Rzan Moawia Mustafa August 2021 G R A D U A T I O N T H E S I S P R O J E C T Developing Mayu's Informal Neighborhood from Within S L U M U P G R A D E P R O J E C T
ii Table of Contents Table of Contents ………………………………………………. i Table of Figures ………………………………………………… ii Abstract ………………………………………………………….. iii Chapter One: Introduction…………………….…..………. 1 1.1. Overview 1 1.2. Background of Urban Displacement 1 1.3. The Case of Mayu 2 1.4. Covid 19 impact on IDPs …………………………………. 3 1.5. Project Aim ………………………………………………… 3 1.6. Research Methodology ……………………………..……. 3 1.7. Project Objectives.…………………………………………. 4 1.8. Project Challenges ……………………….………………… 4 Chapter Two: Case Studies ....………………………….… 5 2.1. Case Study (1): Abo-Shouk IDP Camp, Darfur 5 2.1.1. Background …………………………………………… 5 2.1.2. Planning 5 2.1.3. The Market ……………………………………………… 5 2.1.4. Housing …………………………………………………. 5 2.1.5. Lessons Learned ………………………………………. 5 2.2. Case Study (2): Favela Bairro……………………………. 6 2.2.1. Background …………………………………………….. 6 2.2.2. Benefits of the Programme………………………….... 6 2.2.3. Development Nodes…………………………………… 6 2.2.4. Lessons Learned …………………………………… 6 Chapter Three: Design Programme 7 3.1 Target Users 7 3.2. Project Components ………………………………… 7 3.3. Project Functions …………………………………… 7 3.4. Design Approach …………………………………… 7 3.5. Areas of project components ……………………….. 7 3.6. Total Calculations.…………………………………….. 7 3.7. Macro Site Analysis ………………………………….. 8 3.7.1. About the Site ………………………………….….. 8 3.7.2. Climate ……………….……………………………. 8 3.7.3. Site Selection Criteria .……………………...……. 8 3.7.4. Users’ profile ……………………………………… 8 3.7.5. Activities in Site ………….……………………… 8 3.7.6. Land-Use ………………………………………… 9 3.7.7. Services ……………………………………………. 9 3.7.8. Accessibility.………………………….……………. 10 3.7.9. Building Typology…………………….…………… 11 3.7.9.1. Building Materials ………………….………….. 11 3.8. Macro Site Zoning …….………..……………………. 12 3.9. Micro Site Analysis ……………….…………………... 12 3.9.1. Micro site selection criteria ……….………..… …. 12 3.9.2. Micro Site Breakdown .. 13 3.9.3. Streets Activities Analysis and Hierarchy 13 3.9.4. Flora and Fauna Analysis 13 3.9.5. Education and Economic Situation………...……. 14 Chapter Four: The Design …………………………… 15 4.1. Design Concept……………………………………….. 15 4.1.1. Fractal Design in Urban Planning & Architecture 15 4.2. The Design…………………………………………….. 16 4.2.1. Development Programme Nodes…………………. 16
ii 4.2.2. Masterplan 16 4.2.3. Vocational School Design .. 17 4.2.4. Mandela Market 18 4.2.5. Market Extension and Main public Space………... 19 4.2.6. Pocket Parks………………………………………… 20 4.2.7. Public Services……………………………………… 20 4.2.7.1. Solid Waste Management System……………. 20 4.2.7.2. Public Bathrooms………………………………... 20 Table of Figures Fig.1. A kid in Mayu………………………………….. 1 Fig.2. Two Children in their house in Mayu…....….. 2 Fig.3. Kids playing in an open space in Mayu …….. 2 Fig.4. Inside the Neighbourhood …………………... 4 Fig.5. Th neighbourhood…………..………………... 4 Fig.6. Abo Shouk settlement in Al Fashir 5 Fig.7. Original plan of Abu-Shouk Camp ………….. 5 Fig. 8. Current map of the area …………………….. 5 Fig.9. Daily market in Abu-Shouk ………………….. 5 Fig.10. Evolution of the Camp into Nifasha Town… 5 Fig.11. Locations of the Slums in Rio…………….... 6 Fig.12. Before and after Favela Bairro programme. 6 Fig.13. Kids living in Mayu …………………….…….. 7 Fig.14. Land-use Map ……………………………….. 9 Fig.15. Services Map 9 Fig.16. Accessibility Map ……………………………. 10 Fig.17. Pictures around the area ………………. 10 Fig.18. Buildings Typology Map ……………….. 11 Fig.19. Pictures from the site 11 Fig.20. Informal Neighbourhood……………….. 11 Fig.21. Mud Bricks drying in Neighbourhood…… 11 Fig.22. Macro Site Zoning Map ……………..… 12 Fig.23. Infrastructure Issues………..…………... 13 Fig.24. Micro Site Analysis……………………… 14 Fig.25. Development programme nodes……… 16 Fig.26. Views after Development …………....... 16 Fig.27. Masterplan ………………………………. 16 Fig.28. Vocational school ground floor plan 17 Fig.29. Vocational school design analysis…….. 18 Fig.30. Market ground floor plan……………….. 18 Fig.31. Market unit design analysis…………….. 18 Fig.32. Market extension & main public space plan 19 Fig.33. Pocket Park view………………………… 20 Fig.34. Fig.34. Public Bathrooms in School…… 20 Table of Tables Table 1. Ernst Neufert- Architects Data ………….. 7 Abbreviations IDPs: Internally displaced persons UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees NRC: Norwegian Refugee Council
The project aims to help building an economically sufficient, sustainable community in Mayu, through an urbanization process that is green, inclusive and resilient. Starting with providing adequate education and working spaces through the iintegration of pocket parks within the informal settlements while keeping the units untouched, and ending with the integration of services. These aims will be achieved through the application of urban policy and design guidelines.
Sudan is reported as one of the countries hosting the largest amounts of IDPs in the world (2.2 million, UNHCR), with this in mind, and the known fact that most of them move to Khartoum eventually, there still aren't neighborhoods planned for them to have a moderately comfortable life.
Disproportionately large percentages of refugees, IDPs and migrants are hosted by some of the most resource scarce, and poorest countries in the world 40% of whom live in temporarily planned humanitarian “camps” for increasingly protracted periods. Motivated largely by an economic rationale, the camps are often produced rapidly, cheaply and effectively to accommodate the largest possible number of shelters in the shortest time 60% of the IDPs enter urban areas and cities, where they face numerous challenges. many are unable to find proper housing because of lack of money or civil documents, resulting in them living in slums, having less access to work, education, health and sanitation services, and are vulnerable to more violence.
To those alienated by an unjust system and stigma
Special thanks to the Women’s Teaching and Training Centre- Mayu for their constant help and contribution to this research.
iii DEDICATION
Abstract
Over the last decades, the world has witnessed a rise in displacement caused by conflicts, natural or human made disasters, and the effects of climate change, which have resulted in an escalation of the Refugee and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) crisis globally.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
One of the biggest issues facing the urban IDPs is economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Mayu (having been an IDP Camp) is proof that most camps eventually evolve into permanent settlements, and become a part of the city’s urban and social fabric, an informal place of which the spatial configurations reflect the social life, economic situation, and habits of the community. Urban planners and architects have an important role to play to take action, and to shape the future of their development, to create opportunities for all. The residents of Mayu, in this project, will be delt with as permanent residents and a part of Khartoum’s urban society.
1.1.6. The project aims to work on three main aspects to help with the overall territorial development of the area
1.1.1. Humanitarian crises such as conflict or natural disasters increasingly occur in developing countries like Sudan, leaving behind thousands of Internally Displaced Persons, 60% of which eventually move to urban cities around the country. In most scenarios the rapid influx of IDPs create an indentation in the already struggling economy and resources of the host community.
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The third is the design of a simple local Solid Waste Management system that can help with lessening the heavy pollution in the area. In addition to designing public bathrooms.
1.1.2. Mayu is one of the most famous destinations for urban IDPs in Khartoum (since the 1970s), located in the North East of Jabal Awliya’a province. Mayu has a very diverse community hosting IDPs and some low-income immigrants from all over the country and some South Sudanese.
1.1.5. Work: 70% of Mayu’s working residents work inside Mayu, of which 62% work in the local market “Souq Sitta” (Source: Author Surveys and interviews), the rest earn their living daily, by working random available jobs like heavy lifting, washing and ironing clothes, building, and goods transportation by those who own donkey carts and motorcycles.
1 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1. Overview
1.1.7. The final goal is to create a resilient community that is able to absorb, recover and positively adapt to economic and environmental shocks, and transforming towards sustainability.
Those who had been displaced had fewer options for rebuilding their lives.
According to research done by the Norwegian Refugee Council, more than half of the world's displaced people live in urban areas. People displaced by conflict, natural hazards, or some combination of the two, often move to urban centres, there they seek better economic opportunities, anonymity, and safety. However, they face many challenges upon arrival. Many are unable to find proper housing because of lack of money or civil documents, resulting in them living in slums, having less access to work, education, health and sanitation services, and are vulnerable to more violence.
Fig.1 kids in Mayu, June 2021, (Author)
1.2. Background of Urban Displacement
Humanitarian aid NGOs work constantly on helping the displaced by providing displacement camps near crises areas, but not much attention is given to urban IDPs.
1.1.3. The planning of the area is a combination of formal and informal neighbourhoods, as the government only partially planned the area. The water and electricity services are very weak and mostly depend on personal efforts from the residents, and they’re hardly available in the informal areas, where every 15 to 25 households share a medium sized water tank and it’s not connected with a pipe system to the houses.
1.1.4. The Climate of the area is very hot and arid; in addition to the already hot weather of Khartoum, the lack of greenery and vegetation creates an increase in the micro-climate.
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The second of the aspects is promoting environmental sustainability by integrating green public spaces, pocket parks, and vegetated streets all around the area to help with improving the micro climate, cleaning the air, and help by absorbing rainwater in the fall, and keep them maintained through community participation.
• The first is promoting economic sustainability, starting by building vocational and regular schools to help the residents enter the Mayu workforce with good knowledge of their chosen job, then designing commercial areas to create a place for them to work and apply that knowledge
Al Eshash got over crowded and the government moved the entire community to live in the camp with the South-Sudanese.
Fig.2 Two Children in their house in Mayu
The establishment of the local market in Mayu (Souq 6) The government moved the diverse IDPs from Al Eshash to join the southSudanese in Mayu
Mayu was established in the 1970s as an IDP camp for South-Sudanese when the civil wars and violence beyond the southern state (then) borders was peeking, and it acted as a refuge for them when the armed conflicts started in the 1990s. The camp was well facilitated with the help of the UNHCR and other international NGOs; full of churches, medical clinics, and training centres for the Anotherilliterate.IDPs destination area was near the National Market (Al-Souq AlSha’abi) area, and it was called Al Eshash. It was inhabited by IDPs from diverse backgrounds and areas around Sudan. It also was home for poor Overmigrants.time
Fig.3. Kids playing in an open space in Mayu, June 2021 (Author)
After th e separation of South Sudan, most South Sudanese moved out of Mayu, but some still live there to this day. The market (Souq 6), located in the northern boarders of Mayu tying it to neighbouring communities, was established shortly after the move from Al Eshash, creating job opportunities, and a shopping centre for the residents. The market still to this day provides the community with jobs, as the vast majority work in it, and it also serves as an integration point between the small society and the big one outside of it.
Mayu’s current residents are from all over the country, it became home for so many, and it still serves as Khartoum’s host for IDPs
2011 The separation of the South, resulted in most of the south Sudanese moving out of Mayu, and a huge decrease in the population
1970 1973 1981
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The South-Sudanese IDP camp was established in Mayu
2 1.3. The Case of Mayu
The recent planning proves that the government considers them permanent residents, but they are still neglected, without any form of infrastructure what so ever, electricity poles only recently installed in only the parts closer to the market, and having water is a personal effort not all can afford. The planning stopped before covering the entire area, leaving a combination between formal and informal housing.
The project aims to acknowledge an important part of our society, the IDPs, who have been neglected by the government, and for so long were alienated from the rest of Khartoum’s community disregarding their right to the city. This acknowledgement is summarized in:
• Celebrating their housing culture instead of trying to formalize it, as they are happy and comfortable in that living situation,
While Covid 19 is a global challenge, certain groups are particularly vulnerable to both the disease and its secondary impacts, and IDPs are among those likely to be particularly affected by the pandemic, owing to their circumstances.
• Make up for the poor infrastructure with sustainable, simple ways, and
Urban tissue and morphology analysis
The impact of Covid-19 on Urban IDPs in Khartoum resulted in:
The protection from the virus revolves around social distancing, and with the current living situation of IDPs in Mayu, that is not an option, “who will provide for us if we stay at home” said Mariam, one of the residents in Mayu in an interview. The virus spread like wild fire among them, killing their elders and creating an indent in the social fabric.
1.6. Research Methodology
1.5. Project Aim
The main research method to accomplish this thesis by using:
are denied equitable medical access 70% have poor sanitation services 48% greater unemployment They
The high density informal housing, lack of proper open public spaces, narrow streets, and lack of governmental attention are the main causes of the huge outbreak of Covid-19 among the low-income neighbourhoods hosting them in Khartoum (including Mayu). IDPs need continued access to financial resources to meet their basic needs, protect themselves from the virus, seek healthcare if needed.
• To focus on improving the surroundings and living environment of the area following the same natural pattern, and without disturbing their sense of place.
2. Community participating tools: Personal interviews: 10 questions to 20 adults with different backgrounds in the Mandella, Angola and Al-Andalus neighbourhoods.
-General surveys: Thorough examination of the site, and the livelihood and culture of its residents. IDPs received better support from orgs and the community SustainableSufficientSelf- Permanent
Huge increase in prices 26% of
• Pointing out and addressing the current urban fabric in Mayu,
• Improving the Micro-Climate and the air quality in the area,
1. Design and analysing tools: Online archive research -Community behaviour observation
3 1.4. Covid-19 Impact on IDPs
• Helping the residents provide for themselves and support the local economy of the area,
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• The poor relationship between the buildings and the existing open spaces due to the narrow streets and high density
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• Lack of services and infrastructure.
Highly dense informal housing will make difficult to integrate the new development programme
• Design green strips and soak-away wells to help with water absorption and make-up for the lack of sewage system
Fig.4 Inside the neighbourhood Fig.5 The neighbourhood 4 1.7. Project Objectives
Reduce crowding in residential areas to protect public health and the safety and well being of individuals.
• Provide extra services like a Solid Waste management system, and public bathroom, to make the environment better and healthier.
The architecture of empowerment, is the built environment which responds to the needs of the poor and destitute, while respecting their humanity and putting them in charge of their own destinies.” Ismail Serageldin
Promote recreational spaces with as much greenery as possible to help in cleaning the air, and improve the micro-climate.
• Design vocational schools to help the residents (from 16-year-olds and up) enter the Mayu workforce with good knowledge of their chosen craft to shape the future of Mayu’s economic development.
1.8. Project Challenges
• Existing streets are crowded and get narrower as they continue until some of them vanish completely.
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• Contribute in lifting the local economy by designing commercial areas to support those who are not able to work in the local market (Souq Sitta), and depend on freelancing to earn their living.
• The Randomness and informality of the existing open public spaces
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The camp was originally planned into “Blocks and Squares”, and with its urbanization, the masterplan stayed the same and was only extended, avoiding the informal settlements most camps turn into overtime. However, the town lacks public spaces, and its hosts seek them in Al-Fashir. -It is now known for its organized grid.
2.2.3 The Market
The camp housing originally was all tents, one tent per family, and by 2008 34% of families built their houses from local materials or bricks and zinc metal sheets. Abo Shouk turned from a camp full of tents, to a highly dense town with permanent houses and its own service buildings. Right now, 51% of IDP households intend to stay in Abo Shouk.
Abo Shouk (Currently known as Nifasha) was one of five main camps established in North Darfur for IDPs in 2004. It was officially opened on April 20th 2004 in the north-western corner of Al Fashir town, occupying 12Km2, with a population of approximately 450,000 people. The camp had a mixed culture, with more than 5 ethnic groups from Darfur.
Fig.7 Original plan of Abu Shouk Camp, 2004, UNHCR 5 CHAPTER TWO: Case Studies 1.2. Case study (1): Abo-Shouk IDP camp, North Darfur
2.2.1. Background
Humans can adapt to any form of living over time. Providing a sustainable source of income for a community will help it flourish greatly. Shared resources is the best way for societies’ integration. Open Public spaces is vital for comfort.
2.2.2. Planning
In 2005 members of the host community and the IDPs started the construction of a small market in the southern side of the camp, offering a variety of consumer goods and services, and these shops were owned by IDPs. In 2010 the market was remodelled and converted into a formal one. -Regardless of the integrated cultures and backgrounds of the IDPs, most let go of their original occupations and worked in the market.
2.2.5. Lessons Learned
Fig. 6 Abo Shouk settlement in Al Fashir, June 2007, (CMI) Fig.10. Evolution of Abu Shouk Camp into Nifasha Town from 2004 to 2019 Fig.9. Daily market in Abu Shouk, 2009 Fig.8. Current map of the area, UNHCR Al Fashir The expansion of Nifashatown AlcampSalamOriginal Abo Shouk camp
2.2.4. Building Typology
WaterElectricityCollectionSupply Fig.11. Locations of the Slums (Favelas) in Rio Fig.12 Before and after the Favela Bairro Programme
-Community relations improved by the existence of new public spaces and services enabling more social interaction
2.2.2: Main Benefits of the Programme
-Strengthening of community organisation and structure
-Extremely high crime rates
-Garbage collection systems
Integration of favelas into the city
The main major problems that led to the launching of Favela-Bairro project are:
Favela-Bairro: The Slums Upgrading Programme in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Overcrowding is a major problem in Rio's favelas. On average, the population density is about 37,000 people per square kilometre.
It has completed the urbanisation of 119 “favelas” of average size, benefitting them with:
2.2.3: Design Nodes
2.2.4: Lessons Learned
Slums are not disassociated parts of the city. They are city. They present a different paradigm and show that diverse urban spaces may coexist, provided inequities are overcome, and adequate living standards are universalised.
-Because of poor sanitation, sewage often runs in open drains. This causes diseases which spread rapidly.
Sewage System
6 2.2. Case study (2):
2.2.1: Background Operating between the years 1994 and 2000 the Favela-Bairro programme, is, until today, considered the most effective approach to delivering more adequate living standards to settlements of the urban poor. The program aimed to connect the informal neighbourhoods to the city, improving the place by upgrading basic infrastructure and increasing the supply of urban and social services, like social health and education programmes
-Improvements in pre-school education
Strengthening of citizenship ties and social inclusion
-Reduction of flooding in the city
Paved Streets
PublicLighting Public Transportation Garbage
-There are not enough jobs to go around, so unemployment rates are high. Most people who do have a job work in the informal sector for 'cash in hand'.
7 CHAPTER THREE: Design Programme 3.1. Target users • IDPs in Khartoum of poor living conditions. • People living in informal settlements that lack basic services 3.2. Project Components 3.3. Project Functions 3.3.1. Main Functions: 3.3.2. Auxiliary Functions: • Work Recreation • Education 3.4. Design Approach • Re adjusting site planning by laying out a streets network that ties between the formal and informal areas, the Market, the school, and the public spaces; and create easier circulation routes that are sustainable for when the residents start owning cars. • Integrate green public spaces, for greenery and recreation purposes. • Design commercial areas in different areas of the site to create working opportunities for everyone regardless of their age or gender • Specify areas for the design of regular and vocational schools to cover the needs of the residents. • Design a Solid Waste Management system, by specifying areas for transfer points, and providing large movable carts, in order to lessen the pollution as much as possible. 3.5. Areas of project components The table below demonstrates the estimated areas of the project components person*perArea No. perusersofunit Total area per unit No. unitsof Total area Public space 2 m2 100 200 m2 24,000 m2 Playgrounds 2.3 m2 30 70 m2 - 18,400 m2 SchoolsVocational 4 m2 1,660 5000 m2 3 20,000 m2 Kindergartens 2.5 m2 1,000 1850 m2 3 7,500 m2 ClinicHealth-care 10 m2 60 600 m2 2 1,200 m2 Table 1. Ernst Neufert Architects Data The numbers used in this table are an estimated average based on research done in the area. Area per person*: above the standards for cultural reasons 3.6. Total Calculations • Total site area: ………….…831,467.7 m2 • Total built area: ……….......208,700 m2 • Total open spaces: 18,400 m2 • No. of users’ estimation: ….12,000 persons • Main Public space Pocket PlaygroundsParksfor kids 1. Open public spaces Street’s network3. andNeighborhoodsstreetslayout • Vocational school • Solid-WasteManagement system • Public Bathrooms 4. Extra services 2. Commercial areas • Old market Redesign • New market recreational extension
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The wind is from the south from June to October, the wind is regularly from the north from October to June 3.7.3. Site Selection Criteria
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3.7 4 Users Profile (Source: Author surveys and interviews) The site is very highly dense, with various activities. The vast majority of the residents are children under 18 years old. *Self employed, ironing clothes, builders, etc. 3.7.5. Activities in Site: 3. Playing (kids) 2. Religious activities1. Selling and buying 75% IDPs 25% Immigrants 18% Men 32% Women 50% Children 13% 2-4 members 41% 4-6 members 46% 6+ members 92% Families 8% Singles membersFamily 42% Freelancers 33% Market (Souq 6) 17% Other* 8% Without jobs 84% Educated 16% Illiterate 4. Education Fig.13 Kds living in mayu (Author)
The only unplanned area in Mayu The area with the least services The area hosting the poorest families in Mayu
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The site is located in Mayu, Jabal Awliya’a province, Khartoum state. covers an area of: 841,467.7m 3.7.2. Climate Analysis
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-It
Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 17°C to 41C. The hot season lasts from April to July, with an average daily high temperature above 38°C. The cool season lasts from December to February, with an average daily high temperature below 31°C. The wetter season lasts from July to September, with a greater than 14% chance of a given day being a wet day.
8 3.7. Macro Site Analysis 3.7.1. About the Site
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The services in the area are very limited and depend on personal efforts by the residents to reach water and electricity. water tanks are shared by the scale of 1 tank for every 10-20 households, and they are not connected directly to the houses, they have to go and carry the water in buckets back; a job done by all members of the society regardless of their age or gender. Land Use
9 3.7.6 Land-use Map Key: The residential lands in Mayu are free possession, whoever claims the and as theirs first, has the right to owning it. 3.7.7. Services
-The
Map Key: N EducationalEducational MosqueCatholic church Emergency NGOMayo pediatric clinic OpenResidentialspaces Water tank for households Water tank for public buildings Manual water pump SchoolMosqueChurchHospital/ Clinic Site Farmingboundarylands 2 primary schools 1 high school 1 pediatric clinic 1 local hospital (near site) 1 Catholic Church 2 mosques in site 4mosquesnearsite Weak Electricity No infrastructure No transportation Fig.14.
Map, (Author) Fig.15. Services Map, (Author) N
Map
For long distances the locals in all of Mayu rent ‘Raksha’ . It’s the most famous transportation method because it can easily be maneuvered around the narrow streets. The open space near the Emergency NGO Mayo Pediatric Clinic is the most famous between the kids living in the entire eastern area of the site, because not only is it the only one, but it has goal posts installed too. The streets surrounding the site and some of the Main ones inside it are wide (4-6m), but they get narrower, and some disappear altogether when they reach the informal housing areas. The wider streets (6m) help the people with ‘Karro’ pass through and get their jobs
Wide,done. filled with garbage trenches are a common occurrence while roaming the streets in the site, in the fall season they overflow with water that turns into a source for nasty odors, diseases, and mosquitoes.
10 3.7.8 Accessibility
Key: -Transportation Methods Streets Open Public Spaces
N Fig.16. Accessibility Map, (Author) Fig.17 Pictures around the area, (Author)
People living in the site usually walk everywhere especially the men Carts pulled by donkeys ‘Karro’ are also a common method, and it’s also used for transporting jobs. Bicycles are used by kids and the youth.
Fig.18.
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N Fig.21.
buildings)
The main building materials used in the site area are: bricks Thick fabrics perched on wood Khaish mesh bricks and Public
Cheap local building materials, and whatever can provide a good shield from the scorching sun rays, are used in the construction of their homes. Some of the houses, (the ones built with mud brick) are more stable than others, and are better in enduring the weather conditions. Mud Brick is made locally. Yarmook Pictures from the Site, (Author) Buildings Typology Map, Informal Neighbourhood, (Author) Mud Bricks drying in Neighbourhood, (Author)
(Author) Fig.20.
bags) • Thatches • Red
11 3.7.9 Building Typology Map Key: (Neighbourhoods names) -The site area is very highly dense with residents and most of it is not planned. Its’ residents consist of the families with lowest income in Mayu. Because of the hot arid climate in the area, the light materials used in roofing allow so much heat to enter the houses. 3.7.9.1. Building Materials
-The
MandelaAngola Al
• Mud
Al-Andalos Fig.19.
(old
sticks •
(Mosques
3.9.1: Micro Site Selection Criteria
The Micro site covers an area of 216,800m2
“An “urban fractal” is a network that contains the essential characteristics of the larger network of the city. Each fractal will possess nodes, or centres, and patterns of connectivity that define its structure and organisation”
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Paul Downton
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Contrary to popular belief, the problems in these areas have nothing to do with the informality of their planning, as they have found their own fractal patterns for laying out their neighbourhoods. When slums are perceived as a threat, or as something to be eradicated, the human right to adequate living environment is ignored Site Zoning Map,
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Key
A portion of the site was chosen to show in detail what can be done, and the change that can happen after following the design program. This chosen portion, located in Mandella Neighbourhood, contains all the site selection criteria that was put into consideration while choosing the Macro site.
12 3.8. Macro Site Zoning Map
3.9. Micro Site Analysis
Highly informalareas350m Radius for Vocational schools 500m Radius for public spaces Market Areas Open public VocationalKindergartensspacesschools N Fig.22 Macro
(Author)
The poorest in the site with very low employment rates An informality It contains only one educational facility for the entire site residents Old commercial area that is almost vanishing after the separation They are affected greatly by flooding in Autumn every year
The Streets Network: The streets of the area are narrow and hard to maneuver through. The wide streets surrounding the site are made narrow due to the trenches dug by the locals for drainage purposes.TheHouses:Theneighborhood is extremely dense. And the scale of the units is small. The EachPlots:cluster is surrounded by a low wall showing its boundaries. These boundaries decide the extent of each family’s land ownership.OpenSpaces:Theyare randomly scattered around the area, consisting of an empty, unbuilt area in the middle of the dense settlements.
The streets are not only used for transportation but also for daily hangouts and social interaction for all residents, and provide a working ground for street sellers. They are also used for garbage, rainwater and diseases collection for the lack of infrastructure.
3.9.4: Flora and Fauna Analysis Fig.23 Infrastructure Issues, (Author)
Neem Trees are Few around the site, and they provide good shade, and green all year long. Calotropis Procera grow on their own randomly in the streets and under the walls. Lemon trees are planted by some of the residents inside their yards, as they provide good shade and fruit. Donkeys are used for transportation and work. Goats are used for milk, and they roam the streets freely. Chickens are raised by the residents as a source for food and money. 13
Width: 20 15m Day traffic: Moderate Night traffic: Smooth Vehicles:Width:10 6m Day traffic: Heavy Night traffic: Moderate Vehicles: Width: 15 10m Day traffic: Heavy Night traffic: Moderate Vehicles:Width:6 3m Day traffic: smooth Night traffic: smooth Vehicles: 1. 2. 3. 4
3.9.3: Streets Activities Analysis and Hierarchy
“Informal settlements are part of the solution found by over one billion people living in poverty” -Mariana Dias Simpson
3.9.2: Micro Site Breakdown
Thework.Mandela Market consists of: • A butcher’s shop • 3 bakeries • Random kiosks and street sellers • A TV club for men • Few carpenters and blacksmithing shops Fig.24. Micro
(Author)
Map Key Open Linearspacestrenches/ditches Open
Situation
The only educational facility in the site is a public primary school. Its unpopular among the residents due to the poor economic situation of the families, as they’d rather send their kids to work as freelancers in far areas to help with providing for the family.
The open spaces in the neighborhoods are dominated mostly by the kids of the area. The ground is solid with no greenery, which makes it extremely hot during the day. What’s left of the Mandela Market is located across the street from the Primary School, near the center of the area. This area used to be a church before the separation of the South, and after it, the church closed, and it became Alabandoned.HudaPrimary School spaces Education Economic
There was a medium sized market (Mandella Market) in the area before the separation of South Sudan in 2011, and most of the shops in it were owned by south Sudanese. The market was built because of how far the area is from the main market in Mayu (Souq Sitta), but after the separation the market became smaller than it used to be and owning, or being able to rent, a shop in it was almost impossible to the majority of the residents, as they have to travel far distances to be able to Site Analysis,
user’s radius Accessibility routes to public Accessibilitybuildings routes between public spaces 14 3.9.5:
and
The sense of place is very strong in the residents, and it’s mostly coming from the irregular housing situation and the culture, and the design aims to keep that sense preserved
The plantation of green walkways, parks and soak away wells where the harmful trenches are dug on a level lower than the houses, to help with absorbing rain water
Environmental Sustainability
Economic Sustainability
15 CHAPTER FOUR: The Design 4.1. Design Concept 4.1.1. Fractal Design in Urban Planning and Architecture
Local Identity
In contrast to the smoothness of many neighbourhoods designed by planners, the boundaries of informal neighbourhoods are often best characterized by irregularity and roughness. Their unique complexity necessitates the use of descriptive elements that are radically different from those of the formal Characteristiclayouts.and distinctive elements of a society weave together creating a physical pattern that is recognisable as the ‘informal’ urban layout of an area, these characteristics are directly absorbed from the culture of its residents Every time the weave of this great human construct expands, pieces of urbanism that provide good practical shelter is constructed.
The design of vocational schools, accompanied by commercial areas will increase the probability of finding stable jobs for both men and women
Fractals analysis is a conceptual tool, that is used in research into the structuring of urban spaces to explore the arrangement of the constituent parts of a pattern across scales. Three interpretations of complexity as a function of disorder.
Design green public spaces, parks, and playgrounds to help with cooling down the area and clean the general air, and have the residents participate in their maintenance Architectural Intervention Plan streets in the informal areas for easier and more convenient circulation, and design the schools and market using vernacular architecture Support Infrastructure
Towards SustainableResilient,aCommunity
that welcomes cars in the future With dedicated lanes and that can be made into future parking spaces. N N Fig.25 Development programme nodes, (Author) Fig.26 Views after Development, (Author) Fig.27 Masterplan, (Author)
The streets network ties all the design nodes around the site together, as well as tying the site with the surrounding areas. The hierarchy is based on the width of the existing how busy way
16 4.2. The Design 4.2.1: Development Programme Nodes
The design nodes follow the natural pattern of the area, not only to celebrate the culture, and maintain the sense of place, but also to lessen the possibilities of any destruction of the residents’ properties.
they are. 4.2.2: Masterplan Streets hierarchy: Main Public Space Vocational School MarketExtensionRecreational Mandela MarketPocket Parks Solid Waste Collection Points 1. 3. 4. 2.1 2.2 The streets are designed in a
streets and
17 4.2.3: Vocational School Design
The design employs Vernacular Architecture, with local materials like mud brick, zinc sheets, and Haseer (Thatches), in ways that allow good ventilation and shade from direct sun, to lessen the heat and increase the air flow inside the workshops and courtyards, this way mechanical ventilation won’t be needed as much. Long term costs for residents are substantially reduced by minimizing building maintenance and artificial climate control
N Fig.28 Vocational school ground floor plan, (Author) Fig.29. Vocational school design analysis, (Author)
• Technical Skills: Carpentry, mud bricks making, basic building training, and others.
• Hand Crafts: Sewing, pottery making, and others.
The structure is strip foundation made from brick (40*60cm). The walls are brick with a thickness of 20cm. The roof is supported with wooden truss, slanted at an angle of 10o
The design is inspired from the natural layout pattern of the area. The multiple small courtyards surrounded by individually built units. The Vocational Schools are an important part of the design. They will be for both males and females of the area between the ages of 16 to 25 years old, teaching them:
Neighborhood shops (bakery…etc.) Service Providers (carpenter...etc.) Vegetables Market Collection points Cafeterias 18 4.2.4: Mandela Market The existing Market contains 62 shops in total, the Fractal design study below shows that it’s laid out in the pattern of courtyards surrounded by shops The new design follows the same pattern with the integration of greenery in the courtyards, cafeterias, public bathrooms, and waste collection points. Moving the recreational facilities to across the street, and giving more area for Tshops.heoutcome is a market with 210 shops, creating work opportunities for more of the residents. Map Key There are two types of streets: Unit Breakdown N Zinc PlainsheetsConcrete beam Perforated brick wall, with an inside layer of insect screen Inner Haseer roof layer DownBrickpipestrip foundation Strip foundation ditch Fig.30 Market ground floor plan, (Author) Fig.31 Market unit design analysis, (Author)
Site Plan Market Extension
The extension of the market serves as a recreational space for adults, containing TV Clubs, a cafeteria, specified areas and kiosks for street vendors and tea ladies, semi-shaded open spaces, and ending with public bathrooms.
The main Public Space serves for all members of the community, being big enough to contain 150 persons, with kids’ playgrounds, and shaded and unshaded open spaces, it is inclusive and diverse.
N Fig.32
Both designs promote heavy integration of both Colour and Greenery Public Space Market extension and main public space plan, (Author)
19 4.2.5: Market Extension and Main Public Space
Designed to solve a major hygiene problem in the area, the Bathrooms are designed in large numbers in the market, its extension and the school.
The waste management system is based on community participation, with movable big dumpster in different points around the site (Transfer Points), and its on the residents to take the dumpster to the last point the garbage truck reaches, not far from the site. This system is affordable and helps with cleaning the environment around the site. And lessen the diseases throughout the year.
4.2.7: Public Services
Fig.33 Pocket Park view, (Author) Fig.34 Public Bathrooms in School, (Author)
Why Pocket Parks?
The parks are open, vegetated with grass and big Neem trees to provide shade, as well as them being bellow the level of the street, so they can help with storm water collection and drainage in the rainy season. The free, unrestricted space gives a chance for all members of the community to enjoy the space.
20
Small Plants in the Parks
VIP Latrines (Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines) is the chosen system as it lessens the possibilities of rapid over filling of the pit, and is well ventilated, so the area around the bathrooms couldn’t smell so strongly.
1.Canna Indica A flowery plant that’s known for absorbing big amounts of dirty water. 2.Hedera Helix A crawling plant that gives fast, full coverage to bare surfaces. 3.Cacti Cacti for its great ability to absorb water and to protect the plants from animals
Designing big parks in such a poor knit tight community will lead to them dying due to lack of maintenance, as opposed to pocket parks, which due to their small sizes and close proximity with the homes gives the residents a feeling of ownership, which leads to maintenance through community participation.
The open spaces for the pocket parks already exist as unbuilt areas for the kids to play at. However, they lack vegetation and shade.
4.2.6: Pocket Parks
4.2.7.1: Solid-Waste Management System
4.2.7.2: Public Bathrooms
• Maynard, Victoria, et al. "Urban planning following humanitarian crises: supporting urban communities and local governments to take the lead." Environment and Urbanization 30.1 (2018): 265 282.
• Ahmed, Hussein, personal interview, July 1st 2021
• Bouhali, Anne. "Negotiating streets and space in transnational trade marketplaces in Oran (Algeria) and Cairo (Egypt):“Place Struggle” in the commercial city." Articulo Journal of Urban Research 17 18 (2018).
21 References • Nikulina, Varvara, et al. "Sustainable transport futures: Analysis of the selected methodologies supporting the planning process towards achieving Goal 11 sustainable cities and communities." Handbook of sustainability science and research. Springer, Cham, 2018. 473 488. • Aburamadan, Rania, Claudia Trillo, and Busisiwe Chikomborero Ncube Makore. "Designing refugees’ camps: temporary emergency solutions, or contemporary paradigmsofincompleteurbancitizenship?InsightsfromAlZa’atari." City, Territory and Architecture 7.1 (2020): 1 12. • Faculty of Architecture, U. of K., & Architettura e cooperazione, y A. R. C. (n.d.). A place called Mayo: The path to resilience. Italian Agency for Development Cooperation. • Ali, Osman Mohamed Osman, Ust. Mahmoud, and Ali Mohamed. "From a temporary emergency shelter to an urbanized neighbourhood: The Abu Shoak IDP Camp in North Dārfūr." Sudan Working Paper (2016). • NRC. “Urban Displacement.” NRC, www.nrc.no/what we do/speaking up for rights/urban displacement. Accessed 20 June 2021 • Guadagno, Lorenzo. "Migrants and the COVID-19 pandemic: An initial analysis." (2020). • Climate Data org. “Africa - Sudan Al Khartoum- Khartoum.” Climate Data Org. • Moawia, R., & Mohammed, F. (2021, June 13). Life situation and History of Mayu. personal. • Mohammed, Khadija, personal interview, June. 12 h.2021 • Adam, Mariam, personal interview, June 3rd 2021 • Ali, Fawziya, personal interview, June 3rd 2021
• Li, Qihan. Design and Planning of Commercial Streets with Cultural Attraction Theme. Diss. Columbia University, 2015. Fig.23. Kids playing in the streets in Site, June 2021, (Author) "It had come to me not in a sudden epiphany but with a gradual sureness, a sense of meaning like a sense of place. When you give yourself to places, they give you yourself back; the more one comes to know them, the more one seeds them with the invisible crop of memories and associations.”
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