Wild: Manhattanism Unhinged

Page 1

WILD Ma n ha t ta n is m , Un h in g e d .

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Landscape Architecture, Harvard University Graduate School of Design by SEOK MIN YEO In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE May 2018 This author hereby grants Harvard University permission to reproduce and distribute copies of thesis, in whole or part, for educational purposes.

Student: Seok Min Yeo

Thesis Advisor 1: Craig Douglas

Thesis Advisor 2: Rosalea Monacella 1

Table of Contents Introduction: Manhattanism and Zoning Evolution | 3 - 15 The Three Laboratories: Unhinging the Device | 16 - 23 Laboratory 00: Expanding the Parameters of 1916 Sky Exposure Plane | 24 - 75 Laboratory 01: Breaking the Street Wall Boundary | 76 - 133 n

Laboratory 02: X Maximum Variability of Parameters | 134 - 159 Preliminary Conclusions and Further Questions | 160 - 167 Bibliography | 169

2

Introduction: Manhattanism and Zoning Evolution

3

Commissioners’ Grid | 1811

4

The Manhattan Grid and its ability to absorb manic heterogeneity emancipates each block into an Island of its own identity and ideology, inspiring architectural ecstasy.1

1

Koolhaas, Rem. 1978. Delirious New York. London: Academy Ed. 5

The Metropolis of Tomorrow, Hugh Ferriss | 1929

Manhattan 1950, Raymond Hood | 1929

The Continuous Monument: New York Extrusion Project, Superstudio | 1969

The City of the Captive Globe, Rem Koolhaas and Madelon Vriesendorp | 1972

The Manhattan Transcripts, Bernard Tschumi | 1981 6

Conceptual alternatives of the island by the likes of Ferriss, Hood, Superstudio, Koolhaas & Vrisendorp, and Tchumi contribute to the island as a cultural ideology and a theorem: Manhattanism1

1

Koolhaas, Rem. 1978. Delirious New York. London: Academy Ed. 7

The City of the Captive Globe, Rem Koolhaas and Madelon Vriesendorp | 1972

Xtra, Garry Winogrand | 1970

8

The podium - a straight extrusion of the existing formal logic of the grid - is the datum of reliability that act as a stage for expression above. Here I posit that the space in between the podiums, the street, is neglected from this conversation despite being the largest contiguous public realm of the island.

9

B = A(x)

D C

A

Comissioners’’ Plan of 1811

1916 Zoning Resolution

No Limitations on Floor Area Ratio

Introduction of Height District & Sky Exposure Plane for Light and Air

Vertical Extrusion of the Grid

10

1961 Zoning Resolution

1975, 2007, 2009 Regulation on Privately Owned Public Space (POPS)

Introduction of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for Bulk Control

Additional Floor Area Offered with the Provision of Public Space

Parallel to the development of Manhattanism, the physical island evolves through key zoning apparatus that govern the form of the buildings - namely, the Commissioners’ Grid of 1811, introduction of height districts and sky exposure plane through 1916 Zoning Resolution, introduction of block bulk control through Floor Area Ratio of 1961 Zoning Resolution, and continuing updates on regulation of Privately Owned Public Spaces.

11

The Metropolis of Tomorrow, Hugh Ferriss | 1929

1916 Zoning Resolution

12

This thesis investigation begins from Ferriss’ The Metropolis of Tomorrow, a series of atmospheric charcoal renders produced in 1929, which Koolhaas dubs as the “womb” of Manhattanism. Ferriss’ renders were an imagination of the impact of 1916 Zoning Resolution, which introduced the Sky Exposure Plane and Height Districts to provide “light and air” to the streets as a public health concern in a growing metropolis. What if this moment played out differently, what if there was an alternative womb that conceived the street not as a constrained two dimensional infrastructure to let light into, but as a three dimensional public realm to be designed?

13

14

15

16

The Three Laboratories: Unhinging the Device

17

WILD M anhattani s m , Unhi ng e d .

Thesis Diagram

Commissioners’ Plan of 1811

Amendments (City Wide & Location Specific) + Variances 1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane

The Metropolis of Tomorrow Hugh Ferriss | 1929

1961 Zoning Resolution Floor Area Ratio

1975, 2007, 2009 Zoning Amendment Privately Owned Public Spaces

B = A(x)

D C

A

Sky Exposure Plane Component Specific

Lab 00

1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane | Parameters

Street Width

Street Wall Height Multiplier

Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Bias

Horizontal Shuffle

Vertical Separation

Intersections

Horizontal + Vertical Shuffle

Fillet

Scramble

Chamfer

Avenue Section

Street Section

Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Elevation

Street Components

Lab 01

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.5

3/4� = 200’

100’

50’

Street

Avenue

Single Block Form Shadow Study

Single Block Form

Aggregate Form

Parameters A & Statistics

Aggregate Shadow Study

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.5

A1

A1 - E5

The City of the Captive Globe Koolhaas, Vriesendorp | 1972

n

Lab 02

X

Buildings

Designers

Sidewalk Cafes | Board of Estimate, Buildings Dept., Bureau of Franchise, City Planning Commission, Dept. of Consumer Affairs Gratings | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Curbs | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways Art | Art Commission

Zoning | Dept. of City Planning Buildings | Buildings Dept.

Sidewalk

Benches | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Bicycle Racks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Food Carts | Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways, Police Dept. Information Kiosks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Trees | Parks Dept., Dept. of Highways

Architect

Subway Entrance | Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority

Stands | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

Telephone Booths | New York Telephone Co.

Fire Hydrants | Art Commission, Fire Dept., Water Resources Trash Receptacles | Art Commision, Dept. of Highways, Sanitation Dept.

Planters | Art Commission, Parks Dept.

=

29.0 °

Mail Boxes | Post Office

Street Lighting | Art Commision, Bureau of Gas and Electricity

Police Call Boxes | Electrical License Board, Police Dept.

Parking Meters | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Structural Enginner

Sidewalk Surface | Borough President’s Office, Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Bus Shelters | Art Commission, Transit Authority

Road Traffic Signals | Art Commission, Dept. of Traffic, Electrical License Board Lighting | Dept. of Commerce and Industry

New York Extrusion Project Superstudio | 1969

Catch Basins | Water Resources Manholes | Dept. of Highways

Fire Alarm Boxes | Electrical License Board, Fire Dept. Telephone Polls | New York Telephone Co.

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x 0.5-2.5 = 0.5-0.9 = 0-(-60) ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x 0.5-2.5 = 0.1-0.5 = 0-(60) ’

Road Markings | Dept. of Highways

Landscape Architect

Underground

Sewers | Dept. of Highways, Water Resources Vaults | Buildings Dept. Utilities | The Bureau of Public Work

Subway | Transit Authority

Civil Engineer

Regulatory Agencies

Street

Level

B

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio x

Underground

A

= 0.5-1.0 = 23.42

A

B

Users Pedestrians, Motorists, Residents, Office Workers, Residents, Tourists

n

Owners, Developers

Single Block Form

Single Block Form Shadow Study

Aggregate Form

Aggregate Shadow Study

Owners

Regulatory Agencies

Users

Designers

Parameters X & Statistics

Section Diagram Expansion of Public Realm

Ecological Model of the Urban Environment Stanford Andersion | 1975

Manhattan Transcripts Bernard Tschumi | 1981

Parcelization 60% Lot Coverage

Street Level Perspective

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B ui l di ng

Upper East Side Parcel Ownership by Year

18

Street

Rai l road

Anatomy of the Island

Subway

Parks

Open Spac e

Wild: Manhattanism, Unhinged is composed of three laboratories: Laboratory 00 : The Sky Exposure Plane, the Street Components, and the Intersections Laboratory 01 : A1 - E5 Breaking the Street Wall Boundary to Explore the Relationship of the Urban Form and the Street n

Laboratory 02 : X Maximum Variability of Parameters Creating Differences to Expand and Thicken the Street The series of experiments investigate the parameters built in the key zoning apparatus that govern the form of the buildings, and unhinges them to expand and thicken the streets. The investigations posit the street and its composition as the catalyst, the public as the agent, and the built form as the bi-product. Through the experiments, I seek to challenge the normative understandings of 1. The street as a linear two dimensional element 2. The horizontal and vertical delineation between the public and the private realm, and 3. The boundaries between various stakeholders - the users, designers, and regulatory agencies. I propose an adaptive set of parameters that utilizes and augments the form making devices (zoning resolution, amendment, addendum, and variances) to produce the urban landscape rather than imposing an obdurate masterplan, to prioritize the largest public realm in the urban landscape: the street. This is the beginning of Wild: Manhattanism, Unhinged.

19

Typical Avenue Section

1916 Zoning Resolution

20

Each experiment employs the Sky Exposure Plane of 1916 Zoning Resolution as the primary device, in order to discover a set of urban landscape parameters that prioritize the street.

21

Street Section

Street Wall Height Multiplier

Street Width

Vertical Separation

Sky Exposure Plane Component Specific

Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Elevation

Avenue Section

Sky Exposure Plane Center Point Bias

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

Lab 00

Lab 01

C

D

A

1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane | Parameters

B = A(x)

The Metropolis of Tomorrow Hugh Ferriss | 1929

Horizontal Shuffle

Street Components

1975, 2007, 2009 Zoning Amendment Privately Owned Public Spaces

1961 Zoning Resolution Floor Area Ratio

1916 Zoning Resolution Sky Exposure Plane

Commissioners’ Plan of 1811

Thesis Diagram

M a n hat t a ni sm , Un hi n ged .

WILD

0’

22 Horizontal + Vertical Shuffle

Amendments (City Wide & Location Specific) + Variances

Scramble

Fillet

Intersections

Chamfer

Manhattan Transcripts Bernard Tschumi | 1981

1.0 7.5

A

B

Street

Level

nd Undergrou

A

Subway | Transit Authority

Utilities | The Bureau of Public Work

Vaults | Buildings Dept.

Sewers | Dept. of Highways, Water Resources

Underground

Road Markings | Dept. of Highways

Telephone Polls | New York Telephone Co.

Fire Alarm Boxes | Electrical License Board, Fire Dept.

Manholes | Dept. of Highways

Catch Basins | Water Resources

Lighting | Dept. of Commerce and Industry

Traffic Signals | Art Commission, Dept. of Traffic, Electrical License Board

Road

Bus Shelters | Art Commission, Transit Authority

Sidewalk Surface | Borough President’s Office, Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority

Parking Meters | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Police Call Boxes | Electrical License Board, Police Dept.

Street Lighting | Art Commision, Bureau of Gas and Electricity

Planters | Art Commission, Parks Dept.

Mail Boxes | Post Office

Trash Receptacles | Art Commision, Dept. of Highways, Sanitation Dept.

Fire Hydrants | Art Commission, Fire Dept., Water Resources

Telephone Booths | New York Telephone Co.

Stands | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways

Subway Entrance | Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority

Trees | Parks Dept., Dept. of Highways

Information Kiosks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Food Carts | Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways, Police Dept.

Bicycle Racks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Benches | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Art | Art Commission

Curbs | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways

Gratings | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority

Sidewalk Cafes | Board of Estimate, Buildings Dept., Bureau of Franchise, City Planning Commission, Dept. of Consumer Affairs

Sidewalk

Buildings | Buildings Dept.

Zoning | Dept. of City Planning

Buildings

B

Upper East Side Parcel Ownership by Year

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DOO RWKHU YDOXHV!

010DS3/872

<HDU %XLOW

Parcelization 60% Lot Coverage

Owners

Single Block Form

Owners, Developers

Pedestrians, Motorists, Residents, Office Workers, Residents, Tourists

Users

Civil Engineer

Landscape Architect

Structural Enginner

Architect

Regulatory Agencies

Single Block Form Shadow Study

Ecological Model of the Urban Environment Stanford Andersion | 1975

New York Extrusion Project Superstudio | 1969

The City of the Captive Globe Koolhaas, Vriesendorp | 1972

A1 - E5

= =

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

29.0 °

A1

x = =

2

=

x = =

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Single Block Form Shadow Study

Single Block Form

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Avenue

100’

Street

50’

3/4� = 200’

800’

Lab 02

Designers

Regulatory Agencies

23

Street Level Perspective

Users

Aggregate Form

n

X

Aggregate Form

Designers

Aggregate Shadow Study

Aggregate Shadow Study

= =

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

29.0 °

St re e t

Railro ad

Subw ay

n

= 0.5-1.0 = 23.42

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio x

Parameters X & Statistics

x 0.5-2.5 = 0.1-0.5 = 0-(60) ’

x 0.5-2.5 = 0.5-0.9 = 0-(-60) ’

=

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

& Statistics

1.0 7.5

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

29.0 °

Parameters A

x = =

x = =

=

Anatomy of the Island

Building

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Par k s

O pe n Spac e

Section Diagram Expansion of Public Realm

24

Study 00

Study 01

Sky Exposure Plane

Street Components

Study 00+01

Study 02

Component Specific Sky Exposure Plane

Intersections

Laboratory 00: The Sky Exposure Plane, the Street Composition, and the Intersections

25

Plane Sk y E xposu re

Bu i l d i n g Enve lo pe

A: Street Width B: Street Wall Height (A * Multiplier Based on Height District) B’: Street Wall Height (A * Multiplier Based on Parcel Requirement) C: Street Center Point

B = A(x)

D: Street Center Point Height

D

C

A

26

Laboratory 00, Study 00: Expanding the Parameters of 1916 Sky Exposure Plane

27

Variation: Street Width 28

29

Variation: Street Wall Height Multiplier 30

31

Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in X-axis 32

33

Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in Z-axis 34

35

Variation: All Elements 36

37

38

Laboratory 00, Study 01: Breaking Down the Street into Discrete Components

39

Variation: Component Shuffle in X-axis 40

41

Variation: Component Shuffle in Z-axis 42

43

Variation: Component Shuffle in X and Z-axis 44

45

Sidewalk

Tree

Bike Lane

Parking Lane

Driving Lane 46

Laboratory 00, Study 00 + 01: Sky Exposure Plane Focused on Specific Components

47

48

Pedestrian Focused Sky Exposure Plane

49

Variation: Street Wall Height Multiplier 50

51

Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in X-axis 52

53

Variation: Sky Exposure Plane Center Point in Z-axis 54

55

Variation: Sidewalk Configuration 56

57

Variation: All Elements 58

59

60

Laboratory 00, Study 02: Putting the Sections Together Scramble, Chamfer, Fillet

61

Scramble based on Setback Distance from Corner 62

63

Asymmetrical Scramble 64

65

Chamfer Based on Setback Distance from Corner 66

67

Asymmetrical Chamfer 68

69

Fillet Based on Setback Distance from Corner 70

71

Asymmetrical Fillet 72

73

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE

SKY EXPOSURE PLANE (COMPONENT SPECIFIC)

STREET COMPONENTS

B = A(x)

B = A(x)

A

STREET WIDTH STREET WIDTH

ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R

CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X-AXIS

CENTER POINT SHIFT IN Z AXIS

ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X, Z AXIS

SHUFFLE X-AXIS

S E PA R AT I O N Z-AXIS

SHUFFLE X-AXIS

Pedestrian Shuffle

PEDESTRIAN

PEDESTRIAN

PEDESTRIAN

PEDESTRIAN

ST R E E T WA L L H E I G H T M U LT I P L I E R

CENTER POINT SHIFT IN X-AXIS

CENTER POINT SHIFT IN Z AXIS

STREET COMPONENT SHUFFLE

SINGLE STREET COMPONENT S E PA R AT I O N Z-AXIS

S I D E WA L K

VEGETATION

BIKE LANE

PA R K I N G

DRIVING LANES

74

B = A(x)

A

A

PEDES

ST R E E T WA L L H E CENTER POINT SH STREET COMPO

INTERSECTION

INTERSECTION

SCRAMBLE

STREET WIDTH

SYMMETRY X=Y

CHAMFER

FILLET

SCRAMBLE CHAMFER FILLET

D C

A

STREET WIDTH

TRIAN

IGHT MULTIPLIER HIFT IN X, Z AXIS ONENT SHUFFLE

SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y

ASYMMETRY X≠Y

ASYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X≠Y

SYMMETRY X=Y

SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y

ASYMMETRY X≠Y

ASYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X≠Y

SYMMETRY X=Y

SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y

ASYMMETRY X≠Y

ASYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X≠Y

SYMMETRY U N I Q U E VA L U E S X=Y

Laboratory 00 Conclusions: 1. Unlocking and adding parameters to the Sky Exposure Plan yields varied and biased street volume. 2. Multiple Sky Exposure Plane can be an added complexity, after the main investigation is over. 3. Setback distance based intersection study is secondary to the primary investigation of how the two perpendicular Sky Exposure Planes - one for the street and one for the avenue - meet. Need to find an evaluative criteria not based on arbitrary setback distance.

75

C

D

E

0.0

0.5

Model | 4 Blocks

2000’

B

0.5

1

Center Point Elevation

Center Point Bias

Street Wall Height Multiplier A

Shadow Study | Single Block

800’

Street Wall Height Multiplier

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 3/4” = 200’

0.5

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

-30.0

0.7

1.5

3

-15.0

Center Point Bias

0.6

1.0

2

Section | Avenue

Section | Street

50’

100’

Street

Center Point Elevation

0.0

-30.0

-45.0

-60.0

Aggregate Shadow Study

-45.0

0.8

2.0

4

-15.0

Single + Aggregate Form -60.0

0.9

2.5

5

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

x = =

2.5 0.9 -60.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.3 -30.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 31.3

Parameters + Statistics

A1C5 - E5

76

Laboratory 01: A1-E5 Breaking the Street Wall Boundary to Explore the Relationship between the Street and the Urban Form

Street Wall Height = Street Width x 0.5-2.5 Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) = 0.5-0.9 Center Point Elevation = 0-(-60) Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width x 0.5-2.5 Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) = 0.1-0.5 Center Point Elevation = 0-(60)

77

78

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.5

A1 79

80

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 13.2

A2 81

82

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 17.4

A3 83

84

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 20.1

A4 85

86

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 21.6

A5 87

88

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.6

B1 89

90

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.6 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.4 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.9 14.1

B2 91

92

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.7 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.4 -15.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.8 16.6

B3 93

94

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.8 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.4 -15.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.7 20.4

B4 95

96

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.9 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.4 -15.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 23.3

B5 97

98

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.6

C1 99

100

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.6 -15.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.3 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.8 16.2

C2 101

102

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.7 -30.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.3 -30.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.8 20.3

C3 103

104

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.8 -45.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.3 -30.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.7 26.3

C4 105

106

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.9 -60.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.3 -30.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 31.3

C5 107

108

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.6

D1 109

110

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.6 -15.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.2 -15.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.7 15.2

D2 111

112

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.7 -30.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.2 -45.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.7 19.7

D3 113

114

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.8 -45.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.2 -45.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 26.4

D4 115

116

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.9 -60.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.2 -45.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 32.4

D5 117

118

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

0.5 0.5 0.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.0 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

1.0 7.6

E1 119

120

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.0 0.6 -15.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.1 0.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 13.8

E2 121

122

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

1.5 0.7 -30.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.1 -60.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 18.6

E3 123

124

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.0 0.8 -45.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.1 -60.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.6 25.7

E4 125

126

200’

Shadow Study | March 21, June 21, September 21, December 21

800’

3/4� = 200’

50’

100’

Street

Avenue

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.9 -60.0 ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x = =

2.5 0.1 -60.0 ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio

= =

0.5 32.3

E5 127

128

129

130

131

132

Laboratory 01 Conclusions: 1. When the centerpoint of the Sky Exposure Plane goes beyond the established street wall - parcel ownership - boundary, two things happen. 1-1. By carving away the “podium� at the ground level, sidewalk is expanded: Gained space for the Public Realm. 1-2. Once the Sky Exposure Plane is severely biased - starting with series 3 (i.e., B3 or E3) new floating volumes are created without interfering with solar performance of the street. 2. In other words, once the Sky Exposure Plane centerpoint breaks the street wall boundary, block coverage ratio becomes lower (more open space), and possible Floor Area Ratio rises (more buildable volume). 3. In this experiment, intersections are judged based on the quality of light. When the Sky Exposure Plane is biased, wider range of light condition happens on the street througout the day, compared to the normative model (i.e., A1-A5). 133

Shadow Study | June 21 0600 to 1800

Sky Exposure Plane Rotation

=

29.0 °

Street Wall Height = Street Width Center Point Bias (North: 1.0, South: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x 0.5-2.5 = 0.5-0.9 = 0-(-60) ’

Avenue Wall Height = Avenue Width Center Point Bias (East: 1.0, West: 0.0) Center Point Elevation

x 0.5-2.5 = 0.1-0.5 = 0-(60) ’

Block Coverage Floor Area Ratio x

= 0.5-1.0 = 23.42

n

X 134

n

Laboratory 02 : X Maximum Variability of Parameters Creating Differences to Expand and Thicken the Street

135

136

A1

B1

C1

D1

E1

A2

B2

C2

D2

E2

A3

B3

C3

D3

E3

A4

B4

C4

D4

E4

A5

B5

C5

D5

E5

A1-E5 Aggregate Axonometric | June 21 0600 to 1800

n

X Aggregate Axonometric | June 21 0600 to 1800

137

138

A1

B1

C1

D1

E1

A2

B2

C2

D2

E2

A3

B3

C3

D3

E3

A4

B4

C4

D4

E4

A5

B5

C5

D5

E5

A1-E5 Aggregate Street Shadow | June 21 0600 to 1800

n

X Aggregate Street Shadow | June 21 0600 to 1800

139

View from North West Corner towa

140

ards Avenue on April 21st 10:00 AM

141

View from South East Corner to North

142

h West Corner on April 21st 10:00 AM

143

View from North East Corner Building

144

to Street Level on April 21st 10:00 AM

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

Typical Avenue Section

160

Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Ground

Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Public Space

Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Underground

Typical Avenue Section - Expanded Underground Public Space

Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 1. By breaking the podium typology, new opportunities for design emerge. 1-1. Public realm expands on the ground level 1-2. By letting sunlight penetrate deeper into the ground, the street can be thickened to expand the public realm into the underground 1-3. New understanding of the “street wall� is needed 161

A

B

C

D

E

162

Parcel COV = 0.

Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 2. Detailing the beyond the block requires a study of parcelization, referring back to other zoning devices of Manhattan, 1961 Zoning Resolution regarding Floor Area Ratio 163

Buildings Zoning | Dept. of City Planning Buildings | Buildings Dept.

Sidewalk

Designers

Sidewalk Cafes | Board of Estimate, Buildings Dept., Bureau of Franchise, City Planning Commission, Dept. of Consumer Affairs Gratings | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Curbs | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways Art | Art Commission Benches | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Bicycle Racks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Food Carts | Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways, Police Dept. Information Kiosks | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways Trees | Parks Dept., Dept. of Highways

Architect

Subway Entrance | Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Stands | Buildings Dept., Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Dept. of Highways Telephone Booths | New York Telephone Co. Fire Hydrants | Art Commission, Fire Dept., Water Resources Trash Receptacles | Art Commision, Dept. of Highways, Sanitation Dept. Mail Boxes | Post Office Planters | Art Commission, Parks Dept. Street Lighting | Art Commision, Bureau of Gas and Electricity Police Call Boxes | Electrical License Board, Police Dept. Parking Meters | Art Commission, Dept. of Highways

Structural Enginner

Sidewalk Surface | Borough President’s Office, Buildings Dept., Dept. of Highways, Transit Authority Bus Shelters | Art Commission, Transit Authority

Road Traffic Signals | Art Commission, Dept. of Traffic, Electrical License Board Lighting | Dept. of Commerce and Industry Catch Basins | Water Resources Manholes | Dept. of Highways Fire Alarm Boxes | Electrical License Board, Fire Dept. Telephone Polls | New York Telephone Co. Road Markings | Dept. of Highways

Landscape Architect

Underground Sewers | Dept. of Highways, Water Resources Vaults | Buildings Dept. Utilities | The Bureau of Public Work Subway | Transit Authority

B

eet Str

Regulatory Agencies

Civil Engineer

vel

Le

nd

u ro

erg

d Un

A

Users Pedestrians, Motorists, Residents, Office Workers, Residents, Tourists Owners, Developers

A

164

B

Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 3. New block and formal typology questions the relationship and boundaries between various stakeholders: Regulatory agencies, designers, and users. Previous vertical striations between the private and public realm, between architects and landscapes, and the planar understanding of ownership is called into question. This requires further investigation in reference to Privately Owned Public Spaces regulation. 165

166

Building

Street

Railroad

Subway

Parks

Open Space

Laboratory 02 Conclusions and Questions: 4. A city is ultimately designed by the needs and negotiations between the various stakeholders, rather than through a singular design will. I have proposed a method to discover an adaptive set of parameters that utilizes and augumets the form making devices (zoning resolutions, amendments, addendums, and variances) to produce the urban landscape rather than imposing an obdurate masterplan, to prioritize the largest public realm in the urban landscape: the street. How can this now respond to the anatomy of the city? 167

168

Bibliography

Allen, Stan. 1999. Points + Lines. 1. ed. ed. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press. Anderson, Stanford. 1978. Studies Toward an Ecological Model of the Urban Environment. Corner, James and Alex S. MacLean. 2000. Taking Measures Across the American Landscape. New paperback ed. ed. New Haven, Conn. [u.a.]: Yale Univ. Press. Correa, Felipe. 2006. Cities X Lines. Ferriss, Hugh. 1986. Metropolis of Tomorrow. Reprint, Washburn, New York, 1929 ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press [u.a.]. Forman, Richard T. and Michel Godron. 1986. Landscape Ecology. New York u.a: Wiley. Gandelsonas, Mario and Joan Copjec. 1991. Urban Text. Cambridge, Mass. u.a: MIT Press. Joan Busquets, Nikos Katsikis. 2017. Manhattan: Rectangular Grid for Ordering an Island. 1st ed. Applied Research and Design Publishing. Koolhaas, Rem. 1978. Delirious New York. London: Academy Ed. Najle, Ciro. The Generic Sublime: Organizational Models for Global Architecture 2017. Vol. 2017. Beaverton: Ringgold Inc. Pope, Albert. 1996. Ladders. Architecture at Rice. Vol. 34. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Tschumi, Bernard and Robert Young. 1994. Bernard Tschumi, the Manhattan Transcripts. 2. ed. ed. London: Academy Ed. Waldheim, Charles. 2006. Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

169

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