable housing, it prefers to leave slum residents reliant on aid from local and international nongovernmental organizations. Adding to that, another official has been quoted to have said that, “if we invest money directly in slum areas, or give them an electricity supply, they will start to think, ‘Alright, we have these facilities, so we have the ownership of this land’”. “Once we give them improved services, they become permanent.” (Mcdonnell, 2019) Many of the country’s leading public policy experts have a similar mindset regarding these immigrants, that climate migrants are a regrettable burden. This breeds a rather unfortunate situation to these incoming migrants, to be looked upon as an issue to be tolerated rather than as a community which is in need of fresh reset.

References: Photo Credit: Witnessimage

“Once we give them improved services, they become permanent.”

GLOBAL RESPONSES

Hypothesis The issue of forced migration is a multifaceted one due to the many underlying motivations behind the many entities which make up this complex socio-political issue. Historically, countries have been inherently motivated by their own interests which has created an environment which is conducive to avoiding the uncomfortable question of â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Who should take ownership of the accountability for these displaced individuals? With the imminent projected influx of climate migrants in the near future, time is running out for us to come up with a new solution which addresses the underlying issues of the displaced that historical attempts have previously failed to do so, such as the crafting of a new identity. One way to do so would be to share this heavy burden, treating it as the collective responsibility of the world, adopting a new reality on the sea and exploring the possibilities for a new utopian way of existence for the displaced. It is through this line of thinking that perhaps this looming crisis is not a problem to be solved or erased and instead could be harnessed to become a catalyst for social change.

From a State of Subjugated Citizen to a Global Citzen This projects aims to imagine and realise a ficitonal futurein which the displaced population are able to break away from the historical crushing cycle of subjugation and evolve into true global citizens by embracing the idea of nomadism on the sea. This evolution will extend beyond just merely survival and turn into a pursuit of crafting the new mode of human existence, which will translate well to the transient conditions of the sea.

Tina Modotti: Hands of a Puppeteer, Mexico City (1929)

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

Case Studies I:

Previous Utopian Proposals LILYPAD

Location: Undetermined Oceans Architect: Vincent Callebaut Architects Year: Undetermined Status: Research and Development The project is proposed to be futuristic floating ecopolis for about 50,000 climate change refugees by creating a new water civilization. It proposes to a mixed terrain man-made landscape, provided by an artifical lagoon and three ridges, creating a diverse environment for its inhabitants. Each Liliypads are intended to be either near a coast, or floating around in the ocean, travelling from the equator to the northern seas, accroding to where the gulf stream takes it. Heavily inspired by the concept of biomimicry, the geometry greatly resembles that of the highly ribbed leaf of Victoria water lilies.

The floating city concept would include the full complement of renewable energy technologies, including solar, thermal, wind, tidal and biomass to produce more energy than it consumes. With the Lilypads loacted close to land or set free to follow the ocean currents wherever it may lead. Critique: Similar to the previous project proposed by BIGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Oceanix City, there is similarly a lack of conversation as to how the social actors will be introduced to this project scheme. Though the technologies proposed here shows a higher degree of resolution which addresses the issues of some of the environmental vulnerabilities of the sea. But rigidility of the proposal makes it hard to account for the issue such as the displacement population of the world, as the proposal does not have the capacity for expansion. Moreover, as the constructs get carried away by the tides, where will they end up? Image Source: vincentcallebaut.org Reference Source: NewsAtlas, Vincent Callebaut Architectures

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

Case Studies I:

Previous Utopian Proposals OCEANIX CITY

Location: East River, New York (Prototype) Architect: Bjarke Ingels Group Year: 2019 Status: Conceptual Stage

Employing techniques of aquaponics and integrated aquaculture, this project intrigues the imagination with lush floating landscape visuals and thrivig undersea ecosystems.

This project was recently unveiled at the first UN High-level Roundtable on Sustainable Floating Cities by MIT, the Explorerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Club and UN-Habitat as a response to the prediction made that 90% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cities would be exposed to the rising sea levels by 2050.

Critique: The project claims to be designed with the intent of providing an alternative habitation to marginalised communities, but is instead a one-size-fits all, universal solution. There is this lack of addressing the social actors invloved in the narrative of the potential sites it aims to implement this design in. Beyond the practicality and physically of such a proposal, it begs the quetion, who are we intending to be saving? If it was intended for the marginalised as stated previously, how would their transitionary period look like? Moreover, what will be their role in this new city and how far will this proposal actually help in giving them back their agency?

Designed as bouyant floating islands which would cluster together in groups of 6 to form villages. These clusters would then be repeated in multiples of 6 to form a 12 hectare village for 1650 residents, and then again to form an archipelago home to 10,000 citizens.

Image Source: ArchDaily Reference Source: Dezeen and ArchDaily

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

Case Studies I:

Previous Utopian Proposals MAKOKO FLOATING SCHOOL

Location: Lagos, Nigeria Architect: Kunle Adeyemi and NLE Year: 2012 Status: Collapsed NLEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Makoko Floating School gained international acclaim as a ground-breaking response to the rising sea level in Laos, till its demise occuring only 2 and a half years later. The architects made use of local materials and techniques, they have constructed a prototype of a low-rise floating structure on a wooden raft. The prototype has a flexible internal spatial organisation which can be altered in accordance with the needs of the local population, and has the potential to be expanded to form a floating city.

The eventual collapse of the structures can be further attributed to the ill preparedness of the impoverished community of Makoko, unable to keep up the maintainance of the complex standalone infrastructure. Critique: This has called into question the viability of floating cities for these marginalised communities as an alternative form of living. There should be a greater degree of analysis on the site conditions as well as a stronger degree of intervention to help them to navigate through the many social and economic issues communities like these face.

Though in theory it may be sound, the lack of accountability for vulnerability of the site to its extreme weather conditions proved to be Image Source: Archdaily, Reuters Reference Source: Gaestel, A. (2018). Things Fall Apart. The Atavist Magazine, no. 76.

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

33 35

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

SUBVERTING THE NARRATIVE. Taking a closer look.. After analyzing the exisiting architectural narratives surrounding various utopian city proposals, I have discovered the commonality of the creation of top-down developments which treat their subjects as passive victims in need of saving. Having a huge disregard to the huge role of social actors play in the narrative. This is evident in both the projects of Lilipad and Oceanix City offering an attractive universal vision, yet as proven by the case of the Makoko Floating School that contextualisation and consideration of the various social actors could be the defining factor which will make or break the project.

The existence of grand Utopian visions cannot be justified merely by the presence of the marginalised communities needing a place to live. Any project claiming to have the intention to help these marginalised communities must be also prepared to address the specific socio-economic issues embedded and not ignore their presence. We can then perhaps look to reconstructing our own architectural narrative and move away from these grand Utopian proposals, taking a more localised approach, by having a greater consideration for various social actors of each specific environment.

Particularly in the case of refugees and climate migrants, where they are in such a vulnerable state of subjugation, a more naunced approach would be requited to give them back their agency. Instead of relying on just big infrastructures, we perhaps could center the narrative around these â&#x20AC;&#x153;victimsâ&#x20AC;? as the main protagonists of their own stories.

By subverting the age old narrative of the richer nation states having to save them, instead becoming the people who have successfully managed to craft an identity on the sea, pioneering a new order of existence and in turn become the salvation for the survival of the human race, in the event that the reprecussions of climate change continues to become more and more out of hand. In the following section, I will be looking into projects which are able to implement a more bottom-up approach in order to address specific socio-ecological conditions.

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

Case Studies II:

Bottom-Up Approaches LIVING BREAKWATERS

Location: Staten Island, New York Architect: SCAPE / Landscape Architecture Year: 2013 Status: Research and Development Competition: Rebuild by Design The winning proposal for the “Rebuild by Design” competition in the wake of Hurricane Sandy in 2012. The project was designed to be an innovative coastal ecological restoration project to boost local resilience as well as to also educate the local community about the value of dune and reef ecosystems along the southern shore of Staten Island. Living Breakwaters incoporates a set of marine slope like sloped rock formations which will act as breakwaters, though they are not able to keep the water out, they have the ability to calm the waters, reducing wave heights and prevent shoreline erosion.

The project also incoporates an “Oyster-tecture” ecological intervention concept to help create resiliency for coastal cities, a non-invasive infrastructure which will help to restore the ecosystem, purifying the water by replicating native oyster reef habitat systems. Key Takeaways: Looking more in depth of to its proposal, it was rather intriguing to see the degree of resolution the process was fleshed out at the various scales of oyster production across the site. Oyster shells are proposed to be collected from seafood restaurants, and “oyster gardens” would be placed along the canals for the community to collectively nurse the oysters before they are ready to be shipped out to the reefs. The project I feel is most successful because of this resolution.

Image Source: asla.org Reference Source: asla, archinet

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

Case Studies II:

Bottom-Up Approaches FORAM

Location: California, Santa Monica Architect: Bart//Bratke and studioDE Year: 2016 Status: Land Art Generator Intiative (LAGI) Competition Submission In response to California’s 5th year of severe water shortage, LAGI organised a competition to conceive sustainable infrastruture projects to improve Santa Monica’s water supply. Foram was a raft structure system aimed to desalinate salt water while providing a structure to educate people about water shortages. An amphibious pavilion supported by polyethylene boxes which will float along the coastline of Santa Monica. The structure swells out into three “functional pockets” where visitors can learn about access to drinking water and the process of water purification. Each of the three protruding area will host a distinct activity related to the desalination process.

The pavilions are designed to plug into each other to form an ever-expanding megastructure, allowing units to exchange water and increase usable area. With the architects envisioning the project adapting to different conditions globally, serving as a solution to address the global issue of water scarcity. (Chatel, 2016) Key Takeaways: Foram is able to successfully incoporate and embed the issue of water scarcity into the core design itself, using education as a tool to put the process of desalination on display. This is where the value of the proposal resides in. Nonetheless, the proposal does have its shortcomings, as it failed to take advantage of the modularity of its system to create more refined purpose of its spaces, apart from merely offering larger public spaces.

Image Source: ArchDaily Reference Source: Archdaily/ Marie Chatel

AGENTS OF CHANGE CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

Case Studies II:

Bottom-Up Approaches VERTICAL FARMING A newly developed aquaculture system based on biodiversity which adopts a self-sustaining polyculture system that does not rely on freshwater, fertilisers, antibiotics or fish feeds. Each species grown contributes to the wider ecosystem as a whole, such as water filtration and nitrogen uptake and carbon sequestration. This not only benefits the environment, it yields a larger amount an much more diversified number of products as compared to other more traditional aquaculture practices. GreenWave is an NGO and non-profit entity, with a mission to support similar vertical farming initiatives and provides all knowledge to replicate them. (Riche, 2013) They have held training programs across the United States, providing fishermen with a more sustainable alternative in the face of climate change.

Image Source: nbc news, climate heroes, technologyvista. Reference Source: Bren Smith, Making Kelp Our New Hope. Climate Heroes

CONSTRUCTING A UTOPIA

NOMADISM: LIFE ON SEA

NOMADISM

Nomadism: On Sea The main issue plaguing the refugees or internally displaced persons mostly stem from state of subjugation they are forced into. Often operating from a vantage point of vulnerability, with power mostly residing in the hands of the more powerful host nations of the world. This lack of proper agency has created a multitude of issues, most notably the lack of a proper identity for the displaced populations or a proper framework which they can build on to carve out a future. The antithesis of this would be the concept of nomadism, a state of pure freedom and a complete agency of being. With the proposal to a migration towards the sea, its transient and volatile conditions will challenge us to rethink the way in which we organise our societies, providing us with the opportunity to redefine and explore a more nomadic approach to constructing a society that would be conducive for the marginalised communities to build up agency.

NOMADISM

Redefining Nomadism Traditionally, nomadism has been associated with the Palaeolithic, when small tribes moved around in pursuit of resources to meet their basic needs, mainly following sources of food. (Ramiro, 2019) Upon deleving into the works of Deleuze and Guattari, I have been intrigued by the defintion of the Deleuzian nomad. An entity which challenges our society’s definition of a nomad, it is not defined solely because of its physical constant movement in time and space, but its constant transformations in relation to itself and other systems. The nomadic behavioural movement is merely an avenue in which enables this transformation of the assemblages of previously fixed conceptual frameworks that come together to form a new “self”. The fundamental principle of nomadism is this constant state of becoming – without a fixed beginning or end, not looking to imitate a result but rather to generate a new way of being as a result from a series of influences in the environment. In the particular setting of the sea, the embodiment of such a mindset would enable the nomadic subject (the displaced) to actively reconfigure oneself in this increasingly complex set of social relations. One whose subjectivity is no longer reliant or revolved around the identity defined by society, enabling a state of liberation and the freedom to redefine the parameters in which a sense of identity could be forged.

This howeverbegs the question of how can architecture then help to facilitate this state of constant transformation of networks, relations, meanings and values, particularly in the sea? What are the parameters in the sea which will help to inform the creation of new subjectivities and social engagements? How can architecture enable the state of becoming and becoming undone?

NOMADISM

Formation of Societies The State Apparatus: The Sedentary State In the works of Deleuze and Guattariâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Nomadology: the War Machine, they have introduced the two main entities, the State Apparatus and the War Machine, allowing us to explore the concept of multiplicity when a nomadic state is formed. The State Apparatus employs two kinds of sovereignty, one with the authority founded in mythos (Varuna, the magician-king), the other the legislative and juridical logos (Mitra, the jurist-preist). These two poles stand in opposition term by term, the obscure and the clear, the violent and the calm, the fearsome and the regulated. Their opposition however is relative, functioning as a pair in alternation. The two together exhaust the field together as a function, two fundamental components of the State Apparatus. (Deleuze & Guattari, 1994) The State Apparatus represents the sedentary system which creates the rules that governs the community, whilst the nomads make up the War Machine, entities which operate outside of the created constructs of that previous system. Deleuze and Guattari uses simulated games of war as a way to depict serious forms of order and organizations with significant repercussions.

Chess is a game of State, coded pieces with an internal nature and intrinsic properties from which they determine their movements, situations and confrontations. Within their milieu of interiority, chess pieces have limits built into their movements, their relation to other pieces and the board. Chess is an institutionalized, regulated and coded war with front lines and rear skirmishes. It is arranged in closed spaces with clear delineated sides which must be protected. The pieces maintains a relationship with the other pieces, with their moves together constituting an overall, stable and functional stratified structure. (Deleuze & Guattari, 2013) The main strategy of the game has a clear objective to dominate the center of the chess board, as the chess pieces at the center will have the greatest amount of freedom of movement around the board. This shows the linear, starightforward nature in which this society operates, as there is no ambiguity in how it can achieve its goals.

STATE

NOMADISM

State vs. War Machine The War Machine: Nomadic States The War Machine on the other hand, is a being that is irreducible to that of the State Apparatus, one that is pure and possesses possess immeasurable multiplicity, an irruption of the ephemeral and the power of the metamorphosis. A power against sovereignty, a machine against the apparatus. He sees all things in relations of becoming, rather than implementing binary distributions between “states”. Similarly, the game of Go operates in many similar strands as that of the Nomadic War Machine. The pieces are anonymous, simple arithmetic units with no intrinsic properties operating in constellations which function primarily to capture territory. Given their uniformity and anonymity, the Go pieces play a third person function to the point that relations on a Go board are external to the playing pieces. The skirmishes of Go lack precise battle lines and are instead organized around constellations of units arranged in an open, homogeneous, smooth space, which originally belongs to no side, the point being to obtain and hold territory wherever possible utilizing strategies such as bordering, encircling or shattering the other players held territories.

Battles in different parts of the board take place independently of one another and are difficult to coordinate. Under dire conditions, it is preferable to keep all options open as far into the game as possible, always to head into open territory. “Make the outside a territory in space, consolidate that territory through the construction of a second territory, deterritorialize the enemy by shattering his territory from within, or deterritorialize oneself by renouncing and going elsewhere.” The objective of the game is to enclose more territory on the board than your opponent, arraying oneself in an open space, to hold space, to maintain the possibility of springing up at any moment. The moment is not from one point to another, but becomes perpetual, without aim or destination, without departure or arrival. As the Nomad, the Go player, exerts the pressure from the outside, the space at which the State is reproducing itself, ensuring identity and public recognition. The State in this senario is always on guard and ready to appropriate what it can on Nomad thoughts, even while repressing what it is unable to use.

WAR MACHINE

NOMADISM

Juxtaposition between State and War Machine “Smooth” Space vs. “Straited” Space The juxtaposition of Chess and Go serves a serious purpose, showing the image of the games played between State power and the War machine. The “smooth” space of Go against the “straited” space of chess. This shows the difference in the games, while Chess aims to code and decode space, Go proceeds to territorialize and deterritorialize space. (making the outside a territory in space, consolidating the inside space by constructing a second, adjacent territory and deterritorialise the enemy by shattering its territory from within or deterritorialising oneself through renouncing or by going elsewhere) Under various guises, intellectual, sexual, artistic, scientific and philosophical, the War Machine stands in opposition to the order of the State Apparatus. In the modern state (similar to Chess), the more the citizens obey, the more they are said to be free because they have used their reason to follow the law, to operate internally within the confines of the law. By contrast, Go players have to think outside the box, sometimes violent, always discontinuous in appearances.

In the modern state (similar to Chess), the more the citizens obey, the more they are said to be free because they have used their reason to follow the law, to operate internally within the confines of the law. By contrast, Go players have to think outside the box, sometimes violent, always discontinuous in appearances. However if the Go player operates with the strategies of attack and retreat rather than reason, what is the nature to this train of thinking? Is it enough to strategize, form bands against the State, play nomads with no paths, to territorialise and quickly deterritorialise, to think in terms of continuous variations of variables?

NOMADISM

Constructing a Nomadic State-of-Affairs Conditions for a state of Emancipation The nomadic nomos (culture) designed by the War Machine is one that territorializes and deterritorializes by arriving from outside the boundaries, contrasts with polis (State power), which codes and decodes space through the means of institutions which imposes laws from within. The point of distinction seems to be that the warrior utilizes guerilla tactics to prevent the formation of State power. In modern philosophy, the fiction of a State is invented and validated. Such as in Hobbesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Nature where rebel subjects are depicted as murderous and consenting subjects as rational. As the State extends its authority in thought, it sanctions thought as a unique and universal form. State sovereignty reigns only what it can appropriate locally. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;outsideâ&#x20AC;? does not refer to other states, but can take the form of industrial complexes like oil companies, religious formations or media empires. Or, it could arise as a new tribal society of local minorities. (e.g hippies as described by Marshall McLuhan in an interview in 1994) The foundation of this type of army is unstable, they congregate, disperse, inhibiting the authority and power of a single leader.

In this context, the war machine serves as a concept which replaces revolution or social change. Played by a game of individuals who band together to steal or act formally exterior to rational law but never truly independent, just as the State is never truly independent of either the global, well organized or regional war machines. There is now a question posed. Can thought be extracted from the State model? Is it possible to play Go without Chess? Can nomadic warriors exist outside of the State order? Hence, it can be said that philosophy, sociology or psychoanalysis are State forms of thought, with less attention given to the role of thought, the more conformist we tend to become. It may be time to give up the war agaisnt the inevitability of the formation of a new State Apparatus. In the case of the displaced population, a sense of order and structure is required to signify the end of their state of subjugation and signifying their emancipation. Therefore, the approach which could be adopted would be to lay the groundwork for the creation of a new State in the image as intented by the marginalised population, which would give them the power and agency to make their own decisions. Whilst maintaining the continued existence of nomadic subsidary states.

NOMADISM

The nomad makes the desert no less than they are made by it.

A LOCALISED APPROACH

ASEAN Identifying a Testbed

The number of forcibly displaced and refugees within South East Asia is bound to catch up and possibly exceed that in the Middle East and Africa. Since its founding in 1967, ASEAN has been subscribing to a mantra of non-interference, finding itself simultaneously unable to direct its member to accept refugees in their territory, nor forestall refugee generative actions by its member states. (Suzuki, 2019) In the face of the upcoming surge of forcibly displaced, this lack of and inability to implement a comprehensive regional approach to the upcoming refugee crisis, serves as the primary catalyst to re-evaluate its stance on refugees, doing away with the temporary measures of the past. As such, this project would propose possibilities beyond the localised forced displacement approaches of years past. In the face of the upcoming surge of forcibly displaced, this lack of and inability to implement a comprehensive regional approach to the upcoming refugee crisis, serves as the primary catalyst to re-evaluate its stance on refugees, doing away with the temporary measures of the past. As such, this project would propose possibilities beyond the localised forced displacement approaches of years past.

ASIA, SCS MAP ANALYSIS_XL

Conflicts and Violence: Regional Hotspots A huge driving factor for the displacement in Asia is the presence of conflicts in the region. Historically, this has been seen in mass movements brought about by the Cambodian Civil War and the Vietnam War. Notable regional conflicts in recent times include the presecution of the Rohingyas in Myanmar, as well as the Moro Conflict in the Philipphines serving as two main examples, triggering a surge in the number of refugees in the region. Fig 2.1 shows the conflict zones in the region as well as the loaction of the various camps for refugees and the internally displaced. 58

ASIA, SCS MAP ANALYSIS_XL

Sea Level Rise: Regional Hotspots * 50 km was used the input parameter, when accessing what would be a suitable distance for a refugee to travel. LEGEND: Regional Conflicts Refugee Camp Locations Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Camp Locations Urban Resettlement Camps Accessibility Map

A majority of the population in Asia and the South China Sea living within 10 meters of the water line, as well as are in close proximity to the coastlines. With the inevitable rise in sea levels, coupled with an increased rate of urbanization, this will result in a significant proportion of the population which will soon become climate migrants in the near future.

LEGEND: Area Lost to Sea Level Rise in 2040 Area Lost to Sea Level Rise in 2100 Population Density (ppl per km2) 0

56,000

Fig 2.2 shows the map of the affected areas of land due to the rising sea levels in 2040 and 2100, as well as the current population densities of the countries in the region. 59

ASIA, SCS MAP ANALYSIS_XL

Migration Pattern of Refugees Distinct clusters of potential migrational movement begins to appear, which has helped to indicate the capacity for each specific region to deal with the current refugee exodus. At the present moment, the regions that seem to be taxed the most are in Bangladesh and Philippines. Fig 2.3 shows the connectivity map based on the proximity between the outgoing population from the regional origin countires to the various camp locations.

ASIA, SCS MAP ANALYSIS_XL

Composite Map LEGEND:

Fig 2.4 shows the overlay of all the previous maps. In order to identify the

Population of Incoming Refugees Population of Outgoing Refugees

LEGEND: Area Lost to Sea Level Rise in 2040 Area Lost to Sea Level Rise in 2100

of the affected areas of land due to the rising sea levels in 2040 and 2100, as well as the current population densities of the countries in the region.

Refugee Camp Locations Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Camp Locations Urban Resettlement Camps

Connectivity Map between Origin Countries and Refugee Settlement Camps (m)

200,000

ATLAS OF SITES

Identifying the Testbed Upon further research on the different site conditions for each of the chosen sites, the current population density of each country was recorded as well as the projected community which will be displaced by 2100 to determine the level of urgency each location is facing, which will help us narrow down to the site which fits our timeline best. We have decided to go with the Chars in Bangladesh as our chosen site.

1 GHOROMORA ISLAND, WEST BENGAL Population Density: 1,034 ppl per km2 Size: 6.7 km2 Projected number of displaced: 3000 Estimated Urgency of Conflict Refugees: Estimated Urgency of Climate Migrants:

2 ASIA, SCS MAP ANALYSIS_XL

Indexing: Atlas of P0tential Sites Sites were narrowed down based on the indexing the previous factors, weighing them and identifying the resultant areas which are suitable for internvention. Order of the weightage of the factors: (1) Proportion of Sea Level Rise (2) Conflict index (3) Readiness of Countries to accept refugees (4) Proximity to islands within the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own EEZ Zone, as well as proximity to internation waters for future expandsion in phases 2-4.

PANAG BAY, SURIGAO DE NORTE, PHILIPPINES

CHARS, BANGLADESH

Population Density: 250 ppl per km Size: 1972.93 km2 Projected number of displaced: 485,088 Estimated Urgency of Conflict Refugees:

Population Density: 800 ppl per km2 Size: 507 km2 Projected number of displaced: 146,000 Estimated Urgency of Conflict Refugees:

Estimated Urgency of Climate Migrants:

5 Sites were chosen as a result of the conditions stated above: 1. Ghoramora Island, West Bengal 2. Chars, Bangladesh 3. Panag Bay, Surigao De Norte, Philippines 4. Tanglar Island, San Miguel Bay, Philippines 5. Manila Bay

LEGEND: Connectivity Map between Origin Countries and Refugee Settlement Camps (m) 0

200,000

TANGLAR ISLAND, SAN MIGUEL BAY

MANILA BAY

Population Density: 1,246.8 ppl per km Size: 0.14 km2 Projected number of displaced: 0 Estimated Urgency of Conflict Refugees:

Population Density: 19,137 ppl per km2 Size: 1994 km2 Projected number of displaced: 9,826,622 Estimated Urgency of Conflict Refugees:

Estimated Urgency of Climate Migrants:

A LOCALISED APPROACH

BANGLADESH

A LOCALISED APPROACH

Site Conditions of Bangladesh Proximity to Potential Sites, Cyclone Zones Cyclones are a common occurance in Bangladesh, with the V-shaped Bay of Bengal funnels cyclones straight into the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fan-shaped coastline. With the rising temperatures will lead to more extreme weather worldwide, including stronger and more frequent cyclones in the Bay of Bengal. The rising seas will make any storm more dangerous, due to the increasing likeliness of flooding. Due to the devastating nature of the cyclones, it is therefore imperative the starting site chosen is as far from the cyclone prone regions as possible. The following map plots the historical cyclone pathways over the past XX years, allowing us to identify which of the potential char locations would be the least susceptible to potential cyclones in the future. Additionally, a proximity layer is also plotted to identify the accessibility between the chars and the primary UNHCR refugee camps, which are currently housing the displaced Rohingya refugees.

A LOCALISED APPROACH

The Char Condition In the northern part of South Asia, a billion tons of sedimentation is transported each year from the Himalayans to the Bay of Bengal by the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna Rivers including their many tributaries. For most of the year the rivers carry the load of the sediments sluggishly, but during the monsoon rains during June to October they change into forceful, sediment heavy torrents. These rivers escape the logics of hydrology because they are too weighed down by the sediments and of strata, becuase they are too mobile. In Bangladesh, this phenomenon of sedimentationary mobility would result in sudden, territorial reptures known in Bengali as chapa banga, producing subequently the chars. (Bremner, 2019) The Chars are described as precarious, nomadic units of land with emerge from sedementary processes each year. They are transient assemblages of geo-hydro matterenergy which move around each year and have been known to at times may disappear without notice. When the moonsoon breaks and the flow of the river increases each year, the land frequently deserts its inhabitants, devastating the shelters, damaging the crops and washing away the livestock. (Bremner, 2019) In the sediments of the Ganges, Brahnaputra and Meghna rivers eventually reach the Bay of Bengal through the Lower Meghna River. It is at this junture where they enter a highly dynamic oceanic system where a complicated interplay between the forces of the river, tides and waves creates complex patterns of sediment displacement (Rogers, 2012; Rogers & Overeem, 2017; Uddin et al., 2014). The currents circulate in two opposing directions depending on the monsoon and non-monsoon months, resulting in swirling, unruly, irregular ways and influencing the unpredictability of where it accumulates on the ocean floor, some eventually beds down on the continental shelf extending Bangladeshâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s subaqueous delta, while some is carried by the Swatch of No Ground deep into the Bay of Bengal. (Keuhl et al., 1997)

A LOCALISED APPROACH

Introducing the Bhasan Char The flat, featureless island emerged in the Bay of Bengal in 2006, formed from the sedimentation at the mouth of Bangladesh’s Meghna River, emerging as one of a myriad of shifting, unstable islands, or ‘chars’ as they’re known locally. With the intention of relieving the overcrowded mainland camps in Cox’s Bazar, where around a million took shelter fleeing a military crackdown in Myanmar in 2017. Bangladesh has spent at least US$ 280 million to bolster the swampy island, which is about an hour by boat from the mainland. The island itself has been developed as an eco-friendly human habitat with the intention of relocating about the 100,000 Rohingya population. The island itself subject to flooding during the monsoon season. Tidal channels can be seen cutting across the island, consistent with areas being submerged, according to Jonathan Stock, research geologist and director of the USGS Innovation Center. (Reuters, 2017)

A LOCALISED APPROACH

Bhasan Char Exisiting Infrastructure

A LOCALISED APPROACH

02.01.2017 The island is covered by grass and windswept mangrove trees. There are no roads, buildings, mobile phone reception or any other facilities.

The char has been developed with 120 plots of lamd, each consisting of 12 building, including a cyclone centre.

14.03.2017 Construction begins and what appears to be a helipad is built.

The entire island will be almost solarpowered with solar systems installed on rooftops of all 1,440 buildings. The buildings have around 52,000 lights, with about 1,000 solar-powered street lights illuminate the islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streets at night.

30.11.2017 Roads and tracks begin to

Each building has the capacity to accommodate 16 families in 16 rooms. (64 persons per building, with 768 persons in each block.) Each family, comprising four persons, will get a 12-foot by 14-foot room to live in, with the kitchens and bathrooms being shared amongst everyone. A person will have an average of 3.6 square metres as his or her living area. It barely meets the U.N.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emergency minimum standard of 3.5 square metres per person. LEGEND: Building Infrastructure Flooding Embankment Helipad Road Network Ports

10.01.2018 Further roads and tracks can be seen, cutting further into the island. A small area of land is 13.02.2018 Construction on the Rohingya dwellings is yet to begin on a large scale but a vast amount of land has been cleared and work on flood defences is underway. 12.05.2018 Building structures and flood embankment is starting to take 16.08.2018 Blocks of buildings emerge, the construction of helipads is finished and flood embankment is in place. 10.12.2018 Construction of all infrastructures seem to be completed, from houses for living, solar panels for electricity, biogas fuel for cooking and waste management system, cyclone centres, mobile phone network all available for use by the incoming Rohingya inhabitants. 02.04.2019 The Rohingya remain reluctant to go to the uninhabited islands on the grounds that it is still a cyclone prone region.

Timeline

A LOCALISED APPROACH

Bhasan Char Shifting Shorelines The islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rapidly changing shoreline is another risk to human settlement. The shape of the island has changed dramatically since it emerged from the sea. Areas of erosion and expansion are shown below.

1999

2005

2011

2015

2017

2020

CRAFTING A NARRATIVE

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

PHASE 0:

GLOBAL NARRATIVE: ASEAN REALIGNMENT PROJECTED INCREASE IN FORCED DISPLACED POPULATION As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the issue of migration has turned into a global one, forcing countries to face the uncomfortable question of who should be taking responsiblity to care for and look after this group? CLIMATE EXODUS: THE RISE OF CLIMATE MIGRANTS, A TICKING TIMEBOMB With the effects of climate change have started to ravage the countries of the world, the sea levels have begun to rise with each passing day. Experts are projecting grim futures where most of the world’s major coastal cities are estimated to be completely submerged by 2050, with ASEAN being no exception. Countries are now more conscious of the eventuality of this scenario, and in response have begun setting aside more funds towards the future, in preparation for their eventual pledging of support for their own coastal populations, who will inevitably be displaced by the encroaching seas in the near future. REALIGNMENT OF THE ASEAN MINDSET Historically subscribing to a mantra of non-interferencce, ASEAN is forced to re-evaluate its stance on refugees, previously only considering temporal measures with the ultimate goal of sending them back to their origin countries. global refugee crisis, they are now in search for a more permanent solution.

20 20

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

PHASE 0:

REGIONAL NARRATIVE: BANGLADESH - CHAR CONDITION UNSAFE CONDITIONS: BHASAN CHAR Only 300 of the Rohingya population is currently on the Bhasan Char itself, with the rest of the 120,000 Rohingya refugees being housed in UNHCR camps as the UN, stating that the island has not satisfied all of its criterias, one of them most notably is of having a “sustainable livelihood” for the migrants. ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS: AN EXODUS TO BANGLADESH CHAR With a large proportion of the Rohingya population fleeing to Bangladesh to escape the conflict in Myanmar, Bangladesh has taken up the initiative to propose the housing of this displaced population on on of its islands, Bhasan Char. CASE STUDY (SOCIAL): MANUS ISLAND The social infrastructure of the Bhasan Char seems to mirror that of the early inception stages of the Manus island, akin to that of a detention centre, where after many years being forced to stay on the island, its asylum seekers are now being forcibly exiled, which they are severely unprepared for due to the lack of skills. CASE STUDY (ECOLOGICAL): MANUS ISLAND

Similar to that of the Bhasan Char, the Ghoramora island formed as a result of sedimentation, however the island is much further along its life cycle. Upon further analysis, we are able ascertain that an island borne from sedimentation would disappear at a much faster pace due to its vulnerability to coastal erosion. Shrinking to half its size after 20 years, the Ghoramora island serves as warning that the infrastructure on the char would require more sophistication than in its current form.

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

PHASE 1:

RE-DOMESTICATION OF THE BHASAN CHAR

20 25

1. RE-INVENTION OF EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

2. UPSKILLING OF THE ROHINGYA REFUGEE POPULATION

3. PREPERATION FOR FLOATATIONAL APPARATUS

Due to the transient ecological conditions of the island such as constant varied floodings, the current infrastructure in place on the island is too rigid to adapt sufficently. As such, requiring the need for us to refine existing infrastructures.

The injection of key infrastructure systems such as aquaponics, aquaculture, desalination and solar will enable this new coastal community to gain a level of self sustainabilty, as well as an avenue to start building some social equity by accumulating new skills which will be integral in running the economy of the future collective.

Being an island born from sedimentation, it would be necessary to plan for the eventuality that the char itself will begin to disappear from coastal erosion, thus the construction of a floating apparatus has begun.

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

PHASE 2:

NOMADIC SPATIAL ORGANISATION, INCOMING CLIMATE REFUGES

20 40

1. INTRODUCTION OF CLIMATE MIGRANTS

2. INTEGRATION INTO CURRENT ECOSYSTEM

3. EXPANSION OF AQUATIC PERIMETER: SOVERIGN EXTENSIONS

With the rising sea levels changing the coastal shorelines, this causes a surge in the number of climate migrants. Coastal regions become sacrifical lands operating outside of the main cities, and due to the overly taxed resources inland, the government lacks the capacity to absorb all of the climate migrant population, and would thus be inclined to offer passage to the Marine Collective.

The primary skillsets of most of these climate migrants are that of fishing and agriculture, will would allow them to make an easier transition and adapt into the currently established ecosystem.

With this massive influx of climate migrants into the ecosystem, it would be necessary for the infrastructures to expand outwards from its initial aquatic perimeter.

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

PHASE 3:

FLOATATION ACTIVATION, SEA-SPRAWLING EXPANDSION

21 00

1. ACTIVATION OF FLOATING APPARATUS

2. REALIGNMENT OF ECOSYSTEM MODULES

3. SURPLUS PRODUCTION OF RESOURCES

As the sea level has finally risen to the point where most of the island is completely submerged, the floating infrastructure of the anchor char islands are activated, making it float completely.

Continued expansion of the collective as more climate migrants start migrating to the floating collective. With the expansion it calls for the alignment of the modular sectors of the ecosystem, positioning the more resilent typologies along the perimeter, whilst the more resource production focused ones are closer to the core zones.

The organisation of the ecosystem has been fully realised at this stage, where a sense of hierarchy is established, steering the goals of continued self sustainability and independance. After many years, the community can finally begin to not only meet its needs but start to produce a surplus of resources, which would be sent back to the mainland Bangladesh.

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

PHASE 4:

BIRTH OF A SOVERIGN ASEAN MICRONATION

21 50

1. CONTINOUS SPRAWL INTO INTERNATIONAL WATERS

2. MIGRATION FROM HOST NATIONS

3. POTENTIAL CREATION OF OTHER INCEPTION POINTS

The ultimate goal of the project is realised, growing into an international hub for refugees and migrants to gravitate towards. Serving as a beacon of hope for all refugees in the ASEAN region, who naturally make their way to and become “citzens” of this new community, allowing them to be liberated from the cycle of dependance and subjugation, contributing to the growth of the new ecosystem.

The success of the island sparks intrigue in the host nation states, with the strain on the capital cities being less strained, border control becomes more relaxed, disarming the poltical tensions in the regions around the world. Digital nomads or economic migrants from such cities would also start to migrate to the collective due to its thriving economy.

With this massive influx of climate migrants into the ecosystem, it would be necessary for the infrastructures to expand outwards from its initial aquatic perimeter.

CRAFTING THE NARRATIVE

AGENTS MAP

Climate Crisis

Regional Conflicts

Environmental Disasters

Rise in Sea Prosecution of Rohingyas Levels in Myanmar Inability to grow Crops

Lack of Access to Habitation

Lack of support for rebuilding

Moro Conflict

Illegal Border Crossing

Bhasan Char Conditions

Funding

Nomadic Organisation

Livelihood

Shrimp Farms

Implemation of Sea Sprawling

Expansion

Education

Expansion

Anchorage Infrastructure

Sea-Steading Pontoons

Anchorage Infrastructure Climate Exodus

IMTA

Stateless / Asylum Seekers

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Food

Financial Aid to Refugee Camps

Policies

Temporary Measures

IMTA

UN, NGOs

Vertical Farming

Mussles Seaweed

Grey Water Desalination Treatment

Opening up of Borders

Further Sea Sprawling

Export Harbours

Economic Development

New Skills

International Hub For Refugees

Sovereign Floating City

Influx of Migrants and Refugees

Desalination

Governements Pressure

Water

Fish Vertical Farming

Habitation

Exportation & Expansion

Production Treaty

SCGs

Funding

Energy

Solar

Tidal

Phase 0

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

2020: ASEAN Mindset Realignment

2025: Redomestication of Bhasan Char

2040: Nomadic Spatial Organisation

2100: Sea Sprawling to International Waters

2150: Birth of an ASEAN Micronation

Integration of Climate Refugees

International Refugee Hub

Background Upskilling of current population

Sea level Rise Advancement in Technology

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

ECONOMIES OF SCALE Key Sectors of Production

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

SHRIMP FARMING

RICE

VERTICAL FARMING

AQUAPONICS

SUBMERSIBLE SUBMERGED SHELLFISH AQUACULTURE AQUACULTURE AQUACULTURE

WATER

DESALINATION

GREYWATER TREATMENT

ENERGY

TIDAL

WIND

HABITATION

HOUSING (ON LAND)

HOUSING (ON SEA)

PHASE 3 SEAWEED

SOLAR

PHASE 4 CONSTRUCTION MODULES

EDUCATION

CYCLONE WARNING

ANCHORAGE MODULES

PONTOONS

EXPORT MODULES

DRONE PORT

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

NARRATIVE TIMELINE PHASE 1 (2025)

io n

at ul on e: ut ro 90

The locations of the Rohingya refugee camps have been identified on the map. In the first phase, upon approval from the UNHCR, the populations in these camps will finally receive the green light ot be relocated onto the Bhasan Char.

p Po

Relocation to Bhasan Char

2,8 Kutapalong Expansion & Refugee Camp: 631,495 inhabitants

Shamlapur Refugee Camp: 10,210 inhabitants

Hakimpara & Bagghona & Jamtoli Refugee Camps: 103,150 inhabitants

Shamlapur & Unchiprang Refugee Camps: 32,425 inhabitants

Alikhali & Leda & Nayapara & Jadimura Refugee Camps: 125,580 inhabitants

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

PHASE 01:

REDOMESTICATION OF BHASAN CHAR Indexical Drawing: Resiliency to Coastal Erosion Due to the tranisent nature of the chars, it would be essiential to predict the regions of higher resiliency. After analyzing the tidal patterns affecting the islands as well as taking into account the predicted potentialities for coastal deposition as well as coastal erosion, the red parcel regions are areas identified to be more at risk of disappearing in the immediate future.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

PHASE 01:

REDOMESTICATION OF BHASAN CHAR Indexical Drawing: Flood-Prone Regions Due to the low-lying nature of the chars, it is extremely susceptible to flood, especially during periods of high tides. Through the plotting of the steepness of the baythmetry of the island, as well as the resiliency of certain portions of the island to coastal erosion. Parcel zones on the island are then identified as areas to avoid, when placing certain programs in the future.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

100

PHASE 01:

REDOMESTICATION OF BHASAN CHAR Mesh Creation: Creation of the main production network Utilising the topography of the Bhasan Char, a mesh is generated in order to generate a potential network for the productive system on the chars to follow.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

101

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

102

PHASE 01:

REDOMESTICATION OF BHASAN CHAR Indexical Drawing: Initial Programmatic Zoning As stated in the main narrative, two main programmatic zones have to be incoprated during the redomestication of the Bhasan Char, firstly, agricultural/shrimp farming zones as well as, the second being the zones allocated for education as well as module production. The parcel areas shown below are dervied through the indexical anaylsis of their proximity to the regions established previously which were to be avoided. For the case of the argicultural region however, an additional consideration is added which is the accesibility to the main water run-off pathways as well as main water channels, in order for the agricultural system to create clear channels, connecting the program on land to that of the sea.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

103

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

104

PHASE 01:

REDOMESTICATION OF BHASAN CHAR Indexical Drawing: Creation of Anchorage Locations After plotting the shortest path using the zoning diagram, a spine is generated to house the productive network of the system, setting the distance parameter at 1000m, sites for the anchorage modules can now be established on the chars themselves. Moreover, the mesh has also allowed us to pinpoint where is the most favourable loaction for where the habour condition to be created, and where future urban sprawling will begin from the islands themselves.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

105

106

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

Population: 32,088

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

NARRATIVE TIMELINE PHASE 2 Population: 40,715

Population: 12,879

Population: 32,260

107

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

108

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

Population: 51,290

NARRATIVE TIMELINE PHASE 3

109

Population: 12,676 Population: 13,670

Population: 101,110 Population: 183,980

Population: 5,580

Population: 39,498

Population: 9,985

Population: 5,580

Population: 109,600 Population: 248,748

Population: 5,925 Population: 30,440

Population: 32,730

Population: 76,340

Population: 88,398

Population: 4,924

Population: 12,816 Population: 11,032

Population: 314,700 Population: 9,390 Population: 160,493 Population: 29,898 Population: 64,598

Population: 103,297

Population: 25,388 Population: 38,398 Population: 88,736

110

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

PHASE 02/03:

EXPANDSION OF THE MODULE PRODUCTION Creation of the Mesh

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

111

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

112

PHASE 02:

EXPANDSION OF THE MODULE PRODUCTION Setting Up the Anchorage Points

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

113

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

114

PHASE 03:

EXPANDSION OF THE MODULE PRODUCTION Setting Up the Anchorage Points

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

115

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

116

PHASE 04:

EXPANDSION OF THE MODULE PRODUCTION Setting Up the Anchorage Points

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

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TYPICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STUDIES

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Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) Key Sectors of Production Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) makes use of a system of intertropic transfer of resources, creating a mini ecosystem where resources are maximised and utilised through the use of the waste materials of larger organisms as food sources for smaller ones, who themseleves hold commercial value.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

Finfish-fed Species:

Suspension Feeders:

Requires maufactured feeds. The waste products produced by the fishes, including uneaten feed and faeces, provides high quality norishment for other species in the IMTA system. E.g. Milkfish and Tilapia

Organic fine particulate extractive components, filter-feeding bivalves, feeding on microalgae, small zooplankton and fine particulate matter. They are used to filter a level of finer organic particles resulting from other fed components of the IMTA system. E.g. Gallo Mussels (Mytilus Galloprovincialis), Oysters

Essientially, IMTA mimics a natural ecosystem by combining the farming of multiple, complementary species from different levels of the food chain. This diversification makes sense on an ecological standpoint, to provide a sense of synergy between the cultivated fed species (e.g. finfish or shrimps fed sustainable commercial diets) with extractive species, which utilize the inorganic (e.g. seaweeds or other aquatic vegetation) and an organic suspension extractive aquaculture (e.g., suspension and deposit-feeders) excess nutrients from aquaculture for their growth. Utlising this system as the main driver for the productive sector of the developed ecosystem.

Deposit Feeding Invertebrates: They sift through the sediment to feed on organic particulate matter. Used to recycle the larger organic particles, resulting from other components of the IMTA system, which will settle beneath the farm site. E.g. Sea-Cucumbers and SeaUrchins

Nutrient Absorber (Macroalgae): The inorganic dissolved nutrient extractive component: Kelps and other seaweeds naturally extract dissolved inorganic nutrients generated by other fed and non-fed components of the IMTA system. They are placed furthest away to better capture the inorganic dissolved nutrients that are lighter and travel longer distances than the more organic nutrients. E.g. Kelps and Seaweeds

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123

IMTA Typical Studies

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INHABITATION CONDITION Typical Refugee Condition: Bhasan Char

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

The project site has been developed with 120 plots, each consisting of 12 buildings including a cyclone shelter, with a total of 1440 buildings on the development. Each of the buildings have the capacity to accommodate 16 families (of 4) in 16 rooms. In addition, each of these clusters of 16 familes will have to share available amenities such as two kitchens with eight cooking stoves each, six toilets and four bathrooms in each individual building. A person will have an average of 3.6 square metres as his or her living area. This barely meets the U.N.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emergency minimum standard of 3.5 square metres per person. (Illius, 2019)

farms

cyclone shelter

Inhabitation Condition on Bhasan Char

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CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

GREYWATER SYSTEM

TRANSPORTATION Typical Studies

Typical Studies 5m

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PROTO-TYPICAL INFRASTRUCTURE STUDIES

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

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CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

THE MACHINE

Aquaculture Module Base Units

Aquaculture Module Agglomoration (M)

AQUACULTURE MODULE A:

AQUACULTURE MODULE B:

AQUACULTURE MODULE C:

Mature Fishes: Milkfish and Tilapia

Labour Required: 15 ppl Total Cage Area: 267 m2 Yield: 165 ppl

Labour Required: 12 ppl Total Cage Area: 225 m2 Yield: 140 ppl

Labour Required: 15 ppl Total Cage Area: 290 m2 Yield: 170 ppl

EXTERNAL HABOUR

EXPORT COMMONS HUB

HATCHERY HUB

DATA CENTRE

Program: Research and Development, Fish Health Monitoring

Program: Storing and Rearing of Infant Fish Species

Labour Required: 50 ppl per floor Total Area: 2850 m2

Labour Required: 35 ppl per floor Total Area: 1950 m2

PROCESSING HUB MODULE:

EXPORT COMMONS MODULE:

Program: Cleaning, Washing and Transport to Export Commons Module

Program: Preperation of finfish products

Labour Required: 40 ppl per floor Total Area: 2150 m2

Labour Required: 30 ppl per floor Total Area: 2850 m2

HATCHERY HUB

C PROCESSING HUB A

EXTERNAL HABOUR

HATCHERY HUB MODULE:

PROCESSING HUB A

DATA CENTRE MODULE:

131

ITERATION A-M:

Agglomoration: 4A+4B+1C Inhabitation Capacity (min): 650 ppl Production Capacity (max): 1580 ppl

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CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

THE MACHINE

Aquaculture Module Agglomoration (L)

Mussel-Macroalgae Modules Base Units

ITERATION A-L1:

Radial Stocastic Agglomoration: 6 (A-M) Modules Inhabitation Capacity (min): 3800 ppl Production Capacity (max): 9480 ppl

SUSPENSION FEEDERS MODULE A:

SUSPENSION FEEDERS MODULE B:

MACROALGAE PRODUCTION MODULE A:

Suspension Feeders: Gallo Mussels (Mytilua Galloprovincialis) and Oysters

Macroalgae: Seaweed or Kelp

Production: 2.33 kg/m2 Labour Required: 20 ppl per cluster Total Cage Area: 982 m2 Yield: 66 ppl

Production: 2.33 kg/m2 Labour Required: 10 ppl per cluster Total Cage Area: 491 m2 Yield: 33 ppl

MACROALGAE PRODUCTION MODULE B: Macroalgae: Seaweed or Kelp

ITERATION A-L2:

Linear Stocastic Agglomoration: 4 (A-M) Modules Inhabitation Capacity (min): 2600 ppl Production Capacity (max): 6320 ppl

133

Production: 2.47 kg/m2 Labour Required: 5 ppl per cluster Total Cage Area: 1064 m2 Yield: 29 ppl

DATA CENTRE MODULE: Program: Research and Development, Fish Health Mointering Labour Required: 50 ppl per floor Total Area: 2850 m2

Production: 2.47 kg/m2 Labour Required: 5 ppl per cluster Total Cage Area: 644 m 2 Yield: 18 ppl

PROCESSING HUB MODULE:

EXPORT COMMONS MODULE:

Program: Cleaning, Washing and Transport to Export Commons Module

Program: Preperation of Mussell and Macroalgae products

Labour Required: 40 ppl per floor Total Area: 1650 m2

Labour Required: 30 ppl per floor Total Area: 2850 m2

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CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

THE MACHINE

Mussel Module Agglomoration (S)

Mussel Module Agglomoration (M/S)

ITERATION MMM1:

Linear-Radial Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 240 ppl Production Capacity (max): 792 ppl

ITERATION MMS1:

ITERATION MMS2:

Radial Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 120 ppl Production Capacity (max): 528 ppl

Linear Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 120 ppl Production Capacity (max): 396 ppl

ITERATION MML1:

ITERATION MMS3:

Radial Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 170 ppl Production Capacity (max): 210 ppl

Linear-Radial Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 270 ppl Production Capacity (max): 825 ppl

135

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CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

THE MACHINE

COLLECTIVE HABITATIONAL OWNERSHIP

Mussel-Maroalgae Module Agglomoration (M)

ITERATION MMS4:

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

Habitation Base Units

ITERATION MMS5:

Radial Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 40 ppl Production Capacity (max): 54 ppl

Radial-Linear Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 120 ppl Production Capacity (max): 144 ppl

HABITATION MODULE A:

Demographic: Single Refugee (1-2 ppl) Housing Floor Area (per floor) Estimated Capacity: 12-15 ppl

ITERATION MCS1:

Radial Stocastic Agglomoration Inhabitation Capacity (min): 360 ppl Production Capacity (max): 792 ppl

HABITATION MODULE B: Demographic: Family Unit (3-6 ppl) Orphanage Cluster (>12 ppl) Estimated Capacity: 36-45 ppl

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139

COLLECTIVE HABITATIONAL OWNERSHIP Habitation Geometrical Explorations

0.00

0.10

Connectivity Modules (S)

0.20

Connectivity Modules (M)

0.30

Connectivity Modules (L)

0.40

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LIVING AMONGST WATER

Greywater Module Base Units

Anchorage Module Base Units

GREYWATER PLUG-IN MODULE: Water Capacity: 10,552 litres/day Greywater Output (50%): 5,386 litres/day Volume of External Water Storage: 24,617 litres Provision Capacity: 448 ppl

01. HABAITATION UNIT CONNECTS The process begins when 5 habitation modules are agglomorated together in this specific configuration. With the location of the void being pointed on the exterior perimeter of the system.

02. GREYWATER UNIT HABOUR ASSEMBLED Greywater module would be then be assembled in the center of the void area created, serving as a mini habour condition where boats would be able to collect the greywater produced to the Anchorage modules.

03. MATURED PROGRAMMATIC BUILD-UP As the community matures, they would be able to afford more and more scaffolding units would begin to connect in the upper floors, allowing for a variation of space for more programmatic activites to be introduced.

ANCHORAGE BASE MODULE:

Water Capacity: 10,552 litres/day Volume of External Water Storage: 416,766 litres Production Capacity (max): 7500 ppl

141

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

144

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: MESH CREATION SHORTEST WALK LEGEND Water Depth - Aquaculture Farming (min: 6.0m) Water Depth - Mussel and Macroalgae Farming (min: 2.0m)

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

145

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146

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: INITIAL INCEPTION POINTS/ WATERWAY NETWORK

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

147

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148

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: SETTING UP ANCHORAGE MODULES RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Anchorage Modules: 8 (Sea), 15 (Inland) Maximum Water Capacity: 242,696 litres/day Volume of External Water Storage: 9,585,618 litres Expected Avg. Production Capacity: 212,500 ppl

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

149

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150

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: MAIN HABOUR MODULES RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Anchorage Modules: 8 (Sea), 15 (Inland) Maximum Water Capacity: 242,696 litres/day Volume of External Water Storage: 9,585,618 litres Expected Avg. Production Capacity: 212,500 ppl No. of Habour Modules: 23 Configurations Maximum Loading Capacity: 621 Heavy Ships

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

151

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

152

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: ESTABLISHMENT OF EDUCATION COMMONS RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Educational Commons (Config. A): 78 No. of Educational Commons (Config. B): 13 No. of Educational Commons (Config. C): 13 Expected Habitation Capacity: 4,836 - 6,472 ppl

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

153

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

154

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: ESTABLISHMENT OF PRODUCTION COMMONS RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module A: 7 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module B: 10 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module C: 1 Required Allocated Manpower: 4,590 ppl Expected Avg. Production Yield: 2.33 kg/m2 Expected Population Capacity: 91,799 ppl No. of Aquaculture Module A: 1 No. of Aquaculture Module B: 1 Required Allocated Manpower: 2,855 ppl Expected Avg. Production Yield: 18.64 kg/m2 Expected Population Capacity: 146,876 ppl Total Expected Population Capacity: 238,675 ppl

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

155

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156

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: ADJACENCIES OF SCALE ADJACENCY RADIUS Anchorage Adj. Radius: 950 m Aquaculture (Prod) Adj. Radius: 425 m Mussel-Macroalgae (Prod) Adj. Radius: 500 m Education Commons Adj. Radius: 350 m

20 40

PHASE 02 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

157

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158

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: FURTHER EXPANSION RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module A: 2 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module B: 25 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module C: 4 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Module D: 5 Required Allocated Manpower: 21,645 ppl Expected Avg. Production Yield: 2.33 kg/m2 Expected Population Capacity: 26,841 ppl No. of Aquaculture Module A: 3 No. of Aquaculture Module B: 5 Required Allocated Manpower: 11,383 ppl Expected Avg. Production Yield: 18.64 kg/m2 Expected Population Capacity: 45,295 ppl Total Expected Population Capacity: 1,328,665 ppl

21 00

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~

1,200,000 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

159

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

160

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: SELECTED FRACTAL

21 00

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~540,545 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

161

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

162

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: SELECTED FRACTAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Aquaculture Modules: 3 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Modules: 11 No. of Education Commons Modules: 78

21 00

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~540,545 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

163

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164

INDEXICAL DRAWINGS: SELECTED FRACTAL RESOURCE ALLOCATION No. of Aquaculture Modules: 3 No. of Mussel-MacroAlgae Hybrid Modules: 11 No. of Education Commons Modules: 78 No. of Social Commons Modules: 22

21 35

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~540,545 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

165

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

166

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167

AN ADAPTIVE SOCIETY SEASONAL PRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF THE COLLECTIVE

FIN FISH

MUSSELS

MACROALGAE

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

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168

AN ADAPTIVE SOCIETY SENARIO A: JAN-MAR EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES MODULE ALLOCATION No. of Social Commons Modules: 22 No. of Education Commons Modules: 78 Avg. Population Capacity: 24,336 ppl No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module A: 3 No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module B: 7 No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module C: 1 Avg. Population Capacity: 392,482 ppl No. of Aquaculture Module A: 2 No. of Aquaculture Module B: 1 Avg. Population Capacity: 136,985 ppl Total Expected Population Capacity: ~553,803 ppl

21 35

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~540,545 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

169

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170

AN ADAPTIVE SOCIETY SENARIO B: JUL-SEP MUSSEL-MACROALGAE MODULE ALLOCATION No. of Social Commons Modules: 22 No. of Education Commons Modules: 78 Avg. Population Capacity: 24,336 ppl No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module A: 3 No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module B: 7 No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module C: 1 Avg. Population Capacity: 472,839 ppl No. of Aquaculture Module A: 2 No. of Aquaculture Module B: 1 Avg. Population Capacity: 80,964 ppl Total Expected Population Capacity: ~553,803 ppl

21 35

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~540,545 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

171

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172

AN ADAPTIVE SOCIETY SENARIO C: OCT-DEC AQUACULTURE MODULE ALLOCATION No. of Social Commons Modules: 22 No. of Education Commons Modules: 78 Avg. Population Capacity: 24,336 ppl No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module A: 3 No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module B: 7 No. of Mussel-Macroalgae Hybrid Module C: 1 Avg. Population Capacity: 328,549 ppl No. of Aquaculture Module A: 2 No. of Aquaculture Module B: 1 Avg. Population Capacity: 225,254 ppl Total Expected Population Capacity: ~553,803 ppl

21 35

PHASE 03 EXPECTED POPULATION: ~540,545 PPL

GROWTH WITHIN THE FRACTAL

173

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CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

CONCLUSION This thesis argues that with the inevitable incoming climate crisis, the world can no longer turn a blind eye to the displaced any longer. As with each passing day, more and more of the world is faced with the harsh reality that it has become more and more likely for anyone of us to become a displaced citizen ourselves. This reality renders the necessity for our societies to reorganise ourselves and construct new socio-ecological relations within our communities. To rethink productive systems, commons and lifestyles. The future has arrived and instead of merely retreating further and further behind our borders, I propose for a narrative in which we are able to occupy these new realities, turning a reagedy into an opportunity for innovation and the creation of a society which is able to grow and adapt to this new environment. Perhaps with this new reality, the role of the architect will significantly broaden as well. By pairing the concepts of collective ownership and regenerative ecosystems, we will be able to weave and construct a society that is able to adapt and make use of the transient conditions of the sea. How this could be manifested in a more concrete form would be explored in the remainder of the thesis.

CHEOGRAPHING AN EVOLUTION

175

BIBLIOGRAPHY

176

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY Displaced: A Global Prespective

Constructing A Utopia

Nomadism: Life on Sea

1. Grandi, F. (n.d.). UNHCR - Global Trends 2019: Forced Displacement in 2019. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https://www.unhcr.org/ globaltrends2019/

10. Quick, D. (2015, May 02). Lilypad floating city concept. Retrieved August 01, 2020, from https://newatlas.com/lilypad-floating-cityconcept/17697/

19. Ramiro, J. (2019). Nomadism is a reality for 21st-century humans: Roca Gallery. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from http://www.rocagallery. com/the-new-nomads

2. Andres, P. (2019, December 19). Protest by Cape refugees attempts to draw international eyes to their struggles. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/protestby-cape-refugees-attempts-to-draw-internationaleyes-to-their-struggles-39474641

11. CALLEBAUT, D. (n.d.). Vincent Callebaut Architectures Paris. Retrieved August 01, 2020, from http://vincent.callebaut.org/ object/080523_lilypad/lilypad/projects

20. Deleuze, G., &amp; Guattari, F. (1994). Nomadology: The war machine. New York: Semiotext(e).

12. Gibson, E. (2019, April 04). BIG unveils Oceanix City concept for floating villages that can withstand hurricanes. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https://www.dezeen. com/2019/04/04/oceanix-city-floating-big-mitunited-nations/

ASEAN: Identifying a Testbed

3. Forced migration or displacement. (n.d.). Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https:// migrationdataportal.org/themes/forcedmigration-or-displacement 4. Edwards, A. (2016, June 20). Global forced displacement hits record high. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https://www.unhcr.org/news/ latest/2016/6/5763b65a4/global-forceddisplacement-hits-record-high.html 5. Emergency Handbook. (n.d.). Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https://emergency.unhcr.org/ entry/67716/idp-definition 6. Devictor, X. (2017). Forcibly Displaced Toward a Development Approach Supporting Refugees, the Internally Displaced, and Their Hosts. Forcibly Displaced Toward a Development Approach Supporting Refugees, the Internally Displaced, and Their Hosts, 1-187. doi:https://www.unhcr. org/5975a93e7.pdf 7. How Libya became the gatekeeper of Africa’s migrant crisis. (2016, May 16). Retrieved June 30, 2020, from http://www.msnbc.com/specials/ migrant-crisis/libya 8. Story Map Journal. (n.d.). Retrieved July 04, 2020, from https://www. arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index. html?appid=8ff1d1534e8c41adb5c04ab435b7974b 9. Opu, P., &amp; McDonnell, P. (2019, January 24). Climate change creates a new migration crisis for Bangladesh. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/ environment/2019/01/climate-change-drivesmigration-crisis-in-bangladesh-from-dhakasundabans/

13. Gastel, A. (2019, April 12). Things Fall Apart. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https:// magazine.atavist.com/things-fall-apart-makokofloating-school 14. Living Breakwaters. (n.d.). Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https://www.asla.org/ sustainablelandscapes/breakwaters.html 15. Living Breakwaters wins 2014 Buckminster Fuller Challenge. (n.d.). Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https://archinect.com/news/ article/111957364/living-breakwaters-wins-2014buckminster-fuller-challenge 16. Marie Chatel. “This Floating Desalination Megastructure is Designed to Combat California’s Water Shortages” 25 Aug 2016. ArchDaily. Accessed 5 Jul 2020. <https://www.archdaily. com/793589/this-floating-desalinationmegastructure-is-designed-to-combatcalifornias-water-shortages/> ISSN 0719-8884 17. Cahill, P. (2016, July 31). Red Tape Slows Bloom of Seaweed Farming’s Green Revolution. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https:// www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/red-tapeslows-bloom-seaweed-farming-s-greenrevolution-n613526 18. Technology Vista. (2016, October 04). Underwater farms may be our future one day...know why it is important! Retrieved August 08, 2020, from http://www. technologyvista.in/pin/underwaterfarms-may-help-save-our-dying-oceans/

21. Deleuze, G., Guattari, F., &amp; Massumi, B. (2013). A thousand plateaus. London: Bloomsbury.

22. Suzuki, S. (2019, November 11). Why is ASEAN not intrusive? Non-interference meets state strength. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from https:// www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24761028 .2019.1681652

Bangladesh: A Localised Approach 23. Bremner, L. (2019, November 04). Sedimentary logics and the Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh. Retrieved July 05, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0962629818302944

24. Cai, W., Inton, C., Scarr, S., &amp; Wu, J. (2017). A remote home for the Rohingya. Retrieved August 08, 2020, from http:// fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/rngs/ MYANMAR-ROHINGYA/010060Z21XP/ index.html Cheographing an Evolution 25. Illius, S. (2019, December 31). An inside look at Bhashan Char – the new home for Rohingyas. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://tbsnews.net/rohingya-crisis/insidelook-bhashan-char-new-home-rohingyas

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THE DISCRETE

Timeline of the Discrete Architectural history has been shaped by three main factors who are heavily correlated with each other: (1) Historical economic turning points (2) Rise of new technologies (3) Rise of new philosophies. Through the analysis of these three threads that we can begin to see how the Discrete has been formed throughout history.

Mais

on D

om-

Ino,

1914

World War I/II

Industrial Revolution

Louis Sullivan

1750s - 1850s

Home

Cry

stal

Pala

ce, 1

881

Insur

1896

ance

Build

ing, 1

885

Walter Gropious

1919

Le Corbusier

1950s

1941 The first discourse: The onset of the Industrial Revolution has brought about a preiod of a large scale iron production, creating the possibilities for more efficient structural elements, wider beams and windows of greater spans. This has allowed architects of that time to have the agency to challenge the classical architectural principles in regards to proportion and styles. Buildings such as the Crystal Palace and the world’s first skyscrapper, the Home Insurance Building begin to take form. Paving the way for the future typologies like the modern office towers.

It is during the turn of the 2oth century, that architectural elements begin to be rationalised and standardised into a set of formal principles. In 1896, American architect Louis Sullivan published the essay “the tall office building artistically considered”, coining the phrase “forms follow function”. In 1919, Walter Groupious formed the Bauhaus School in Germany, with teaching that architectural forms should be simplified to the bare essentials of function. A building should not bear any ornamentation that does not follow the structural purpose of the building.

THE DISCRETE

Timeline of the Discrete After World War II, the massive reconstruction projects took place all over the world and due to the unprecedented devastation occurred â&#x20AC;&#x201C; demand for economic construction processes and efficient urban planning methods like never before.

Fun Palace, 1960

Archigram

Centre Pompidou, 1970

Rapid technological advancements spurned by the two world wars becomes a mechanism for the development of a greater understanding of the interactions between machine and humans. Nobert Wiener in 1948, coined the term â&#x20AC;&#x153;cyberneticsâ&#x20AC;? to define an emerging field of research gathering concepts from many fields of work including engineering, computer science, neuroscience, biology and network theory.

Cybernetics Revolution Norman Wiener

Cedric Price

1948

1960

Renzo Piano

Richard Rogers

1970

Metabolist Movement Fumihiko Maki

Kiyonori Kikutake

Kenzo Tange

Kisho Kurokawa

1959 In particular in Japan, with this newfound autonomy Japanese architects saw exciting new possibilities for rebuilding. As the modernist principles beginning to enter the schools, architects of that time also sought to preserve their own pre-war culture. The new movement, Metabolism, emerging from this paradox. Its concept emphasized biological growth in architecture, implying that the city, as well as its structures, are living organisms that develop together. The architecture was now understood a being in constant transformation, a movement able to reflect in its design a dynamic reality.

Nakagin Capsule Tower, 1962 Tokyo Bay Plan, 1960

THE DISCRETE

Peter Eisenman

Embroyotic House, 2001

Wiki House, 2011

Parametricism

Biocenter, 1987

A response to the economic crises and recessions of the mid 1970s and 1980s drove architects to recalibrate the way they practiced. Taking advantage of CAD software and eventually computational tools like Grasshopper as well, begin to shape the exploration of form in architecture.

Timeline of the Discrete

Greg Lynn

Gilles Retsin

What if the world in the future is void of these large factories, churning out millions of objects. In their place, smallscale digital fabrication machines like 3D printers that could fit into your home or office, enabling you to make whatever objects you wanted or needed â&#x20AC;&#x201D; from household items to furniture to your own home.

AutoCAD Grasshopper

Darwin 3D Printer

2001

2008

2009

Diamond House, 2018

A shift from consumerism to prosumerism could potentially be underway, where the consumer is also the producer enabling a vast transformation to take place in how we make the objects around us. This transformation is on its way to meeting its full potential because of a revolution in digital fabrication.

Consumer to Prosumerism

THE DISCRETE

Defining the Discrete

“Set within the post-2008 context, defined by a crisis of late capitalism, the Discrete is an emerging body of work that seeks to redefine the entire production chain of architecture by accelerating the notion of part and assembly.” “It asserts that a digital form of assembly, based on parts that are as accessible and versatile as digital data, offers the greatest promise for a complex yet scalable open-ended and distributed architecture.” “Moreover, it situates itself in the pragmatic and immediate real, realising that the digital is already ubiquitous and part of the everyday.”

THE DISCRETE

Defining the Discrete

Masion Dom-Ino: Turning Point

Deconstruction of the Greg Lynn Curve Modernist Assembly

Continuity

< 1000 B.C.

post-modernist

deconstructivist

The mass standardization of Maison Dom-Ino transformed the production of the post-war environment. When the Domi-Ino entered the field, there was no longer any notion of walls and facade. This model is extremely persistent, being called the turing model of architecture.

1000 - 1920

1920 - 1970

parametric-project

object-project

Throughout the eras, through postmodernism, deconstructivism, parametricproject and object-project, under the skin of it all, the Masion Dom-Ino remains, supporting all those moves.

Digital Assembly

The top most composite curve was created by the traditional geometrical method of defining a fixed radius. The curve below is parametric, drawn using spline geometry, where the radii are replaced with control vertices containing handles and weights.

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;digitalâ&#x20AC;? curve is made up of discrete building blocks sharing the notion of assembly, but it is a completely different form of assembly, not based on geometry and fixed types, but a digital logic of universal units.

THE DISCRETE

Scales of the Discrete

Micro: Discrete Elements

Macro: Room

Voxel Chair 1.0, Gilles Retsin, Manuel Jimenez Garcia

Real Virtuality, Gilles Retsin, 2019

THE DISCRETE

Scales of the Discrete

Macro: Room

Suncheon Art Platform, Gilles Retsin

Diamond House, Gilles Retsin

THE DISCRETE

Scales of the Discrete

Macro: Room

Zvi Hecker, Ramot Polin Neighborhood, 1970

Habitat 67

Bofil, Kafka Castle

Nagakin Capsule Tower

THE DISCRETE

Scales of the Discrete Mega: A Discrete City

Kenzo Tange, Tokyo Plan, 1960

City in the Air, Arata Isozaki, 1961

Marine City, Kiyonori Kikutake, 1963

Silicon Cultures: An Intelligent Socio-cultural Hybrid Community in India, 2018