Vijay Pratap Articles (Hindi) by SADED BOOKS CORNER

fot; izrki }kjk fyf[kr ys[kksa d k l ad y u

fo"k; lwph fo"k;

Øe la[;k 1-

ist ua4

vktknh cpkvks vkanksyu* vkSj cgqtu lekt dh ÅtkZ & fot; çrki yksdra= laokn &vfuy HkêjkbZ&fot; izrki

vktknh ds fnu vktknh ij geyk

vfgalk vkSj dqckZuh dh Hkk’kk

dksisugsxu ds ckn

,d lektoknh dh thou ;k=k

lektoknh&lkE;oknh laokn % oSdfYid jktuhfr dh laHkkouk,a

Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ tax& vUuk Vhe ds ek;us

czkã.k ugha] czkã.kokn ls yM+kbZ

10-

?kkrd gS czkbZ fcy

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COMBATING THE TWIN PHENOMENA: CORRUPTION AND COMMUNALISM

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D;k fodkl ds lektoknh ekWMy ds ckjs esa vc Hkh lkspk tk

ldrk gS\ 13-

eSa yksfg;koknh dSls cuk

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izHkk’k tks”kh% le; ds lk{kh i=dkj ;k gLr{ksi ds fy, csdjkj

dk;ZdrkZ 15-

104

yksdra= ls Lojkt rd fot; izrki o fjrq fiz;k ¼fgUnh vuqokn½

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Vijay Pratap on JP (Bihar Movement) February 2004

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ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ laokn ¼vuqokn& vfuy 138 flUgk½ fot; izrki dh ek/ko usiky ds lkFk ckrphr ds va'k 147

181920-

fofot; izrki rFkk ';ke Js"B ¼ eq[; laiknd ewY;kadu½ ds chp 155 ckrphr ¼la;kstd lektoknh vkanksyu usiky] 7 vizSy 99½ jktsUnz Hkou esa 14 tuojh 2006 dks fot; izrki th ds Hkk"k.k ds 209 2

122

vk/kkj ij fy[kk x;k vkys[k& lanHkZ usiky 21-

India-Nepal and South Asia - A Dialogue - Vijay Pratap & Shyam Shreshtha

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22-

Jh vf[kys'k ;kno vkSj ;{k iz'u

237

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usiky HkwdEi =klnh vkSj gekjh laosnu'khyrk

241

2425-

29- m"kk ifj[k&21 tqykbZ 1938 & 4 tuojh 2011 244 ¼lsMsM }kjk vk;ksftr m"kk ifj[k dks lefiZr cSBd Þyksdra= lao)Zu % u;h pqukSfr;k¡ß ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;kA½ usiky&Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd lekt esa laoknghurk vPNh [kcj ugha 248

26-

Meaning of AAP (Aam Aadmi Party)

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oksV&jkt dk O;kdj.k% cnyko ds fy, ;qokvksa dk yEck lQ+j

260

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vfLerkokn dh va/kh xyh vkSj fo”o eap ij Hkkjr

266

29-

Hkkjr&ikd fj'rksa dh csgrjh ds Qk;ns

271

30-

jtuh dksBkjh O;oLFkk ds fl)kardkj ls okeiaFk dh iquiZfjHkk"kk ds 277 ckSf)d iqjks/kk

1^vktknh cpkvks vkanksyu* vkSj cgqtu lekt dh ÅtkZ & fot; çrki fiNys lky 9 vxLr dks ^vkt+knh cpkvks vkanksyu* dh vksj ls ns’k ds ipkl ‘'kgjksa esa nwjn’kZu ij lkaLd`frd çnw"k.k vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds mRiknuksa ds çpkj ds f[kykQ çn’kZu fd;k x;k FkkA blls gekjs ns’k esa if’peh lekt ds chekj vkSj 'kSrku fgLls dks vkd"kZd@lqanj ekuus okyh ekufldrk esa dksbZ QdZ ugha vk;kA bl o"kZ Hkh ukS vxLr dks vusd uxjksa esa nwjn’kZu dsUæksa ij lkaLd`frd jSfy;ksa dk dk;ZØe cuk;k x;k gSA fdlh vfHk;ku dh lQyrk@vlQyrk ds ckjs esa vuqeku tuekul ij iM+s vlj ls gh yxk;k tkrk gSA blds vlj ds ckjs esa ppkZ ls igys bl vkanksyu dh eksVh&eksVh ckrsa tku ysuk mfpr gksxkA bykgkckn fo’o fo|ky; ds xka/kh Hkou ls py jgs bl vfHk;ku ls lSadM+ksa çfrc) çksQslj] oSKkfud] Nk=] i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ iwjh djds ;k dHkh&dHkh v/kwjh NksM+dj gh iwjk le; dke djus okys dk;ZdÙkkZ tqM+s gSaA vkanksyu dk jk"Vªh; usr`Ro çks- cuokjh yky 'kekZ ¼xf.kr ds nqfu;k ds tkus&ekus xf.krK½ ds gkFk esa gSA çks- fo".kq çdk’k] nsosUæ flag ¼fnYyh½ çks- mn;’kadj ¼eqt+¶Qjiqj½ Jh vfuy çdk’k ¼dk;Z{ks= & fcgkj½ tSls fu"Bkoku rFkk ofj"B lkFkh fQjkst+] esik.kh vkSj vk’kh"k pM~Mk ¼eqacbZ½ latho vkSj lR;çdk’k Hkkjr ¼fnYyh½ tSls ÅtkZoku dk;ZdÙkkZ vkSj jke/khjt ¼iwohZ mÙkj çns’k½ tSls vuqHkoh] lkSE;] tq>k: vkSj deZB lkFkh ns’k ds vusd fgLlksa esa bl ^vkanksyu* ls tqM+s gSaA usr`Ro oxZ esa 'kkfey yksxksa dk ^,dek=* y{; ns’k dh vkfFkZd vkt+knh ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk gSA vius [kqn ds thou esa lPpkbZ vksj lknxh budh lgt vknr tSlk gSA vxqvk drkj ds lHkh yksx [kqn dks tkfrokn ds f[kykQ ekurs gSaA vkt+knh cpkvks

ds fy, thou dk loZLo dqjcku dj nsus dh ckr Hkh bl nk;js esa vDlj lquus dks fey tkrh gSA i;kZoj.k lewgksa esa ljnkj ljksoj cka/k ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ ds fy, tkuh&ekuh fo’o çfl) us=h es/kk&ikVdj] ns’k ds lektokfn;ksa esa viuh yXu] lPpkbZ vkSj ladYi ds fy, çfl) fpard vkSj usrk fd’ku iVuk;d rFkk lektokfn;ksa ds vusd NksVs&NksVs laxBuksa dk lfØ; leFkZu bl ^vkanksyu* dks çkIr gSA ikBdksa dks vc rd ;g rks Li"V gks x;k gksxk fd ge ns’k ds fofHkUu laxBuksa vkSj fopkj/kkjkvksa }kjk ns’k dh vkfFkZd vkt+knh dh j{kk ds fy, pyk;s tk jgs vkanksyuksa dh ugha cfYd ^vkt+knh cpkvks vkanksyu* uked laxBu dh ppkZ dj jgs gSaA ;g Hkh lkQ gks x;k gksxk fd bl ^vkanksyu* ds yksxksa ds bruh ç[kjrk ds ckotwn vHkh Hkh ;g ,d lEidZ ra= ^uSVodZ* tSlk gh D;ksa gS \ ;g laxBu lpeqp esa ,d jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dk Lo:i xzg.k D;ksa ugha dj ik jgk \ gekjk mn~ns’; fdlh dks dV?kjs esa [kM+k djuk ugha gS] vfirq ,d LoLFk cgl dh 'kq:vkr gSA

fdlh laxBu dk fodkl rHkh gks

ldrk gS tc blesa viuh vkykspuk ls lh[kus dh {kerk gksA gekjh le> esa ^vkt+knh cpkvks vkanksyu* dh lcls cM+h lhek ;g gS fd cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa }kjk cuk;s x;s lekt ls ftu yksxksa dks lcls T;knk uqdlku gksxk mu yksxksa dks viuh ckr u le>k ikuk gSA cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ Hkkjr esa ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk dks tUe nsaxh ftlls Hkkjr esa tkfroknh fo”kerk;sa vkSj et+cwr gksaxhA vkt cgqtu lekt dks jsyxkM+h esa Hkwls@ tkuojksa dh rjg yn dj tkuk iM+rk gS] 'kgj ;k xk¡o ds lcls [kjkc fgLls esa jgus dks >ksaiM+h ;k ?kjkSans tSls edku cukus iM+rs gSaA is;ty] lM+d] vLirky] cl ;k euksjatu ds lk/ku ;k cPpksa dks f’k{kk ;kfu thou dh bu lHkh vko’;d pht+ksa ds ekeys esa tkfr dh lcls uhps okyh lh<+h ij cSBk O;fDr bu lqfo/kkvksa dks ikus esa Hkh drkj esa lcls ihNs gSaA

dsUæ dh fodkl ;kstuk,a gksa ;k jkT;ksa dh] tkfrokn dk jksx bruh xgjs tM+s tek pqdk gS fd ;kstukvksa dk lkjk iSlk Hkz"V ra= esa cSBs vQlj&DydZ] Bsdsnkj vkSj jktusrk Mdkj tkrs gSaA ljdkjh ra= esa cgqla[;d vQlj 'kksf"kr tkfr;ksa dh ihM+k dks ugha le>rsA blfy, buds Hkz"V vkpj.k ls iwjs lekt dks rks /kqu rks t+:j yxrk gSA fQj Hkh vxM+h tkfr;ksa ds yksx Hkz"V ra= dh canjckaV esa dqN fgLlk rks ik gh ysrs gSaA fdUrq cgqtu lekt ds yksx viekutud fLFkfr;ksa esa cus jgus dks etcwj gksrs gSaA

cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh

vFkZO;oLFkk cgqtu lekt ds tys ij ued fNM+dus dk dke djsxhA

cgqjk"Vªh;

dEifu;k¡ ,d nksgjh lkekftd O;oLFkk dks tUe nsrh gSA blds vQlj uy dk ugha cksrycan ikuh ihrs gSaA lksuk] [kkuk] ugkuk] cky cuokuk] chekjh dk bykt] tUe dh [kq’kh vkSj ekSr dh xeh ;k cPpksa dh f’k{kk vFkkZr~ thou thus ds gj igyw esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh dk deZpkjh vyx ftanxh thrk gS vyx fdLe dh pht+ksa dk miHkksx djrk gSA D;ksafd mls vPNk iSlk feyrk gSA bl lcls ,d u;k lkekftd rcdk iSnk gksrk gS] tks vius jgu&lgu] lksp vkSj vkpj.k esa ckdh lekt ls vyx&vyx gks tkrk gSA bls ge ;ksa Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe u;s fdLe ds czkã.kokn dks tUe nsrh gSaA tks tUeuk czkã.k cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh

esa

ukSdjh

tkrk

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mls

rks

igys

vius

dks

fof’k"V@Js"B@vfHktu@Hkæyksd ekuus dh vknr gSA blfy, vius iqjkruiaFkh czkãoknh laLdkjksa dh enn ls og uoczkã.kksa dh tekr esa oSls gh lq[k ls jgrk gS tSls eNyh ty esa jgrh gSA tks czkã.k ;k vxM+k bl nksgjh O;oLFkk dh mij okyh lh<+h ;kfu cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe esa Lfkku ugha ik ldrk og Hkh viuh nwljs ntsZ dh gSfl;r dks pqipki Lohdkj dj ysrk gS] o.kkZJe ^/keZ* us mls deZ Qy dk fl)kar fl[kk;k gSA vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds vFkZra= ls yM+uk dkSu lk vklku dke gSA le`) vkSj fodflr ns’kksa ds lSadM+ksa vkanksyu lewgksa ds cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ dk dgha vrk&irk ugha gS rks la;qä jk"Vª la?k dh fcjknjh ds 'kwæ ns’k Hkkjr ds xjhc czkã.k dh D;k fclkr ! 6

cgqtu lekt ds 98% yksxksa esa cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa esa ukSdjh ikus yk;d ^vk/kqfud* f’k{kk nh{kk ugha gSA iqjkuk tkfrokn lÙkk] bTt+r vkSj miHkksx ds ekeys esa HksnHkko cjrrk FkkA ;g u;k tkfrokn rks lekt ls jkst+xkj gh [kRe dj nsrk gSA cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ka gt+kjksa yksxksa dk dke u ,d&nks ntZu yksxksa ls gh ys ysrh gSa] T;knkrj dke e’khusa tks djrh gSa! e’khuksa dks Hkh e’khusa gh iSnk djrh gSa] vke yqvkj ;k dkjhxj ughaA bl çdkj cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe iqjkus tkfroknh laLdkjksa dks iq"V djus] u;s fdLe dk tkfrokn iSnk djus vkSj cgqtu lekt dk jkst+xkj Nhuus dk dke cgqr rst+h ls djrh gSaA vkt+knh ds ckn Mk- jke euksgj yksfg;k us va/ks m|ksxokn vkSj tkfrokn ds bl 'kSrku xBca/ku dks igpkuk FkkA blfy, gh og vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa vkSj tkfrxr fo"kerkvksa dks tksM+ dj gh dksbZ Hkh vkanksyu pykrs FksA vkt nfyr ,oa cgqtu lekt dk usr`Ro [kqn tkfrokn ;k u;s fdLe ds tkfrokn esa ql x;k gSA nfyr vkSj fiNM+k lkekU;tu vkt lerkewyd lekt dh jpuk ds fy, ftru rS;kj gS] igys dHkh ugha FkkA ysfdu bl lekt ds çeq[k usrkvksa dks vkilh mBk&iBd ls gh Qqjlr ugha gSA buesa ls dqN usrkvksa ds thou dk y{; cgqtu lekt dh ÅtkZ dk bLrseky tkfr çFkk dk uk’k u gksdj tkfroknh lekt esa viuh txg cukus dk gks x;k gSA ysfdu lkekU; nfyr ;k fiNM+k blds f[kykQ cxkor ugha dj ikrkA ;g LokHkkfod Hkh gS D;ksafd ;g bfrgkl dh ckr ugha gS fd tc mlus vuqHko fd;k gS fd tkfroknh lekt us nfyrksa & fiNM+ksa dks Hkjiwj esgur ds ckn Hkh lkekU; thou&lq[k ikus dh] vPNk miHkksx djus dh NwV ugha nhA 'kknh&C;kg] mRlo eukus vkSj u;k diM+k iguuk vc Hkh v[kj tkrk gS ^czã.kokM+h* vxM+s dksA tc rd ^vktknh cpkvks vkanksyu* ds yksx nfyr&fiNM+ksa dh lkekftd U;k; vkSj bTt+r dh Hkw[k ds loky ij Hkh lfØ; :i ls yM+rs ugha nh[ksaxs rc rd vke nfyr vkSj fiNM+k ;qotu buds lkFk dSls tqM+sxk \ vkf[kj ^vkt+knh cpkvks vkanksyu* fnYyh 7

esa ftu dkyst f’k{kdksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkg~oku dj jgk gS] og rks eaMy deh’ku dh flQkfj’kksa dk lcls ekewyh vkSj det+ksj fgLlk ykxw gksus dh ?kks"k.kk ls gh ?kcjk x;k Fkk] bUgha çk/;kidksa vkSj Nk=ksa us lc dqN yqV tkus dk euksoSKkfud :i ls ,slk mÙkstd ekgkSy cuk;k Fkk ftlls vusdksa funksZ"k ;qotuksa dks viuh tku ls [kqn gh gkFk /kksuk iM+k rFkk dfFkr vxM+h vkSj cgqtu lekt ds chp dh [kkbZ vkSj xgjh djus esa bUgha Ldwyksa&dkykstksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj v/;kidksa dks nks"keqä djkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vkt Hkh ^vkt+knh cpkvks vkanksyu* ds ,tsaMs ij cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ ds ek/;e ls eaMy fojks/kh yksxksa dks nfyr&fiNM+s lekt dh fLFkfr dks le>kus dk dksbZ ?kksf"kr ,tsaMk ugha gSA cgqtu lekt dk ;qotu dkyst rd fdrus çfr’kr igaqprk gS] ;g gesa ugha Hkwyuk pkfg;sA vkf[kj ns’k esa ^tkfr&rksM+ks&lerk ykvks* dh lfØ; uhfr viuk;s cxSj iwjh nqfu;k ds iSekus ij O;kIr tkfrokn vkSj fo"kerk ls yM+us dh dksbZ eqfge dkjxj dSls gks ldrh gS \ ^vkt+knh cpkvks vkanksyu* bl ç’u dk mÙkj dSls nsrk gS blh ckr ls ;g r; gksxk fd ;g laxBu okLro esa vkt+knh cpkus ds vkanksyu dk :i ys ik;sxk ;k ughaA

2yksdra= laokn &vfuy HkêjkbZ&fot; izrki nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds yksxksa ds chp xgjs ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkaLÑfrd laca/k gSaA bl {ks= esa dbZ rjg dh fofo/krk,a gSaA muesa vyx&vyx lektksa ds tqM+ko ds var%lw= gSaA ;gka dh lkaLÑfrd laca/k ,oa /kkfeZd fofo/krk] tyok;q] isM+&ikS/ks vkSj tho&tarqvksa lfgr laLFkkuksa dh fofo/krk ,d&nwljs ls lh[kus&fl[kkus dh 'kkunkj i`"BHkwfe is'k djrh gSA bl {ks= esa yksdrkaf=d ijaijkvksa dk ,d le`) vkSj yack bfrgkl gSA bl bfrgkl esa igys ls gh yksdra= ds vk/kqfud jk"Vª&jkT; dk og ekWMy fo|eku gS] ftls chloha lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa viuk;k x;kA lkeqnkf;d vkSj lkekftd thou ds lapkyu vkSj izca/ku ds fy, fodsafnzr vkSj LFkkuh; laLFkk,a] fookn ds ?ksjs esa gksus ds ckotwn nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa gtkjksa o"kZ iwoZ gh fodflr gqb±A ;s laLFkk,a yacs le; esa dbZ rjg ds mrkj&p<+koksa ls xqtjhaA muesa ls dqN yqIrizk; gks pqdh gSaA dqN u;s :iksa esa <y pqdh gSaA dqN bfrgkl dh fdrkcksa dk fgLlk cudj jg x;h gSaA fiNys ikap n'kdksa esa yksdra= ¼yksdra= dk vHkko!½ ds u;s&u;s vuqHko gq, gSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds dqN ns'kksa us lkgfld 'kq:vkr dh] ftls f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ifj.kkeLo:i vk/kqfudhdj.k dk u;k ;qx dgk tkrk gSA ,d u;h jkT;&O;oLFkk vfLrRo esa vk;h vkSj dqN ns'kksa esa jktuhfr ds u;s vFkZ esa yksdra= izdV gqvk & pquko] laln ,oa fo/kkulHkk] fuokZfpr ljdkjksa dk xBu] U;k;ikfydk dh u;h laLFkkxr jpuk vkSj fuokZfpr izfrfuf/k;ksa ds izfr mÙkjnk;h dk;ZikfydkA

{ks= esa gj txg ds vuqHko ,d ls ugha jgs gSaA oLrqr% vk/kqfud yksdrkaf=d iz;ksxksa ds lanHkZ esa Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk dks NksM+dj vU; vf/kla[; ns'kksa dk vuqHko fujk'kktud jgk gSA usiky esa yxHkx iw.kZ jktra=] ikfdLrku vkSj caxykns'k esa Hkh lÙkk ij QkSt dk dCtk] fdlh rjg ds lalnh; yksdra= ds cxSj vc rd dk;e HkwVkuh jktra= & vk/kqfud yksdra= ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN dgrs gSa] ftlus bl egk}hi ds yksxksa dks okLrfod yksdra= ls oafpr dj j[kk gSA uCcs ds n'kd esa buesa ls dqN ns'kksa esa fLFkfr;ka cnyus yxhaA usiky iw.kZ jkt'kkgh 'kklu ls eqDr gqvk vkSj u;s lafo/kku ds rgr laoS/kkfud jktra= ds jkLrs ij vxzlj gqvkA u;s lafo/kku esa cqfu;knh ekuokf/kdkj] fuokZfpr laln] laln ds izfr mÙkjnk;h dk;Zikfydk] Lora= U;k;ikfydk vkSj vU; dbZ phtsa 'kkfey dh x;haA blls egk}hi ds lHkh ns'kksa esa lekt vkSj jktuhfr ds yksdrkaf=d :ikarj.k ds fy, laxfBr iz;klksa dh laHkkoukvksa ds }kj [kqysA blh rjg dh ?kVuk,a ikfdLrku vkSj caxykns'k esa Hkh gqb±A ;g ?kVukØe iwjh nqfu;k esa vk;h ifjorZu dh ygj ls tqM+k gS & iwohZ teZuh ,oa iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa ,dnyh; rkuk'kkgh 'kklu vkSj ykfruh vejhdk ,oa dqN vU; ns'kksa esa nf{k.kiaFkh rkuk'kkgh 'kklu dk ukVdh; var blh ygj dk ifj.kke FkkA gkykafd uCcs ds n'kd ds var esa dqN mYVk Hkh gqvkA tSls] ikfdLrku esa QkSth 'kklu ykxw gqvk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa Hkh blh rjg ds nqcksZ/k ifjorZu gq,A fiNys n'kd esa yksdra= ds bl ekWMy dh lhekvksa dk u;k ;FkkFkZcks/k Hkh izdV gqvkA dqN ns'kksa esa ;g cks/k igys ls FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr esa cM+h la[;k esa tukanksyu vkSj fofo/k igydnfe;ksa us jktuhfr ds izfrfuf/kewyd pfj= dh lhekvksa dh Li"V igpku djk;h gS vkSj T;knk fodsfUnzr yksdrkaf=d <kapk vkSj izfØ;k dh t:jr dks js[kkafdr fd;k gSA usiky dh rjg vU; {ks=ka esa Hkh] lgh ek;uksa esa flQZ uCcs ds n'kd esa] izfrfuf/kewyd iz;ksx gqvk] rks turk us Hkh foxr n'kd ds vuqHkoksa dh jks'kuh esa mldh lhekvksa dks ns[kuk 'kq: fd;kA 10

fo'o Lrj ij Hkh dqN ukVdh; vuqHko is'k vk;sA Hkwxksy ds mÙkjh xjhc ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk dkiksZjsV vFkZO;oLFkk ls c<+rh utnhfd;ksa us fo'o ds nf{k.kh fgLls dh cgqla[; vkcknh dks gkf'k;s ij yk [kM+k fd;k gSA oapuk c<+ jgh gS vkSj vf/kla[; vkcknh ds thou vkSj vkthfodk ij vlj Mkyus okys fu.kZ; cM+s iSekus ij nwjLFk dsanzksa ls fd;s tk jgs gSaA blls nhxj ;g fd bl izfØ;k dks MCY;wVhvks ¼oYMZ VªsM vkxsZukbts'ku & fo'o O;kikj laxBu½ dh u;h laLFkkxr esdfuTe ds tfj;s c<+kok fn;k tk jgk gSA bl nkSjku {ks= ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa :f<+okn & dêjrkokn & esa Hkh rst mNky vk;k gSA /kkfeZd dêjrkokn dk mHkkj rks yksdra= dh ml n`f"V ds fy, [krjk is'k dj jgk gS] tks fofo/krk dk lEeku djrk gS ysfdu lekurk vkSj Lora=rk ds lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dh mis{kk ugha djrkA /kkfeZd :f<+okn u;k vuqHko ugha gSA ysfdu uCcs ds n'kd ds ckn dêjoknh mHkkj rst gqvk gSA gekjs lekt esa dbZ Lrjksa ij VwVu tkjh gSA vf/kla[; vkcknh ds fy, O;fDrxr igpku vkSj vkthfodk dk ladV cuk gqvk gSA xjhch dh fLFkfr Hk;kog gS vkSj reke ladsr bl vksj bafxr djrs gSa fd ;g cnrj gksrh tk jgh gSA xjhc vkSj vehj ds chp dh [kkbZ c<+h gSA iwjs {ks= ds izR;sd ns'k esa iwath vkSj lÙkk lekt ds pan cM+s yksxksa ¼izHkqvks!½ ds gkFk esa fleV jgh gSA ;g mlh oSf'od VªsaM ds vuq:i gS] ftlesa loZ= iwath vkSj lÙkk dk rsth ls dsUnzhdj.k gksrk fn[k jgk gSA :f<+okn esa mHkkj us leqnk; ds Lrj ij lekt ds ,d cM+s fgLls dh yksdrkaf=d Hkkxhnkjh dh mEehnksa dks dqan dj fn;k gSA ,slk bl {ks= ds vf/kla[; ns'kksa esa gks jgk gSA tuHkkxhnkjh ds fy, cuh laLFkkvksa dk rsth ls fouk'k gks jgk gSA lkekftd thou dk c<+rk ftalhdj.k leqnk;ksa ds lkekftd fj'rksa dks ;kaf=d cuk jgk gSA vf/kd ls vf/kd yksx cktkj esa fofue; ds tfj;s ,d&nwljs dks tksM+ jgs gSaA vrhr esa fofHkUu leqnk; vkSj lewgksa esa ftl rjg ds lgthoh fj'rs fo|eku Fks] os VwV ds f'kdkj gSaA 11

jk"Vª&jkT; Hkh iqufuZekZ.k dh izfØ;k ls xqtj jgk gSA ikjns'kh; uk;dksa ds c<+rs opZLo us ,slh fLFkfr;ka iSnk dj nh gSa] ftlls fdlh Hkh jk"Vª&jkT; esa viuh Lok;Ùk Hkwfedk ij dk;e j[kus dh 'kfDr mÙkjksÙkj lhfer gksrh tk jgh gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k tSlh varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dh c<+rh rkdr vkSj pan fodflr ns'kksa ds lSU; opZLo ds :&c&: fujarj ?kVrh tk jgh gSA blls gekjs lektksa vkSj jktuhfr;ksa ds yksdra=hdj.k dh laHkkoukvksa ds }kj Hkh can gksrs tk jgs gSaA 'kh"kZ inksa ij cM+s iSekus ij Hkz"Vpkj jktuhfrd {ks= esa Hkh igqap pqdk gSA blls jktuhfrd iz.kkyh vkSj mlds jktuhfrd ik=ksa gh ij voS/krk dk loky mB x;k gSA ;g iwjs {ks= esa yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa ds LokLF; dks vkSj {kfr igqapk jgk gSA blds vykok jktuhfrd laLFkk,a varjkZ"Vªh; rkdrksa ,oa ,tsafl;ksa ds gkFk dh dBiqryh tSlh cu x;h gSA mu NksVs ns'kksa dh fLFkfr yxHkx ,slh gks Hkh pqdh gS] tks vius vfLrRo ds fy, iw.kZr% fons'kh lgk;rk ij fuHkZj gSA gekjs {ks= ds ,sfrgkfld vuqHkoksa us bl rjg ds ifjorZuksa dks vkSj tfVy cuk fn;k gSA tkfr&O;oLFkk dh ekStwnxh] [kkl dj lkekftd thou esa vLi`';rk vkSj vyxko] ?kj vkSj mlls T;knk lekt esa efgykvksa dh xqykeh vkSj mis{kk] jk"Vª&jkT;ksa ds chp 'kadk vkSj Hk; dk laca/k vkSj nwljs dks nkuo djkj nsus ij fVdh jk"Vªh;rk dh /kkj.kk & ,slh okLrfodrk,a gSa] tks nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ lektksa ds yksdra=hdj.k ds fy, cqfu;knh pqukSrh vkSj [krjs is'k dj jgh gSA gkykafd iwjh dgkuh mruh v'kqHk Hkh ugha gSA mDr reke chekfj;ksa vkSj [kkfe;ksa ds ckotwn gekjh jktuhfr vkSj lekt esa dbZ Lrjksa ij u;s ladYi mHkjs gSaA fiNys ikap n'kdksa ds yksdrkaf=d vuqHkoksa ij iqufoZpkj vkSj vkReeaFku dh izfØ;k pyh gSA efgykvksa vkSj nfyrksa] vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa] xjhc vkSj Hkwfeghuksa ds ladYiksa us orZeku laLFkkvksa esa fufgr Js"Brk ,oa lhek,a mn~?kkfVr dj nh gSaA T;knk lk>snkjh vkSj lfEefyr lkafLFkd izfØ;k ds dqN vuqHko Hkh lkeus vk;s gSaA 12

;g lc nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa gekjs lektksa ds yksdra=hdj.k esa yxs fofHkUu dk;ZdrkZvksa ds chp LFkk;h laokn&izfØ;k dh ekax djrk gSA ;g gekjs bfrgkl ds dbZ fgLlksa ij iqufoZpkj dh Hkh ekax djrk gS & flQZ ;g lkspus ds fy, ugha fd D;k lgh fd;k vkSj D;k xyr fd;k cfYd ,d fHkUu Hkfo"; ds fy, vk'kk ds ,sls lzksr ryk'kus ds fy, tks lerk] U;k; vkSj LFkkf;Ro ds fl)kar ij vkfJr gksaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds dbZ ns'kksa esa yksdrkaf=d laLFkkvksa vkSj izfØ;kvksa dh yach] le`) vkSj izogeku ijaijk gSA ,sls le; esa tcfd ge izfrfuf/kewyd Lo:i dh lhekvksa dks igpku jgs gSa] ;s ijaijk,a lgHkkfxrk ij vk/kkfjr yksdra= dh dYiuk vkSj vkfo"dkj ds fy, dqN ,sfrgkfld lzksr miyC/k djk ldrh gSA muds vk/kkj ij ge u;k yksdra= jp ldrs gSa c'krsZ ;g iqjkuh ijaijkvksa dks iquthZfor djuk Hkj ugha gks] tSlk fd dqN ns'kksa esa :f<+oknh rkdrsa dj jgh gSaA ;g iqutkZxj.k flQZ yksdrkaf=d Hkkxhnkjh ds lanHkZ esa gh gks ldrk gSA oLrqr% gekjh yksdrkaf=d ijaijkvksa dk vrhr dks iquthZfor djus ds fy, ugha] cfYd lgHkkxh yksdra= ds u;s Lo:iksa dh dYiuk ds lzksr ds :i esa mi;ksx djus ij fopkj djuk cgqr t:jh gSA

3vktknh ds fnu vktknh ij geyk vktknh dh iwoZ la/;k ij Hkz’Vkpkj ds lEcU/k esa xka/kh] yksfg;k] ts-ih dks vkn”kZ ekuus okyksa dk vUuk lewg ,oa Hkz’Vkpkj ds izfr D;k joS;k gks mlesa Nis ys[k esa eaSus lksfu;k xka/kh ds vkanksyu lewgksa ls tqM+s lykgdkjksa ls vkg~oku fd;k Fkk fd og Hkz’Vkpkj fojks/kh tukUnksyu esa “kkfey gSaA bl ij muesa ls ,d lkFkh us vUuk gtkjs dh jktuSfrd le> dks Qklhoknh crk;k FkkA vUuk gtkjs ds miokl LFky ij Hkkjr ekrk ds izrhd dks og vkj-,l-,l leFkZd gksus dk Lo;afl) izek.k ekurs gSaA ikBdksa dks /;ku gksxk fd Hkz’V vkpj.k ds pyrs bykgkckn gkbZdksVZ }kjk bUnzk xka/kh ds pquko dks 12 twu dks voS/k ?kksf’kr fd;s tkus ds ckn mUgksaus viuh lRrk cpkus ds fy, 25&26 twu 1975 dh jkr dks ns”k ij rkuk”kkgh ykn nh FkhA mlds ifj.kke Lo:i ns”k dh leLr fopkj/kkjkvksa dks ekuus okys vkj-,l-,l ls ysdj ekDlZokfn;ksa us vkikr fLFkfr dh bl ?kks’k.kk dk fojks/k fd;k FkkA gkykafd lksfo;r la?k ,oa muds vUjkZ’Vªh;rkokn ls tqM+s dE;wfuLVksa us dkaxzsl dh Hkkafr gh ts-ih- vkUnksyu dks Qklhoknh ?kksf’kr fd;k FkkA gks ldrk gS dy ys[k Nius ls igys vUuk gtkjs lewg dks fxjQ~rkj dj fy;k tk;sA /kjuk&miokl LFky dh btktr rks vkt gh okil ys yh xbZ gSA ts-ih us 25&26 twu dks fxjQ~rkjh dh jkf= dks fxjQ~rkjh ds le; ;w-,u-vkbZ ds i=dkj v:.k dqekj ¼ikuh ckck½ ds ek/;e ls iwjh nqfu;k dks crk;k] ^^fouk”k dkys foijhr cqf)A** oDr us lkfcr fd;k fd ts-ih lgh FksA vkt Hkh ns”k ds dLcksa o xkaoksa esa QSys djksM+ksa ;qok 16 vxLr dks cM+h mEehn ls ns[k jgs FksA vke tu ds ljksdkjksa ls tqM+s ,oa tueuk ;ksx ls f”kYidkj lekt ¼mRrjk[k.M ds igkM+ esa nfyr “kCn izpfyr ugha gS½ ls tqM+s lkFkh txnh”k pUnz ls lqcg Hkz’Vkpkj ds f[kykQ fnYyh ,oa mRrjk[k.M esa eqfge pykus ds fofHkUu fodYiksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ gqbZA mudh oSpkfjd li’Vrk dkfcysxkSj FkhA mUgksaus tulRrk esa izdk”kukFkZ lq>koksa dk ,d izk:i fn;kA txnh”k pUnz Hkkjr ljdkj ds d`f’k ea=ky; esa milfpo ds in ls lsokfuo`r gq, gSaA mudh 14

lkQ jk; Fkh fd bl eqn~ns dks Vkyus ds Hkz’Vkpkj ds ?kksVkyksa ds O;fDrxr ekeyksa eas ,d lhek ls T;knk viuh mtkZ ugha [kikuh pkfg,A Hkz’Vkpkj dk eqn~nk ,d ny }kjk nwljs ny ij pkcqd pykus dk eqn~nk cu dj jg tkrk gSA ,slk ge lHkh us ns[kk gSA ikBdksa dks ;kn gksxk fd igys VSyhdkWe ?kksVkys esa lq[kjke “kekZ dk uke vk;k FkkA jktuSfrd ?kVukdze esa dkaxzsl us mUgsa viuh ikVhZ ls fudky fn;kA mlh izdkj cwVk flag dks Hkh dkaxzsl us ,d le; fudky fn;k FkkA nksuksa lTtuksa us ,u-Mh-, jkt esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku ik;kA blds ek;us ;g gSa fd lRrk:<+ bZekunkj iz/kkuea+=h gksa ;k ikVhZ fon , fMQjsal] dksbZ Hkh dkuwuh ,oa O;oLFkkxr cnyko cxSj jkt O;oLFkk vkSj lekt ls Hkz’Vkpkj dks de ugha dj ldrk gSA txnh”k pUnz th ds vuqlkj ;Fkk jktk rFkk iztkA bl fy, igys jktk ij l”kDr dkuwu ds ek/;e ls udsy dlks iztk Lo;aeso lq/kj tk;sxhA vkt vke ,oa xjhc lekt esa O;kIr Hkz’Vkpkj ds f[kykQ ltxrk t:j cjruh pkfg,A ysfdu og etcwjh ds dkj.k T;knk gSA Hkz’Vkpkj ewY; ds Lrj ij Lohdkj gks x;k ,slk ekuus dk dksbZ iq[rk vk/kkj ugha gSA muds vuwlkj gesa vyx&vyx eapksa ds ctk; vUuk lewg }kjk dh xbZ igy esa iwjh rkdr >ksaduh pkfg,A vyx eapksa dk lanHkZ blfy, vk;k fd 14 vxLr] 2011 dks vktknh dk t”u eukus ds fy, bdV~Bs gq;s letokfn;ksa esa ,d izLrko vk;k fd gesa ,d eap dk xBu djuk pkfg;sA bls vkSipkfjd :i nsus ds fy, 20 vxLr dks fnYyh esa ,d cSBd dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA blh izdkj jk’Vª HkfDr ,oa lkEiznkf;d dk fojks/k dks fojks/kh ewY; uk ekuus okys lewgksa ds chp Hkz’Vkpkj ds fojks/k esa ,d ns”k HkDr ekspkZ xfBr djus dh ppkZ py jgh gSA fnYyh esa ljdkjh yksdiky fcy dh gksyh tyk;s tkus ,oa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh ;qok “kk[kk ij ikuh dh ckSaNkj o ykBh Hkkapus dh [kcjkas ds dkj.k ekDlZoknh ysfuuoknh /kkjk ds ;qok laxBu vk;”kk ds usr`Ro esa gq;s 100 ?k.Vs ds /kjus ij ehfM;k dh d`ik n`f’V ugha gqbZA bldh ,d otg ;g Hkh gks ldrh gS fd blesa Hkz’Vkpkj ds lkFk&lkFk vU; O;oLFkkxr eqn~nksa ds ckjs esa Hkh vkokt mBkbZ xbZ FkhA [kkldj dkWjiksjsV Hkz’Vkpkj ds ckjs esaA

bl izdkj ds lHkh vyx&vyx iz;klksa dks ljdkj ds ,d gh dke us lHkh dks ,d eap ij yk fn;k gSA ikBdkas dks /;ku gksxk fd vkfnoklh o xjhc fdlkuksa ds chp dk;Zjr ,drk ifj’kn ds cqtqxZ lykgdkj ,l-,u-lqCckjko vkikr fLFkfr ds la?k’kZ ds nkSjku ts-ih ds lkFk lfdz; ugha FksA vki ih-oh-jktxksiky dh vUuk lewg dks foLrkj nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA loZ lsok la?k dh eqf[k;k fiNys nks fnuksa ls vius lkfFk;ksa ls yxkrkj laidZ esa gSa fd ;fn ljdkj neu dk jkLrk vf[r;kj djrh gS rks loZ lsok la?k dks D;k djuk gSA ns”k esa yksdrkaf=d ekul yksxksa ds fnyks&fnekx esa 1975 ds vkikrdky ls dgha T;knk jl&cl x;k gSA vktknh ds fnu vfgald lR;kxzfg;ksa dh vktknh Nhuus okys vkns”k ls tkfgj gS fd dkaxzsl dk izHkqoxZ liuksa ds ljdkj esa th jgk gSA dSls djsaxs bfrgkl dk iquysZ[ku dkaxzsl ds bfrgkldkj HkhA D;kas bl vktknh dks ikus esa yk[kksa fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa dh vkilh dRyksxkjn ds ckn Hkh /keZfujis{k lafo/kku cukus esa vxM+s lekt dks iq.ks miokl }kjk ^gfjtuksa* ds fy, fo”ks’k volj ds fy, rS;kj djus esa xka/kh th ds mioklksa dh cM+h Hkwfedk FkhA dkaxzsl ds fy, ;k ns”k o nqfu;ka ds dkWjikjsVh txr ds fy, laHko ugha fd og lR;kxzg ,oa vkej.k vu”ku }kjk dqckZuh ds tTcs dks [kRe djus okyk n”kZu x<+ ldsa ;k ^vius* n”kZu “kkfL=;ksa ls ,sls rdZ x<+ok ysaA nwljk tks miokl dy ls “kq: gks Fkk og vkt gh “kq: gks x;k gS] jkt?kkV ijA ml ?kVukdze ls ns”k esa Hkz’Vkpkj ds f[kykQ py jgh reke dksf”k”ksa ,d >Vds esa ,d eap ij vk tk;saxhA gks ldrk gS vkt “kke jkr dks vUuk lewg dks fxjQ~rkj dj fy;k tk;sA vxLr 1942 esa Hkh 9 vxLr dh iwoZ la/;k ij dkaxzsl ds leLr usr`Ro dks fxjQ~rkj dj fy;k x;k FkkA mlls vkUnksyu Fkek ughaA ns”k vktkn gqvk ghA bl vkUnksyu esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh ls ri dh tk vkx iSnk gksxh mlls lRrk ,oa foi{k lHkh ds Hkz’Vkpkj ds nqxZ <+gsaxsA vkSj ns”k ds vke tu ds liuksa dks ewrZ :i nsus ds fy, turk vius csgrj oSdfYid vkStkj x<+ ysxhA vHkh rd rks nksuksa i{k bl fn”kk esa dkQh HkksFkjs lkfcr gq, gSaA 4 twu] 2011 dks ckck jkenso ij gq, neu dh f[kykQr djrs le; vUuk gtkjs us ljdkj dks U;kSrk fn;k Fkk fd Hkz’Vkpkj ls yM+us ds fy, og 16

gesa viuk lgdkjh ekusa nq”eu ughaA ysfdu ljdkj ftl rjg ls ckS[kykbZ gqbZ gS mlls yxrk gS fd og lRrk yksyqIrk esa vU/kh o cgjh gks xbZ gSA dkaxzsl ,oa ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s bl geys dk ,d ldkjkRed urhtk ;g fudyrk fn[k jgk gS fd jk’VªHkDr i=dkjksa] is”ksoj rcdksa] vkUnksyu lewgksa ,oa ,u-th-vks dks ,d lw= esa fijksus okyk dksbZ oSpkfjd ;k eqn~nksa dk lk>k pkS[kVk ugha FkkA ykyw izlkn] furh”k dqekj] eqyk;e flag] ,oa jkefoykl ikloku tks lHkh lEiw.kZ dzkUrh vkUnksyu ,oa lkekftd U;k; ds vkUnksyu dh mit Fks vc FkksM+k vius vUnj >kadsaxsA bl tu mHkkj dk Qk;nk mBkus dks furh”k dqekj] uohu iVuk;d vkfn dks l”kDr yksdk;qDr cukus gksaxsA ekStwnk Hkz’Vkpkj fojks/kh dkuwuksa dk bLrseky jktuSfrd CySdesfyax ds fy, uk gksdj Hkz’Vkpkj ds f[kykQ gksaA blds fy, ikjn”khZ ,oa tu Hkkxhnkjh okyk pkSdlh ,oa ltk nsus dk ra= fodflr djuk gksxkA bl eq[;eaf=;kas dh igy ls vU; jkT;ksa esa Hkh ml izdkj dk ncko c<+sxkA blesa eerk cSuthZ th lkFk ns ldrh gSaA ;fn ,slk gksrk gS rks eqyk;e flag] ykyw izlkn vkSj jkefoykl th dks Hkh viuh ikVhZ ds lkQ lqFkjs psgjksa ds gkFk esa ckxMksj nsuh gksxhA ,oa tuyksdiky fcy ds leFkZu esa bl tukUnksyu dks laln ds Hkhrj ,oa ckgj lfdz; leFkZu nsuk gksxkA vius&vius nyksa ds “kh’kZ ij fojkteku bu usrkvksa us vusdksa le>kSrs fd;s gSaA ysfdu budh uhao vkSj [kEHks vHkh Hkh ts-ih vkUnksyu ,oa mlds iwoZorhZ lektoknh vkUnksyu ds ri ij fVds gSaA izcq) ikBdksa dks ;kn gksxk fd ;w-ih-, ,d ds le; ea=heaMy dh cSBdksa esas yksdiky fcy ij ppkZ ds le; “kjn ;kno jkefoykl ikloku] ykyw izlkn fojks/k djrs Fks ,oa j?kqoa”k izlkn flag [kqydj leFkZu djrs FksA vUuk lewg ds fQygky ds usr`Ro esa jktuSfrd dkS”ky dk vHkko Fkk fd o okeiaFkh nyksa ,oa dzkafrdkjh vkUnksyu lewgksa dks tksM+ ldsaA bl Vhe esa iz”kkUr Hkw’k.k ,oa vfXuos”k ,sls O;fDr gSa tks ,u-,-ih-,e lfgr izk;% lHkh vkUnksyu lewgksa ls laokn dj ldrs Fks ysfdu dkuwu ds izk:i ij vfr”k; /;ku dh otg ls ;g dke c[kwch uk gks ik;k FkkA vc ljdkj ds vktknh ds fnu vktknh ij dqBkjk?kkr ds dne ls jktuSfrd igydneh dk flyflyk Lo;aeso gksxkA uke/kkjh lektoknh nyksa ds vfrfjDr izkekf.kd lektokfn;ksa@yksfg;kokfn;ksa dh Hkh vk/kk ntZu ikfVZ;ka lfdz; rks Fkh ysfdu ,d eap ij ugha vk ik jgha FkhA /kU;okn 17

gks bl ljdkj dk vc yksdrkaf=d vktknh dh rhljh yM+kbZ esa rks lHkh dks ,d eap ij vkuk gksxkA fcuk vkUnksyu ds lanHkZ ds lRrk lq[k ds fy, eqyk;e flag ;kno us mRrj izns”k esa iwjh ikVhZ nyky ra= ds gokys dj nh FkhA izekf.kd lektokfn;ksa dks xqynLrk cuk fn;k FkkA mRrj izns”k ds ckgj ny dks u cuus nsus dk ladYi fy;k gS ,slk tku iM+rk FkkA blds urhts vkt Hkh fn[k jgs gSaA vusd izeq[k dk;ZdrkZ tks ikVhZ ls mnklhu gks x;s Fks og vUuk gtkjs ds vkUnksyu esa lfdz; gks x;sA blls vkUnksyu dh jktuSfrd /kkj rks cusxh lks cusxh] eqyk;e flag dks Hkh ek;korh ds Hkz’V ra= dk fodYi nsrs gq, nh[kuk iM+sxkA ;fn og Hkh vej flag iFk dk vuqxeu djrs jgasxs rks cgqtu ek;korh dks D;ksa NksM+sxkA vkf[kj vkt ds tkfroknh lekt esa mudk lRrk esa gksuk gh cgqtu lekt ds fy;s miyfC/k gSA lektoknh nyksa] turk ikVhZ ^ifjokj* ls fudys nyksa okeiaFkh nyksa vkapfyd@{ks=h; nyh; ,oa vkUnksyu lewgksa dks QkSjh rkSj ij Hkz’Vkpkj ds f[kykQ jkT; dh laLFkkvksa izfdz;kvksa o dkuwuksa dks ysdj ,d lgefr cukuh gksxhA ;g dsoy dkaxzsl dks lcd fl[kkus ds fy, ugha cfYd vesfjdh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fdys ds <+gus ds nq’ifj.kkeksa ls ns”k dks cpkus] jktuSfrd “kwU; ds Hk;kog urhtksa dks Vkyus jk’Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ds lektrksM+d ekul ls fuiVus o usiky] ckaXykns”k] ikfdLrku dh udkjkRed ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ifj.kke gesa u Hkqxrus iM+sa blds fy, t:jh gSA ;g fLFkfr blfy, vkSj Hkh tfVy gS fd dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik nksuksa dkWjiksjsVh yksdra= ij ,oa nfyrksa ,oa fdlkuksa vkSj vkfnokfl;ksa dh mBrh vkoktksa dks iqfyl vkSj lsuk ds cy ij nckus ds loky ij ,der gSaA vk”kk djuh pkfg;s fd dkaxzsl dh neudkjh ufr;ksa ds pyrs Hkkjrh; lekt dh ftruh Hkh izxfr Fkh@vkxs ns[kw jktuSfrd izo`fr;ka gS mUgsa ,d vfgald vkSj lekos”kh ,ts.M cukus vkSj jkt vkSj lekt pykus dk oSpkfjd ,oa lkaxBfud pkS[kVk feysxkA jk’Vª HkDr turk dks bUrtkj gS vius&vius ?kjkSanksa esa dSn usrkvksa ds lk>s eap ij vkdj “ka[kukn djus dkA

4vfgalk vkSj dqckZuh dh Hkk’kk fot; izrki 16 vxLr] 2011 ls vUuk gt+kjs yksd uk;d t;izdk'k dh ewfrZ ds fudV vfuf'prdkyhu miokl 'kq: dj jgs gSaA lcls igys rks miokl dh ok¡Nuh;rk ij fopkj djsaA izkjEHk esa miokl dks ysdj nks rjg dk fojks/k FkkA igyh Js.kh esa og yksx vkrs gSa] tks ekurs gSa fd Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ tax rks tkjh jguh pkfg,] ysfdu vUuk gt+kjs dh tku dh dher ij ughaA ,sls yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lekt viuh t+:jr ds eqrkfcd izrhd x<+rk gSA ,d ijrnj&ijr okyh cgq:ih ysfdu lgt psruk ls cuk yksdekul ftls Hkh leFkZu nsus yxrk gS] ogh yksduk;d@yksdca/kq cu tkrk gSA lgt vkSj O;kid tu leFkZu dc rd feyrk jgsxk ;g dbZ ckrksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy, lkekftd U;k; ds izrhd cus usr`Ro dks viuh reke det+ksfj;ksa ds ckotwn lkekftd U;k; vk/kkfjr lejl lekt pkgus okyh jktuSfrd /kkjk ds l'kDr u gksus ds dkj.k ek;korh] eqyk;e flag] ykyw izlkn vkfn dks vHkh Hkh ,d cM+h la[;k esa ernkrkvksa dk leFkZu gkfly gSA blh ls ge ;g urhtk fudky ldrs gSa fd ;fn ;g ljdkj Hkz"Vkpkj esa bruh ljkcksj ugha gksrh rks 'kk;n vUuk Vhe dks bruk leFkZu ugha feyrkA jktuSfrd Vhdkdkjksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk bl tu mHkkj dh O;kidrk vkSj xgjkbZ dks tkuus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd yM+kbZ vklku ugha gS] ;g yEch pyus okyh gSA ,sls yksx ugha pkgrs fd vUuk vfuf'prdkyhu miokl dj viuh 19

tku ij [ksysaA nwljh vksj vUuk gt+kjs us jk"Vª ds uke tkjh vihy esa lkQ dgk gS fd] ^^Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ tax esa vxj ge bl ckj pwd x;s rks nwljk ekSdk irk ugha dc vk;sxkA bl tax esa eSa vkSj esjs lkFkh gj rjg dh dqckZuh nsus dks rS;kj gSaA vxj og fxjQ~rkj djsaxs rks ge [kq'kh&[kq'kh tsy pys tk;saxsA ge g¡lrs gq, ykfB;k¡ [kk;saxs] ij gkFk ugha mBk;saxsA oks gekjs mij xksfy;k¡ pyk,axs] rks xksyh [kkdj tku ns nsaxs ij Hkkxsaxs ughaA ge gj rjg dh dqckZuh nsus dks rS;kj gSaA** ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkt+knh ds vkanksyu vkSj ts-ih- vkUnksyu ds nLrkostksa dk v/;;u fd;k gS] og tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr dh turk vfgalk] R;kx vkSj dqjckuh dh Hkk"kk lqurh ,oa le>rh gSA turk pwafd thou ds dM+os vkSj isphns ;FkkFkZ dks jkst+ thrh gS blfy, mls yQ~Qkt+ vkSj izkekf.kd usr`Ro esa QdZ djuk vkrk gSA mls pkgs dksbZ fdruk Hkh cM+k usrk gks mlds nsg?kjksa dh lhek le> esa vkrh gS vkSj vUrfoZjks/kksa dks le> dj ut+jvankt+ djuk vkrk gSA tgk¡ ikyscanh bruh Li"V gks ogk¡ gekjs tSls xq.kk&Hkkx djus okyksa dks rks yxrk gh fd 'kk;n vUuk gt+kjs miokl u djrs vkSj ns'k esa ?kwe&?kwe dj vy[k txkrs rks vUuk dh tku tksf[ke esa u iM+rhA ,sls yksx Hkwy tkrs gSa fd vfgald vkanksyu esa varjvkRek dh vkokt+ dk Hkh viuk LFkku gksrk gSA rdZ ds fy, eku fy;k tk;s fd Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh tax ds vf/kdka'k yksx muds vkej.k vu'ku dks ysdj mRlkfgr ugha gS] ysfdu vUuk dks yxrk gS fd ;g djks ;k ejks dk {k.k gS] rks ,d ckj muds QSlys dk ,sls lHkh yksx c<+&Pk<+ dj leFkZu djsaxsA

fiNys fnuksa cM+s&cM+s izfr"Bkuksa esa dke djrs gq,] vius&vius LFkku ij Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djus ds dkj.k cgqr yksxksa dks viuh tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+kA D;k bl Mj ds ekjs tkus okyh ihf<+;k¡ vk¡[k ew¡n dj Hkz"Vkpkj dks Lohdkj djrh pyh tk;saxhA vkf[kjdkj usrk ds [kqn ds gkFk esa vafre fodYi ugha gksrk fd mldh tku vius QSlys ds rgr la?k"kZ djrs gq, tk;sxh vkSj usrk dks 'kghn dk ntkZ feysxk ;k fQj O;oLFkk mls viuk f'kdkj cuk;sxhA ckck jkenso dh dkys /ku ds f[kykQ eqfge dks lke] nke] naM] Hksn dh uhfr ls O;oLFkk us dSls yhy fy;k] bldk mnkgj.k gekjs lkeus gSA vUuk gt+kjs fl)karr% xka/kh esa viuh ryk'k ds dkj.k ljy] ikjn'khZ dk;Z'kSyh dks ekurs gSa] blfy, vk'kk dh tkuh pkfg;s fd O;oLFkk viuh iSarjsckt+h ls mUgas ekr ugha ns ik;sxhA vius dks Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh ekuus okys lewg esa ,d nwljk fgLlk ekurk gS fd O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds ckjs esa ,d Li"V oSpkfjd [kkds ds cxSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ ugha gks ldrhA vUuk dks viuk [kkdk Li"V djuk pkfg;sA ;g erHksn Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj dk gS] tSlk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku dE;qfuLV] lks'kfyLVksa dk xka/kh th dh ^,d le; esa ,d dne* dh uhfr ls gksrk gSA fopkj/kkjk dks vius le; dh lPpkbZ dks mldh lexz ckjhdh ls le>us ds fy, bLrseky djuk ,d ok¡Nuh; ,oa mi;ksxh ckSf)d deZ gSA bl ckSf)d deZ dk fut ds fy, vkSj vius oSpkfjd Dyc ds Lo/keZ fuckgus esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ysfdu O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds fy, yksdlaxzg ds lanHkZ esa bu cglksa dh lhfer mi;ksfxrk gSA ;fn ts-ihvkanksyu dks ;kn djsa rks izkjfEHkd nkSj esa dbZ izkekf.kd] vusdksa ckj tsy Hkqxrs vkSj vknru gj tqYe ds f[kykQ tku dks 21

tksf[ke esa Mky dj lR;kxzg djus okys ckSf)d fdLe dh lektoknh cglksa esa T;knk my>s Fks] tcfd jktukjk;.k th tSls ns'kt lektoknh nwjh rkdr ls vkanksyu esa dwn x;s FksA vius oSpkfjd Dyc esa x<+h x;h dlkSfV;ksa ij vkanksyu esa f'kjdr djus okys gj flikgh dks tkapuk] ,d izdkj ls lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fu;eksa dh vUkns[kh djuk gSA lkekftd vkanksyuksa ds usr`Ro ds ,d fgLls us 2004 ds ckn jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh izfØ;kvksa esa lksfu;k xk¡/kh dks vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd eapks ds ek/;e ls lykg nsus dh Hkwfedk yh gSA vc rd ,sls fe=ksa dh futh izfrc)rk ds ckjs esa la'k; ds ekSds ugha vk;s gSaA ysfdu vUuk gt+kjs dh Vhe ds ckjs esa ftl vfr'k; vlarqfyr <ax ls O;ogkj fd;k gS] mlls vke dk;ZdrkZ ds eu esa cgqr {kksHk gSA dkaxzsl Hkz"Vkpkj dks vkRelkr djus] laLFkkxr djus vkSj gt+e djus esa loZJs"B ikVhZ gS] mldh eqf[k;k dk ,u-,-lh- esa lykgdkj cuus esa gesa dksbZ ladksp ugha gS ysfdu vUuk Vhe ds fdlh lnL; ds lkFk cSBus lewg esa cSB dj foe'kZ ;k ppkZ djus esa fnDdr gSA bl rjg ds nksgjsiu vkanksyu esa jpukRed ;ksxnku eqf'dy gSA vPNk ;g gksxk fd bl izdkj ds NksVs vkanksyu lewg pkgs og fdlh Hkh fopkj/kkjk ls ;k fo'on`f"V ls vuqizkf.kr~ gksa vius dks la?k"kZ'khy turk ls ,dhdkj djsaA vUuk gt+kjs Vhe ds lkeus ljdkj ds izFke leZi.k ds ckn ,d lkekftd dehZ vkSj LokLF; dalYVSaV us fnYyh dh xjhc cfLr;ksa esa dke djus okys ogha ds lfØ; lkfFk;ksa dh cSBd cqykbZA ;g ,u-th-vks- dk;ZdrkZvksa dh cSBd ugha Fkh cfYd lh/ks LFkkuh; lekt ls fudys lkfFk;ksa dh FkhA mn~ns'; vUuk ds vkanksyu dk ewY;kadu dj viuh oSdfYid ykbu r; djus dk FkkA eq[; vk;kstd dk

>qdko Li"V :i ls ckck jkenso ds i{k esa FkkA mUgksaus bl ckr dks pkykdh ls fNik;k ugha ] cfYd vius izkjfEHkd mn~cks/ku esa j[kkA gkyk¡fd lHkh Hkkxhnkj vk;kstd egksn; dks vius ls cM+h gSfl;r okyk ekurs gksaxs] ysfdu cgl fcYdqy csckd vkSj yksdrkaf=d <ax ls pyhA cSBd esa xjhc vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fuEu oxhZ; lkfFk;ksa dh vxqokbZ esa pys foe'kZ ls eq[; urhtksa ds ckjs esa esjh tks le> cuh mls eSa vkils lk>k djuk pkgrk gw¡A lcls vge urhtk rks ;g Fkk fd vUuk gt+kjs }kjk ljdkjh MªkfQa~Vx desVh esa tkuk ;k u tkuk bl izdkj ds rQlhy ds eqn~nksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ le; dh ekax gS vkSj bldk iwjh rkdr ls leFkZu djuk pkfg;sA dkfcys xkSj gS fd bl cSBd esa ns'k ds fiNM+s vapyksa ds izoklh ,oa eqfLye cM+h la[;k esa ekStwn FksA dqN dks bl vkanksyu esa Hkkxhnkjh ls Hkk-t-ik- dks ykHk igq¡pkus ds fy, vkj,l-,l- dh izR;{k ;k ijks{k dksf'k'k dk [k+rjk Hkh yx jgk FkkA ysfdu bl [k+rjs dk lkeuk djus ds fy, Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh vkanksyu ls fdukjk djus ds ctk; mlesa T;knk lfØ; gksdj vius LFkku cukus vkSj lkFk gh lkFk lkEiznkf;drk ds f[kykQ eqfge pykus dk QSlyk fy;kA rhljk urhtk Fkk fd vUuk gt+kjs vkSj jkenso th }kjk lapkfyr vkanksyu esa dkSu csgrj gSA bl >xMs esa ge u iMs+] ge vius&vius Lrj ij la?k"kZ dk fcxqy ctk;sA ,d vU; urhtk gekjs yksdekul dh xgjkbZ vkSj ifjiDork dh vksj bafxr djrk gS] lkFk mldh jktuSfrd le>nkjh dk Hkh izek.k gSA bl cSBd esa jk'ku dh nqdkuksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey dqN lkFkh FksA mUgksaus vius vuqHko 23

lqukrs gq, crk;k fd ge yksxksa us vjfoan dstjhoky ds usr`Ro esa gt+kjksa dh la[;k okys izn'kZu LFkkuh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr fd;s gSa] ysfdu rc gesa ehfM;k dk] ckSf)d vkSj is'ksoj rcdksa dk ;k ehfM;k dk dksbZ leFkZu ugha feykA ogh yM+kbZ tc jk"Vªh; Qyd ij] bZesy] V;wV~j vkSj ysiVkWi dh en~n ls yM+h tk jgh gS rks xjhc balkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k dk iwjk e/;oxZ Hkh mB [kM+k gqvk gSA muds vuqlkj LFkkuh; LRkj ij t+ywl fudkyuk T;knk tksf[ke okyk dke gS] ysfdu vc tc bl yM+kbZ esa Hkkjr ds lkFk bafM;k Hkh 'kkfey gks x;k gS rks ;g yM+kbZ dqN rks ldkjkRed urhts rks iSnk djsxh ghA fnYyh ds xjhc vkSj fuEu e/;e oxhZ; cfLr;ksa ds bl foe'kZ esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ esa vius [kqn ls ,oa O;oLFkk ls yM+kbZ yM+uk vifjgk;Z gS] ;g ckr fcYdqy lkQ FkhA oDrkvksa us rY[kh ls dgk fd fctyh&ikuh dk T;knk fCky cukuk] U;wure osru u nsuk] gekjh cfLr;ksa esa ePNj iuius nsuk] tgk¡ cgqla[;d yksx iSny] lkbfdy vkSj lLrh cl ls pyrs gksa ogk¡ egaxh eSVªks cukuk rFkk 2&3 yk[k dkexkjksa dh jSyh dks ehfM;k }kjk ut+jvankt djuk lHkh Hkz"Vkpkj ds mnkgj.k gSaA ge yksx ,d ,slh O;oLFkk esa th jgs gSa ftlesa vke vkneh ds fy, dksbZ lEekutud LFkku ugha gSA gekjk ukxfjd lekt Hkh dbZ ckj tgk¡ t:jr LokLF; lsokvksa dh gks ogk¡ ekbØks QkbuSal dh ckr djus yxrk gSA gekjk oksVj Hkz"V gks x;k gS] gesa bl yM+kbZ dks xzke Lojkt vkSj uxj Lojkt ls tksM+uk gksxkA pqukoksa esa T;knk iSlk [kpZ okyksa ds f[kykQ ekgkSy cuk;saA bl lewg us lkEiznkf;drk Hkkafr gh tUe tkfr HksnHkko dks Hkh Hkz"Vkpkj dh Js.kh esa gh j[kkA dkuwu ds fglkc ls xzkeh.k jkst+xkj dkuwu ds vUrxZr fn;k tkusokyk osru vkSj eqds'k vackuh }kjk fy;k tkus okyk osru ekU; gS] ysfdu ekuoh; vkSj uSfrd n`f"V ls D;k ;g Hkz"Vkpkj ugha gS\ Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ vkanksyu dks loZ 24

lekos'kh gksuk pkfg;sA ,d lkFkh us dgk fd ge pkgs Li"V :i ls vkj-,l-,l- ds f[kYkkQ gSa ysfdu yksdrkaf=d e;kZnkvksa ds vUrZxr vkj-,l-,l ikVhZ tks fd eq[; foi{kh ny gS] mlds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks Hkh lk>h izk:i.k lfefr esa ljdkj vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds lkFk 'kkfey djuk pkfg;s FkkA thou ds cgq/kz`oh; ;FkkFkZ ls nks&pkj gksus okys xSj&fdrkch yksx gh ,d gh lkal esa lkEiznkf;drk dks Hkz"Vkpkj dh Js.kh esa j[k mlds f[kykQ fcxqy ctkus vkSj lkFk gh foIk{k dks Hkh O;oLFkk dks de Hkz"V cukus dh eqfge esa 'kkfey djus dh ckr dj ldrs gaSA vkt ds yksdekul esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds Lohdkj dh ckr dks Hkh dbZ oDrkvksa us js[kkafdr fd;kA ysfdu lkFk gh bu lkfFk;ksa us ekuk fd gol ds dkj.k Hkz"V rjhdksa ls vftZr lEifRr ls lq[k&'kkfUr ugha fey ldrhA bZekunkjh la?k"kZ vkSj xjhch esa Hkh tks vFkZ vkSj vkuan gS og dkys iSls ls izkIr HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ls laHko ughaA bl foe'kZ esa uSfrdrk ,oa lekt }kjk mls igpkuus vkSj iqjLd`r djus dh t+:jr ij dkQh cy fn;k x;k A ,d lkFkh us crk;k fd gt+jr mej [kyhQk us nw/k esa ikuh u feykus okyh ;qok efgyk dh ckr lqu dj mls viuh cgw cuk;k A vkt ge bZekunkj bUlku dks csodwQ ekurs gSaA blh bZekunkjh vkSj la?k"kZ ds dkj.k vkt Hkz"Vkpkj dk eqn~nk ns'k ds lkeus ,d vge loky cu x;k gSA

5dksisugsxu ds ckn vkt ls lkS cjl igys fy[ks x;s ^fgan Lojkt^ esa if”pe ls m/kkj fy;s x, yksdra= dh lhek dk c;ku ftl rY[kh ls fd;k x;k gS] og dksisugsxu esa py jgh okÙkkZvksa dks ns[kdj dkQh mfpr tku iM+rk gSA iwjh nqfu;k dh ljdkjksa ds vkB gtkj ls T;knk izfrfuf/k ftl izdkj ls ^okrkZ* esa yxs gSa] og Nn~e jLlkd”kh tSlk yxrk gSA 15 fnlEcj dks izFke [kqys l= dh dk;Zokgh ns[kus ds ckn eSa Msu&gkWLVy ds fy, fudy jgk Fkk fd lhrkjke ;pqjh ls eqykdkr gks xbZA eSaus muls viuh jk; crkus dk vkxzg fd;kA mUgksaus lh-ih-,e dh jk; ftldk oke ekspsZ ds vU; nyksa us leFkZu fd;k gS] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nhA mudh ckr ds pkj eq[; fcanq gSaA lcls eq[; ckr gS fd fodflr ns”k xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dh ck/;dkjh lhek dks fu/kkZfjr djsa] nwljs “kCnksa esa D;ksrks izksVksdkWy rFkk ;w,u,Qlhlh ds QSlyksa ds vkyksd esa gh vkxs dk jkLrk r; gks rFkk nwljk] fodflr ns”kksa dks Dyhu VSDuksykWth izfØ;kvksa dks ckSf)d laink dkuwuksa ls eqDr djuk pkfg,A rhljk] fodflr ns”kksa dks nh?kZdkfyd xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu dks de djus vkSj lekt dks mldk eqdkcyk djus esa l{ke cukus ds fy, dk;Z ;kstukvksa ds fy, Li’V] le;c) vkSj lqfuf”pr ek=k esa /ku miyC/k djokus dh izfrc)rk ?kksf’kr djuh pkfg;sA pkSFkk] ;g rhuksa “krsZa iwjh gksus ij fodkl”khy ns”k Hkh xzhu gkml xSlksa ds mRltZu ij LoSfPNd ikcanh ykxw djsaxs vkSj le;&le; ij vius }kjk mBk;s x;s dneksa dh lwpuk vUrjkZ’Vªh; fcjknjh dks nsaxsA lhrkjke ;pqjh us lkQ fd;k fd Hkkjr dks vUrjkZ’Vªh; fcjknjh dks lwpuk nsuh gSA jiV nsus vkSj lwpuk esa cqfu;knh QdZ gSA gekjh ljdkj us ;fn jiV nsus dh ckr fdlh Hkh lwjr esa eku yh rks gekjh mRiknu izfØ;kvksa vkSj fodkl dh reke xfrfof/k;ksa esa fodflr jk’Vªksa dk lh/kk gLr{ksi gks tk;sxkA eksVs rkSj ij lhrkjke ;spqjh dh jk; ,d izdkj ls laln esa i{k vkSj foi{k dh lokZuqefr dh jk; Hkh gSA ;g jk; cuk, Hkh Hkkjr dks dkQh vjlk gks x;kA ckyh okrkZ 26

esa xfrjks/k vkus ij dfiy flCcy us vafre le; esa Mwcrh ukSdk dks lgkjk nsdj ^ckyh ,D”ku Iyku* ds bnZ&fxnZ vUrjkZ’Vªh; lgefr cukus esa [kklh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h FkhA vc ,slk D;k gks x;k gS fd dksisugsxu esa D;ksrks izksVksdkWy vkSj ckyh dk;Z&;kstuk esa vaxhdkj fd, x, fu.kZ;ksa dks udkjk tk jgk gSA tyok;q dk ladV igys ls xgjk;k gS vkSj ljdkjksa dk] [kkldj fodflr ns”kksa dh ljdkjksa dk joS;k T;knk pyrkÅ vkSj xSj&ftEesokjh Hkjk gks x;k gSA fodflr jk’Vªksa dh cgqla[;d turk tyok;q ladV ds nq’ifj.kkeksa dks dc ls Hkqxr jgh gSA fodkl”khy ns”kksa esa eksVs rkSj ij ifjfLFkfr pqukSrhiw.kZ gksus ds ckotwn fodflr ns”k ihNs ykSV jgs gSaA bl igsyh dks le>us ds fy, dksisugsxu ds eq[; okrkZ dsUnz ^csyk lSaVj* esa cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk vk;ksftr dk;ZØeksa rFkk czkthy] nf{k.k vÝhdk] Hkkjr rFkk phu ds lk>s lewg ^csfld*] th&77 rFkk phu] vÝhdh jk’Vª lewgksa }kjk ehfM;k dks nh xbZ tkudkfj;ksa dk ckjhdh ls fo”ys’k.k t:jh gSA ;g 19 fnlEcj ds ckn gh T;knk O;ofLFkr <ax ls laHko gks ik;sxkA fdlh Hkh rQlhy ds fo”ys’k.k ls igys dqN cqfu;knh ckrksa ds ckjs esa Li’Vrk gksuh pkfg;sA vUrjkZ’Vªh; uhfr ;k fons”k uhfr ,oa ns”k&uhfr ,d gh flDds ds nks igyw gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dksi&15 okrkZ ds foe”kZ esa lHkh ns”kksa dh ljdkjsa ^xzhu xSl mRltZu* ds eq[; nks’kh ,d vjc ^vijkf/k;ksa* ds ckjs esa lxq.k ppkZ ugha dj jgs gSaA dkj.k lkQ gS& egk}hi dksbZ Hkh gks] ns”k fodflr gks ;k fodkl”khy & ^xzhu xSl mRltZu* vijk/k esa nqfu;k ds lHkh “kkld oxZ ds yksx “kkfey gSaA dksisugsxu esa tqVs ljdkjh okrkZdkjksa ds vfrfjDr ehfM;k dehZ rFkk laLFkkvksa ds yksx Hkh “kklu oxZ ds gh vax&mik¡x gSaA gekjs jkstxkjksa dk cus jguk] ?kweuk] [kkuk&dekuk] vkjke vkSj euksjatu] ;k=k,a vkSj rhFkkZVu vFkkZr thoup;kZ ds lHkh dke mtkZ ds Hkjiwj ij lkFk gh vkerkSj ls vuko”;d miHkksx ij vk/kkfjr gSaA tyok;q ladV ds okLrfod [krjs ls fuiVus ds fy, gesa vius jkstxkj ,oa thou thus ds rkSj&rjhdksa dks ckjhdh ls tkapuk gksxkA vkSj ,slhs uhfr;k¡ cukuh gksaxh ftuls ÅtkZ dh l?ku [kir ,oa vU;k;] fo’kerk vkSj

Hkq[kejh iSnk djus okys fodkl rFkk jkstxkj ds <kaps dks NksM+ dj oSdfYid fodkl ds <+kps vkSj thou “kSyh dks viuk;k tk ldsA oSdfYid fodkl vkSj thou “kSyh vk/kkfjr vkfFkZd ra= dh iquZjpuk flQZ jktuSfrd nyksa ds o”k dh ckr ugha gSA otg lkQ gS D;ksafd yksdra= ds ekStwnk [ksy ds fu;eksa ds xqyke oSdfYid fodkl ds fy, vFkZra= dh iquZjpuk dh ckr rks nwj ekStwnk <jsZ dks ysdj vk;s xfrjks/k ij dksbZ bZekunkj cgl ugha djuk pkgrsA fdlh ikVhZ ;k xBca/ku dh ljdkj gks] mÙkjk[kaM gks ;k >kj[kaM] mÙkj izns”k gks ;k vksMh'kk] vk¡/kz izns”k gks ;k e/;izns”k ;k fQj if”pe caxky &ns”k dh cgqla[;d turk pkgs lÙkk vkSj lEifÙk ds ekeys esa gkf”k;s ij gh gks] fodkl ds ekStwnk <k¡ps ij iz”u fpUg yxk jgh gSA ns”k ds vusd fgLlksa esa reke lewg “kkafre; <ax ls vke&tu dks yEcs la?k’kZ ds fy, latks jgs gSaA ysfdu gekjs lalnh; nyksa dk usr`Ro gS fd laokn ,oa foe”kZ ls oSdfYid <k¡ps dh vksj c<+us dh ckr rks tkus nsa& os rks “kkafre; fojks/k dks fljs ls gh [kkfjt dj nsrs gSaA ;k fQj fodkl ds ekStwnk <+jsZ ds “kkafre; fojksf/k;ksa dks Hkh ekvksoknh crk dj muds neupØ dk rkuk&ckuk cqu nsrs gSaA if”peh caxky] vksMh'kk] NÙkhlx<+ vkSj >kj[kaM esa rks ufDlfy;ksas ls fuiVus ds fy, ;q) tSlh rS;kjh py jgh gSA /;ku jgs fd dksisugsxu okrkZvksa esa ge fodkl”khy ns”k bUgha xjhc yksxksa ds uke ij iSls vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dh ek¡x dj jgs gSaA ;g foMEcuk gS ;k =klnh fd nqfu;k dk ,d vjc izHkqoxZ Hkk’kk] laLd`fr] jk’Vª vkSj jaxHksn ls Åij mBdj viuh ekSt eLrh esa dksbZ jax esa Hkax ugha pkgrkA bl lanHkZ esa nqfu;k ds fodflr ,oa fodkl”khy ns”kksa dh foHkktu js[kk Hkh laxr ugha jg x;h gSA if”peh ekWMy okyk yksdra= gks ;k Økafr ds uke ij LFkkfir vf/kuk;dokn dk dksbZ #i] lHkh vius jkt&dkt ds rkSj&rjhdksa] laLFkkvksa] <kapks dks cgqrjk’Vªh; fuxeksa dh dekbZ ds vuqdwy cukus ds dke esa tqVk gSA dksisugsxu esa gekjs ns”k dh LFkkfir fopkj/kkjkvksa&xk¡/khokn] ,dkRe ekuookn] lektokn] ekDZlokn] ukjhokn vkSj vkEcsMdjokn& dh Fkdku Hkh Li’V FkhA bu lHkh fopkj&ijEijkvksa ls izsj.kk izkIr djus okys cgqr O;fDr dksisugsxu igqaps FksA ijUrq ,slk yxrk gh ugha fd bu fopkj/kkjkvksa ij vk/kkfjr tekrksa us tyok;q ladV ds ckjs esa 28

dksbZ O;ofLFkr xgu fopkj foeZ”k fd;k gSA dkfcys&xkSj ckr ;g gS fd ukxfjd lekt esa bu lokyksa dks ysdj dkQh gypy gS vkSj fopkj/kkjkvksa ds ?kjkSanksa esa Hkh vkLFkoku HkDrksa ds chp ,sls foosd lEiUu yksx iz”u mBk jgs gSa vkSj fuft [kkst esa dksisugsxu rd igqaps gSaA exj vf/kdrj bl vUrjkZ’Vªh; esys esa viuh fopkjn`f’V dh dksbZ Nki ugha NksM+ ik;sA vUrjkZ’Vªh; okrkZvksa vkSj mudks izHkkfor djus ds dkS”ky ds ckjs esa Hkh bu ns”kt fopkj/kkjkvksa us dksbZ lkewfgd jk; ;k dk;Z;kstuk ugha cukbZ gSA ckr pkgs ekStwnk fodkl ds <k¡ps esa ns”k ds cgqtu dks fgLLkk fnykus dh gks ;k fQj mlesa vkewypwy ifjorZu dj tyok;q ladV ls fuiVrs gq, ,d laqnj] lerkewyd vkSj csgrj gfjr lalkj dh jpuk dk loky gks] LFkkfir ns”kt fopkj/kkjk,a fuLrst&fu’izk.k tku iMrh gSaA thoar fopkj/kkjkvksa esa lfØ; VdjkgV] laokn ls tks mtkZ iSnk gksrh gS] mldk Hkh vHkko Hkkjr ds izfrfuf/k;ksa esa ns[kus dks feykA lh[kus&tkuus dh ftKklk dh deh u gksrs gq, Hkh gesa Hkkjrh; ds ukrs] nf{k.k ,f”k;kbZ] ,f”k;kbZ ;k rhljh nqfu;k ds ltx] lfØ; vkSj ftEesokj ukxfjd ds ukrs laokn vkSj foe”kZ dk dksbZ lk>k ra= [kMk djuk gS ;k ckrphr dk gh ,slk flyflyk ftlls ;g ra= [kM+k gks lds&,slh dksbZ etcwr bPNk ukxfjd lekt ds usrkvksa esa ugha fn[khA oSls Hkkjr ds ukxfjd lekt ls ,sls vusd O;fDr igqaps Fks tks tyok;q ladV ds loky dk QS”ku cuus ls cgqr igys&,d n”kd ls T;knk&ls bl ladV ds lUnHkZ esa uSfrdrk vkSj fodkl ds <k¡ps ds loky mBk jgs gSaA ^tyok;q ladV ds uSfrd iz”uksa dk Hkkjrh; latky* ¼vkbuSd½ ds Jh/kju dksisugsxu esa ukxfjd lekt ds foe”kZ esa dkQh lfØ; FksA ysfdu leL;k ;g gS fd cMs vUrjkZ’Vªh; lewg gksa ;k ns”k dh cMh laLFkkvksa ds usrkx.k os eqf”dy lokyksa] fodkl vkSj uSfrdrk ds iz”uksa dh nqfo/kkvksa ls nks&pkj ugha gksuk pkgrs] vkSj blhfy, vkbuSd tSls lewgksa ls nwjh cukdj j[krs gSaA LFkkfir fopkj/kkjkvksa dh vuqifLFkfr dh Hkk¡fr cgqtu lekt&nfyr] vYila[;d] dkjhxj tekrsa] “kgjh xjhc rcds] fdlku vkfnoklh lektksa ds yksx Hkh vius laxBuksa dh igy ij ;gk¡ ugha igqap ik;s FksA og Hkh fdlh ppZ leZfFkr nkrk ,tsalh ;k fQj 29

fdlh lkekU; fdLe ds Loa;lsoh laxBu ds ek/;e ls ;gk¡ vk;s FksA Bhd oYMZ lks”ky Qksje dh izfØ;k ls feyrk&tqyrk Hkkjr&bafM;k foHkktu Hkh dksisugsxu esa Hkkjr ds ukxfjd lekt esa Li’V FkkA Hkkjr dh vxM+h tkfr vkSj e/;e oxZ ds lewg Hkh fojys gh gksrs gSa] tks viuh gSfl;r ds fy, bafM;k ij fuHkZj u gksaA ^dksisugsxu ls vkxs* uked ,d lewg gS] tks vius vki esa pkyhl ls T;knk laLFkkvksa] laLFkk lewgksa ,oa tulaxBuksa ds lk>s eap ds crkSj cuk gSA blesa vaxzsthnka fdLe ds] fo”o ;k;kojh okys bafM;uksa dk opZLo ugha FkkA bl Vhe ds usrk “kjn tks”kh vius vlk/kkj.k vkRefo”okl vkSj lkQxksbZ ds pyrs fofHkUu i`’BHkwfe;ksa okys Hkkjrh;ksa dh ,d cMh Vhe ds lkFk mifLFkr FksA bl Vhe ds LVky ij csyk lSaVj esa vDlj jkSud jgrh FkhA ^dksisugsxu ls vkxs* lewg us [ksrh ij 11 fnlEcj 2009 dks ^[ksrh] tyok;q ladV vkSj dksi&15 f”k[kj lEesyu* fo’k; ij tks dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd;k mlesa gkWy iwjk Hkjk Fkk ,oa Hkk’k.kksa dk Lrj dkQh Å¡pk FkkA ^dksisugsxu ls vkxs* uked ;g lewg viuh mifLFkfr rks t:j ntZ djok ik;k ij Hkkjrh;ksa ;k nf{k.k ,f”k;kbZ ukxfjd lekt dh dksbZ lk>h cSBd ;k rhljh nqfu;k dh lk>h le> cukus dh fn”kk esa dqN [kkl ugha dj ik;kA X;kjg fnlacj 2009 dks dksisugsxu esa Hkkjr ds Ik;kZoj.k ea=h Jh t;jke jes”k us “kke lkr cts igyh ckj ehfM;k vkSj Lo;alsoh laxBuksa dks lacksf/kr fd;kA bl lEcks/ku ds “kq# gksus ds igys gh ^dksisugsxu ls vkxs* lewg ds ,d dk;ZdÙkkZ us Hkkjr ds fofHkUu vkanksyu lewgksa ds tyok;q ladV ij c;kuksa dk ladyu ea=h egksn; dks fn;kA gkyk¡fd Hkkjr ljdkj us vkanksyu lewgksa vkSj Loa;lsoh laxBuksa ds ek/;e ls tulkekU; ds chp tyok;q ladV dh cglksa dks ys tkus dh dksbZ izfØ;k “kq: ugha dh gSA dksisugsxu dk urhtk rks lkQ gh gSA bl okrkZ Ja`[kyk ds ckn Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lekt dks yksdra= dh dlkSfV;ksa vkSj ifjHkk’kkvksa dh dM+h tkap djuh gksxhA mEehn g]S bl foe”kZ ls ekStwnk yksdra= esa cgqjk’Vªh; fuxeksa ds eqrkfcd lekt vkSj jkt dks <kyus dh izfØ;k ij dqN fojke yxsxk vkSj ns”k rFkk nqfu;k Lojkt dh ixMaMh ij vkxs c<+sxhA 30

6,d lektoknh dh thou ;k=k ckr 1968 dh gSA fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds i=kpkj ikB~;Øe ds izHkko'kkyh O;fDrRo ds ,d izk/;kid dk tks'khyk Hkk"k.k dqN ;qoktu iwjh rYyhurk ls lqu jgs FksA r:.k oDrk ØkfUrdkjh ;qokvksa ls lektoknh jktuhfr esa dwn iM+us dk vkg~oku dj jgs FksA mudk uke Fkk &fouksn izlkn flagA muds Hkk"k.k dh eq[; ckr eq>s vc Hkh ;kn gS% Þvxj vki lekt ds fy, dqN Hkh vPNk dke djuk pkgrs gSa] rks jktuhfr esa dwnuk gh iM+sxk]ß blh rdZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, mUgksaus dgk] Þlektoknh jktuhfr gh ,dek= fodYi gSAß rc eSa nloha esa i<+rk Fkk] [kwc fnypLih ls v[kckj i<+rk Fkk vkSj [kqn dks csgn laosnu'khy vkSj ns'kHkDr le>rk FkkA tTck Fkk fd lekt dh HkykbZ ds fy, dqN d:a ysfdu ekr`Hkwfe dh lsok dSls d:a] bldh dksbZ le> ugha FkhA eSa vDlj vius ,d lgikBh&vueksy jru ls feyrk jgrk FkkA mlds firk Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds iw.kZdkfyd dk;ZdrkZ ¼dkMZ gksYMj½ FksA gkykafd eSa ØkfUr dh /kkj.kk vkSj xjhcksa ds fgrksa ds izfr mudh izfrc)rk ls dkQh izHkkfor gqvk ysfdu jk"Vªokn] vfgalk vkSj yksdra= dks ^Nn~e psruk^ ekuus ds muds fopkj esjs xys ds uhps ugha mrjrs FksA Ldwy ds fnuksa ls gh] esjs ekrk&firk] [kkl rkSj ij esjh ek¡ us esjs eu esa xk¡/kh th ds izfr J)k dwV&dwV dj Hkj nh FkhA esjs firk jsyos esa xqM~l DydZ FksA LVs'ku ij cqd fd, tkus okys lkeku dh <qykbZ dh fj'or esa mudk iDdk fgLlk curk Fkk tks dqN ^r;'kqnk fu;e&dk;nksa^ ds rgr lHkh deZpkfj;ksa esa c¡Vrk FkkA firkth viuk ^fgLlk^ ugha ysrs FksA gekjs ikfjokfjd xq: csnh ifjokj ds Fks xq: ukudnso th ds o'ka ijaijk ds ekus tkrs gSaA ge vius vki dks lgt/kkjh fl[k ekurs Fks&;kfu fl[kksa tSlh ckg~; os'kHkw"kk ugha gksrs gq, Hkh fl[k iaFk ds fl)kUrksa & f'k{kkvksa dks ekurs FksA gekjs

ifjokj&tu fu"Bkoku vk;Zlekth Hkh Fks] tks ns'k&foHkktu ds naxksa esa vius vusd utnhdh fj'rsnkjksa dks [kks nsus ds ckotwn] /kkfeZd lfg".kqrk ds iDds leFkZd FksA tc eSa ikapoh esa i<+rk Fkk rks ,d ckj eSaus xksy ?ksjs esa cSBs dqN ;qok ns[ksA mu lHkh us [kkdh fuDdjsa igu j[kh Fkha vkSj os vius ,d ofj"B lkFkh dh ckrsa lqu jgs FksA eSa mRlqdrk ls mudh vksj ns[kus yxkA rHkh ml ofj"B O;fDr us eq>s Hkh ckrsa lquus dks cqyk fy;kA og crk jgk Fkk fd jk"Vªokn gh egkure vkn'kZ gS vkSj tokgjyky usg# iwjh rjg jk"Vªoknh ugha FksA viuh ckr dh iqf"V esa mlus phu ds dCts esa Hkkjr dh tehu gksus ds eqÌs ij laln esa usg# vkSj egkohj R;kxh ds chp gqbZ cgl dk gokyk fn;kA bl izlax ds rF;ksa dh iqf"V dh ckr rc esjs fnekx esa ugha vkbZA jk"Vªokn ds izlkj dk fopkj rks eq>s fnypLi yxk] ysfdu ftl likV rjhds ls mlus usg# dh ns'kHkfDr ij loky [kM+k dj fn;k] og eq>s tek ughaA tc firkth dks bl ckr dk irk pyk rks mUgksaus eq>s ,slh txg nqckjk tkus ls euk fd;kA bl rjg esjs ifjokj & tuksa us eq>s ns'kHkfDr ds laLdkj rks fn, ysfdu mUgksaus eq>s fgUnqRo ds ladqfpr lkaiznkf;d nk;js esa Qalus ls Hkh cpk;kA vkt tc ihNs eqM+dj ns[krk gwa rks yxrk gS fd esjs ekrk&firk us eq>s tks thou&ewY; vkSj fopkj fn,] muds pyrs esjs fy, yksdrkaf=d vkSj lektoknh vkanksyu dh jkg ds flok; T;knkrj jktuhfrd fodYIk can gks x,A lkE;oknh ØkfUr dk fopkj Hkh eq>s jkl ugha vk;kA vius futh thou esa lPps vkSj bZekunkj dE;qfuLV Hkh ;gh ekurs jgs fd ^lk/; gh lk/kuksa dk vkSfpR; fl) djrk gSA^ nwljh vksj] eSaus rks ;gh lh[kk Fkk fd vkn'kZ dks gh O;ogkj esa Hkh viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A eSaus ;s thou&ewY; vius u;s lektoknh] xq#vksa ls lh[ksA buesa lcls izeq[k Fks& cuokjh vkSj fouksn izlkn flagA ik¡poha d{kk ls gh] eSa jkst fgUnh ds v[kckj i<+rk FkkA jktuhfr esa esjh fnypLih [kwc c<+ xbZ Fkh vkSj eSa izHkko'kkyh oDrk Hkh FkkA ysfdu rc rd esjs dksbZ jktuSfrd lEidZ ugha FksA eSa Ldwy ds fnuksa ds vius ?kfu"B fe= jek'kadj dk d`rK gwa ftUgksaus eq>s esjs lektoknh f'k{kdksa ls ifjfpr djk;kA jek'kaadj ckn esa e/; izns'k ds ,d izeq[k usrk cusA ckn esa esjk ifjp; fouksn izlkn flag vkSj cuokjh ls gqvkA fouksn 32

izlkn flag lektoknh ;qotu lHkk dh ^lektokn dh QSdYVh ds foftfVax izksQslj^ Fks vkSj cuokjh esjs fy, lektokn ds ^jslhMsaV V~;wVj^ FksA eq>s nksuksa gh lPps vkSj viuh ckrsa le>k ikus esa fuiq.k yxsA vkt Hkh mudh ogh lPpkbZ cjdjkj gSA fouksn izlkn flag vkt Hkh mu lHkh ckrksa ij ;dhu djrs gSa tks og ml tekus esa jsyos ds ,d prqFkZ Js.kh deZpkjh ls fy, x, fdjk, ds dejs ds fiNokM+s esa dgk djrs FksA cuokjh us mUgsa ;g dejk fnyk;k FkkA ;g dejk ;qok lektokfn;ksa dk vukSipkfjd HkrhZ vkSj izf'k{k.k dsUnz FkkA cuokjh rc jsyos esa cqfdax DydZ Fks vkSj n'kZu'kkL= dh i<+kbZ Hkh dj jgs FksA og eq>s vkSj vU; ;qokvksa dks lektoknh jktuhfr esa 'kkfey gksus dh vko';drk] egRo vkSj izklafxdrk ds ckjs esa iwjk oDr ysdj le>krs Fks rkfd yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh dks cjdjkj j[krs gq, lerk ij vk/kkfjr lekt dk fuekZ.k gks ldsA mudh ckrsa eq>s csgn jksekafpr djrh FkhaA ckn esa] ^tulÙkk^ v[kckj 'kq: gksus ij cuokjh mldh laLFkkid laikndh; Vhe esa fy, x,A vkt ns'k esa yksdrkaf=d lektoknh vkUnksyu xaHkhj ladV ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA vkUnksyu dh yksfg;koknh /kkjk yxHkx lw[k pqdh gSA vkUnksyu ds iqjkus f'k[kj O;fDRo vc Fkddj iLr gks x, gSaA ysfdu fQj Hkh gtkjksa ,sls dk;ZdrkZ gSa & pkgs os 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu ds nkSj ds gksa] ;k fQj t;izdk'k ukjk;.k ds vkUnksyu vkSj bejtaslh ds nkSj esa nhf{kr gq, gksa & ftUgsa esjh rjg lektoknh dgs tkus ij xoZ gksrk gSA vxj vki yksfg;koknh&lektoknh vkUnksyu ds lkaxBfud Lo:i dks /;ku ls ij[ksa rks vkidks ,d ckr ,dne lkQ utj vk,xh& ;k rks blds izfr iwjh rjg lefiZr gSa] ugha rks ,dne ckgj gSaA gj yksfg;koknh ls vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og vius vki esa vius tekus dk iqjks/kk gks] usrk gksA lektoknh vkUnksyu esa nh{kk gh lÙkk dh cqjkbZ dk izfrjks/k dj tsy tkus ;kfu lR;kxzg ls 'kq: gksrh FkhA yksfg;k ds xSj&dkaxzslokn ds pje nkSj esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ gh gj cqjkbZ dh tM+ ekuh tkrh Fkh & pkgs lkEiznkf;drk gks] Hkz"Vkpkj gks] xjhch gks] ;k fQj yksxksa dh tM+rk vkSj mnklhurk gks( esjh rjg tks Hkh yksx de mez esa lektoknh vkUnksyu ls tqM+ x, Fks] muds fy, le>

dk ,dek= lzksr vkUnksyu ds ofj"B usrk gh gksrs Fks] fdlh Hkh vU; n`f"Vdks.k ls os oafpr jg tkrs FksA 1960 ds n'kd esa lektokfn;ksa dk dkaxzsl ds izfr utfj;k eq[;r% yksfg;k th ds jktuSfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor FkkA cl] vPNh ckr ;g Fkh fd lektokfn;ksa dh lR; ij pje vkLFkk Fkh vkSj lR; dks le> ikuk gh mudk vkn'kZ FkkA pwafd lR; rks cgq&vk;keh gksrk gS vr% lektokfn;ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd os ¼erksa&oknksa ls vizHkkfor½ fujis{k lR; ds fy, la?k"kZ djsa] u fd lektoknh /kkjk vFkok laxBu ds lR; ds fy, la?k"kZ djsaA ;gka rd fd vxj fujis{k vkSj pje lR; dh jkg esa laxBu ck/kk cus rks mls Hkh NksM+k tk ldrk FkkA yksfg;k dk ,d izfl) dFku gS & Þusrk ds ugha uhfr ds ihNs pyksAß yksfg;kbZ uhfr vR;ar O;kid vkSj cM+h l[r FkhA lHkh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy, ukfLrd gksuk vfuok;Z FkkA muds fy, tkfr rksM+us dk lfØ; vfHk;ku pykuk t:jh Fkk] fdlh Hkh tkfr&/keZ esa iSnk gksus ds ckotwn /keZfujis{k O;ogkj djuk Fkk] lkoZtfud O;ogkj esa vaxzsth dk iz;ksx R;kxuk t:jh Fkk vkSj vius cPpksa dks lkekU;@ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+kuk Fkk] lknh thou&'kSyh viukuh Fkh] L=h&iq#"k lekurk ds fy, dk;Z djuk Fkk vkSj Hkkjrh; ukjh dh lkfo=h okyh Nfo dks /oLr djrs gq, nzkSinh tSlh ckSf)d] uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd xq.kksa okyh ukjh dh Nfo izfrf"Br djuh FkhA ,sls gh vusd vkn'kksZa ds fy, dk;Z djus ds lkFk&lkFk gj lektoknh ds fy, lR;kxzgh gksuk Hkh t:jh Fkk rkfd gekjh ekStwnxh lekt ds lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd lÙkk izfr"Bku dks cspSu vkSj vkrafdr dj nsA bu xq.kks&vkn'kksZa us yksfg;kbZ fopkj/kkjk ds lektokfn;ksa dh ,d vyx igpku cukbZA ;s dk;ZdrkZ fuMj Fks] ;FkkfLFkfroknh lÙkk ds ^tufojks/kh^ pfj= ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ ds fy, ges'kk rS;kj jgrs FksA ;g izfrjks/k dsoy jkT; lÙkk rd lhfer ugha gksrk FkkA pkgs mnklhu turk gks vFkok vuSfrd lÙkk/kkjh] mUgsa laiw.kZ ØkfUr dh yksfg;k dh vo/kkj.k dh ;kn fnyk, j[kus ds fy, thou ds gj {ks= vkSj gj laLFkk esa lR;kxzg t:jh FkkA

bu fo'ks"krkvksa us lektokfn;ksa dks vU; jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa dh rqyuk esa ,dne vyx rjhds dk vkSj fof'k"V cuk fn;kA foMacuk ;g gqbZ fd lektokfn;ksa dh ;g fof'k"Vrk vkSj ^'kfDr^ gh lektoknh laxBu ds iru ds lcls izeq[k dkj.k cusA lektoknh iqjks/kkvksa ds laidZ esa vkus okyksa dks dqN ,slh nh{kk nh tkrh Fkh fd os vius vkl&ikl ds lkekU;] detksj bPNk&'kfDr okys yksxksa ls] vius ifjokjksa ls vFkok c`grj lekt ls vyx&Fkyx gks tkrs Fks] muls rknkRE; ugha cuk ikrs FksA eSa rks ;gka rd dguk pkgrk gwa fd geesa ls T;knkrj dk O;fDrRo dqN bl rjg <y tkrk Fkk fd ge Mj] dke&okluk ;k dk;jrk ds o'khHkwr gks tkus okys vius lkekU; lg;ksfx;ksa ls Hkh ugha tqM+ ikrs FksA eSa ;g ugha ekurk fd lHkh lektoknh ^lqijeSu^ ;k ^lqijoqesu^ ¼vfrekuo½ Fks] ysfdu mudk O;ogkj dqN ,slk gh gksrk FkkA vius usrkvksa dh utj easa tks yksfg;kbZ uhfr&O;ogkj dk ftruk cM+k vuq;k;h Fkk@Fkh] og mruk gh cM+k ^lqijeSu@oqesu^ ekuk tkrk Fkk@FkhA vius dks fof'k"V ekuus dh bl Hkkouk ds pyrs le>kSrs dj ysus okys vke yksxksa dks ?kfV;k le>us dh izo`fÙk tqM+ tkrh Fkh vkSj blds lkFk gh] ,sls vke yksxksa dh fLFkfr;ksa] etcwfj;ksa vkSj detksfj;ksa dks mnkjrk ds lkFk le> ikus vkSj mudk vkdyu dj ikus dh {kerk Hkh de gks tkrh FkhA ge lektoknh HkDr&x.k yksfg;kbZ uhfr&O;ogkjksa eas fufgr dV~Vj HkkSfrd&jktuSfrd vkpkj&lafgrkvksa dks ,dne pje rjhds ls viukus yxrs Fks vkSj blh otg ls ge nwljk dksbZ n`f"Vdks.k ns[k ugha ikrs FksA yksfg;kbZ ekufldrk ds vuqlkj geeas ls gj lektoknh lksprk Fkk fd mls thou esa fof'k"V ^,sfrgkfld^ Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gSA fof'k"Vrk dk ;g ,glkl lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk Hkh cjkcjh dk Hkko j[kus esa vkM+s vkrk FkkA ?kfu"B fe=ksa ds chp Hkh vDlj ,d&nwljs dks derj le>us vkSj vkilh vfo'okl dk Hkko fNik gksrk FkkA bl rjg lektoknh igys rks lekt ls dV tkrs Fks] vkSj mlds ckn] os vkUnksyu ds lkfFk;ksa ls gh dVus yxrs FksA

eSa ,sls vusd csgn xeZtks'kh okys vkSj ?kfu"B fe=ksa dks tkurk gwa tks egRoiw.kZ eqÌksa ij ,d&nwljs ls lykg&e'kfojk djuk t:jh ugha le>rs FksA ge yksxksa us ,d&nwljs ds dkeksa dh ftEesnkjh ysuk vkSj fey&tqy dj dke 'kq: djuk lh[kk gh ugha FkkA ge fdlh dfj'kekbZ usrk ds vPNs vuq;klh gks ldrs Fks vkSj vxj gekjh viuh gh jk; esa fdlh futh igy ls vkUnksyu dks dksbZ cM+k jktuhfrd ykHk gksus dh laHkkouk gks rks ge ,slh igy dj ;qokvksa ds ,d NksVs Lkewg dks tqVk Hkh ldrs FksA ysfdu lekt dh HkykbZ dh dkSu lh igy dh tk, vFkok D;k j.kuhfr viukbZ tk,] ,slk fdlh lkewfgd laxBukRed izfØ;k ds tfj, r; ugha fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g tkuuk fnypLih gksxk fd lektoknh usrkvksa ds chp fdruk vkilh lkeatL; FkkA 1977 esa turk ikVhZ ds lÙkk esa vkus ds nkSjku eSa ;qok turk dh fnYyh 'kk[kk dk v/;{k FkkA turk ikVhZ ds laxBu dh dksbZ vuq'kklfud Hkwfedk ugha Fkh vkSj ge lc viuh ethZ ds ekfyd FksA tSlk igys Hkh ftØ fd;k tk pqdk gS] lektoknh vkUnksyu esa ge ^fl)karksa vkSj uhfr;ksa^ ds izfr tokcnsg Fks] usrkvksa ds izfr ughaA lektokfn;ksa dh ;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd ;qoktu vkSj ;qok laxBu vius usrkvksa ij utj j[ksa fd dgha os dksbZ le>kSrk rks ugha dj jgs gSaA eq> yxk fd vkn'kZ&ewyd vkpkj&lafgrk ds rgr vkRe&vuq'kklu dh ;g /kkj.kk fod`r gksdj ,slk :i ys pqdh Fkh tgka ;qok turk dk gj inkf/kdkjh turk ikVhZ ds fdlh u fdlh usrk ls tqM+k ekuk tkrk FkkA gkykafd ;qok turk ls viuh ikVhZ dh iqjkuh ih<+h ij uSfrd fu;U=.k j[kus dh vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh] ysfdu bl fl)kUr dh vkM+ ysdj ijLij fojks/kh /kM+ksa ds usrkvksa dh vkykspuk djrs gq, [kqysvke lkoZtfud c;kuckth dh tk jgh FkhA uSfrd fu;a=.k ds fl)kUr dk nq#i;ksx ikVhZ ds fofHkUu /kM+ksa ds {kqnz la?k"kksZa ds fy, fd, tkus dh ;g fLFkfr eq>s vPNh ugha yxhA bls jksdus dk ,d rjhdk eq>s ;g yxk fd turk ikVhZ esa lektoknh usrkvksa dk ,d vukSipkfjd gkbZ dekaM cuk;k tk, tks lektoknh fl)kUrksa ds izfr gekjh fu"Bk vkSj O;ogkj ij utj j[ks vkSj lektoknh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds dk;Z vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka fu/kkZfjr djsA eSa bu izeq[k usrkvksa ls feyk % fd'ku iVuk;d ¼yksfg;k th ds ?kfu"B lg;ksxh vkSj 1962 ls 1967 ds nkSjku iz[kj lkaln½( jktukjk;.k ¼12 twu 1975 dks bUgha dh bykgckn mPp U;k;ky; esa nk;j 36

pquko ;kfpdk esa bafnjk xk¡/kh dk yksdlHkk pquko jÌ dj fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj rRdkyhu ljdkj ds lkeus jktuSfrd ladV [kM+k gks x;k Fkk½( e/kq fye;s ¼LorU=rk lsukuh½ vkSj xksvk eqfDr&la?k"kZ ds izeq[k uk;d ( 1976 esa vkikr~dky ds nkSjku bafnjk xk¡/kh dh ljdkj }kjk vius ykHk ds fy, yksdlHkk dk dk;Zdky ,d lky c<+k, tkus ij rRdkyhu yksdlHkk dh lnL;rk ls bLrhQk nsus okys ek= nks lkalnksa esa ,d e/kq fye;s Fks½ ( tktZ QukZaMhl ¼vkikrdky ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ djus okys rst&rjkZj usrk ftuls bafnjk xk¡/kh [kkSQ [kkrh Fkh½ ( diwZjh Bkdqj ¼fcgkj ds ,d lEekfur rFkk yksdfiz; usrk½ vkSj lqjsUnz eksgu ¼lektoknh fopkjd ftUgksaus 1977 ds yksdlHkk pquko esa turk ikVhZ dk ehfM;k vfHk;ku pyk;k& Hkkjr esa ;gh ,dek= pquko Fkk tks vkikrdky ds nkSjku gqvk Fkk vkSj LorU=rk ds ckn igyh ckj dsUnz esa dkaxzsl dh ijkt; ds ckn xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkj cuh FkhA½ ,d dk;ZdrkZ dh gSfl;r ls] eSa vius usrkvksa ij rc Hkh xoZ djrk Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh eq>s yxrk gs fd esjk mu ij xoZ djuk okftc FkkA otg ;g Fkh fd ns'k dh vktknh ls vc rd ,d Hkh ,slk ekSdk ugha vk;k fd gekjs usrkvksa dks jk"VªfuekZ.k ls tqM+s fdlh Hkh eqÌs ij viuh dksbZ Hkh ckr iyVuh iM+h gks vFkok vius #[k vFkok O;ogkj ij 'kfeZank gksuk iM+k gksA os okeiafFk;ksa ds ml igys lewg esa ls Fks ftUgksaus le>k fd ekDlZokn dh LVkfyuoknh&ysfuuoknh /kkjk Økafr dh izfØ;k dh xyr le> dk ifj.kke gSA lk/kuksa vkSj lk/; dh vfoHkkT;rk] yksdra= eas lR;kxzg dh Hkwfedk] jkT;&lÙkk dk fodsUnzhdj.k] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk tkfr&izFkk dh lekfIr dk y{;] L=h&iq#"k lekurk] vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks Hkkjr ds vke yksxksa ds 'kks"k.k dk ,d lk/ku ekuuk] ernku dh mez ?kVkdj 18 lky djuk] vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij 'khr ;q) dks rS;kj ns'kksa dh xqVckth dks vizlkafxd ekuuk] rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds chp ,dtqVrk c<+kuk rFkk iwathoknh&lkezkT;oknh VSDuksykth dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, oSdfYid nslh VSDuksykth dk fodkl &;s ,sls dqN eqÌs Fks tks lektoknh vkUnksyu iwjs tks'k ls mBkrk jgkA 'kq: esa Hkkjr ds okeiaFkh] nf{k.kiaFkh vkSj e/;ekxhZ jktuhfrK vkSj ikfVZ;ka bu fopkjksa dk etkd cukrh jgha ysfdu vkt Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa lHkh ny vkSj usrk bu lHkh eqÌksa ds egRo dks igpkurs gq, mlh rjg izeq[krk ns jgs 37

gSa] ftl rjg 1960 ds n'kd esa lektokfn;ksa us bUgsa igpkuk Fkk vkSj tksj&'kksj ls mBk;k FkkA

ysfdu tSls gh yksfg;k th ds usr`Ro esa fofHkUu eqÌksa ij ,d O;kid n`f"Vdks.k cu ik;k] ml le> dks rqjUr ykxw djus ds fy, lÙkk gkfly djus dh v/khjrk Hkh c<+us yxhA ØkfUr&izfØ;k dh lektoknh /kkj.kk esa jkT;&lÙkk gkfly djus dh v/khjrk Hkh c<+us yxhA ØkfUr&izfØ;k dh lektoknh /kkj.kk esa jkT;&lÙkk gkfly djus dh dksbZ ckr ugha Fkh ysfdu yksfg;k th ds vuq;k;h Hkkjr dh jkT;&lÙkk gkfgly djus ls tqM+s eqÌksa ij gh my> dj jg x,A tu&lÙkk dh laLFkk,a fodflr ugha gks ikbZaA ;gka rd fd jktuSfrd ikVhZ dk Hkh iq[rk rjhds ls fuekZ.k ugha gqvkA ikVhZ rks ek= fojks/k dh LFkk;h eqnzk esa [kM+h laLFkk cu dj jg xbZA 1950 rd lektoknh vkUnksyu ,d dkMj&vk/kkfjr ¼lefiZr dk;ZdrkZvksa dh fu"Bk ls tqM+h½ ikVhZ Fkh] O;kid ppkZ vkSj rh[kh cgl ds ckn ;g vketu dh ikVhZ cuhA vke pqukoksa esa ek= nl izfr'kr oksV ikuk lektoknh usrkvksa dh vis{kkvksa ls cgqr de FkkA bl nkSj esa] yksfg;k th us ØkfUr ds fy, laxBu ¼vkWxZukbftax n fjoksY;w'ku½ tSls vusd egRoiw.kZ ys[k fy[ks vkSj Hkk"k.k fn,A ysfdu vketu dh xjhch] 'kks"k.k vkSj cngkyh dks ysdj mudh vk/khjrk bruh vf/kd Fkh fd og ,d iq[rk laxBu [kM+k djus ds Bksl ysfdu fcuk rM+d&HkM+d okys esgur ds dke ds fy, dk;ZdrkZvksa dks izsfjr ugha dj ik,A vfojke vkUnksyu muds fy, cM+k jksekapd fopkj Fkk vkSj 'kks"k.k dks ysdj viuh v/khjrk] tq>k:iu vkSj ifjorZu&dkeuk ls mUgksaus dk;ZdrkZvksa dks m}sfyr vkSj vkanksfyr dj fn;kA ØkfUr dh /kheh vkSj dfBu izfØ;k ds izfr yksfg;k th dh v/khjrk dh otg ls muds vusd lkFkh muls vyx gks x,A v'kksd esgrk] vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso] ,u-th- xksjs] isze Hklhu vkSj ,l-,e- tks'kh tSls lektoknh vkUnksyu ds vxzx.; usrk vkSj e/kq naMors] pUnz'ks[kj vkSj lqjsUnz eksgu tSls izeq[k rRdkyhu usrk buesa 'kkfey FksA

1955 rd yksfg;k th ds lkFk cgqr FkksM+s ls ysfdu iw.kZr% lefiZr vkSj vis{kkd`r ;qok dk;ZdrkZ gh jg x, FksA vis{kkd`r de ofj"B vkSj de la[;k esa dk;ZdrkZ gksus dh fLFkfr vkSj lektoknh vkUnksyu ds nwljs /kM+ksa ls eqdkcys dh t:jr dks ns[krs gq, yksfg;k us lerkewyd lekt dh LFkkiuk ds izfr vius v/kS;Z dks vkewy ifjorZZu dh ,d fof'k"V jktuhfr esa rCnhy dj fn;kA yksdrkaf=d lk/kuksa ds tfj, lexz ØkfUr ykus dh tfVy izfØ;k dks ubZ n`f"V vkSj ubZ rktxh nsus ds utfj, ls 1955 ls 1967 dk dky yksfg;k ds thou dk lcls T;knk jpukRed dky Fkk ftldh ifj.kfr 1967 esa ukS jkT;ksa esa xSj&dkaxszlh ljdkjsa cuus esa gqvkA ysfdu ;g Hkh ,d foMacuk gh gS fd blh 1955 ls 1967 ds nkSj esa xgjh vjktd ekufldrk dh Hkh 'kq:vkr gqbZA blh lanHkZ vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] 1977 esa eSaus 'kh"kZ lektoknh usrkvksa dk vukSipkfjd gkbZ dekaM cukus ds iz;kl 'kq: fd,A lHkh 'kh"kZ usrkvksa us bl fopkj dks vLohdkj dj fn;k vkSj dqN us rks ukd&HkkSa Hkh fldksM+hA ysfdu bUdkj djus ds ckotwn] rhu usrkvksa ds fopkj cM+s bZekunkj vkSj [kjs Fks vkSj budk fo'ys"k.k mi;ksxh gksxkA fd'ku iVuk;kd dks vU; jk"Vªh; usrkvksa dh lektokn ds fy, izfrc)rk ij Hkjkslk ugha FkkA njvly mUgksaus 1971 esa gh ;g n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gq, ,d vyx oSpkfjd laxBu&yksfg;k fopkj&eap cuk fy;k FkkA e/kq fye;s dk ekuuk Fkk fd tc lektoknh vkUnksyu us O;ogkfjd uhfr ds rkSj ij xSj&dkaxszlokn dks viuk fy;k rks blds lkFk gh vkUnksyu us vius vkn'kZokn dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj lkekftd vkn'kZokn ds fcuk lektoknh gkbZ dekaM ugha cu ldrkA lektoknh vkUnksyu ds nks jk"Vªh; Lrj ij izfrf"Br vkn'kZokfn;ksa dh izfrfØ;k esa fdruh mYys[kuh; lekurk Fkh! tkWtZ QukZaMhl us Hkh cM+k gh fparu'khy ysfdu dM+ok vkSj bZekunkj mÙkj fn;kA mUgksaus dgk fd eSaus ftu ukeksa dk ftØ fd;k gS os] ,d lewg ds :i esa fey dj dke gh ugha dj ldrsA lektoknh vkUnksyu dh lkewfgd igpku dks cpkus vkSj iquthZfor dj ikus dh n`f"V ls mudk mÙkj fpafrr dj nsus okyk FkkA mUgksaus dgk fd nks lektoknh usrk [kqyh vkilh ppkZ rks dj ldrs gSa ysfdu dHkh Hkh ;g fuf'pr :i ls ugha dgk tk 39

ldrk fd ,d lewg esa muesa ls gj usrk D;k #[k viuk,xkA bl ckjs esa] igyh ckj ppkZ vxLr 1977 ds vkf[kjh lIrkg esa gqbZA flrEcj 1977 esa eSaus lektoknh usrkvksa dks T;knk djhc ykus dh igy dks vkxs c<+krs gq, lq>ko fn, fd lHkh lektokfn;ksa dks [kqyk i= fy[kdj jkT; lÙkk dk bLrseky lkekftd ifjorZu ds fy, djus dh pqukSrh rFkk vuqHko ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tk, vFkok lektoknh dk;ZdrkZvksa dk lEesyu djk;k tk,] ;k fQj de ls de jke euksgj yksfg;k dh iq.; frfFk ij ofj"B usrkvksa dk ,d NksVs lewg }kjk jkf=&Hkkstu ds nkSjku uhfrxr ppkZ dk vk;kstu fd;k tk,A ysfdu tkWtZ QukZaMhl us bu lq>koksa dks ;g dgdj udkj fn;k fd ,sls vk;kstuksa ls xyrQgeh iSnk gksxh vkSj gesa turk ikVhZ ds vanj ,d xqV dh rjg dke ugha djuk pkfg,A vkikr~dky ykxw fd, tkus ds ckn lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa dks <kapk yxHkx /oLr gks x;k FkkA fnYyh dh frgkM+ tsy esa utjcanh ds nkSjku ogka ds vLirky esa ,d eqykdkr esa iqjkuh dkaxzsl dh fnYyh bdkbZ ds usrk vkSj cqtqxZ LorU=rk lsukuh ns'kjkt pkS/kjh us eq>s crk;k fd mudh ikVhZ ds fy, vkikr~dky ds rqjUr igys ds vkUnksyu ds nkSj esa LosPNk ls fxj¶rkjh nsus ds fy, vius dksVs ds dk;ZdrkZ tqVkuk efq'dy gks x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; tula?k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks]a fiNM+h tkfr;ksa vkSj xzkeh.k bykdksa esa iSB cukus esa foQy jgk FkkA dE;qfuLV Hkh dqN ,slh gh iLr gkyr esa FksA tc bu ikfVZ;ksa ds dk;ZdrkZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk ,dtqV gksdj t;izdk'k ukjk;.k ds vkUnksyu esa fey dj dke djus yxs rks bUgksaus lÙkk gkfly djus ds Hkh iz;kl dj fn,A ts-ih- vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey lHkh laxBu bl vkUnksyu dks 'kq: djus vkSj bls pykus esa viuh&viuh Hkwfedk dk c<+&p<+ dj Js; ysus esa tqV x,A vDlj ,slk yxrk Fkk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj turk dh la;qDr la?k"kZ lfefr;ksa dk ,tsaMk ns'k dh iLrgky jktuSfrd iz.kkyh dks rkdr nsuk ugha Fkk cfYd vius&vius jktuSfrd xqVksa dks rkdr nsuk vkSj izfr}a}h xqVksa dks ts-ih- vkUnksyu dk Js; cVksjus ls jksduk FkkA Hkkjr ds lHkh jktuSfrd ny vkikrdky ds nkSjku ftl iLrgkyh esa igqap x, Fks] mlls lcd

ysdj bu nyksa us bZekunkjh ls viuh oSpkfjd leL;kvksa] 40

laxBukRed lhekvksa vkSj jktuSfrd uSfrdrk ds iru ij u;s fljs ls fopkj ugha fd;kA dqy feykdj buesa ls vusd nyksa us vius&vius ladVksa ls fuiVus ds fy, gh ts-ih- vkUnksyu esa fgLlsnkjh dhA ;s ny lkekftd iqufuZekZ.k ds O;kid jktuSfrd&uSfrd fl)kUrksa dh ryk'k ds fy, ts-ih- vkUnksyu ls ugha tqM+s FksA lHkh tu vkUnksyuksa ds nks varfuZfgr mÌs'; gksrs gSaA igyk] os iqjkus] Fkds usr`Ro ds LFkku ij ;qok] ÅtkZoku usr`Ro dks vkxs ykrs gSaA nwljk] os u;s fopkjksa dks izfrf"Br djrs gSaA ts-ih- vkUnksyu ds nkSjku] u;s usr`Ro vkSj u;s fopkj ysus dh izfØ;kvksa dks] vkikrdky yxk, tkus dh otg ls] ubZ rkdr feyhA vkikrdky ds nkSjku utjcanh ds nkSj us geesa ls vusd dks viuh jktuSfrd ijaijk ds ckjs esa fQj ls lkspus vkSj vU; fopkjdksa okys yksxksa ls ppkZ djus dk ekSdk fn;kA bu fopkj/kkjkvksa dk nk;jk ekDlZOkkn&ysfuuokn ls ysdj jk"Vªh; Loa;lsod la?k vkSj loksZn; rd dkQh foLr`r FkkA eq>s rc rd iDdk fo'okl Fkk fd lektoknh cM+s [kqys fnekx okys gksrs gSaA ;g feFkd VwVk vkSj eq>s cM+h 'kfeZanxh gqbZA eq>s irk pyk fd gekjs fnekx dqN gn rd vkLFkk ls izsfjr Fks] ;gka rd fd ;g izo`fÙk HkfDrokn tSlh Hkh FkhA gekjh ckSf)d lekykspukRed {kerk gekjs bu dV~Vj fo'oklksa ds ikl rd ugha QVd ikrh FkhA bu fo'oklksa dh le> rdZ ls ugha] cfYd ekuoh; ca/kuksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ls tqM+h FkhA gekjs vUnj tks HkDr Fkk] ml rd igqap rHkh laHko Fkh tc gekjh HkfDr ij loky mBkus okys O;fDr ij gesa xgjk fo'okl gks vFkok ?kfu"B vkReh;rk gksA ysfdu ,d rkfdZd dV~Vjrk dks iwjh ltxrk ls viukus okys gekjs tSls lewg esa ekuoh; vk;ke okyh ,slh jktuSfrd dk;Z&'kSyh dh mis{kk gh dh tkrh FkhA ;s eqÌs yksfg;k th us lkoZtfud :i ls mBkus ds iz;kl fd, FksA blds ckotwn eq>s yksfg;kiaFkh lektokfn;ksa esa viuh futh vFkok lkoZtfud thou ds ekuoh; i{k dh ppkZ djus easa ges'kk ,d f>>d utj vkbZA ,slk djuk viuh detksfj;ksa dks mtkxj djuk ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj bls fdlh ØkfUrdkjh laxBu ds fy, ?kkrd le>k tkrk FkkA eSasus blh ys[k esa igys Hkh ftØ fd;k gS fd yksfg;kiaFkh lektokfn;ksa ds fy, lkekU; tu ds thou ls [kqn dks tksM+ ikuk fdruk eqf'dy gksrk FkkA vius 41

lkgl] ohjrk vkSj vius fy, fu/kkZfjr ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk ds vglkl ds pyrs lektoknh viuh ,d fof'k"V vkRe&Nfo cuk ysrs FksA eq>s ,slk ,d Hkh lektoknh ugha feyk ftlus vius tsy ds fnuksa dks iwjh csfQØh ls ugha xqtkjk gks vFkok tks fxj¶rkjh dh otg ls iLr utj vk;k gksA nwljh vksj jk"Vªh; Loa;lsod la?k ds vusd dk;ZdrkZ tsy esa dkQh grk'k Fks vkSj vusd dk;ZdrkZvksa us bafnjk xk/kh] lat; xka/kh vkSj muds dk;ZØeksa dh iz'kalk esa lkoZtfud c;ku nsdj fxj¶rkjh ls cpus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ysfdu rc tks jk"Vªh; Loa;lsod la?k dh detksjh Fkh] ogha mldh 'kfDr Hkh FkhA ge lektoknh ;g ckr ugha le> ik, fd ts-ih- vkUnksyu ds izfr <qyeqy fu"Bk ds ckotwn] jk"Vªh; Loa;lsod la?k ds vusd dk;ZdrkZvksa us iwjh xfjek ds lkFk fxj¶rkjh nh vkSj tsy dh vof/k fcrkbZA tsy esa can muds vusd dk;ZdrkZ grk'k vkSj vkrafdr Fks] ;g rF; mudh detksjh ek= gh ugha Fkk cfYd bl ckr dk Hkh lcwr Fkk fd muds ikl ,slh lkaxBfud O;oLFkk Fkh tks cM+h la[;k esa lk/kkj.k e/;oxhZ; yksxksa dks tksM+ ikbZ FkhA nwljh vksj] gekjs dfj'ekbZ usrk] vke yksxksa esa viuh Nfo vkSj vius izfr ln~Hkkouk ds ckotwn] mUgsa vius lkFk tksM+ ugha ldsA fQj Hkh mUgksaus viuh laxBukRed 'kSyh ij iufoZpkj djuk t:jh ugha le>kA tkWtZ QukZaMhl us VªsM ;wfu;uksa ds ,d O;kid usVodZ dk usr`Ro fd;k vkSj vkikr~dky ds mxz izfrjks/k ds fy, bl usVodZ dk lQy mi;ksx fd;kA ysfdu lR;kxzg ds fy, rRij vke yksxksa dk O;kid usVodZ rS;kj djus esa blls dksbZ enn ugha feyh] blls rks vkikrdky ds ckn 1977 esa pan egkuk;d gh mHkj ldsA dqN lektokfn;ksa us lektoknh dk;Z'kSyh dh bl mxz laHkzkarrk vkSj blls mith vjktdrk ds f[kykQ vkokt Hkh mBkbZA vkikr~dky ds ckn lektoknh usrk vyx&vyx oSpkfjd /kM+ksa esa caV x,A dqN lektoknh usrk ;g lksprs Fks fd vkewy ifjorZu ds i{k/kj lektokfn;ksa dks jkT;&lÙkk esa T;knk fgLlsnkjh feyus ls ØkfUrdkjh vis{kkvksa ds vuqdwy ifj.kke feysaxsA mUgksaus] lÙkk esa fgLlk caVkus ds fy, turk ikVhZ ds ?kVdksa esa tks la?k"kZ py jgk Fkk] ml la?k"kZ esa vius ¼lektoknh½ /kM+s ds usrkvksa ds izfr fcuk 'krZ leFkZu tqVkus dh lHkh lektokfn;ksa ls ekax vkSj vis{kk dhA 42

bu vxz.kh usrkvksa dh dk;Z'kSyh dh vU; lektokfn;ksa }kjk fdlh Hkh rjg dh vkykspuk dks ikVhZ ds van:uh lÙkk&la?k"kZ dh xqVckth djkj fn;k x;kA nwljh vksj ] lektokfn;ksa ds nwljs xqV dh ,dtqVrk dh vis{kk,a pje&fcanq dks Nw ysrh FkhaA mUgksaus jkT;&lÙkk ls tqM+s lektoknh usrkvksa dh uSfrdrk ds pje 'kq)rkoknh ekunaMksa ds vk/kkj ij vkykspuk 'kq: dj nhA lekykspuk ds bl rjhds esa gj ckr dks jkT;&lÙkk ls tqM+s lektokfn;ksa dh futh detksfj;ksa vkSj foQyrkvksa ls tksM+dj fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkus yxkA laxBu ds Lo:i rFkk varfufgZr lÙkk lqfuf'pr djus vkSj jkT;&lÙkk ds ¼vkaf'kd :i ls lgh½ dkjxj rjhds ls bLrseky djus ds fy, dksbZ O;kid lektoknh n`f"Vdks.k dHkh fodflr ugha fd;k x;kA lp rks ;g gS fd uSfrdrkoknh leh{kk ds iqjks/kk xSj&dkaxszlokn ds bl lkj&rRo dks ugha le> lds fd ;g nfyr &'kksf"kr cgqla[;d lekt dh mu lÙkk/kkjh oxksZa ds bjknksa dks ukdke djus dh j.kuhfr gS ftUgksaus ¼lÙkk/kkjh oxksZa½ dkaxzsl dks ;FkkfLFkfrokn dk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ,tsaV cuk fn;k gSA yksfg;kiafFk;ksa us yksfg;k ijaijk dks vkxs ys tkus ds ctk; ,d&nwljs dks gh uqdlku igqapkuk 'kq: dj fn;k D;ksafd gj yksfg;kiaFkh dh utj esa ckdh lHkh lektoknh brus 'kq) vkSj /kqys gq, ugha Fks ftruk mUgsa gksuk pkfg, FkkA la?k"kZ dks jktuSfrd le>nkjh ds lkFk vkxs ys tkus ds foosd dk vkHkko FkkA fd'ku iVuk;d] ds'ko v/kkok vkSj banqefr dsydj tSls vR;ar lEekfur 'kq)rkoknh usrk dQwZjh Bkdqj] tkWtZ QukZaMhl] e/kq fye;s vkSj jktukjk;.k tSls ofj"B lektokfn;ksa dh yksfg;k dh uhfr;ksa dks ugha viukus ds fy, c<+&p<+ dj vkykspuk djrs jgsA bl vkykspuk ls ;FkkfLFkfroknh vkSj lkaiznkf;d rkdrksa dks gh Qk;nk gqvkA lÙkk dh ykylk vkSj lÙkk ds vkrad ds vykok lektoknh vkUnksyu dh vU; dfe;ksa dks ysdj Hkh [kwc izfrfØ;k,a O;Dr dh xbZaA ysfdu ;g vkRe&eaFku vkSj ubZ fn'kk dh ryk'k lkewfgd :i ls laxBu ds eap ls ugha dh xbZA dqN lektokfn;ksa us lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd l'kDrhdj.k] tkfr rksM+us vkSj lektoknh vkUnksyu dh xfjek ds eqÌs mBk,A yksfg;k us lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd ØkfUr dh eqfge lkFk&lkFk 43

pykus dh ckr dgh FkhA ckn esa ujsUnz nkeksydj vkSj ckck v/kkok vkfn lektokfn;ksa us bls la'kksaf/kr djrs gq, lkekftd ØkfUr dks jktuSfrd ØkfUr ls T;knk vge crk;kA dqN vU; lektoknh vkacsMdj ds vuq;kf;;ksa ls tqM+ x,A dqN vU; lektoknh foKku] rduhdh vkSj fodkl ds eqÌs mBkrs gq, Hkkjrh; psruk ds ^fomiuso'khdj.k^ ds iz;klksa esa tqV x,A dqN vU; lektoknh loksZnf;;ksa ds lkFk gks fy, rks dqN v)Z&jktuSfrd vFkok jktuhfr&fojks/kh :>kuksa okys fdlh ,d gh eqÌs ls tqM+s Loa;lsoh laxBuksa vFkok vkanksyuksa ls tqM+ x,A ,sls lewgksa us 1985 esa ^laiw.kZ ØkfUr eap^ uke ls ,d ifjla?k cuk;kA ysfdu egt ikap lky rd gh ;g eap lfØ; jg ldkA vius&vius u;s oSpkfjd :>kuksa vkSj jktuSfrd le> vkSj lqfo/kk ds vuq#i bl eap ls tqM+s lektokfn;ksa us fofHkUu jktuSfrd nyksa dk nkeu Fkke fy;kA bu nyksa dk nk;jk Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ls ysdj ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh nyksa vkSj xqVksa rd QSyk gqvk FkkA r`.kewy Lrj rd yksdrkaf=d ÅtkZ dk tcjnLr foLQksV vkt ,d gdhdr cu x;k gSA eaMy vk;ksx dh flQkfj'kksa dk ekuk tkuk bl uotkxj.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd gSA nwljh vksj yksfg;kbZ lektoknh vkUnksyu dk iwjh rjg fc[kjko Hkh ,slh lPpkbZ gS ftls Lohdkj djuk gh iM+sxkA foMacuk rks ;g gS fd tgka ,d vksj] vkt dh jktuSfrd psruk dks Lo:i nsus esa lektoknh vkUnksyu dk uhfrxr ;ksxnku jgk] ogha nwljh vksj] ;g vkUnksyu vke tu dh ÅtkZ dks ,dtqV djus esa foQy jgkA orZeku lektoknh usr`Ro vkSj laxBu vkUnksyu esa ubZ tku Qawdus esa leFkZ ugha gSA vc rks jkLrk ;gh gS fd ge fouezrk ls ubZ jkg ryk'ksa vkSj yksdrkaf=d&lektoknh vkUnksyu dks fQj ls [kM+k dj ikus ds u;s rjhds viuk ldsaA lektoknh vkUnksyu dh lcls cM+h foQyrk bl nqfo/kk dks ugha lqy>k ikus dh Fkh fd jpukRed dk;Z vkSj vke yksxkas ls tqM+ ikus esa fdl ckr dk egRo T;knk gSA yksfg;k ukSflf[k, varjkZ"Vªh;rkoknh ugha FksA og bl ckr dks [kwc le>rs Fks fd dSls ;wjksih; dE;qfuLV vkSj lektoknh usrk dekxkjksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ,dtqVrk ds fopkj dk bLrseky ;wjksi ds lÙkk/kkjh oxksZa ds fgr lk/kus ds fy, djrs jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa 44

if'peh ns'kksa ds vuqnkuksa ls jpukRed dk;Z fd, tkus esa Hkh yksfg;k dh fnypLih ugha FkhA nwljh vksj] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k us ;wjksi ds vkewy ifjorZuokfn;kas ds lkFk loksZn; vkUnksyu dks tksM+us esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA oSpkfjd Lrj ij jpukRed dk;Z lektoknh jktuhfr dk vfHkUu vax gS&;g Li"V fl)kUr vulqy>h nqfo/kkvksa dh otg ls O;ogkj esa ugha viuk;k tk ldk vkSj jkT; lÙkk ds y{; dks ikus esa tqVs lektoknh usrk jpukRed dk;ZdrkZvksa ds tehuh vuqHkoksa ls ugha tqM+ ik,A 1980 ds n'kd ds izkjEHk rd lektoknh dk;Z'kSyh ds nks vk;keksa&'kkfUriw.kZ tq>k: la?k"kZ rFkk pqukoksa dh jktuhfr esa 'kkfey gksus&ds chp dqN gn rd rkyesy cuk jgkA vc rks pqukoksa dh jktuhfr us lHkh nyksa esa fopkj/kkjkvksa ls izfrc) jktuhfrKksa dks iwjh rjg gkf'k;s ij Mky fn;k gSA pquko vkSj fopkj/kkjkvksa ds chp vc dksbZ laca/k ugha jg x;k gSA vxj yksdrU= dks cpkuk gS rks nksuksa ds chp lkeatL; cuk, j[kuk gksxkA gekjs lekt ds gkf'k, ij clj dj jgs lewgksa & tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa&tutkfr;ksa] vU; fiNM+h tkfr;ksa] vYila[;dksa] efgykvksa rFkk eq[;/kkjk ls vyx&Fkyx igpku dk ladV >sy jgs d'ehj vkSj mÙkj&iwoZ Hkkjr ds yksxksa dks ,dtqV gksdj bl izxfr'khy xBca/ku ds izeq[k ?kVd cuuk pkfg,A esjh r#.kkbZ ds vusd elhgk ;k rks vc jgs ugha ;k HkVd x,A mnklh] dM+okgV] nq[k vkSj fny VwVuk Hkh ekuoh; fu;fr ds mrus gh vfuok;Z fgLls gSa] ftruk mYykl] [kq'kh] lkFkZdrk vkSj iw.kZrk dk ,glkl thou dh lexzrk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA fopkj/kkjk,a rFkk fo'okl] pkgs os /kkfeZd gksa] lkaLd`frd gksa] ;k jktuSfrd&vius vki dks lgh ifjizs{; esa ns[kus dk volj iznku djrs gSaA eSa lektoknh gwa D;ksafd ;g esjs fy, liuk Hkh gS&vkSj ;FkkFkZ HkhA

¼lsfeukj] vizSy 1996 esa iwoZ&izdkf'kr vaxzsth ys[k dk vuqokn½ 45

7lektoknh&lkE;oknh laokn % oSdfYid jktuhfr dh laHkkouk,a gky gh esa jkT; e'khujh ds laj{k.k esa fd;k x;k xqtjkr tulagkj gks ;k varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa ds funsZ'ku esa lkoZtfud {ks= ds miØeksa dks iwathifr;ksa ds gkFkksa csps tkus ds mnkgj.k gksa] ;g vkt dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh ,d Hk;kog rLohj is'k djrs gSaA ftl otg ls turk fnu&izfrfnu vius yksdrkaf=d vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr gksrh tk jgh gS rFkk ns'k esa Qklhoknh 'kklu dk [krjk Hkh izR;{k fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA ,sls le; esa lerk ij vk/kkfjr cgqyrkoknh lekt vkSj jk"Vªh; laizHkqrk dh odkyr djus okyh fofHkUu 'kfDr;ksa ds chp ijLij laokn vkSj ,dtqVrk gh bu vklu [krjksa dk eqdkcyk dj ldrh gSA pwafd ns'k esa viuh reke lhekvksa ds ckotwn lkE;oknh vkSj lektoknh vkanksyu dh ,d le`) ijEijk jgh gS rFkk nksuksa gh fopkj/kkjkvksa dk ?kksf"kr y{; lkearh vkSj iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa vkewy&pwy ifjorZu dj lektokn dh LFkkiuk djuk gS] blfy, bu nksuksa gh /kkjkvksa ds chp viuh oSpkfjd lhekvksa ds ckotwn lgefr ds dqN fcUnqvksa ij dh x;h dk;Zxr ,drk Hkfo"; esa vU; vkanksyu lewgksa ds fy, Hkh O;kid ,drk dk ,d cM+k eap miyC/k dj ldrh gSA ;g ckr lR; gS fd mís'; dh ,drk gksus ds ckotwn Hkh nksuksa gh /kkjkvksa ds chp dk;Z&i)fr vkSj jkLrs ds loky ij dqN ewyHkwr vlgefr;ka gSaA Hkkjrh; lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj iz;ksx djrs gq, nksuksa gh /kkjkvksa us vrhr esa dbZ xyfr;ka dh gSa vkSj muls cgqr dqN lh[kk Hkh gSA nksuksa ds gh Hkhrj dbZ ckj O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd iru Hkh ns[kus dks feyk gS] fQj Hkh fopkj] vkLFkk vkSj deZ ds Lrj ij bZekunkjh ls la?k"kZjr bu /kkjkvksa dh Bksl mifLFkfr ls badkj 46

ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vrhr ds vuqHkoksa ls nksuksa esa gh ,d&nwljs ds izfr dbZ iwokZxzg Hkh fodflr gq, gSaA ijLij laokn u gksus dh otg ls ^ge gh lcls T;knk lPps vkSj bZekunkj gSa* dh ladh.kZrk Hkh c<+h gSA ,d LoLFk vkRekykspuk vkSj nwljs dh nksLrkuk vkykspuk ds vHkko esa ;s /kkjk,a viuh rkdr esa btkQk rks ugha dj ik;h gS] cfYd ijLij vlg;ksx dh otg ls ns'k esa lkEiznkf;d vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh rkdrsa vkSj vf/kd etcwr gqbZ gSaA nksuksa gh /kkjkvksa ds chp ,d ewyHkwr varj rks ;g gS fd tgka lkE;oknh] 'kkL=h; ekDlZokn esa vkLFkk j[krs gq, oxZ la?k"kZ dks lekt ifjorZu dk izeq[k vkStkj ekurs gSa rFkk blds fy, lekt ds ewy varfoZjks/k ds gy gks tkus ij ;k mRiknu laca/kksa esa ifjorZu gks tkus ds ckn lrg ij fn[kkbZ nsus okys vU; varfoZjks/k Lor% gh gy gks tk,axs] ,slh ekU;rk ds dkj.k buds fy, tkfr] fyax vkSj i;kZoj.k vkfn ds vkanksyu izkFkfed ugha gSaA csl vkSj lqij LVªDpj dh iqjkuh /kkj.kk vHkh Hkh ;gka cph gqbZ gSaA ogha nwljh vksj lektoknh lqij LVªDpj ds ifjorZuksa ij vf/kd tksj nsrs gSaA ;s csl vkSj lqij LVªDpj dh cgl dks gh fujFkZd ekurs gSa blfy, buds fy, tkfr] fyax vkSj i;kZoj.k vkfn ds vkanksyu izkFkfed egRo ds gSaA blh erHksn ds dkj.k lkE;okfn;ksa ds fy, lektoknh oxhZ; leUo; dh odkyr djus okys lq/kkjoknh gS rks lektoknh] lkE;okfn;ksa dks izR;{k lokyksa dh mis{kk djus okyk tM+ vkSj oSpkfjd dêjiaFkh dg dj vkykspuk djrs gSaA dqN Hkh gks bu nksuksa gh /kkjkvksa ds chp ;fn [kqyk laokn LFkkfir gks ik;s rks bl erHksn ij Hkh lkFkZd ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA bruk r; gS fd iqjkus jkLrksa ij pyrs gq, bDdhloha lnh dh pqukSfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA iwjs fo'o dh oLrqxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vª&jkT; dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks /;ku esa j[ks cxSj Hkkjr esa lekt ifjorZu dh ckr Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA ;g vdkj.k gh ugha gS fd lfn;ksa ls 'kksf"kr&mRihfM+r tkfr;ka ek;korh ds usr`Ro esa lÙkk rd igqp a tkrh gSA ;g ckr vkSj gS fd lkE;oknh ;k lektoknh psruk ls 47

dksbZ eryc u gksus dh otg ls varr% nfyrksa dk ;g mHkkj nf{k.kiaFkh rkdrksa ds gkFk dk f[kykSuk cu tkrk gSA lkE;okfn;ksa ls dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus tkfr&mRihM+u ij /;ku ugha fn;k rFkk mudk usr`Ro Hkh ges'kk gh mPp tkfr ds yksx gh laHkkyrs jgs gSaA Hkkdik ¼ekys½ us fcgkj esa bl /kkj.kk dks rksM+us dk dke fd;k gS rFkk tkfr dh oxhZ; O;k[;k djrs gq, vius vkanksyu dks vkxs c<+k;k gS] fQj Hkh bl fn'kk esa vHkh cgqr dqN fd;s tkus dh t:jr gSA dqN Hkwfexr lewgksa us Hkh nfyrksa ds chp viuk tuk/kkj cuk;k gS] ysfdu vHkh rd Hkh fdlh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us lqij LVªDpj ds lacaf/kr bl loky dks dsUnzh; egRo ugha fn;k gSA vuqHko crkrs gSa fd Økafr gks tkus ds ckn Hkh Økafr dh izfØ;k dks cjkcj [kjus ds fy, cgqr lkjs iz;kl djus iM+rs gSa vkSj lqij LVªDpj ds loky o"kks± ds iz;ksx ds ckn Hkh gy ugha gq, gS] blfy, oxhZ; vkanksyu ds lkFk ;fn tkfr vkSj laLÑfr ds vkanksyuksa dks ugha tksM+k tk,xk rks ^csl cny tk,xk rks lqij LVªDpj vius vki cny tk,xk* okyk dBeqYykiu Hkkjr tSls fofo/krkvksa okys ns'k esa turk dks eqfDr fnykus okyk vkStkj ugha cu ldrk gSA blh rjg lkekftd U;k; dh ckr djus okys lektoknh tc rd flQZ tkrh; mRihM+u dks gh lkekftd U;k; dk dsUnzh; loky cukuk can ugha djsaxs rc rd lkekftd U;k; dk vkanksyu Hkh v/kwjk gh jgsxkA O;oLFkk ds oxhZ; pfj= dks le>us ds lkFk gh vius usr`Ro esa Hkh ;fn oxhZ; :>kuksa vkSj izfrc)rkvksa dks vuns[kk fd;k tk,xk rks lektokn flQZ ukjksa esa rks jg ldrk gS ysfdu O;ogkj esa ughaA lkezkT;oknh oS'ohdj.k ds dkj.k vkt ftl rjg dh pqukSrh gekjs lkeus vk;h gS mlus lerkewyd lekt dh bPNk j[kus okyksa ds lkeus lgh jkLrk ryk'kus dk ladV Hkh iSnk dj fn;k gSA ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr lektoknh vkSj lkE;oknh nksuksa dh gh :fp dh gks ldrh gS fd vkt rd nqfu;ka esa tgka&tgka Hkh lektokn dh rjQ c<+us ds fy, Økafr;ka gqbZ ogka ij rFkkdfFkr dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh mifLFkr ugha FkhA bl fygkt ls Hkh lekt ifjorZu ds iqjkus rjhds ;gka dke;kc ugha gks ldrsA ekDlZ] ysfuu vkSj ekvks us ns'k] dky] ifjfLFkfr ds fglkc ls cgqr lkjh 48

LFkkiuk,a dh Fkh ftuesa ls dqN oDr ds lkFk vkxs pydj xyr lkfcr gqbZ gSaA D;k dkj.k gS fd ge Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc ls ekDlZ tSlk dksbZ dkyt;h fl)kardkj iSnk ugha dj ik;sA fopkj vkSj fl)kar esa nslt eqgkojksa ij vR;f/kd tksj nsus okys lektoknh Hkh vkf[kj lektokn ykus dk dkSu lk jkLrk ryk'k ik;s gSaA D;k orZeku iwathoknh yksdra= dk xq.kxku djds gh blesa ls lektokn dh dksbZ xqatkbZ'k fudkyh tk ldrh gS\ oS'ohdj.k dh orZeku izfØ;k ls Vdjkus dk dksbZ O;ofLFkr fl)kar geus x<+ fy;k gS\ fofHkUu tu laxBu Hkh vkt iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vc rd dh bl pje vfHkO;fDr dk fojks/k dj jgs gSa] ysfdu mudh jktuhfrd mnklhurk txtkfgj gS] rc vkf[kj ,d jktuhfrd ikVhZ ds jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd fl)kar D;k gksaxs] gekjs lektokn dk Lo:i D;k gksxk vkSj ogka rd dSls igqapk tk ldrk gS & ;g ckr Hkh lektokfn;ksa dks Li"V djuh gksxhA Hkkjrh; lektoknh vkanksyu dh rLohj [khph tk; rks bldk dksbZ lqO;ofLFkr pfj= lkeus ugha vkrk gSA xka/kh] ekDlZ ls ysdj ts-ih-] yksfg;k vkfn lHkh ds fopkjksa dks bl vkanksyu esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl otg ls dbZ ckj ,d lkj laxzgoknh :[k Hkh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tks ,d vkRefuHkZj fopkj/kkjk ds fodkl esa ck/kk ds :i esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mijksDr oSpkfjd erHksnksa ij ;fn laokn dh fLFkfr cus rks Hkfo"; esa Hkkjrh; lektokn dk dksbZ u;k vkSj mUur :i Hkh lkeus vk ldrk gS rFkk ;s 'kfDr;ka ;gka dh jktuhfr ds dsUnz esa Hkh vk ldrh gSA gj rjg dh tufojks/kh vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh uhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ ,d okLrfod vkSj O;kid uke vkanksyu Hkh [kM+k gks ldrk gS lkFk gh O;ogkj esa lkFk yM+rs gq, ijLij erHksn Hkh iz;ksx ds nkSjku lekIr gks ldrs gSaA vHkh rd ;gka ij Lora= oke igydneh ds vHkko esa dE;qfuLVksa vkSj lks'kfyLVksa us ges'kk viuk usr`Ro e/;ekxhZ vkSj iwathokn ds leFkZd usrkvksa vkSj nyksa dks gh lkSaik gSA ,slk okeekspkZ ds ?kVd nyksa us dqN de fd;k gS rks lks'kfyLVksa us dqN 49

T;knkA oh-ih- flag] pUnz'ks[kj ls ysdj eqyk;e flag] nsosxkSM+k vkSj xqtjky rd dh uhfr;ka fdruh lektoknh jgh gS bl ij rVLFk gksdj fopkj djus dh t:jr gSA vkt ns'k dks ,d O;kid oke vkanksyu dh t:jr Hkh gS vkSj bldh laHkkouk,a Hkh gSaA lektoknh tu ifj"kn tSls jsMhdy lks'kfyLV ny us bl ij fopkj Hkh fd;k gSA blds usrk fd'ku iVuk;d us vius oDrO;ksa esa lektokn dk pksyk /kkj.k fd;s tktZ QukZfUMl tSls O;fDr;ksa ls lektoknh vkanksyu dh fo'oluh;rk dks gqbZ gkfu dks Lohdkj fd;k gS] rks cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds vkeaf=r djus ds fy, if'pe caxky dh okeekspkZ ljdkj dh Hkh vkykspuk dh gSA vkt lektokfn;ksa vkSj lkE;okfn;ksa dks ;g ckr Hkh Lohdkj djuh iM+sxh fd cxSj O;kid tuk/kkj [kM+k fd;s flQZ pqukoh jktuhfr vkSj tSls&rSls gkfly ls la[;k cy ds vk/kkj ij gh lkaiznkf;d Qklhokn vkSj lkezkT;oknh uhfr;ksa dk fojks/k ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, /kkfeZd dêjrkokn vkSj oS'ohdj.k ds f[kykQ turk dks ,dtqV djus dh Hkh t:jr gSA ,d ckr vkSj gesa ekuuh iM+sxh fd lkE;okfn;ksa ds uke ij dksbZ Hkh vR;f/kd Nn~e vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh rkdrksa ls gkFk feykus okyk ny ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk] ysfdu lektokfn;ksa ds uke ij rjg&rjg ds vijk/kh vkSj nf{k.kiaFkh ny Hkh dqdqjeqÙkksa dh rjg mx vk;s gSaA ;g lkE;okfn;ksa vkSj lektokfn;ksa] nksuksa ds fy, gh t:jh gS fd ,sls nyksa dks lektokn dks cnuke djus ls jksdus ds gj laHko iz;kl djsaA lektokfn;ksa dh ;g ftEesnkjh vkSj vf/kd gS fd turk ds chp og lektokfn;ksa dh jsMhdy Nfo dks iquLFkkZfir djsaA lks'kfyLV Qksje tSls eap bl dke dks c[kwch vatke ns ldrs gSaA ysfdu bl izfØ;k esa Hkh t:jh gksxk fd fdlh dfj'ekbZ vkSj ukeh&fxjkeh usr`Ro dh ryk'k djus dh ctk; turk dh rkdr ij T;knk Hkjkslk fd;k tk;A gky ds fnuksa Hkkdik] ekdik vkSj Hkkdik ¼ekys½ tSls nyksa ds lkFk lektokfn;ksa us oS'ohdj.k ds f[kykQ ,d ns'kO;kih eap cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA 50

oS'ohdj.k fojks/kh tu vfHk;ku vkSj MCY;w-Vh-vks- fojks/kh tu vfHk;ku blds Bksl mnkgj.k gSA blesa ns'k Hkj ds fofHkUu vkanksyu lewgksa vkSj lik tSls dbZ nyksa dh Hkh fgLlsnkjh jgh gSA ,sls eapksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj lapkyu djrs gq, dE;qfuLV vkSj lks'kfyLV nksuksa /kkjkvksa dks ;g fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd ,slk vkanksyu fofHkUu tu vkanksyuksa dh Lor%LQwrZrk vkSj Li"V vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ls duh dkVus okys nyksa dks gokys u gks tk;A ;g usr`Ro gj gky esa lektoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh i{k/kj 'kfDr;ksa ds gkFk esa gh jguk pkfg,A ,slh gh ,drk pqukoksa ds nkSjku Hkh cjdjkj j[kh tk ldrh gS rFkk ;g /;ku j[kk tk ldrk gS fd vkilh vlg;ksx dh otg ls dgha Hkktik vkSj dkaxzsl tSlh rkdrksa dks Qk;nk u igqapsA

8Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ tax& vUuk Vhe ds ek;us 16 vxLr 2011 ls vUuk gt+kjs yksd uk;d t;izdk'k dh ewfrZ ds fudV vfuf'prdkyhu miokl 'kq: dj jgs gSaA lcls igys rks miokl dh ok¡Nuh;rk ij fopkj djsaA izkjEHk esa miokl dks ysdj nks rjg dk fojks/k FkkA igyh Js.kh esa og yksx vkrs gSa] tks ekurs gSa fd Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ tax rks tkjh jguh pkfg, ysfdu vUuk gt+kjs dh tku dh dher ij ughaA ,sls yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd lekt viuh t+:jr ds eqrkfcd izrhd x<+rk gSA ,d ijrnj&ijrnj okyh cgq:ih ysfdu lgt psruk ls cuk yksdekul ftls Hkh leFkZu nsus yxrk gS] ogh yksduk;d@yksdca/kq cu tkrk gSA lgt vkSj O;kid tu leFkZu dc rd feyrk jgsxk ;g dbZ ckrksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA mnkgj.k ds fy, lkekftd U;k; ds izrhd cus usr`Ro dks viuh reke det+ksfj;ksa ds ckotwn lkekftd U;k; vk/kkfjr lejl lekt pkgus okyh jktuSfrd /kkjk ds l'kDr u gksus ds dkj.k ek;korh] eqyk;e flag] ykyw izlkn vkfn dks vHkh Hkh cgqla[;d ernkrkvksa dk leFkZu gkfly gSA blh ls ge ;g urhtk fudky ldrs gSa fd ;fn ;g ljdkj Hkz"Vkpkj esa bruh ljkcksj ugha gksrh rks 'kk;n vUuk Vhe dks bruk leFkZu ugha feyrkA jktuSfrd Vhdkdkjksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk bl tu mHkkj dh O;kidrk vkSj xgjkbZ dks tkuus ds lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh ekurk gS fd yM+kbZ vklku ugha gS] ;g yEch pyus okyh gSA ,sls yksx ugha pkgrs fd vUuk vfuf'prdkyhu miokl dj viuh tku ij [ksysaA nwljh vksj vUuk gt+kjs us jk"Vª ds uke tkjh vihy esa lkQ dgk gS fd 52

^Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ tax esa vxj ge bl ckj pwd x;s rks nwljk ekSdk irk ugha dc vk;sxkA bl tax esa eSa vkSj esjs lkFkh gj rjg dh dqckZuh nsus dks rS;kj gSaA vxj og fxjQ~rkj djsaxs rks ge [kq'kh [kq'kh tsy pys tk;saxsA ge galrs gq, ykfB;k¡ [k;saxs] ij gkFk ugha mBk;saxsA oks gekjs mij xksfy;k¡ pyk,axs] rks xksyh [kkdj tku ns nsaxs ij Hkkxsaxs ughaA ge gj rjg dh dqckZuh nsus dks rS;kj gSaA** ftUgksaus jk"Vªh; vkt+knh ds vkanksyu vkSj ts-ih- vkUnksyu ds nLrkostksa ds v/;;u fd;k gS] og tkurs gSa fd Hkkjr dh turk vfgalk] R;kx vkSj dqjckuh dh Hkk"kk lqurh ,oa le>rh gSA turk pwafd thou ds dM+os vkSj isphns ;FkkZFk dks jkst+ thrh gS blfy, mls yQ~Qkt+ vkSj izkekf.kd usr`Ro esa QdZ djus vkrk gSA mls pkgs dksbZ fdruk Hkh cM+k usrk gks mlds nsg?kjksa dh lhek le> esa vkrh gS vkSj vUrfoZjks/kksa dks le> dj ut+jvankt+ djuk vkrk gSA tgk¡ ikyscanh bruh Li"V gks ogk¡ gekjs tSls xq.kk&Hkkx djus okyksa dks rks yxrk gh fd 'kk;n vUuk gt+kjs miokl u djrs vkSj ns'k esa ?kwe&?kwe dj vy[k txkrs rks vUuk dh tku tksf[ke esa u iM+rhA ,sls yksx Hkwy tkrs gSa fd vfgald vkanksyu esa varjvkRek dh vkokt+ dk Hkh viuk LFkku gksrk gSA rdZ ds fy, eku fy;k tk;s fd Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh tax ds vf/kdka'k yksx muds vkej.k vu'ku dks ysdj mRlkfgr ugha gS] ysfdu vUuk dks yxrk gS fd ;g djks ;k ejks dk {k.k gS] rks ,d ckj muds QSlys ds ,sls lHkh yksx mudk c<+&Pk<+ dj leFkZu djsaxsA fiNys fnuksa cM+s&cM+s izfr"Bkuksa esa dke djrs gq,] vius&vius LFkku ij Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj djus ds dkj.k cgqr yksxksa dh viuh tku ls gkFk /kksuk iM+k gS] 53

D;k bl Mj ds ekjs vkus okys ihf<+;k¡ vk¡[k ew¡n dj Hkz"Vkpkj dks Lohdkj djrh pyh tk;saxhA vkf[kjdkj usrk ds [kqn ds gkFk esa vafre fodYi ugha gksrk fd mldh tku vius QSlys ds rgr la?k"kZ djrs gq, tk;sxh vkSj usrk dks 'kghn dk ntkZ feysxk ;k fQj O;oLFkk mls viuk f'kdkj cuk;sxhA ckck jkenso dh dkys /ku ds f[kykQ eqfge dks lke] nke] naM] Hksn dh uhfr ls O;oLFkk us dSls yhy fy;k] bldk mnkgj.k gekjs lkeus gSA vUuk gt+kjs fl)karr% xka/kh esa viuh ryk'k ds dkj.k ljy] ikjn'khZ dk;Z'kSyh dks ekurs gSa] blfy, vk'kk dh tkuh pkfg;s fd O;oLFkk viuh iSarjsckt+h ls mUgas ekr ugha ns ik;sxhA vius dks Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh ekuus okys lewg esa ,d nwljk fgLlk ekurk gS fd O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds ckjs esa ,d Li"V oSpkfjd [kkds cxSj Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ ugha gks ldrhA vUuk dks viuk [kkdk Li"V djuk pkfg;sA ;g erHksn Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj dk gS] tSlk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku dE;qfuLV] lks'kfyLVksa dk xka/kh th dh ^,d le; esa ,d dne* dh uhfr ls gksrk gSA fopkj/kkjk dks vius le; dh lPpkbZ dks mldh lexz ckjhdh ls le>us ds fy, bLrseky djuk ,d okaNuh; ,oa mi;ksxh ckSf)d deZ gSA bl ckSf)d deZ dk fut ds fy, vkSj vius oSpkfjd Dyc ds Lo/keZ fuckgus esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ysfdu O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds fy, yksdlaxzg ds lanHkZ esa bu cglksa dh lhfer mi;ksfxrk gSA ;fn ts-ihvkanksyu dks ;kn djsa rks izkjfEHkd nkSj esa dbZ izkekf.kd] vusdksa ckj tsy Hkqxrs vkSj vknru gj tqYe ds f[kykQ tku dks tksf[ke esa Mky dj lR;kxzg djus okys ckSf)d fdLe ds lektoknh cglksa esa T;knk my>s Fks] tcfd jktukjk;.k th tSls ns'kt lektoknh nwjh rkdr ls vkanksyu esa dwn 54

x;s FksA vius oSpkfjd Dyc esa x<+h x;h dlkSfV;ksa ij vkanksyu esa f'kjdr djus okys gj flikgh dks tkapuk] ,d izdkj ls lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds fu;eksa dh vUkns[kh djuk gSA lkekftd vkanksyuksa ds usr`Ro ds ,d fgLls us 2004 ds ckn ^^jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh izfØ;kvksa** esa lksfu;k xk¡/kh dks vkSipkfjd ;k vukSipkfjd eapks ds ek/;e ls lykg nsus dh Hkwfedk yh gSA vc rd ,sls fe=ksa dh fuft izfrc)rk ds ckjs esa la'k; ds ekSds ugha vk;s gSaA ysfdu vUuk gt+kjs dh Vhe ds ckjs esa ftl vfr'k; vlarqfyr <ax ls O;ogkj fd;k gS] mlls vke dk;ZdrkZ ds eu esa cgqr {ksHk gSA dkaxzsl Hkz"Vkpkj dks vkRelkr djus] laLFkkxr djus vkSj gt+e djus esa loZJs"B ikVhZ gS] mldh eqf[k;k ds lykgdkj cuus esa mUgsa dksbZ ladksp ugha gS vkSj vUuk Vhe ds fdlh lnL; ds lkFk cSBus lewg esa cSd dj foe'kZ ;k ppkZ djus esa fnDdr gSA bl rjg ds nksgjsiu vkanksyu esa jpukRed ;ksxnku eqf'dy gSA vPNk bl izdkj ds NksVs vkanksyu lewg pkgs og fdlh Hkh fopkj/kkjk ls ;k fo'on`f"V ls vuqizkf.kr~ gksa vius dks la?k"kZ'khy turk ls ,dhdkj djsaA vUuk gt+kjs Vhe ds lkeus ljdkj ds izFke leZi.k ds ckn ,d lkekftd dehZ vkSj LokLF; dalYVSaV us fnYyh dh xjhc cfLr;ksa esa dke djus okys ogha ds lfØ; lkfFk;ksa dh cSBd cqykbZA bldk ;g ,u-th-vks- dk;ZdrkZvksa dh cSBd ugha Fkh lh/ks LFkkuh; lekt ls fudys lkfFk;ksa dh FkhA mn~ns'; vUuk ds vkanksyu dk ewY;kadu dj viuh oSdfYid ykbu r; djus dk FkkA eq[; vk;kstd dk >qdko Li"V :i ls ckck jkenso ds i{k esa FkkA mUgksaus bl ckr dks pkykdh ls fNik;k ugha ] cfYd vius izkjfEHkd mn~cks/ku esa j[kkA gkyk¡fd lHkh Hkkxhnkj vk;kstd egksn; dks vius ls

cM+h gSfl;r okyk ekurs gksaxs] ysfdu cgl fcYdqy csckd vkSj yksdrkaf=d <ax ls pyhA cSBd esa xjhc vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls fuEu oxhZ; lkfFk;ksa dh vxqokbZ esa pys foe'kZ ls tks eq[; urhtksa ds ckjs esa esjh tks le> cuh mls eSa vkils lk>k djuk pkgrk gw¡A lcls vge urhtk rks ;g Fkk fd vUuk gt+kjs }kjk ljdkjh MªkfQ~Vax desVh esa tkuk ;k u tkuk bl izdkj ds rQlhy ds eqn~nksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha cfYd Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ le; dh ekax gS vkSj bldk iwjh rkdr ls leFkZu djuk pkfg;sA dkfcys xkSj gS fd bl cSBd esa ns'k ds fiNM+s vapyksa ds izoklh ,oa eqfLye cM+h la[;k esa ekStwn FksA lHkh dks bl vkanksyu Hkk-t-ik- dks ykHk igq¡pkus ds fy, vkj-,l-,l- ds izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls Hkkxhnkjh ds ek/;e ls rkdroj gksus dk [k+rjk Hkh yx jgk FkkA ysfdu bl [k+rjs dk lkeuk djus ds fy, Hkz"Vkpkj fojks/kh vkanksyu ls fdukjk djus ds ctk; mlesa T;knk lfØ; gksdj vius LFkku cukus vkSj lkFk gh lkFk lkEiznkf;drk ds f[kykQ eqfge pykus dk QSlyk fy;kA rhljk urhtk Fkk fd vUuk gt+kjs vkSj jkenso th }kjk lapkfyr vkanksyu esa dkSu csgrj gS] bl >xMs esa ge u iMs+] ge vius&vius Lrj ij la?k"kZ dk fcxqy ctk;sA ,d vU; urhtk gekjs yksdekul dh xgjkbZ vkSj ifjiDork dh vksj bafxr djrk gS] lkFk mldh jktuSfrd le>nkjh dk Hkh izek.k gSA bl cSBd esa jk'ku dh nqdkuksa esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ esa 'kkfey dqN lkFkh FksA mUgksaus vius vuqHko lqukrs gq, crk;k fd ge yksxksa us vjfoan dstjhokyk ds usr`Ro esa gt+kjksa dh la[;k okys izn'kZu LFkkuh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr fd;s gSa] ysfdu rc ge ehfM;k dk] ckSf)d vkSj is'ksoj rcdksa dk ;k ehfM;k dk dksbZ leFkZu ugha feykA ogh yM+kbZ tc jk"Vªh; Qyd 56

ij] bZesy] VohV~j vkSj ysiVkWi dh en~n ls yM+h tk jgh gS rks xjhc balkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k dk iwjk e/;oxZ mB [kM+k gqvk gSA muds vuqlkj LFkkuh; LRkj ij t+ywl fudkyuk T;knk tksf[ke okyk dke gS] ysfdu vc tc bl yM+kbZ esa Hkkjr ds lkFk bafM;k Hkh 'kkfey gks x;k gS rks ;g yM+kbZ dqN rks ldkjkRed urhts rks iSnk djsxh ghA fnYyh ds xjhc vkSj fuEu e/;e oxhZ; cfLr;ksa ds bl foe'kZ esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ esa vius [kqn ls ,oa O;oLFkk ls yM+kbZ yM+uk vifjgk;Z gS] ;g ckr fcYdqy lkQ FkhA oDrkvksa us rY[kh ls dgk fctyh&ikuh dk T;knk fCky cukuk] U;wure osru u nsuk] gekjh cfLr;ksa esa ePNj iuius nsuk] tgk¡ cgqla[;d yksx iSny] lkbfdy vkSj lLrh cl ls pyrs gksa ogk¡ egaxh eSVªks cukuk rFkk 2&3 yk[k dkexkjksa dh jSyh dks ehfM;k }kjk ut+jvankt djuk lHkh Hkz"Vkpkj ds mnkgj.k gSaA ge yksx ,d ,slh O;oLFkk esa th jgs gSa ftlesa vke vkneh ds fy, dksbZ lEekutud LFkku ugha gSA gekjk ukxfjd lekt Hkh dbZ ckj tgk¡ t:jr LokLF; lsokvksa dh gks ogk¡ ekbØks QkbuSal dh ckr djus yxrk gSA gekjk oksVj Hkz"V gks x;k gS] gesa bl yM+kbZ dks xzke Lojkt vkSj uxj Lojkt ls tksM+uk gksxkA pqukoksa esa T;knk iSlk [kpZ okyksa ds f[kykQ ekgkSy cuk;saA bl lewg us lkEiznkf;drk Hkkafr gh tUe tkfr HksnHkko dks Hkh Hkz"vkpkj dh Js.kh esa gh j[kkA dkuwu ds fglkc ls xzkeh.k jkst+xkj dkuwu ds vUrxZr fn;k tkusokyk osru vkSj eqds'k vackuh }kjk fy;k tkus okyk osru ekU; gS] ysfdu ekuoh; vkSj uSfrd n`f"V ls D; ;g Hkz"Vkpkj ugha gS\ Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ vkanksyu dks loZ lekos'kh gksuk pkfg;sA ,d lkFkh us dgk fd ge pkgs Li"V :i ls vkj-,l-,l- ds f[kYkkQ gSa ysfdu yksdrkaf=d e;kZnkvksa ds vUrZxr vkj-,l-,l ikVhZ tks fd eq[; foi{kh ny gS] mlds izfrfuf/k;ksa dks Hkh lk>h izk:i.k lfefr esa ljdkj vkSj ukxfjd 57

lekt ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ds lkFk 'kkfey djuk pkfg;s FkkA thou ds cgq/kzoh; ;FkkZFk ls nks pkj gksus okys xSj&fdrkch yksx gh ,d gh lkal esa lkEiznkf;drk dks Hkz"Vkpkj dh Js.kh esa j[k mlds f[kykQ fcxqy ctkus vkSj lkFk gh foIk{k dks Hkh O;oLFkk dks de Hkz"V cukus dh eqfge esa 'kkfey djus dh ckr dj ldrk gSA vkt ds yksdekul esa Hkz"Vkpkj ds Lohdkj dh ckr dks Hkh dbZ oDrkvksa us js[kkafdr fd;kA ysfdu lkFk bu lkfFk;ksa us ekuk gol ds dkj.k Hkz"V rjhdksa ls vftZr lEifRr ls lq[k&'kkfUr ugha fey ldrsA bZekunkjh la?k"kZ vkSj xjhch esa Hkh tks vFkZ vkSj vkuan gS og dkys iSls ls izkIr HkkSfrd lalk/kuksa ls laHko ugha bl foe'kZ esa uSfrdrk ,oa lekt }kjk mls igpkuus vkSj iqjLd`r djus dh t+:jr ij dkQh cy fn;k x;k A ,d lkFkh us crk;k dh gt+jr mej [kyhQk us nw/k esa ikuh u feyus okyh ;qok efgyk dh ckr lqu dj mls viuh cgw cuk;k A vkt ge bZekunkj bZalku dks csodwQ ikus ekurs gSaA bu lkFkh ds vuqlkj ;g lkspuk fd vUuk gt+kjs fdlh vkSj dk [ksy [ksy jgs gSa ( csodwQh og lPpkbZ ds fy, yM+ jgs gSa vkSj muds dkj.k Hkz"Vkpkj dk lkoy vkt ns'k ds lkeus ,d vge loky cu x;k gSA

9czkã.k ugha] czkã.kokn ls yM+kbZ vè;{k dh gSfl;r ls cksyrs gq, vkt eq>s FkksM+k ladksp gks jgk gS D;ksafd ;gka ij ,sls cgqr ls yksx gSa ftuls eSaus vius lekftd dk;Z ds fy, yxHkx fiNys 20&22 lky ls çsj.kk ikbZ gS] muds lkeus eSa vè;{k dh gSfl;r ls cksyus dh xqLrk[kh ugha dj jgk gw¡A ysfdu tc vk;kstdksa us ;g fu.kZ; lquk gh fn;k gS rks eSa mls blh vFkZ esa ysuk pkgrk gw¡ fd cqtqxZ ih<+h vc ;g pkgrh gS fd ukStoku iwjh eqLrSnh ls] iwjh ifjiDork ls czkã.kokn dks vkf[kjh f'kdLr nsus ds fy, bdV~Bs gks tk,sa] os bl ftEesnkjh dks laHkky ysaA czkã.kokn ds f[kykiQ gekjh tks yM+kbZ gS mlds bfrgkl vkSj rkfRod Kku dh ;gka cgqr ppkZ gqbZ gS] mldks eSa nksgjkuk ugha pkgrk gw¡A esjh 'kk;n bruh dkcfy;r Hkh ugha gSA ysfdu ml yM+kbZ esa czkã.kokn ds f[kykiQ vafre fo"k; ikus ds fy, gesas laxBukRed dke D;k&D;k djus gksaxs ml ij eSa viuh ckr j[kuk pkgrk gw¡A esjh le> ls laxBu dk tks ,d lanHkZ gS] og ;g gS fd iwjs fgUnqLrku dk vkt tks cgqtu lekt gS og viuh ,d vfLerk fn[kkrk gSA ekuoh; xfjek pkgrk gS mlds fy, iwjs fgUnqLrku esa ftrus cM+s iSekus ij lerk dks ysdj vkt la?k"kZ gks jgk gS og 'kk;n dHkh ugha gks jgk FkkA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd og vkSjr ftlus 25 fnlEcj 1927 dks bl çLrko dk leFkZu fd;k fd vlekurk dh fdrkc ^euqLe`fr* dks tyk fn;k tk;] vkt tc cjkcjh dh og ckr vkSajrsa djrh gSa rks fnYyh esa gj jkst 2 vkSj 3 efgyk,¡ tyk nh tkrh gSaA mlh rjg euqLe`fr ds ngus ds ihNs nfyr lekt dh mis{kk vkSj izrkM+uk dh tks ikjafifjd izo`fÙk jgh gS og bu fnuksa vkSj fueZe gqbZ gSA vuVpscy okyh ckr vc cgqr vkxs c<+ xbZ gSA nfyrksa ds Åij vkt lagkj dk ,d 'kL=k yVdk gSA vHkh xkaoksa esa gh gekjk tks lkFkh Xkjhc gS] nfyr gS mldk fdl rjg ls lagkj fd;k tk jgk gS] dSls i<+s fy[ks nfyrksa dks NkaV dj ekjk tk jgk gS] dSls cPps dks ekjk tk jgk gS] ;s [kcjsa jkst v[kckj esa i<+h tkrh gaSaA u;s pfj=k vkSj u;h i`"BHkwfe esa czkã.kokn dk c<+rk gqvk tks nSR; gS ;g eq>s mldh detksjh dh fu'kkuh Hkh yxrh gSA czkã.kokn ds eq[; vkStkjksa ds bl lanHkZ esa gesa viuh ,d le> cuk dj viuk Hkh 59

,d vkStkj cukuk pkfg,] viuk ,d laxBu cukuk pkfg, tks czkã.kokn dks ijkftr dj ldsA Hkktik] vkj-,l-,l- vkØked :i ls czkã.kokn dks iqu% LFkkfir dj nsuk pkgrk gSA ysfdu dSls ml lkft'k dks le>k tk, tks vkØe.k Hkh gSA bl lanHkZ esa viuk vuqHko eSa vkidks crkÅa] 1975 ls 77 rd vkikr fLFkfr esa ge tekgr&, etgwjh bZLykeh ls ysdj vkj-,l-,l- rd ds yksxksa ds lkFk FksA vkj-,l,l- ds txUuk jko tks'kh ls gekjh yEch cgl gqbZA mUgksaus dgk fd lekt esa JefoHkktu rks gksxk gh vkSj euqLe`fr ds vykok D;k foHkktu gks ldrk gSA blds tokc esa gedks dguk iM+k fd vxj vki euqLe`fr dh ckr djasxs rks fiQj ge nfyr dh rkdr ds lanHkZ esa ml fgUnqLrku dh ckr djsaxsa ftlesa lerk dk ,d euq gqvk gSA iwjh nqfu;k esa bl lerk dh yM+kbZ ds HkxhjFk dkyZ&ekDlZ us dgk gS fd vc nfyrksa vkSj loZgkjk oxZ dh rkuk'kkgh gksxhA bl rjg dh ckr lqudj os vkx&ccqyk gks x,A og pfj=k vHkh cnyk ugha gS cfYd mlesa vc bruh fgEer vk xbZ gS fd [kqy ds bdV~Bs gksus yxs gSaA fnYyh esa eaMy vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa ykxw gksus dh ?kks"k.kk Hkj gh gqbZ Fkh os ykxw ugha gks jgh FkhaA f'k{kk dh dksbZ ckr ugha Fkh] dkedkt dk vf/dkj ugha Fkk] ukSdfj;ka ugha gksaxh] vFkZra=k dk foLrkj ugha gksxk rks vkj{k.k ls ek=k ,d euksoSKkfud ykHk gh gksuk FkkA nwljh vksj vkj-,l-,l- us viuk la?k"kZ okfguh cuk dj iwjs nss'k esa yk[kksa yksaxksa dks laxfBr dj fojks/ 'kq: dj fn;kA vkj-,l-,l- dh ;g tks iSuh vkØedrk gS blds Lo:i dks ckjhdh ls le>uk gSA tks tkfr mUewyu dks ekurs gSa] tks fgUnw fjiQkseZ dks ekurs gSa muesa Hkh eSaus ;g ik;k gS fd os yksx vkil esa ,d nwljs dh lk[k [kRe djus ds fy, rRij jgrs gSaA nfyr usr`Ro tks jktuhfr esa ugha gSa lkekU; thou esa Hkh vkil esa iwjs lkekftd lkaLd`frd lanHkZ ij cgqr foLrkj ls ppkZ ugha djrs] mudh lhek vkSj mudh nqfo/k ds ckjs esa ckr ugha djrsA jk"Vªh; vkUnksayu vkSj ckck lkgc ds le; ls ysdj vc rd tks lkekftd lkaLd`frd fLFkfr;ka cnyh gSa muds ckjs esa foLrkj ls ppkZ ugha djrsA ;g ckr vDlj eSaus lquh gS fd nfyr oksVj Hkh fcd tkrk gS nfyr usr`Ro Hkh fcd tkrk gS vkSj nfyr viQlj tks gS og viuh dE;wfuVh dks Hkwy tkrk gSA eSa bu ckrksa dk çfrokn ugha djuk pkgrk gw¡ ] ysfdu blds 60

nwljksa igyw ij eSaus vius nfyr

lkfFk;ksa esa de ppkZ lquh gSA ;g ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dhft, fd vkt lekt esa fdruh lfØ;rk gS ml lfØ;rk esa nfyrksa dk vuqikr vkcknh ds fglkc ls cgqr T;knk gSA ;g igyh ckr gS nwljh ckr ;g gS fd ,d nfyr viQlj] ,d çkè;kid] ,d ,MoksdsV eku yhft, fd og czkã.k fojks/h ifj"kn esa pUnk ugha nsrk gS] og fdlh lkekftd laxBu ls ugha tqM+k gS] ysfdu mlds fy, ;g drbZ laHko ugha gS fd og viuh nfyr igpku dks Hkwy tk;sA iwjs lekt esa ftl vkØked <ax ls nfyr fojks/h ekgkSy cuk;k x;k] blesa mldks frj"dkj vkSj vieku lguk iM+rk gSA urhts ds rkSj ij og dgha u dgha vius ifjokj ls] HkkbZ cgu ls] vius fj'rsnkj ls tks vHkh rd çxfr ds iFk ij ugha p<+s gSa mlds çfr ,d] ftEesnkjh fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd vkt dh eagxkbZ ds nkSj esa ,d nfyr eè;eoxhZ; ij tks lkekftd ftEesokjh gS og vU; ifjos'k okys dh rqyuk esa] T;knk gSA bl rjg dh tks ckr lkekftd] lkaLd`frd lanHkZ ds rkSj ij gS vxj mls yksdrkaf=kd <ax ls ifjofrZr djuk gS rks og ckr fnekx esa j[kuk t:jh gS] D;ksafd tks fliQZ vlk/kj.k fdLe ds nfyr usrk gSa] tks dqckZuh dj ldrs gSa] tks lekt dks Hkwy ldrs gSa] tks lknxh ls cgqr de [kpZ esa vius dks [kik ldrs gSa] pkgs ftUnk jgs pkgs ejs og lekt ds gh dke vk;sa ,sls gh vlk/kj.k yksxksa dks fnekx esa j[kdj vkSj vkSlr nfyr usr`Ro dks] vkSlr nfyr dk;ZdrkZ dks] vkSlr cgqtu lekt ds yksxksa dks fuUnk djrs jgus rFkk vius vkidks ØkfUrdkjh fn[kkus dh] vius dks csgrj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k rks ugha dj jgs bl ij gedks FkksM+k lkspuk pkfg,A D;ksafd vxj ifjorZu yksdrkaf=kd <ax ls gksuk gS] ifjorZu esa ç[kj ykssxksa dh ugha esjs vkSj vki tSls detksj yksxksa dh Hkh Hkkxhnkjh gksuh gS rks gedks mu detksj yksxksa ds ckjs esa lkspuk gS ftudks vius thou dh j{kk djrs gq, Bkdqj vkSj czkã.k ls vkRe fo'okl ds lkFk yksgk Hkh ysuk gSA muds fy, og jkLrk cUn u dhft;s ftlls og ekuoh; xfjek ds ctk; ml Hkktik ds lkFk pyk tk;s tks v;ksè;k esa nfyr ls f'kykU;kl djkrk gSA ;g tks fLFkfr dk ,d nksgjkiu gS mldks ge Hkh vius vkpj.k ls iSnk djrs gSa] gesa ml ij è;ku nsuk gS fd og vkpj.k D;k gSA jke/uth] dk'khjke th vkSj jkefcykl th] rhuksa gh usrkvksa dh vyx&vyx <ax ls eSa dnj djrk gw¡A nfyr lekt D;k gS blds ckjs esa bu rhuksa dks fpUrk jgrh gS] fgUnqLrku ds vkSlr nfyr ds ckjs esa ;s dke djrs gSaA ysfdu mudks ,d vkSj fpUrk 61

ftl ckr dh jgrh gS og usr`Ro gh gSA ge bu ukeksa dks tkurs gSa] blfy, ge dg jgs gSaA geesa vkSj vkiesa Hkh ;g deh gS blfy, eSa vkidks bl ckr dk mnkgj.k ns jgk gw¡ esjs fnekx esa ;g jgrk gS fd v'kksd Hkkjrh us D;k Hkk"k.k fn;k] mlus fdruh ØkfUrdkjh ckr dgh] ;s yksx vkil esa Iyl gksus dh dksf'k'k Hkk"kk ds Lrj ij dgrs gSa vkSj dsoy mUgha dk ;g pfj=k ugha gS ;g vkt dh jktuhfr dk dqy pfj=k gS vkSj nfyr usr`Ro Hkh mlls vNwrk ugha gS] nwljh vksj O;ogkj esa ge yksx reke rjg ds le>kSrs djrs gSaA eSa mudh ckr dj jgk gw¡ tks jkefoykl gkM+ ekal ds gSa ftudks le>kSrs djus iM+rs gSaA vkt dh tks jktuhfr gS mlds fy;s lk/u pkfg,A ysfdu ,d nwljs jkefoykl ds ckjs esa dqN ugha dguk pkgrk gw¡ tks gekjs o vkidh Hkkoukvksa ls tqM+k jkefoykl gS mldk gkM+ekal ds jkefoykl ls dksbZ ysuk nsuk ugha gSA mlds fy, xkao&xkao esa tks vkneh dqckZuh dj jgk gS] tks tykyr lg jgk gS vkSj viuh ,d ubZ igpku ikus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS mlls bu yksxksa dks rkdr feyrh gS pkgs og dk'khjke th gksa pkgs fiQj jkefoykl th gksa] pkgs d [k x gksaA ml jkefoykl dh tks rkdr gS og vkSlr vkneh dh rkdr gS blfy, eSa ;g pkgwaxk fd bu yksxksa dh vkilh tks çfrLi/kZ gS og lekIr gksuh pkfg,A tc czkã.koknh ge ij fu.kkZ;d okj dj jgsa gks iwjs ckck lkgc vEcsMdj ds lkfgR; vkSj dFkuksa dks lanHkZ ls dkVdj fgUnqoknh bldk bLrseky dj jgs gksa rks gesa lpsr gksuk pkfg,A mÙkj çns'k esa ljdkj us ;kstuk cukbZ fd dSls ckck lkgc dh iwjh fpUrk dks fod`r djds fgUnqoknh ra=k ds fy, eqlyekuksa ds f[kykiQ mldk bLrseky gks jgk gSA cM+s iSekus ij ;g lkft'k py jgh gSA fo'o Lrj ij fdl rjg ls vyx <ax dk czkã.kokn iSnk gks jgk gS fd vki vesfjdk esa iSnk gksaxs rks vkidks pkj ?kaVs esa ogh osru feysxk ftruk gekjs ;gka 16 ?kaVs dke djus okys çksiQslj dks_ vkSj ,slk gh etnwjksa ds lkFk gksxkA dHkh bl ckr dks fo'o czkã.kokn ds lkFk ugha tksM+k tkrk D;ksafd fo'o Lrj ij czkã.kokn dh T;knk lfØ; nyky dkaxzsl gS] ijks{k czã.kokn dh ckr tc ge djsaxs rc ml ij vk;saxsA vHkh çR;{k czkã.kokn vkSj mlls gekjk tks fjLiksUl gS mlds ckjs esa eSa ;g dg jgk Fkk fd ge Hkk"kk ds Lrj ij cgqr Økafrdkjh ckr dgsa og liuk cgqr t:jh gS vkSj tks thoar lekt gS ysfdu lius ds lkFk&lkFk 62

vkt dh gekjh tks etcwfj;ka gSa] detksfj;ka gSa] dfe;ka gSa muds ckjs esa ltx jgsa] muds ckjs esa yxkrkj vkil esa ppkZ djsa vkSj ml ij bl fuxkg ls ckr djsa fd gedks ml lius dh vksj c<+us ds fy, vxyk dne dSls ysuk gSA vkt dh tks lkekftd vlfy;r gS] vkt dk tks 'kks"k.k gS] Hkz"Vkpkj gS] vkt dk tks cgqtu lekt gS] gedks oafpr j[kus ds fy;s tks iwjk ra=k gS ml ra=k dks le>dj ml ra=k dks cnyus dh vksj tkuk gS rks ml yM+kbZ esa gedks ,d O;kid fdLe dh ,drk pkfg, mlesa tks gekjs lkFkh gSa mUgha dks ge vaMjekbZu djsa mudh lk[k dks [kRe djsa ,slk t:jh ugha gSA vkj-,l-,l- dh vkSj gekjh 'kSyh ,dne mYVh gSA vkj-,l-,l- ds lkFk tks fgUnqoknh ugha gS lkEçnkf;d ugha gS ysfdu gekjs lkFk Hkh ugha gSaA lerkewyd lekt ds lkFk tks ltx vkSj lfØ; :i ls ugha gS ,sls yksxksa ls vkj,l-,l- vyx&vyx <ax ls laidZ djrk gSA vkt dh rkjh[k esa mlds 114 ÚUV vkSxsZukbZts'ku py jgs gSaA eSa vkidks crkÅa fd vkikr fLFkfr;ksa esa 75 ls 77 rd nks tsyksa esa ?kqek] mlds ckn ge yksxksa us Hkw[k gM+rky dh rks mugksaus t;iqj rcknyk dj fn;kA ftu yksxksa us ekiQh ugha ekaxh Fkh mu lektoknh ekDlZoknh o ,e-,y- okys lkFkh lh-ih-,e- us ml ij [kkl LVSaUM ugha fy;k vkSj lh-ih-vkbZ- rks dkaxzsl ds lkFk gh Fkh & rks eq[;r% ;s nks rkdrsa FkhaA lektoknh xqVksa dh nks ikfVZ;ka Fkha] ,d ml le; yksdny vkSj lks'kfyLV ikVhZ vkSj tula?k rFkk vkj-,l-,l- feykdj fo|kFkhZ ifj"kn vkSj muds vU; laxBu cus FksA eSaus ;g ik;k fd ftu yksxksa us ekiQh ugha ekaxh Fkh] vkerkSj ij mudh la[;k gj tsy esa lektokfn;ksa ls de FkhA vkSj ftrus lektoknh Fks vkerkSj ij muesa ls fdlh us ekiQh ugha ekaxhA ysfdu mlds vykok reke fdLe ds detksj ysfdu dV~Vj czkã.koknh pky dh vuqo`Ùkrk ;kuh ,d gh ds ihNs vU/J¼k ls pysaxs] bl iwjs ekul dks ekuus okys lSdM+ksa yksxksa dks ge yksx tsyksa esa ugha ys tk ik;s FksA eSa mudh ekiQh ekaxus dh ckr dk ;gka leFkZu ugha dj jgk gw¡ ysfdu eSa vkidks ckj&ckj ;g ;kn fnykuk pkgrk gw¡ fd tks lekt dk vkSlr pfj=k dqckZuh djus dk] tksf[ke lgus dk gS mldks fnekx esa j[ks vkSj laxBu o vkanksyu dk ,slk <akpk cuk;s fd ,dne vxqok flikgh ls ysdj vafre detksj ls detksj vkneh rd vkids laxBu dk thoar fj'rk gksA ,slk u gks fd vxqok flikgh vkxs ekspsZ ij fudy 63

tk;s vkSj ihNs ls jln igqpkus okyksa vkSj liksVZ djus okyksa dk dksbZ <kapk gh ugha jgsA ge ikrs gSa fd gekjs lkFk esa cgqtu lekt ds dY;k.k flag th gSa vkSj nwljh vksj og cgqtu lekt ds f[kykiQ dke dj jgs gSa blhfy, mUgsa eq[;ea=kh dk in fey x;k gSA nwljk Nksj gS jkenkl th dk] og dgrs gSa fd cUnwd tc rd ugha mBk;saxs dqN ckr ugha gks ldrhA esjh ;g xqtkfj'k gS fd ,slk laxBukRed j.k dkS'ky iSnk dhft, fd ftlesa dY;k.k flag dks etcwj gksdj ogka ls ;gka vkuk iM+sA Hkqtcy tks gS og vkØked czkã.kokn dks NksM+dj Nn~e czkã.kokn dk fgLlk cus] vkids vkanksyu dk fgLlk cus] ,d ea=kh in ds ykyp esa ,d rjg ds czkã.kokn ls nwljs rjg ds czkã.kokn dk tks ;g eq[kkSVk gS gekjh vkilh fc[kjko dk dkj.k gSA ;g fc[kjko D;ksa iSnk gksrk gS blds ckjs esa nks otg gS & ,d otg gS oSpkfjd Li"Vrk dk vHkko nwljk oSpkfjd Li"Vrk ds vHkko ls vkReghurk dk Hkko iSnk gksrk gSA ,d Mj iSnk gksrk gS ;g lekt vki ij geyk djrk gS] vkidks yxrk gS vki dgha lesV u fy;s tk;sa_ eSa vke O;fDr;kas dh ckr ugha dj jgk gw¡] dk;ZdrkZ txr dh ckr dj jgk gw¡A tks dk;ZdrkZ dh ,d oSpkfjd le> gksxh] vke rkSj ls vkSlr dk;ZdrkZ fliQZ vius foosd ds vk/kj ij vius fpUru ds vk/kj ij jktuSfrd deZ djrk gSA vke rkSj ij laxBuksa esa bruh vlekurk jgrh gS fd usrk fdLe ds yksxksa dks gh ;g lqfo/k miyC/ gS fd og ckck lkgc vkSj xka/h th esa tks cgl gqbZ ml cgl dks i<+sA yksfg;kth vkSj ckck lkgc esa D;k iQdZ gS fMosV esa D;k iQdZ gS bEiQsfll dk] ;g laxBu ds vxqok yksxksa dks gh vke rkSj ij ekywe gksrk gSA vkSj vke dk;ZdrkZ vxqok yksxksa dh bZekunkjh] mlds pfj=k vkSj vkLFkk ds Hkjksls jgrk gSA vkt D;k gks jgk gS ge ,d usrk ds lkFk jgrs gSa mlds fy, th tku ls [ksyrs gSa] irk pyrk gS fd og dkaxzsl esa pyk x;k gS] og Hkktik esa pyk x;k gSA eSaus lquk gS fd vkids bl bykds esa Hkh gqvk] nksuksa gh ikfVZ;ksa esa yksx x, gSa] nksuksa gh ikfVZ;ksa esa lekt esa vPNk dke djus okys lkfFk;ksa dks dqN fnDdr gks ldrh gSA bl ifjfLFkfr ls vius dks dSls fuiVuk gS ! eq>s yxrk gS fd ckck lkgc us 1949 esa tks lafo/ku lHkk esa Hkk"k.k fn;k Fkk] ml Hkk"k.k dks gesa i<+ ysuk pkfg, fd laxBu cukus ds fy, fdl rjg dk ekul pkfg,A lafo/ku lHkk ds ckjs esa reke rjg dh vkykspuk,a gks jgh Fkha] cgqr le; fy;k vkfn&vkfn rks ml Hkk"k.k esa ckck lkgc us cgqr djhus] cgqr Li"Vrk vkSj vkRefo'okl ls tokc fn;k gSA le; 64

T;knk ysus ds ckjs esa dukMk esa fdruk le; yxk vkLVªsfy;k esa fdruk le; yxk gekjk lekt fdruk tfVy gS_ la'kks/u fdrus Fks] ifjfLFkfr;ka fdruh tfVy Fkha] gj vkykspuk dk tokc fn;kA nwljh vksj vius ckjs esa fd eSa rks fliQZ nfyr lekt ds fgr ds fy, lafo/ku lHkk esa vk;k Fkk] eq>s vkius MªkfÝVax desVh esa fy;k] eq>s vkius mldk ps;jeSu cuk;k gS blds fy, eSa vkidk vkHkkjh gw¡A fiQj mlds ckn eSaus rks dqN fd;k gh ugha iQyka odhy us fd;k] iQyka mlus fd;k gS_ rks Js; dks ckaVuk ,d fouezrk gSA viuk vkRefo'okl tks vkykspd Hkh gS] blfy;s vki Li"V mÙkj ns jgs gSa] ysfdu vkius tks dke fd;k mldks] vkius ,d O;fDroknh <ax ls fd;k & ;g eSaus fd;k gS] geus fd;k] gekjh Vhe esa vki rhu yhMj gSa rks vki nwljksa dks T;knk Js; ns jgs gSa] ,sls ekul ls tc ge laxBu cuk;saxs rks 'kk;n vkj-,l-,l- ds fo'kky laxBu ra=k dk ge eqdkcyk dj ldsaxsA vkt tks ifjos'k gS ge yksxksa dks vius lR; esa] viuh le> esa ,d fo'okl ds lkFk&lkFk ,d n`<+rk] ,d fouezrk dk Hkko gksuk pkfg,A ikap gtkj lky iqjkuk fyf[kr bfrgkl gS] mlesa rF; ds vk/kj ij gh bfrgkl le>k tk;] ;k dhfrZ cukbZ tk;] ;g t:jh ugha gS_ çrhdksa ds ekè;e ls Hkh bfrgkl dh le> cukbZ tkrh gSA ;g ckr vyx gS fd ,d çrhd nwljs ls ,dne mYVk gks ldrk gS & jke ds ckjs esa Hkktik ftl çrhd dks mBk jgh gS og iwjh rjg ls czkã.koknh tkfr O;oLFkk dk iks"kd çrhd gS_ tcfd blls myVk çrhd Hkh bl nqfu;k esa iSnk gq, gSaA vxj vkt ge yksx jke dh dksbZ ubZ /kjk iSnk ugha dj nsa] vxj ,slk djuk pkgsa tks jke dks tkfr O;oLFkk ds f[kykiQ fn[kkrh gS] vkSj rF; ,oa bfrgkl dk esy gksrk gS ;k ugha ;g ,d vyx ckr gS ysfdu tks yEch ,sfrgkfld le`f¼ okys lekt gksrs gSa og vDlj ,slk fd;k djrs gSaA eku yhft, fd ge ,slk jke iSnk dj nsa rc rks ;g laHko gS fd ge jke esa vkLFkk dh Hkh ckr djsa vkSj czkã.koknh vkSj tkfroknh fojks/h Hkh iSnk gksa] vU;Fkk gedks ;g ekuuk pkfg, fd tks jke dh ckr djrk gS og dgha u dgha czkã.koknh O;oLFkk ls Vdjkus ds fy, dksbZ 'kkWVZdV nwljk jkLrk <wa< jgk gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd bl fu"d"kZ ij vki yksxksa dh lgefr gks ldrh gS] blds lkFk gh nwljh ckr eSa ;g dguk pkgrk gwa fd vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa czkã.kokn ds pDdj esa xkao dk xjhc 65

czkã.k Hkh vk x;k gS_ bu nksuksa ds iQdZ dks gesa le>uk pkfg,A xjhc czkã.k bl nEHk esa gS fd og czkã.k gS] tUeuk vkSj deZ iQy dks ekurk gS euqLe`fr esa mldk tks LFkku gS bl otg ls og gekjs vR;kpkjksa esa Hkkxhnkj gksrk gSA ysfdu vxj gekjk laxBu gksxk] gesa oSpkfjd Li"Vrk vkSj vkRefo'okl gksxk] ge ,d u;h laLd`fr ds okgd gksaxs rks gekjs fy, ;g laHko gS ge ml czkã.k dks vius vkanksyu esa 'kkfey dj ysa vkSj czkã.kokn ds f[kykiQ gfFk;kj cuk ysaA ekrM+ lR;kxzg ds le; yksx vk;s fd iQyka&iQyka tkfr ds ge usrk gS vki czkã.kksa dks 'kkfey u gksus nhft, bl lR;kxzg esa] ge Hkh vkids lkFk gSaA ckck lkgc us dgk eSa czkã.kokn ds f[kykiQ gw¡ u fd czkã.kksa dsA bl rjg dk ,d vkRe fo'okl vius esa gksuk pkfg, ysfdu tks vHkh vkidh lh<+h rd ugha vk;k gS mlds çfr fgdkjr ugha gksuh pkfg,A bUlku dh fiQrjr vxj dqckZuh djuk gS] tksf[ke ysuk gS] rks le>kSrk djuk Hkh] fxj tkuk Hkh vkSj fxj tkus ds çfr vki vius dks vxqok ekurs gSa rks mldks [kM+k djus dh e;kZnk fn[kkb;s] mnkjrk fn[kkb;s] tks nks"kh gS mlls ?k`.kk djsaxs rks vkanksyu [kM+k ugha dj ik;saxsA mlds nks"k ls eu esa lko/kuh vkSj ltxrk cjruh gSA bl yEch ckr dks eSa lkaLd`frd Lrj ij dguk pkgrk gw¡ fd D;k vki ml nfyr cqtx q Z dks vkt ls rhu ih<+h igys okys fgdkjr ls ns[krs gSaA vius tks lkFkh gSa] vkSjr gSa] cPps gSa] ftldks vkius ;g ekSdk ugha fn;k fd og bu lokyksa ij [kqys fnekx ls lksp lds_ mldks vxj vki fgdkjr ls ns[kksxs rks vki vius vkanksyu dk lekt ifjorZu dh çfØ;k dk uqdlku djksxs rFkk izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls czkã.kokn dh gh enn djksxsA ;g Li"Vrk gksuh pkfg,] ysfdu ;g ,d oSpkfjd Li"Vrk ;k lfg".kqrk gSA vlger ls Hkh laokn pykus dh rkdr vius fo'okl ls gh iSnk gksrh gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd vHkh oSpkfjd Lrj ij lekt esa tks fLFkfr gS mlesa gekjs Hkhrj ,d lgt vkRefo'okl iSnk gksuk pkfg,A esjh çkjafHkd jktuhfrd nh{kk gS 10oha ds ckn ls lektoknh vkanksyu esa gqbZA lektoknh vkanksyu dk dsoy ,d fgLlk Mk- jke euksgj yksfg;k dks ekurk ;k lh/ks&lh/ks eaMy tSls j.k dkS'ky dks tkfr&mUewyu dk gfFk;kj ekurk FkkA tkrh; mUewyu fgUnqLrku esa ,d t:jh ,ts.Mk gS] lkekftd Økafr vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ nksuksa ,d 66

nwljs ds iwjd gksaxsA bl ckjs esa Mk- jke euksgj yksfg;k dh Li"Vrk FkhA ysfdu ih,iQ-ih- dh lektoknh /kjk bl ckr dks ugha ekurh FkhA bls jktuSfrd çfØ;k dg ysa ;k ifjiDork vkt turk ny esa tks lektoknh /kjk gS mleas ih-,l-ih- Hkh eaMy ds i{k esa mruk gh gS ftruk jke euksgj yksfg;k dh /kjk dks ekuus okysA rfeyukMq esa ikVhZ cuh gS iSfj;l dE;wfuLV ikVhZ] igys ;fn isfj;kj ds ckjs esa dE;wfuLV dk dguk lqu ysa rks 'kk;n laHko gh ugha gks fd ;g nksuksa uke ,d lkFk fy;s tk;saA ekDlZokfn;ksa dks vkSj isfj;kj dks ekuus okys yksxksa dh ,d lk>h ikVhZ cukbZ gS mlh rjg ls ckck lkgc vkSj yksfg;k bu nksuksa dks ekuus okys rks lkFk&lkFk dke djrs jgs gSaA xka/h ds ckjs esa esjh tks le> gS mlds nks vk;ke gSa & ,d /eZ vkJe okys xka/kh Fks vkSj nwljs og ftudh ckck lkgc ls yxkrkj cgl gksrh jghA dkaxzsl ds Hkhrj Hkh mlh rjg dh ,d fMosV Fkh vkSj tc cgqtu lekt us ubZ vfLerk çkIr dj yh rks mldk Hkh ,d :ikUrj.k gks jgk Fkk] iwuk ls ifjorZu dh ;g çfØ;k 'kq: gqbZ vkSj 42 rd iw.kZ gks xbZ FkhA xka/h th dk dguk Fkk fd tkfr vLi`';rk tkfr çFkk ls gh tqM+h gS vkSj tkfr çFkk ds mUewyu cxSj u rks lekt dk dY;k.k laHko gS vkSj u gh vLi`';rk [kRe gks ldrh gSA ;g 42ds ckn dk xka/h gSA vkt ds loksZn;h dks eSa lgh xka/hoknh blfy, ugha ekurk gw¡ fd os 42ds igys okys xka/h dks T;knk vius O;ogkj esa ekurs gSaA muds laxBu esa VkpZ ysdj <aw<s rks Hkh vkidks nfyr ugha feysxk ysfdu eSa ;g dguk pkgrk gw¡ fd Nn~e czkã.kokn ds f[kykiQ cgqr lh yM+kb;ksa esa dkaxzslh gekjs lkFk Fks] os yM+kb;ka vxj ge gkj x;s rks Hkh fgUnqLrku esa czkã.kokn lhfer gks tk;sxkA vkt dk tks Nn~e czkã.kokn gksxk mldk :i iqjkus okys ls T;knk tdM+uiw.kZ gksus okyk gS] mlesa ;s yksx oSadV je.k ls ysdj vHkh ds tks reke czkã.koknh 'kkld gSa] os ;g dgus okys gSa fd ;g ubZ euqLe`fr rks ckck lkgc us [kqn gh fy[kh gS] ;g lerk dk MkdqesaV gSA ml lekurk ds MkdqesaV dk gJ D;k gksxk\ tSls fgUnw /eZ dh ,d/kjk tM+ vkSj psru ;kfu ;g dqlhZ vkSj vki nksuksa cjkcj gSa] ysfdu okLro esa nfyr uk Nq,saxs uk ns[ksaxs uk [kk;saxs uk 'kknh djsaxs uk cSB dj jksVh [kk;saxs rks mlh rjg dk u;k czkã.kokn pyus okyk gSA lafo/ku eas fy[kk gS lc cjkcj gSa] ysfdu okLro esa tks vxM+h tkfr;ksa esa iSnk gqvk gS] vaxzsth Kku j[krk gS mldks vesfjdk esa Hkh ukSdjh fey 67

tk;sxh pkgs fMxzh fy;k gks ;k ugha mldks ohfM;ks fiQYe cukus dk Bsdk fey tk;sxk] yk[kksa dh dekbZ gks tk;sxh] ysfdu tks nfyr gS og nfyr gh jgsxkA u;s fdLe ds czkã.kokn dks le>us ds Øe esa vHkh rd eSaus eksVs rkSj ij vkØed czkã.kokn ds ckjs esa crkus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA izcy fgUnwokn dh /kjk ds 114 laxBu gSa] ouokfl;ksa esa mudk laxBu gS] cuoklh dY;k.k vkJe ds uke ls cPpksa esa fgUnqLrku dk tks MseksxzSfiQd iksiqys'ku gS og larqyu fcxM+us okyk gS D;ksafd vxys dqN o"kksZ esa cgqla[;d cPps ukStoku gksus okys gSaA vkj-,l-,l- bu ekeyksa esa fcYdqy ltx gS vkSj iwjs ns'k esa mlus cM+s iSekus ij 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dh tky fcNk nh gS vkSj gekjs tks ifjorZuoknh vkanksyu gSa muesa dgha cPpksa ds Ldwy dk dksbZ usVodZ ugha gSA tks ljdkjh Ldwy gSa] vkerkSj ls mÙkj Hkkjr ds ckjs esa fuf'pr rkSj ij dg ldrk gw¡ muesa i<+kbZ çk;% [kRe gks xbZ gS vkSj tks cgqtu lekt ls gVds nwljs rcds gSa ;k gekjs lekt ls eè;e oxZ dh lh<+h rd fdlh u fdlh rjg igqap x;s gSa muds cPps rks ifCyd Ldwyksa esa i<+ ysrs gSa ckdh ds cPps vkerkSj ls ljdkjh Ldwyksa esa i<+rs gSa_ ftlesa jftLVj gksrk gS] ftlesa Vhpj gksrs gSa] ftlesa ru[okg feyrh gS ysfdu mlesa Dykl ugha yxrh] mlesa Vhpj Ldwy esa ugha vkrs gSaA vkxjk dk geus ,d losZ{k.k djk;k Fkk] mlesa ,d Ldwy ftlesa ckdk;nk ekLVjjksy gS] og Ldwy iwjs vuqnku ds rkSj ij pyrk gSA fnYyh ds cxy dk 'kgj gS vkxjk] iRFkj dh rks ;gk¡ lcls lqUnj bekjr gS ysfdu ekuoh; Lrj ij lcls Øwjrk ogka ns[kus dks feyrh gSA bl rjg ls cgqtu lekt ds vkxs c<+us ds jkLrs cUn gks jgs gSaA czkã.kokn vius lekukUrj dbZ phtsa [kM+h dj jgk gSA laLd`fr vkSj O;oLFkk ds ekeys es gh fliZQ euekuh ugha cfYd ckcjh efLtn jke tUe Hkwfe ds ckjs esa dksVZ tks iQSlyk nsxk mldks Hkh ;s ugha ekusaxs D;ksafd ;s gh dksVZ gSa vkSj budk cksyckyk gSA ;g tks czkã.koknh ra=k gS og vyx jkLrs ij gS vkSj vyx&vyx rjg ls oSKkfudksa dks laxfBr dj jgk gS] bl rjg ls lekt ds lkaLd`frd] jktuSfrd] lkekftd] 'kS{kf.kd] ckSf¼d] oSKkfud lHkh {ks=kksa esa czkã.koknh ra=k gkoh gks jgk gS vkSj vkj-,l-,l- mldk dsUæ gSA og Hkktik lesr vius ÚaV vkxsZukbZts'ku dk bLrseky dj jgk gSA nwljh vksj Nn~e czkã.kokn ds ckjs esa Hkh dqN dguk pkgrk gw¡A vkidks è;ku gksxk tc euqLe`fr tykbZ xbZ Fkh rks pkj 68

çLrko ikfjr gq, Fks mlesa ,d çLrko ;g Hkh Fkk fd Hkkjr esa dksbZ fo"kerk dkuwu ugha gksxk vkSj vHkh D;k gks jgk gS\ vkt vesfjdk u;k czkã.k gS mlds ikl gfFk;kj gksaxs] vk.kfod gfFk;kj gksaxs] mlds fy, vyx dkuwu gS] og ÅtkZ iSnk djsxk mlls iwjk i;kZoj.k çnwf"kr gksxk ysfdu ml ij og dkuwu ykxw ugha gksxkA blh rjg ls O;kikj ds ckjs esa og tks ethZ dkuwu cuk,_ mldk cktkj gekjs lkeku ds fy, [kqys ugha gSa ysfdu muds lkeku ds fy, gekjs cktkj [kqys gksus pkfg,A gekjs ;gka ls ys x;s cht dks isVsUV djok ysus ds ckn vxj gekjk fdlku ml cht ds vk/kj ij d`f"k djrk gS rks mldks mudk VSDl nsuk iM+rk gSA blh rjg ;qukbVsM la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa ftldks og pkgs geykokj ekus_ phu dks frCcr ij og geykokj ugha ekurk gSA phu dks gfFk;kj Hkh nsaxs] vkfFkZd enn Hkh nsaxs ysfdu vxj ln~nke gqlSu dks geykokj ekuk gS rks ml ij lc rjiQ ls geyk dj nsaxs rks fiQj cPps] cw<+s mlds ukxfjd vf/dkj dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jgrkA vkt fo'o esa vesfjdk] if'peh ;wjksi vkSj vc mlds lkFk tkiku czkã.kh O;oLFkk ds vxqvk yksx gSa] vkSj gekjs ;gka ds tks czkã.koknh yksx gSa buls fj'rk cuk jgs gSaA tSls ,d xjhc czkã.k Hkh xkao dh czkã.koknh O;oLFkk dk iks"kd gksrk gS] oSls oSadVje.k xjhc gS] ogka ls ?kqM+dh vkrh gS] ogka dk fMIVh fefuLVj Hkh vkrk gS rks mudh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks ykxw dj nsrh gSA mu vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dk urhtk D;k gS eSa mldh riQlhy esa ugha tkuk pkgrk gwaA u;h vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa esa dkaxzsl D;k djus okyh gS mnkgj.k ds fy, vHkh jsy esa 14 yk[k yksx gSa 7 yk[k yksxksa dh NVuh dj nh tk;] 32 ifCyd lSDVj dks çkbosV lSDVj esa cny fn;k tk, vxj ljdkjh ukSdjh ;gka ugha jgsxh rks çkbosV lSDVj esa fdrus cgqtu lekt ds yksxksa dks ukSdjh fey tk;sxh \ gekjs ikl iwath fuos'k djus dh fdruh xqatkb'k gS bldk vanktk vki yxk ldrs gSaA nwljh ftu yksxksa dh NVuh gksxh os lc yksx vehj vkSj xSj cgqtu ds gksaxs ,slk ugha gS] og xjhc czkã.k Hkh gksxk ftldk fgr vkSj gekjk fgr okLro esa ,d gS ysfdu mldk ekul czkã.koknh gSA og nfyr ds f[kykiQ gksxk] og cgqtu ds f[kykiQ gksxk] lekt esa tkrh; fgalk c<+sxh vkSj lekt esa csjkstxkjh c<+sxhA tks igys ls jkstxkj ik;s gq, yksx gSa os Hkh csjkstxkj gks tk;saxs] u;s jkstxkj rks miyC/ gh ugha 69

gksaxsA blrjg iwjs lekt esa fgalk c<+sxh ;g ,d fLFkfr gS] nwljh ifjfLFkfr ftldks vki utjvankt ugha dj ldrs og ;g gS fd iwjh nqfu;k esa vesfjdk us vius çpkj o lapkj ekè;eksa ls ,d miHkksxokn dh va/kh Hkw[k iSnk dh gSA vki fdrus gh xjhc D;ksa u gksa] vkids eu esa ykyp gS fd Hkw[ks jgdj Hkh dyj Vh-oh- ys fy;k tk; D;ksafd blesa bTtr gSA bl miHkksxokn ds dkj.k ge yksx ,d ,slh vlqj{kk dk Hkko eglwl dj jgs gSa ftlesa yx jgk gS fd ge ihNs u NwV tk;saA bl vlqj{kk ds Hkko esa ge reke yksx rjg&rjg ds le>kSrs djus yxrs gSaA fdlh Hkh rjg ds vkfFkZd lkekftd laxBuksa esa Hkkxhnkjh djus okyksa esa fnYyh vkSj if'peh mÙkj çns'k ds cgqtu lekt dk tks cstk bLrseky eaMy ls ysdj Hkktik muds fgrksa dks utjvankt fd;k djrh Fkh mlds ckn ;g lkft'k bl gn rd liQy gksuk laHko ugha gSA ;g tks vkfFkZd lqj{kk dk ekgkSy vkSj miHkksxokn dh ikxy nkSM+ gS] ftlesa fdlh Hkh rjg ls miHkksx dh lkexzh ik ysuh gS] ewY;ksa dk dksbZ egRo ugha gS] lPpkbZ dk dksbZ egRo ugha gS] mlls ,d ekufldrk curh gS] ,d vlqj{kk dk Hkko curk gS ftlls iQklhokn iSnk gksrk gSA fgUnw dV~Vj usrk fgUnqvksa dks rFkk eqfLye dV~Vj usrk eqlyekuksa dks lkEçnkf;d cuk,axsA iwjk ra=k lkekftd }Un vkSj la?k"kZ dk gks tk;sxk vkSj ljdkj dks ekSdk feysxk fd og T;knk ls T;knk gfFk;kj iqfyl dks nsA lsuk dks ns'k dh yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa dk è;ku gksxk] U;k;ky;ksa dh rkdr de gksxh rks blls ns'k esa vktknh ds vkanksyu dh tks ,d cM+h miyfC/ gS ftl ij ckck lkgc ckj&ckj tksj nsrs Fks ml yksdra=k dk {kj.k gksxkA ns'k Hkh fdlh u fdlh rjg ds Hkkoukokn dk f'kdkj gks ldrk gSA og Hkkoukokn fgUnw dV~Vjrk gks ldrk gS] og jk"Vªh; ,drk dks cpkus dk Hkkoukokn gks ldrk gS] mlds vk/kj ij yksdra=k dks lekIr dj fn;k tk;sxkA bl rjg ;s [krjs czkã.kokn dh yM+kbZ ls lh/ks&lh/ks tqM+s gSa ysfdu lekt bruk tfVy gks x;k gS fd dbZ ckj ge mu [krjksa dks lh/ks&lh/ks ns[k ugha ikrs gSaA vkSj ;g ns[kuk ,d O;fDr ds cl dh ckr Hkh ugha gS] bldks dksbZ vkanksyu gh ns[k ldrk gSA blfy, tc ls eSaus viuh ckr 'kq: dh Fkh fd ge vkewy ifjorZu dk ,d O;kid vkUnksyu cuk og O;kid vkanksyu [kqyk gks ;kuh blesa NksVs&NksVs xzqi gks tks vius vki esa Li"V gks ysfdu og nwljs ds ckjs esa lfg".kq gks tks 70

vyx&vyx <ax ls vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa dke dj jgs gksaA ysfdu fiQj Hkh og dke ,d lkFk dj lds vxj ,slk ,d [kqyk eap cukuk gksxk tks oSpkfjd :i ls Li"V Hkh gks vius dke esa iDdk Hkh gks rks og bl rkfRod cgl ds vk/kj ij ugha cu ldrk gSA mldks dk;ZØe dh ,drk ds vk/kj ij cukuk iM+sxkA czkã.kokn dh yM+kbZ esa lcls igys rks tkrh; laLFkk dk mUewyu ;g Li"V rkSj ij ,d O;kid eap dh ,drk dk vk/kj gksuk pkfg, nwljk vYila[;d dh lqj{kk vkSj vYila[;d dh lqj{kk esa ge yksxksa dks tgka Hkh gks tks Hkh vYila[;d tSls dukZVd esa vxj Hkkoukokn iSQyk rks rfeyukMq vYila[;d gS] ikuh ds loky ij og Hkh mlls tqM+rk gS_ pkgs d'ehj dk fgUnw gks pkgs iatkc ds fgUnw gesa bl rjg ds vYila[;dksa dh iwjs ns'k eas j{kk djuh gS ;g nwljk loky ewyr% lkaLd`frd loky gSA vkfFkZd lokyksa esa ,d rks ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks le>uk muls fdl rjg ls czkã.kokn iq"V gksrk gS mldk fojks/ djuk] cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeokyk elyk vkSj mlds lkFk jkstxkj ds vf/dkj ds fy, yM+kbZ djuk ;g nwljk vkfFkZd çksxzke gSA rhljk jktuSfrd çksxzke gekjh cgqtu lekt dh tks rkdr gS mldh dkaxzsl vkSj Hkktik fodYi ugha gS vHkh tks fodYi gSa os cgqr fdLe ds gSaA muesa VwV vkus yxrh gS ml VwV dks dSls cpkuk gS gedks ,d jktuSfrd ikVhZ cukuh gS tks cgqtu lekt dh bu nksuksa ikfVZ;ksa ls vyx çfrfuf/Ro dj lds rks mlds fy, geesa ls gj dk;ZdrkZ dks vius fnekx esa lkspuk gksxk fd vkt gekjs eu dh ikVhZ rks ugha gS] ysfdu gekjs djhc dh gSA bls dSls vius eu dh ikVhZ cukuk gS blds ckjs esa gedks dke djuk vkSj vafre ckr lekt dh yksdrkaf=kd laLFkk,a gSaA ljdkj rks yksdra=k esa pquh tkrh gS tks gekjs uke ij oksV ysrh gS] gekjs uke ij ctV cukrh gS] ysfdu vkil esa gh [kk tkrh gSA jktho xka/h ekurs Fks fd :i;s esa 85 iSls rks ikVhZ vkSj C;wjksØSlh feydj gh [kkrh gS] fiQj fdl rjg ls fgUnqLrku dk jkT; fgUnqLrku dh lcls cM+h yksdrakf=kd laLFkk cus] U;k;ky; fgUnqLrku ds cgqtu lekt dh vkdka{kkvksa dk çrhd cus] yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa dks lekt ds cgqtu yksx dSls bLrseky djsa ;g mldk jktuSfrd ,ts.Mk dk nwljk eqn~nk gS vkSj vfUre eqn~nk Hkfo"; dh og j.kuhfr ftls ckck lkgc us lafo/ku lHkk esa funs'kd rRoksa ds ckjs esa ladsr fn, gSa mlds fy, yM+kbZ djuk rks t:jh gSA vc vius esa ls Hkh vxj ,slk dksbZ MkDVj curk gS tks xSj cgqtu lekt MkDVj dh rjg iQkekZflLV gS] vkSj xjhcksa dh lsok 71

fd;s fcuk lky Hkj esa yky Vkfud nsdj dkj] caxyk cukrs rks gekjk tks lafo/ku gS oks euqLe`fr dk iquZorkj gks tkus okyk gSA lkekftd vlfy;r vkSj lerk ds la?k"kZ ls mldk dksbZ okLrk ugha jgus okyk gSA ge yksxksa ds nfyr lekt] cgqtu lekt esa Hkh bathfu;j] MkDVj] ySDpjj reke gSa gesa viuh vkpj.k lafgrk [kqn gh fy[kuh gS vkSj og dsoy viuh dye ls ugh cfYd vius thou ds O;ogkj ls fy[kuh gSA çkseks'ku ugha feysxk] VªkaliQj gksaxs] Hkz"V viQlj C;wjksØslh vkidk rcknyk djok;sxk rks Hkh gedks vius O;ogkj ls] vkpj.k ls ,d ubZ vkpj.k lafgrk fy[kuh gS tks fo"kerk ds f[kykiQ tkrh gks tks lerk ds lekt dk liuk dk ladYi etcwr djrh gks] bUgha 'kCnksa ls eSa viuh ckr dks [kRe djuk pkgwaxkA

euq Le`fr ngu fnol ij cqVh gkWy ukxiqj fo|kihB] ukxiqj esa 25 fnlEcj 1991 dks fn;k x;k vè;{kh; Hkk"k.k

10?kkrd gS czkbZ fcy ns'k esa tgka vkt Hk"Vkpkj dks ysdj vUuk gtkjs o ns'k dh vf/dka'k turk vkanksyujr gS ogha flfoy lkslk;Vh] fdlku lewg fof/ fo'ks"kKksa vkSj lks'kfyLV ÚaV Hkz"Vkpkj vkanksyu ds lkFk&lkFk ljdkj dh fdlku fojks/h uhfr;ksa ds f[kykiQ Hkh ekspkZ [kksy fn;k gSA ;wih, ljdkj blh l=k esa ^ck;ksVsDuksykWth jsX;wysVjh vkWFkVhZ vkWiQ bafM;k(czkbZ) fcy ikl djkus dh lksp jgh gSA bl fcy ds fojks/ esa lks'kfy"V ÚaV esa ljdkj ds f[kykiQ ekspkZ [kksy fn;k gSA bl fcy ds fojks/ esa bu laxBuksa us ns'k ds dbZ jkT;ksa esa fdlkuksa ds lkFk ckrphr vkSj lsehukjksa dk flyflyk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA njvly ^czkbZ* fcy esa u ikjnf'kZrk gS u tSo lqj{kk xkjaVhA blesa turk o jkT;ksa ljdkjksa dh Hkkxhnkjh Hkh 'kwU; gSA fcy esa fo'ys"k.k dh t#jr dks Hkh udkjk x;k gS vkSj u gh blesa izHkkoh mRrjnkf;Ro vkSj u f'kdk;rksa ds fy, dksbZ xqatkbZ'k gSA bl tu fojks/h fcy dh [kkfe;ksa ij bu laxBuksa us ,d fjiksVZ Hkh tkjh dh gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ;g fcy ,d ,slk fdlku fojks/h dkuwu gS ftlesa ikjnf'kZrk] turk ls fopkj&foe'kZ dh t#jr] LokLF; o d`f"k tSls fo"k;ksa ij jkT;ksa dh laoS/kfud lRrk vkSj yksdrkaf=kd ekinaMksa dk [kqyk mYya?ku gSA bl fcy esa tSo lqj{kk ls tqM+s reke igyqvksa dks Hkh utjvankt fd;k x;k gSA fcy ds eqrkfcd ftl foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh ea=kky; dks bl fo/s;d dks rS;kj djus vkSj laln esa is'k djus dh ftEesnkjh nh x;h gS] th,e iQlyksa ds fodkl dks c<+kok nsus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh mlh ea=kky; ij gSA ,sls esa fgrksa ds Vdjko vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kok gh feysxkA gekjh d`f"k uhfr dks iwjh rjg vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi lapkfyr dj jgk gSA blls gekjs Hkkjrh; d`f"k dh tks yksd Kku dh ijaijk Fkh oks lkft'ku [kRe dh tk jgh gSA tc chVh fczaty dks ysdj cgl 'kq: gq;h rks ml le; tks d`f"k oSKkfud Fks mu esa ls vf/dka'kksa us chVh fczaty ds i{k esa gh oksV fn;k vkSj ge blds fojks/ esa FksA rc yksx vkSj izsl gels 73

iwN jgs Fks fd tc d`f"k oSKkfud blds i{k esa cksy jgs gSa rks vki yksx blds f[kykiQ D;ksa gSaA vkf[kj blds ihNs jkt D;k gS\ njvly gekjk tks fnekx gS oks vHkh Hkh Dyksfu;u ekbaM gSA gekjs ikB~Øeksa esa d`f"k foKku ls lacaf/r tks Hkh i<+k;k tk jgk gS oks iwjk dk iwjk vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi ds Kku ij vk/kfjr gSA ;gh lcls cM+h fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA gekjs Hkkjrh; d`f"k oSKkfud gekjh ijEijkxr [ksrh ij fo'ks"kKrk gkfly ugha djuk pkgrsA Hkz"Vkpkj dk vkye ;g gS fd tSls MkDVj rhu &pkj lkyksa esa nok daifu;ksa dh d`ik ls dkj ys ysrs gSa oSls gh ;s d`f"k oSKkfud u gks dj vkWVªizsus;j cus gq, gSa vkSj vius uke ij viuh daiuh] ;wfuoflZVh dj vius isVsaV Hkh ys jgs gSaA bl fcy ds ihNs ljdkj dh ea'kk lkiQ gks jgh gS fd bl esa tks jsX;wysVjh fu;e gS thbZ,lh rks ;s fcy blls Hkh detksj izfØ;k gSA bl fcy esa ;g xqatkbZ'k iSnk dh tk jgh gS fd

gekjs d`f"k oSKkfud tks

vkWVªizsus;j cu x;s gSa oks vkSj cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh gekjh [ksrh dj ys pkgs blds ckn gejk fdlku vkRegR;k djs ;k etcwju viuh mitkmQ tehu fdlh dEiuh dks okWyekWV cukus ds fy, ns nsA bl fcy dks ikl djkus ij ljdkj viuh iwjh mQtkZ yxk, gq, gS mls ns'k ds fdlkuksa ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA bl fcy ds ikl gksrs gh fiQj ls bdksykWftdy Økblsl iSnk gksxh] tyok;q ifjorZu T;knk gksxk D;ksa fd vf/d ls vf/d ykHk dekus dh ea'kk ls mQtkZ dh [kir T;knk vkSj voSKkfud rjhds ls gksxkA fiQj ls dkcZu VªsM~l gksaxh] lsalst gksaxhA ;s iwjk dk iwjk tks pØ gS oks gekjs vFkZ ra=k dks daiuh jkt ds lEiw.kZ fu;a=k.k esa ykus dk dke tks ;g ljdkj dj jgh gS mlesa ;g czkbZ fcy muds fy, vkStkj dh rjg gS ftls os bLrseky djus ij rqys gSaA th,e iQlyksa ij Hkkjr esa fiQyoDr [kqyh cgl 'kq: gq;h gSA chVh cSxu ls lacaf/r Lora=k vè;;u vkSj loZ 'kq: gq, gSA ;g iwjh rjg Li"V gks x;k gS fd th,e iQlysa tu LokLF; vkSj i;kZoj.k ds lkeus u;s [krjs iSnk dj jgh gSA dukMk esa gky esa gq, ,d loZ ls irk pyk gS fd efgyk ds xHkZ esa vkSj jDr esa chVh VksfDlu feyk gS ftlus bl rduhd ij dbZ xaHkhj loky [kM+s dj fn;s gSaA foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ea=kky; dks bu rF;ksa ij xkSj dj djrs gq;s rRdky bl rduhd ij jksd yxkuk pkfg, vkSj tc rd bl rduhd ls lqj{kk lacaèkh larqf"V ugha fey tkrh] vkxs dksbZ igy ugha gksuh pkfg,A ysfdu blds foijhr 74

tkdj ea=kky; ns'k esa th,e rduhd dks yxkrk c<+kok ns jgk gSA izLrkfor fcy iwjh rjg ls vlaoS/kfud vkSj [krjukd gS ftlds ekè;e ls ljdkj th,e iQlyksa ds fy, flaxy foUMks flLVe rS;kj dj jgh gSA th,e iQlyksa dks ysdj lekt ds lHkh oxZ esa vkØks'k gS pkgs oks fdlku gks ;k miHkksDrkA bl ij [kqyh cgl rHkh laHko gS tc lqizhe dksVZ vkSj dsUnzh; i;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=kky; fu;ked ra=k esa ikjnf'kZrk ykus ds fy, gLr{ksr djsA bl u;s dkuwu dks cgqr ckfjdh ls ns[kus fd t:jr gS D;ksafd blds ekè;e ls ljdkj lwpuk ds vf/dkj dkuwu dks Hkh nckus dh dksf'k'k esa gSA ,slk djds ljdkj fojks/h Lojksa dk vklkuh ls vyksdrkaf=kd :i ls neu dj jgh gSA reke laxBuksa dh ekax gS fd ljdkj bl nks"kiw.kZ] ladh.kZ rduhdh czkbZ fcy dks rRdky jksd ns vkSj dsUnzh; i;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=kky; dh ns[kjs[k esa ,d izHkko'kkyh ck;kslsÝVh izksVsD'ku vFkkfjVh fcy rS;kj djsA vkt tks dkuwu cu jgs gSa pkgs oks lhM~l fcy gks ySaM ,D;wft'ku gks ;k czkbZ fcy bu lc dks ns[kus le>us ds ckn lh/s rkSj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd vc gekjk yksdra=k dkjiksjsV dSEisfVoy ugha jgsxk cfYd dkjiksjsV daVªksYM gks tk,xk vkSj ;g cM+h Hkk;og ckr gSA ;g Hkkjr ds lafo/ku ds fo#¼ gSA bl tu fojks/h uhfr esa reke ikfVZ;ka 'kkfey gSaA okeiaFkh ikfVZ;ka] ftuds lkFk eSa dbZ Lrj ij lkFk gwa vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh jguk gh iM+sxk] D;ksa fd ftl rjg dh jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLd`frd 'kwU;rk gS bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa geyksxksa dh etcwjh gS mu ikfVZ;ksa ds lkFk dke djukA D;ksa fd vafre vkSj fu.kkZ;d iQSlyk rks rHkh gksxk ns'k ds HkkX; dk tc ikfVZ;ksa dks geyksx etcwj djsaxsA ysfdu ;s ikfVZ;ka viuh igy ls vke turk ds fy, dqN djrh ugha fn[krhA czkbZ fcy ij vkanksyu lewgksa] ,thvks ds fFkad VSaDl dks gh vkxs D;ksa vkuk iM+s\ bu ikfVZ;ksa ds fFkad VSaDl gh gesa D;ksa ugha crkrs\ tcfd mUgsa fjlpZj feyrk gS muds ikl ikfyZ;kesaVªh LVMht ds baLVhV~;wV gSa ftUgsa rjg&rjg dk iSlk tks ifCyd Mksesu esa feyrk gS oks rks tkfgj gh gS vkSj Hkh tgka ls feyrk gS oks bu fnuksa lkiQ rkSj ij fn[k jgk gSA rc Hkh os ns'k ds fy, D;k dj jgs gSa\ D;k eueksgu flag th] eksUVsd flag vkSj vU; yksxksa us ;g r; fd;k gS fd os tgka ukSdjh djrs Fks] mUgha ds fgr esa dke djsaxs vkSj ns'k dh turk dqN ugha\ ;g ,slk loky gS tks izR;sd ns'koklh dks ihM+k nsrk gSA ysfdu vc loky bl loky dks fnekx esa j[krs gq, gesa ,UVh ikVhZ vkSj ,UVh ikWfyfVdy izkslsl ugha gksuk gSA 75

gesa viuh ckr] vius foe'kZ dks dSls fd;k tk, fd bu nyksa esa tks vius gh usrkvksa ls ijs'kku yksx gSa vkSj tks yksdfgr dh ckr djuk pkgrs gSa mUgsa dSls lEcy nsa rkfd oks viuh ikVhZ ds Hkhrjh eapksa esa yksdrkaf=kd izfØ;k dks pykus ds fy, ncko cuk ldsaA ;s dke gesa djuk gksxkA vkt pkgs ck;ks VsDuksykWth dh ckr gks] ,D;wft'ku dk fcy gks] fLkM~l dk fcy gks ,sls reke dkuwu tks tufgrdkjh ugha gS] ml ij ge jktuSfrd izfØ;k dks dSls c<+k ldsa] mu izfrfuf/;ksa ls tks yksd mUeq[kh gSa ls dSls laokn dk;e djsa ;g vkt gekjs fy, cM+k loky gSA

COMBATING THE TWIN PHENOMENA: CORRUPTION AND COMMUNALISM Vijay Pratap For an activist with average intellectual and moral capabilities, writing is a painful task. This time I had to write an editorial on fighting corruption. My editorial colleague suggested that since Lokayan has been part of the ‘Campaign on Right to Information’ I must write on this issue. Her case was that this is the issue on which there was a successful struggle in Rajasthan led by Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan of Ms. Aruna Asaf Ali, Mr. Shankar, Mr. Nikhil and others. It forced the state government to concede that people had the right to information. The Rajasthan government has set up a committee to go into the modalities of providing information to those who demand it. Responsive sections in the bureaucracy have gone a bit further, as is mentioned in the circular letters sent by Mr. N.C. Saxena to civil service probationers, and to the Joint Secretary - Personnel Department. In both these letters the intention is to create an ethos and institutional arrangements so that citizens will have the power of information to ensure that the state does not behave arbitrarily. The fact that the director and many of the faculty members of LBS Academy, Mussoorie have taken the issue of fighting corruption seriously is illustrative of the concern of a section of the bureaucracy on the issue.

However, many of the writers analyse corruption as a potent and pervasive phenomenon. Ratnakar Tripathy writes, “We constantly debate over the acceptable degrees of corruption – how much is acceptable in a given situation, and how much is not. This, by itself, shows that we have come to regard it as the dominant norm.” He further says, “Our psyche is very much that of an accomplice who is constantly disowning his own involvement.” While agreeing

with the latter statement, it is debatable whether ‘people have accepted corruption as the dominant norm’.

For the last 22 years, since the time of the JP movement in 1974, people have repeatedly expressed their opposition to this dominant ‘fact’ of life, i.e., corruption. People are yet not willing to accept this as a norm. This is not an ideological statement by an activist trained in the Gandhian democratic socialist tradition. There is repeated and ample evidence to show that people are looking for instruments to fight corruption, so that they can lead a life of ‘Maryada’ and ‘Swadharma’ (leading life with a notion of moderation/limits and following the living ethical traditions as understood and practiced in a customary fashion). People appear to disown their involvement because corruption and corrupt structures have not been adopted by them out of choice, but have been grafted on to them. The elite are increasingly indulging in corruption because of its cultural-psychological ‘compulsion’ to ape the mad consumerism of Western industrialism. The poor majority are then forced to do so for sheer survival. The multiple failures and fracturing of the politics of the oppressed contribute to the perception of corruption as a pervading fact.

When the national elections were held in 1996, leaders from most of the large political parties were under the cloud of the Hawala scam. Those of the Left Parties, the Samajvadi Party of Mulayam Singh and the Bahujan Samaj Party of Kanshi Ram were, however, not involved. The Janata Dal had only two of its leaders with small amounts against their names in the Hawala diary. Congress, a party with marked downward slide of its moral fibre, naturally had many of its leaders involved in this scam. This party has ruled the country at the centre since independence, except for brief interruptions in 1977 and 1989. As a response, the opposition

parties had to almost suspend their respective agendas and come together under the plank of ‘non-Congressism’. Their strategy of non-Congressism had succeeded only in an impure form in the major state of U.P., Bihar and Madhya Pradesh where they had to seek support from ‘defectors’ from Congress in order to form the provincial governments. This experiment was short-lived.

In 1977, the opposition got an opportunity to form the government because the voters reacted against the authoritarian rule of Indira Gandhi and her son. However, this experiment did not last long because the Hindu rightist segment of the Janata Party was indulging in Machiavellian tactics of using one faction/individual against the other and the socialists, the other ideologically motivated group, failed miserably in resisting the temptation of becoming pawns in the power struggle. The 1977 electoral verdict and the courageous/vanguardist role during the JP movement in 1974 and during emergency rule in 1975-77 had offered the socialists an opportunity to shape India’s destiny, but they failed. Here it is important to note that the 1977 election saw people’s participation in an unprecedented manner. All sections of people, especially in north India, where the experience of authoritarian rule was more direct, adopted Janata Party candidates as their own candidates; they mobilised money on their own and every conscious citizen became a Janata Party volunteer.

Congress becoming prisoner of a corrupt system is comprehensible to many objective observers. The BJP’s corruption is, however, less widely recognised. The right-wing, casteism, hatred spreading party, had one of its chief ministers in Delhi, an ex-chief minister in Madhya Pradesh and its national president, Mr. L.K. Advani in the Hawala scam. Even a casual observer knows that now BJP is able to mobilise ‘unclean’ money for elections,

generally leaving even the Congress far behind, despite not controlling the seat of political power in Delhi. People might not have forgotten that after the national executive meeting of BJP in Pune on the eve of 1996 elections, Mr. Pramod Mahajan had ‘admitted’ or perhaps ‘boasted’ of his inability to collect ‘clean funds’. Even before the elections, the BJP had made public that they would use seven aircraft during the election campaign. The rationale given for mobilising money from wherever it was mobilised was that the high cost of elections had compelled them to raise funds from the “moneyed people”. We know from the experience of 1977 that if people genuinely own you as their candidate, and want to give you a mandate to rule the country, then you do not need money to win the elections.

Here we need to bring into the discussion another important point put forward by Ratnakar Tripathy. According to him, “over the decades as our political processes and social life got increasingly democratised, corruption as a phenomenon has grown in scale… However, the fact is that corruption is essentially a retaliatory strategy against the process of democratisation. Corruption carries on with increasing democratisation, lives off it, and mars its liveliness.” There is an absolute agreement with him on this. It becomes imperative to examine how the ruling establishment of the society tames the democratic assertions and urges. There is a remarkable degree of similarity in the strategy of both the dominant parties of ruling sections, i.e., Congress and BJP. First of all both the parties, understanding the psyche of Indian people who have not yet reconciled to corruption as a norm, take a posture against corruption. In their 1996 election manifestoes both the parties took a position against corruption. Mr. Advani, President of BJP, had the temerity of taking out a chariot campaigning for shuchita (purity). Would the BJP chief ministers dare to appoint Supreme Court judges of their choice in telling the countrymen (i) the sources of personal assets acquired by BJP ministers and ex-ministers in various states of the country, (ii) sources of 80

money acquired for the 1991 and 1996 Lok Sabha elections, and (iii) rough estimates of the sums spent by BJP on these elections and on routine expenditure of the party leadership? Only after such acts would they have a moral right to talk about shuchita. In fact, after the elections, when they assumed power for a brief period, they did not do anything to weed out corruption. If they could clear the multinational Enron power project with haste and secretiveness, they could have come out with a consensus formula for institutional arrangements to weed out corruption from our body-politic. But how can BJP do it! The entrenched social classes, which form the support base of BJP, cannot retain their exploitative position if corruption is not a dominant fact of life. Corruption is one of the most potent weapons of the ruling sections against processes of democratisation.

Combined with financial corruption, both the parties of the ruling classes have used other tactics. Let us examine how the other dominant party of the ruling classes, i.e., Congress, responded to the democratic assertion of 1977. When people defeated Indira Gandhi who had promulgated a constitutional dictatorship using some of the loopholes of our constitution, she whipped up three kinds of ‘identity – anxieties’ of Indian people. First and the most important was the identity of a citizen of a new state called ‘India’. She successfully led a disinformation campaign that the Janata Party cannot govern. The pluralistic and open-ended democratic character of Janata Party was portrayed as a sign of weakness. Her main slogan in 1980 parliamentary elections was ‘Vote for those who can govern’. A large number of Indian masses were duped by this slogan, because they rightly thought that they had a stake in the survival of the Indian state. They were made to believe that a pluralistic party like Janata Party could not ensure its survival. Janata Party could not counter this propaganda effectively for a whole lot of complex reasons, including the fact that its then Information & Broadcasting Minister himself came from a political organisation where an elaborate 81

structure and ideology of authoritarianism had been worked out and practiced. Indian readers know that I am referring to the RSS, which is the parent or controlling organisation of the BJP (which was known as Bharatiya Jan Sangh before it merged with Janata Party in 1977). In my discussions during emergency jail detention (from July 4, 1975 – February 22, 1977), I found many RSS workers almost defending the promulgation of emergency rule on the ground that JP had given a ‘call’ to the armed forces not to obey unconstitutional anti-people orders of the regime at that time. The Congress and BJP both believe in different forms of non-democratic functioning. Any example of pluralistic, open-ended work culture is used by them to contribute to the anxieties of ordinary Indian citizens regarding the survival and security issues of the Indian State. For the BJP, whipping up this anxiety and creation of a ‘seize mentality’ are the key instruments to stop the march of democratic assertions.

Indira Gandhi, after she regained power in 1980, propped up Bhindranwale, an extremist demagogue, against the patriotic and democratic Sikhs of Punjab. Congress and BJP worked in unison in painting Akalis (an important political party representing Sikhs of Punjab, which had offered a heroic resistance against the emergency rule of Indira Gandhi) as anti-national. Their democratic demand for more power to the states was dubbed as anti-national. During 1977-80 also, Mrs. Gandhi had quietly whipped up the caste anxieties of various communities. From 1977, peasant castes for the first time had a say in the power echelons of Delhi on their own. Indira Gandhi, to a large extent successfully, painted this regime as antiDalit. She did not restrict herself to the populist tactics of riding an elephant in Bihar to protest against an incident of atrocity against Dalits. Her party-men instigated Jats and Dalits to fight each other on the issue of allotment of small plots of land to Dalits from the village commons. There was prolonged agitation on this issue with Kanjhawala, a village in the Union Territory of Delhi, as the headquarter of this agitation. The long and short of this story 82

is that institutionalising corruption is not the only retaliatory strategy of the ruling sections to blunt the democratic assertions of the people. Congress and BJP had both whipped up identity anxieties, the identity as an Indian as well as various caste and community identities. This had to be resorted to because Indira Gandhi had realised that redefining corruption as she had done, by amending the laws retrospectively when judgements were delivered against Congressmen, was not enough to ensure continuance of her corrupt rule. Incidentally, one of the cases was her own in which Justice Sinha of Allahabad High Court on June 12, 1975 declared her election as null and void. She clamped emergency rule late on the night of June 25, 1975 to meet the dissent within and outside, but people taught her a lesson in 1977.

Indira Gandhi was wiser after 1977 and she did not restrict herself only to corruption as her strategy. She also used blind identity politics as a retaliatory strategy. Even before BJP, Indira Gandhi whipped up Hindu anxieties openly in an election campaign in Jammu and Kashmir. BJP used to do this clandestinely through an organised whisper campaign against minorities using the gigantic RSS machinery.

Her son Rajiv Gandhi, who came to power in December 1984, continued with the same policy of using corruption and whipping up of blind identity anxieties as a strategy against democratisation. During his tenure as Prime Minister, the disputed portion of the mosque in Ayodhya was opened for the public. This was projected as a concession to Hindus by the internal security minister at that time, Mr. Arun Nehru who later came close to the Vishwa Hindu Parishad. VHP/RSS and Muslim communalists obliged Rajiv Gandhi in contributing to the identity anxieties of both the communities, but even with all this, Rajiv Gandhi and the ruling establishment did not feel secure.

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Rajiv Gandhi then sold the dream of consumerism of the 21st century. This accentuated the consumerist aspirations of all sections of our society. Middle classes became part of the consumerist mad-race syndrome. Success as a consumer of modern/western/MNC products became the supreme societal goal. India started borrowing from global financial institutions unthinkingly. This led to erosion in our economic sovereignty and the eventual ‘crunch’ in 1991 when Mr. Narasimha Rao removed all barriers for national and international capital. This resulted in a two-fold gain for the ruling sections. The first was identity, and secondly it opened up the space for more corruption by attempting to legitimise the making of the easy buck. This is how the era of Narasimha Rao is described by Prof. Kamal Nayan Kabra - an ‘Era of Scams’.

The accentuated identity anxiety was sought to be transformed into an anxiety of Hindu identity by the BJP. The success of BJP, though limited, is precisely because it has been able to manipulate these identity anxieties for its electoral gains, indulge in high corruption but still take a posture against corruption. For an anxious Hindu, corruption has become a secondary issue. Thus, whipping up communal feeling is the most important tool of BJP to keep its corrupt ranks together. The corollary of this phenomenon is that those of us committed to the issues of secularism, equity and social justice avoid criticising secular and democratic forces in the face of the onslaught of communal forces, because we are also anxious about preserving our identity of an Indian democrat or a pluralistic Hindu or a patriotic Muslim.

In the Indian case, the ruling classes and their two most important political parties have intertwined the two issues of corruption and communalism so much that if we do not target both the issues simultaneously, there will be no opening up of the political space.

Fighting communal forces and creating structures of accountability are two faces of the same coin. Writers like P.S. Appu have talked about reforming political parties including practice of inner party democracy. This is a very important issue if we want to create enduring structures of accountability, but to be able to execute reforms of our political parties, we have to take into account the anti-political attitude of our middle classes and lack of a strong tradition of philanthropy for routine political tasks of organisation building. This problem has to be tackled ideologically by launching campaigns for mobilisation of funds for political activity. We also have to arrange for core state grants to political parties based on some formula evolved by taking into account the percentage of votes polled by a political party and membership of the party.

It is evident that the people in various sectors of life want to get rid of corruption as a dominant fact of life. We must take up the challenge recognising the merging of identity anxieties (communalism) and corruption as a potent phenomenon countering democratic processes. There is an urgency to win the battle lest corruption should convert itself from ‘dominant fact’ to ‘dominant norm’ in our lives.

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12D;k fodkl ds lektoknh ekWMy ds ckjs esa vc Hkh lkspk tk ldrk gS \ ;g bl ns'k dh foMEcuk gh dgk tk;sxk fd gekjk izcq) oxZ] m|ksx&O;kikj txr ds lEesyuksa esa fn;s Hkk"k.k ds pkS[kVs esa ns'k ds fodkl ds ekWMy dh ckr dj jgk gSA u dsoy fodkl ekWMy cfYd jktuhfr ds ekWMy ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrs le;] lksfu;k] jkgqy] uhrh'k] eqyk;e] ek;korh ;k eksnh dh ppkZ dh tkrh gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS ekuks fd ns'k esa dHkh dksbZ fopkj&ewY;] ijEijkvksa dh laKk;s u jgh gksa vkSj lafo/kku esa ntZ yksdra=] lektokn tSls 'kCn orZeku esa vFkZ [kks gh pqds gSa vkSj ekStwnk jkgqy cuke eksnh cgl dh cukoV ls u;h ih<+h dks rks yxsxk] ekuks bu 'kCnksa dk dHkh dksbZ vFkZ gh u Fkk] buds ihNs dksbZ vUrfuZfgr lius u FksA vHkh dh cgl ls ;g vankt ugha yxrk fd dHkh ^lektokn^ ds mPpkj.k Hkj ls djksM+ksa Hkkjrh;ksa dh vk¡[kks ds lkeus ,d csgrj Hkfo"; dh >kadh rSj tkrh FkhA bl nkSj esa lÙkk/kh'k lHkh nyksa dh igyh drkj ds usrkvksa esa phu dh udy djus ,oa 7] 8 ;k 9 Qhlnh fodkl nj dj fn[kkus dh gksM+ yxh gS ysfdu blds ihNs dksbZ lqfpafrr liuk u gksdj ,d izdkj dh e`x ekjhfpdk ls xzflr ekufld voLFkk gSA ns'k ds lafo/kku esa lektokn ds izfr izfrc)rk ntZ gSA 17 ebZ 1934 esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh mi/kkjk esa crkSj xfBr ^dkaxzsl lksf'kfyLV ikVhZ^ us vius dk;ZØe cukus ds ckn mls xk¡/kh th ds ikl lq>koksa@ fVIi.kh ,oa tgk¡ eqefdu gks ogk¡ leFkZu ds fy, HkstkA xka/kh th us tokc esa tks fy[kk 'kk;n lektoknh usr`Ro dks Hkh bldh vk'kk u jgh gksxh] xk¡/kh th us fy[kk Þ;fn blesa bZ'oj fo'okl dh ckr tksM+ nh tk;s rks eSa bl iwjs dk;ZØe dks T;ksa dk R;ksa eku ywxkaßA vktknh ds ckn 1948 esa lektoknh rks dkaxzsl ls vyx gks x;s ysfdu 1954 esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds ^vkoMh lEesyu^ esa ns'k esa lektoknh lekt cukus dk ladYi fy;kA vkt bl izLrko dks ikfjr gq, 60 cjl vkSj dkaxzsl lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dks cus 80 cjl gks x;s gSA bl y?kq&ys[k esa bl fparu/kkjk dh D;k miyfC/k;k¡ jgha mldk fo'ys"k.k laHko ughaA ysfdu Hkkjr dh ukStoku ih<+h us ,d ckj Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ vkSj fQj *fuHkZ;k^ ds ekeys esa ftl izdkj dh djoV yh Fkh] oSls gh djoV og lektoknh ek¡xi= ds fy, Hkh ys ldrh gSA ysfdu mlds fy, t:jh gS ,sls LoIu'khy usrkvksa dh tekr dh tks vius fut ds jktuSfrd ,tsaMs ds ctk; Hkkjr esa gkf'k;s ij [kM+s cgqtu lekt ds ckjs esa lexzrk ls lksp ldasA vkt ns'k ds iz/kkuea=h in ds mEehnokjksa dh lwph esa [kM+k dksbZ vius izkUr ds xkSjo dh ckr djrk gS] rks nwljk vius izkar ds fy, 86

fo'ks"k ntsZ dh rks rhljk lkekftd&lehdj.kksa ds cy ij bl nkSM+ esa vius dks lcls vkxs ekurk gS] ogha lÙkk#<+ ny ds rks dgus gh D;k \ blds iz/kkuea=h ns'k esa dqiks"k.k ds dyad dks dSls /kks;saxs] vkfnokfl;ksa dk ekvksokfn;ksa ds uke ij gksus okyk neu dc can djsaxs\ vkt ,d ds ckn ,d fiNM+ksa vkSj nfyrksa dk xSj&[kfygkuh xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj gquj&jkstxkj ls cMs+ iSekus ij gksus okyk foLFkkiu( ikuh dk QSyrk MkdZ t+ksu] ekSle dh c<+rh vfuf'prrk( ljdkjh Ldwyksa&dkWystksa dk fxjrk f'k{kk dk Lrj] eagxh gksrh fpfdRlk iz.kkyh( eSyh gksrh&ejrh ufn;k¡] lw[krs dq,sa vkSj rkykc] fi?kyrs Xysf'k;j( dVrs taxy] Ålj gksrh Hkwfe] c<+rk e:LFkyhdj.k( leqnz dk c<+rk iznw"k.k ,oa [kkjhiu] fdlkuksa dh u #dus okyh vkRegR;k;sa] ;qok iq#"kksa esa c<+rh vkRegR;k dh izo`fr( c<+rh gqbZ csjkst+xkjh] fo"kerk] va/kk miHkksxokn( VwVrs ifjokj vkSj lekt eas c<+rh vlaosnuk] cslgkjk cw<ksa ds izfr c<+rs vijk/k( fganw&eqfLye&flD[k vkfn lHkh lEiznk;ksa esa c<+rh dÍjrk rFkk csyxke Hkz"Vkpkj vkfn dksbZ Hkh eqÌk NksVk ugha gS vkSj buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vdsyk eqÌk gh fdlh lekt ds fy, thou ;k ekSr dk iz'u cu ldrk gSA ysfdu ;s Hkh lp gS fd buesa dksbZ Hkh iz'u Lora= :i ls gy gks Hkh ugha ldrkA ns'k vkSj nqfu;k dh ekStwnk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bu iz'uksa dks ,d lkFk lkspus okyh dksbZ /kkjk pkfg, fQj pkgs oks usg:oknh lektokn gks ;k ujsUnznso&yksfg;k] v'kksd esgrk dk yksdrkaf=d lektokn & fdlh ds Hkh izkekf.kd mÙkjkf/kdkjh jk"Vª ds /kjkry ij izHkkoh ut+j ugha vkrsA eqyk;e&ykyw&uhfr'k&jkefoykl vkfn Hkh dne&c&dne cpko dh jktuhfr esa ekStwn vkØedrk ds gko&Hkkoksa ds vk/kkj ij gh th jgs gSaA vFkkZr rkRdkfyd] e/;dkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd jktuhfr ds vUrZlEcU/k cgqr >hus gks x;s gSaA bu ?ksjksa ds ckgj ns'kh lk/ku ,oa iqjkus rkSj&rjhdksa ij vk/kkfjr dbZ lektoknh ,oa okeiaFkh lewg dke dj jgs gSaA fdUrq viuh fopkj/kkjk dh rQ+lhy vkSj cqfu;knh ewY;ksa ds chp QdZ u dj ikus ds dkj.k ^ukS czkã.k vkSj rsjg pwYgksa^ dh dgkor dks pfjrkFkZ dj jgs gSaA

mij tks eSaus eqÌs fxuk;s gSa] ogh fdlh Hkh lektoknh tekr ds dqifjgk;Z ;{k iz'u gksaxs] fdUrq bu iz'uksa ij lexz fparu ds vk/kkj ij ftls lektoknh eSfuQSLVks dh laKk nh tk lds oSlh n`f"V okyk dksbZ ny turk dks ykecan djrk ugha nh[krkA le;&le; ij ns'k esa dbZ NksVh oSpkfjd ikfVZ;k¡ vkSj vkanksyu lewg mijksä lokyksa ij lkoZtfud 'kfä izn'kZu ds dk;ZØe djrs jgsA ysfdu vkanksyuuqek ikfVZ;ksa vkSj vkanksyudkjh lewgksa dh le> vkSj dk;Z'kSyh ls ;g lans'k tkrk gS fd cqfu;knh lekt ifjorZu] iwjs lekt dk ugha dsoy oSuxkMZ Dykl&tks vxqvk vkSj Økafrdkjh lewg gSa mUgha dk dke gSA bl ^egku ;k=k* esa lkekU; gejkgh vius dks csxkuk ekurk vkSj ikrk gSA ,u-th-vks- vkSj fFkadVSdl~ pwafd ,d O;ofLFkr izcU/ku vkSj foŸkh; lk/ku ds 87

vk/kkj ij dke djrs gSa] blfy, ftu eqÌksa ij og dke dj jgs gksrs gSa muds vk/kkj ij mUgsa ,d lkekU; jktusrk vkSj vdknfed O;fä ls T;knk le> gksrh gS] ysfdu mudh jktuSfrd lÙkk dh le> vkSj fofHké eqÌksa ds vUrZlEcU/k ds ckjs esa mudh le> ujsUnz eksnh }kjk ^fQôh efgyk Dyc^ esa 8 vizSy dks lqcg 11-00 cts ;k jkgqy xk¡/kh dh ^lhvkbZ-vkbZ^ dh jk"Vªh; vke lHkk esa fn;s x;s Hkk"k.k ls Q+dZ ugha gksrhA ns'k dh jktuhfr esa fopkjghurk vkSj O;ogkjokn bruk cV x;k gS fd ujsUnz eksnh ds Hkk"k.k ls nhun;ky mik/;k; ds ,dkRed ekuorkokn ;k jkgqy xka/kh ds Hkk"k.k ls ia0 tokgj yky usg# ds ^vkoMh lektokn^ dh dgha dksbZ >yd ugha feyrhA

vkf[k+j 'kq: esa ntZ lokyksa ij iwjs ns'k esa ,d lecks/k ,oa ley{; dh fLFkfr dSls iSnk gks\ ;fn ge xk¡/kh th }kjk dh xbZ yksdra= ,oa ykyth }kjk miHkksxokn ij dh xbZ Vhdkvksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ysus ds lkFk&lkFk ns'k dh turk dks xaHkhjrk ls ysa vkSj ns'k dh NksVh QSfDVª;ksa] nqdkuksa] 'kkWi ¶yksjksa ij dke djus okys( [ksrksa esa dke djus okys et+nwjksa dks] NksVs fdlkuksa dks( ljdkjh Ldwyksa&dkWystksa ls gj cjl fudyus okys ukStoku &;qotuksa ds lkFk fey dj turk dk ,d ?kks"k.kk i= cuk;sa rks ogh ns'k ds fy, ,d lektoknh ,tsaMk gksxkA

vc iz'u mBsxk fd ;fn gtkjksa&yk[kksa yksx bl dke esa yxsaxs rks lk/ku dgk¡ ls vk;sxk\ ;fn ge yksdra= ds fy, turk }kjk ^74 ls 77* ds nkSjku fd;s x;s la?k"kZ vkSj ^77^ ds pquko ds bfrgkl ij ut+j Mkysa rks /;ku esa vk;sxk fd ml le; tks yksx turk ikVhZ ds uke ij mEehnokj Fks] mUgksaus vkerkSj ij u dksbZ lk/ku tqVk;k vkSj u [kpZ fd;kA vFkkZr ;fn Li"V lektoknh n`f"V vkSj ladYi gksxk rks ns'k dks lektoknh djoV cnyus esa nsj ugha yxsxhA vHkh gky gh ds fnuksa esa dkQh lhfer ,tsaMs ds lkFk tks dksf'k'ksa gqbZ gaS] mudks dkQh tuleFkZu fey jgk gS ysfdu ^^rqe eq>s [kwu nks] eSa rqEgsa vkt+knh nw¡xk** ds ut+fj;s esa] turk dsUnz esa gS ;k usrk ;s bl ij fuHkZj djsxk fd ns'k esa vknedn~ lektoknh iSnk gksaxs ;k vke vkne ,oa mldh lksbZ rkdr dsUnz esa gksxh rFkk gj Lrj ij lkewfgd <+ax ls dke gksxk rks eksVs rkSj ij iwjk lekt] ^lektokn^ dh fn'kk esa py fudysxkA

13eSa yksfg;koknh dSls cuk eSa Mk- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k ds futh lEidZ esa dHkh ugha jgkA eSa yksfg;koknh dSls cuk bldh ,d vyx dgkuh gSA Mk- lkgc dh bl ckr ls eSa lcls vf/kd izHkkfor gwa fd mUgksaus vktknh ds ckn lR;kxzg dks yksdra= pykus ds oS| vf/kdkj ds :i esa vke turk ds chp LFkkfir fd;kA Mk- yksfg;k dk ;g lcls cM+k ;ksxnku gSA eSa bl ckr dks ekurk gwa fd esjs O;fDrRo esa lR;kxzg dks Lohdkj djk;k ;fn eSa 1967 ds var esa Jh cuokjh dks tks rRdkyhu yksfg;koknh fopkjd Fks tks ckn esa fnueku esa dke djrs FksA vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr ds ckn os tulŸkk ds LFkkuh; laiknd Hkh cusaA ;fn eSa muds laidZ esa ugha vk;k gksrk rks lR;kxzg dks yksdra= dk oS| gfFk;kj ugha ekurkA esjk ekul] pquko rd gh lhfer jgrk] pquko dks gh lŸkk ifjorZu dk ek/;e ekurkA ;g vyx ckr gS fd bl ckr dks ekuus esa cgqr le; yxkA rhu&pkj o"kZ gekjh cgl pyhA 1969 esa eSaus igyh ckj fxj¶rkjh nhA ^[kqyk nkf[kyk lLrh f'k{kk yksdra= dh ;gh ijh{kk* bl ukjs ds rgr ge yksxksa us eksgYys&eksgYys esa tkdj Nk= ukStokuksa dks txk;kA rc dkWyst esa nkf[kyk X;kjgoha ds ckn feyrk Fkk] rc brus cM+s iSekus ij [kqYyk fo'ofo|ky; tSls bXuw gS ;k i=kpkj okys fo|ky; brus cM+s iSekus ij ugha FksA cgqr de Nk=ksa dks nkf[kyk fey ikrk FkkA gtkjksa Nk=ksa dks fnYyh ls ckgj tkuk iM+rk FkkA Li"Vr% xjhc Nk= ckgj ugha tk ldrs FksA bl eqn~ns ij eSaus l;ql ds eksgYyk la;kstd ds rkSj ij vkSj fo'ofo|ky; dh ,d gekjh Vhe FkhA ftlesa vuqie feJk th dh cgu uferk feJk ftUgksaus mlh lky X;kjgoha dh FkhA ,d lqjsanz fd'kksj gekjss lkFkh gksrs Fks] tlchj flag th ge lc yksxksa dh ,d Vhe Fkh tks eksgYys&eksgYys esa tkrh FkhA ';ke xaHkhj] jktdqekjh tSu] cuokjh] 'kf'k Hkw"k.k] Jh vkgwtk ;s yksx ml le; ds gekjs usrk FksA tks la;qDr lks'kfyLV ikVhZ esa lfØ; FksA ;s gekjs lkFk jgrs FksA dksbZ fdlh eksgYys esa dksbZ fdlh eksgYys esa vkSj ge yksx [kqys nkf[kys ds ckjs esa ukStokuksa ds lkFk laidZ djrs FksA vkSj var esa bl rjg ds laidZ vfHk;ku ds ckn igyh fxj¶rkjh nhA vkSj rc X;kjgoh ds esjs ufrts fudys FksA rc eq>s le> vkbZ fd lekt esas tks Jsf.k;ka gksrh gSa mlesa fcuk la?k"kZ ds ckr ugha lquh tk ldrhA vkidh ckr rkfdZd gS vkidh ckr U;k;iw.kZ gS bruk Hkj dkQh ugha gS lŸkk ds cgjs dkuksa dks lqukus ds fy,A vkidks mlds fy, turk dh laxfBr vkokt ckukuh iM+rh gSA O;kid vkSj xgjh Hkkxhnjh okyk vkanksyu gh lrk ds cgjs dkuksa rd viuh ckr igqapk ldrk gSA ;g eq>s flQZ izR;{k laxBu ds dk;Z ls le> vk;k fd tc esjh ckr lgh rks lR;kxzg djus dh D;k t:jr gSA ;s ,d lkekU; mnkjiaFkh lksp gS ;fn vkidh ckr lp gS rks vkidh ckr eku yh tk,xh ysfdu okLro esa ,slk gksrk ugha vki ftl oxZ i`f"BHkwfe esa gksrs gS] lŸkk dh ftl lh<+ ij cSBs gksrs gSa mlls vkidk ,d ekul curk 89

gS vkSj vki O;oLFkk ds rdkZsa dks gh lR; ekudj vkSj xjhc vkneh vkSj cgqtu dh vksj ls tks rdZ vkrs gSa rks vki udkjrs gaS mudks vki lR; ugha ekurs tc nwljk O;fDr ,d uSfrd tehu ij [kM+k gksdj lPpkbZ ds vk/kkj ij vius vkidks d"V nsdj vius vki dks la?k"kZ esa >kaSdrk gS rc bl ij pkgs lekt esa 'kks"k.k dh Åaph lh<+h tks fQj vkidks vkids vanj dh tks uSfrd ÅtkZ tkxrh gS rc vki lPpkbZ ns[k ikrs gSa vkSj vkidks ;g le> vkrh gS fd vkidks mlls vyx gksuk pkfg, rks 'kkld vkSj 'kks"kd gS mldks vius laokn igqapkus ds fy, yksdra= dk ,d vko';d vkStkj gS ;s mudk eq[; ;ksxnku Fkk vkSj xka/kh th ds ckn vxj fdlh usrk us Hkkjr esa fd;k rks oks jkeeuksgj yksfg;k us ;s dke fd;k bldks eSa blh ls tqM+h ckr ;fn vki Mk- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k ds iaiysV~l i<+sa rks vki tku ik,axs fd oks lkekU; ls lkekU; O;fDr gSa vkSj ,d dk;kZdrkZ cus jktuSfrddj.k gks mldk jktuSfrddj.k ls vk'k; vU;k; ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ ewy gS yksfg;k ds lanHkkZsa esa rks oks bl ckr ds fy, yxkrkj izsfjr djrs gSa muds ukjs tSls ^ns'k xekZvks ns'k cukvks^ rks oks Økafrdkjh mRlkg iSnk djrs gaS vkSj gj O;fDr O;fDrxr Lrj ij vU;k; ds f[kykQ [kM+k gks pkgs oks vdsyk gh gks ;s tTck mlesa iSnk djrs gSaA blh ds pyrs cgqr txg eSa vM+ ldk] >xM+ ldk tSls fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; esa ,d nh{kkar lekjksg gks jgk FkkA ;s 72 ds ckn dh ckr gS ckaXykns'k ds fot; mUekn dh vkSj tks dkaxzl s vius dks eqlyekuksa dk Hkh eqfDrnkrk ds rkSj ij is'k dj jgh Fkh vkSj ns'k esa fot; ioZ eu jgk Fkk rc fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds nh{kkar lekjksg esa csLV fganw oqeu eSFkesfVDl ij iqjLdkj fn;k tk jgk FkkA rks eSaus mldk vdsys gh fojks/k fd;k Fkk rks dqN fiVkbZ Hkh gqbZ mlds ckn vdsMfed dksafly dh cSBd gqbZ vkSj ,fXtD;wfVo ds fo"k; dh mlesa esjs vuq'kku dk tks izLrko yk;k x;k rks izksQsljksa us bldk fojks/k fd;k vkSj dgk fd ;s yM+dk Bhd dg jgk FkkA oks esMy mlesa ls gVk fy;k x;k rks ,slh ckn esa Hkh dbZ ?kVuk,a gqbZaA ftlesa eSa vdsyk gh Fkk tSls Jhefr bafnjk xka/kh 13 uoacj 1974 dh ckr gS ekdsZV feYM dks usg: iqjLdkj fn;k tk jgk FkkA rhu ewfrZ Hkou esa] rhu ewfrZ Hkou cgqr HkkSaMk yxrk gSA tc mlesa cgqr ykbVsa tyk nh tk,a vkSj eSaus yksfg;k th ds iEiysV~l i<+s gq, Fks fd iz/kkuea=h ij brus gtkj :i;s izfrfnu [kpZ gksrs gSaA eSa lekt 'kkL= ds Nk= ds ukrs ogka x;k vkSj eSaus ik;k fd ogka izdk'k gh bruk Hkn~nk yx jgk Fkk fd esjs eu esa >qXxh&>ksiM+h vkSj blfy, lc /;ku vk x;kA tc ekxZsV feYM us viuk Hkk"k.k [kRe fd;k vkSj bafnjk th cksyus [kM+h gqbZ rks eSa [kM+k gks x;k vkSj ekxZsV feYM ls eSaus fpYyk ds dgk fd bl efgyk us ns'k dh xjhch gVkus dk ok;nk fd;k FkkA vkSj vius csVs ds fy, ek:fr dkj cuk dj viuh xjhch gVk jgh gSA bl ehfVax ds ckn eq>s iqfyl idM+ dj ys xbZ jkr Hkj iqfyl LVs'ku j[kk mlds ckn esjs Åij 24 ?kaVs iqfyl dh fuxjkuh jgus yxh fnYyh ds mu 23 yksxksa esa esjk Hkh uke tksM+ fn;k x;k tks iz/kku ea=h dh lqj{kk ds fy, [krjk ekus x, Fks esjh vuqifLFkfr esa esjh eka ds ikl tkdj os yksx dgrs Fks bldks dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey djkvks ugha rks vkius tks fQYeksa esa ns[kk gksxk fd 90

dSls ekj nsrs gSa gR;k,a gks tkrh gSaA rks ,slk vkids csVs ds lkFk Hkh gks ldrk gSA bl rjg dh dbZ ?kVuk,a gqbZ tc tsih vkanksyu 'kq: gqvk rks ge yksxksa us QSlyk fd;k Fkk fd fdlh dkaxszlh dks ugha ?kqlus nsaxs Jh banz dqekj xqtjky fdjksM+hey dkWyst esa vk, Fks Nk= la?k dk mn~?kkVu djus eSa vius fe=ksa ds lkFk gkykafd rc eSa vdsyk Fkk eSaus ukjk yxk;k xks,cYl okil tkvks rc esjh dkQh fiVkbZ dh Nk= la?k ij dkfct rRoksa }kjk gkykafd iqfyl us eq>s cpk;k ,slh ?kVuk nj ?kVuk ckn ds thou esa gksrh xbZ tsy esa dbZ ,lh phtsa gqbZaA ;g tks la?k"kZ dk tTck cuk vkSj lR;kxzg dk egRo le> esa vk;k oksV] tsy] QkoM+k dh tks ckr gS og ukjk Hkj ugha [kkldj lektoknh vkanksyu esa tsy okys i{k dks cgqr xaHkhjrk ls fy;kA vkSj tc vki lexz ifjorZu ds fy, ckr djrs gSa rks oksV dk eryc tuleFkZ ls ysuk pkfg, vkSj mlesa Hkh [kkldj ds la?k"kZ ls ysuk pkfg,A mldk ;g t:jh eryc ugha gS fd oksV esa vki thr gh tk,aA lektoknh vkanksyu dk tc Lof.kZe ;qx Fkk mlesa 23 yksfg;k th dh ikVhZ ds yksx Fks vkSj 10&11 ih,lih ds yksx Fks ysfdu ml le; tks vlj Fkk ysfdu vkt vdsys eqyk;e flag th dh ikVhZ esa mlls T;knk yksx gSaA ysfdu dsoy vlj ugha gS vc rks eksgu flag tSlk la?k"kZ'khy vkneh tujy lsØsVjh vkSj cztHkw"k.k frokjh tSls vkneh la?k"kZ'khy tks vkt tks xSj dkaxzslokn iwjs ns'k esa bruh txg gS mles cztHkw"k.k frokjh la?k"kZ djus okys ukStokuksa esa vxyh drkj esa FksA 66 esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu vkSj ;qok vkanksyu ds oks vkokgd Fks rks vkt rks ckr vyx gS ysfdu pan eghuksa igys rd tc vej flag th uk;d gksrs Fks rks iwjs lektokn 'kCn ds ckjs esa gh ukStoku ih<+h lkspus yxh Fkh fd gesa bl 'kCn dk Hkh bLrseky djuk gS ;k ugha djuk gS esjk tks vkt oSpkfjd O;fDrRo gS mldh eSa yksfg;k ds fcuk dYiuk ugha dj ldrk mlesa izkjfEHkd Lrj ij eka&cki dh tks vkn'kZokfnrk vkSj laLdkj Fks vkSj NksV HkkbZ&cguksa vkSj fe=ksa dk leFkZu fQj esjs jktuSfrd xq#vksa dh mnkjrk dh mUgksaus esjs /khjs lh[kus dh vknr dks cnkZ'r djrs gq, eq>s le>krs Fks bu lcdk ;ksxnku gS ij ewy tks esjs oSpkfjd O;fDrRo dk gS oks Mk- yksfg;k dk ;ksxnku gSA jpukvksa ls T;knk Mk- yksfg;k dk tks oSpkfjd ;ksxnku gS oks gS fd fdlh fdrkch Kku ls T;knk Mk- t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dgrs Fks fd gj Økafr viuk bfrgkl fy[krh gS vkSj vkt ds nkSj esa tehu ij vke ukStoku yM+ds&yM+fd;ka vkt dh O;oLFkk ls cgqr vlarq"V gSa vkSj oks bldks cny nsuk pkgrs gS rks oks fdlh ,d ;k nwljh jpuk ds ckjs esa dguk lanHkkZsa dks rksM+us tSlk gS tks ftl lanHkZ esa dke dj jgk gS vki nfyr tkfr esa iSnk gq, gSa vkSj nfyrksa esa tks cgqla[;d tkfr gS tkVo pekj ftldks igys cksyrs Fks mlesa gq, gS rks tkfr rksM+ks ds ckjs esa vkidh vkyx le> gksxh vkSj nfyrksa esa vkSj gkf'k, ij tks tkfr;ka gS tSls eqlgj gSa okfYedh lekt ls gSa tkfr vkt dh rkjh[k esa 'kks"k.k dh pht ugha gS oks ,d igpku vkSj lgkjk gSA cktkj vkSj jkT; dh dsafnzr rkdr ds f[kykQ xjhc vkneh dh tks tkfr gS oks igpku ds vk/kkj ij ,d lacy Hkh nsrh gS Mk- yksfg;k dh ^tkfr izFkk* dks lexz :i ls i<+uk gksxk vkSj mldh vkRek rd igqapuk gksxk mlds 91

fdlh ,d ukjs esas vki vVd tk,axs rks ckr ugha cusxh blfy, eq>s rks yxrk gS fd tks ftl eqn~ns ij dke dj jgk gks ml eqn~ns ij Mk- yksfg;k us rc D;k dgk Fkk vkSj le; ds lanHkZ ds ckjs esa eksVk&eksVh le> cukuk vkSj ,sls vH;kl oxZ ftUgsa jk"Vªh; lsokny okys vH;kl oxZ dgrs gS ejkBh esa ge yksxksa dks ,sls Lok/;k; dsanz pykus pkfg,a ftlesa lexz yksfg;kA yksfg;k dk T;knk dqN gS ugha tks muds Hkk"k.k gS oks Hkh vc ladfyr ugha Nis gS cgqr lk vuNik gS izkslsl esa gS rks lexz gh i<+uk gksxk ysfdu mudh tks lIr Økafr ds lkr [kwaVs Fks muds ckjs esa le>uk gksxkA tkfr rksM+ks dh ckr ls fdl rjg ekuo ,d tkfr gS vkSj nqfu;k ,d ifjokj gS bldh mudh le> cgqr xgjh gS Fragments of a world mind lektoknh tks gS oks varjjk"Vªh; gksrk gS oks lexzrkoknh gksrk gS] oks tkfr] /keZ] oxZ buds fdlh Hkh ?ksjs dks ugha ekurk ysfdu oks fganw czkEg.k dh rjg ugha gS tks dgsxk tM+ vkSj psru lc esa czg~e gS ij okLro esa vLi`';rk dks ekusxk rks yksfg;k dks ekuus okyk tks lektoknh gS og Bksl ckr djsxk ftls dgrs gaS lxq.k og Abstract ;kfu fuxqZ.k ckr ugha djrk og flQZ ukjs ugha nsrk fdlh ,d iqLrd dh ckr djus dh ctk, tks loky gSa Hkk"kk dk loky gS tks 'kks"k.k dk vkStkj gS tkfr cgqr cM+k loky gS vkfFkZd fo"kerk,a gks jgh gSa fodkl dk tks ekWMy gS ;s lc tks loky gSa ;g vius vki esa cM+s loky gSa vkSj bu lc ij geaas ubZ lksp D;k gS] ubZ tkudkfj;ka D;k gSa vkSj ml le; ifjorZuokfn;ksa us Hkh D;k dgk mls Hkh le>uk gksxkA fo'o lektoknh vkanksyu esa jkeeuksgj yksfg;k dk ;ksxnku ;g gS fd mudks ;g ,glkl Fkk fd lekt isbu dh rjg bfrgkl pyrk gSA dHkh mldks LFkkf;Ro pfg, gksrk gS rks tkfr :i esa vius vkidks cny ysrk gS rks dHkh og ;fn vkoktkgh tc ,d oxZ ls nwljs oxZ esa rst gksrh gS rks oxhZ; lekt gks tkrk gS bl fglkc ls yksfg;k dk ;ksxnku ewy :i ls ;g gS fd tkxfrdrk vkSj loZdkfydrk gksrh gS mlds pDdj esa mUgksaus lksp dks czkg~e.koknh] iqLrdh; vkSj fuxqZ.k ugha gksus fn;kA mUgksaus lektokn dks mldh ljteh ij og ftl feV~Vh esa gS ml feV~Vh ds fglkc ls mldks le>k yksxksa dk eqgkojk yksxksas dk lkaLd`frd ekul D;k] gS yksaxksa dk yksd ekul D;k yksd] yksd Hkk"kk D;k gS yksd eqgkojs esa 'kks"k.k tSls :fyax Dykl] izHkq oxZ dh D;k igpku gSA 'kkld 'kks"kd oxZ dh vij dkLV vkSj iSls okyk ;s rh dlkSfV;ka mUgksaus crk nhA fdlh ,d ckr dks mudks ;ksxnku dguk mudh vU; ckrksa dks de vkaduk gksxkA mudk ewy esFkM fdl rjhds ls os lekt dks ns[krs FksA lR; dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k mUgksaus lR; lexz gksrk gS ;g nsg/kjs gj dh lhek gS fd os lR; dks ugha idM+ ldrsA og ftl dkSus ij [kM+k gS ml dkSus ls lR; dSlk fn[krk gS ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrk gS laiw.kZ lR; idM+us dh dksf'k'k dj ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh fopkj/kkjk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr dksbZ Hkh laxBu laiw.kZ lR; ugha idM+ ldrkA rks bldk eryc D;k gqvk\ bldk eryc gqvk fd gesa viuh le> ds ckjs esa vkRefo'okl gksuk pkfg, ogha 'ka'k; 92

dk Hkko vkSj nwljs dh le> ds izfr nwljs ds lR; ds izfr ,d lEeku dks Hkko gksuk pkfg, rkfd ,d laokn dh lrr~ izfØ;k py ldsA vkt dh rkjh[k esa lektokn rHkh x<+k tk ldrk gS tc ;gka vkt ds le; ds fglkc ls A lektokn dh ifjHkk"kk le;] LFkku vkSj dky ls fuiZs{k ugha gS vkSj lekt ls Hkh] O;fDr ls Hkh fuisZ{k ugha gSA Hkkjr dh tks iksfyfVdy dE;qfuVh gS Hkkjr vius vki esa ,d lewg gks x;k gS rks ;gka dh ifjfLFkfr D;k gS] ;gka ds yksx D;k gSA fQj vxyk ?ksjk ns[ksa nf{k.k ,f'k;kA nf{k.k ,f'k;k ls vxyk ?ksjk ,f'k;k rks bl rjg ls iwjh nqfu;k lexz dh dsanz okyh xka/kh okyh vo/kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij gedks 'kks"k.k ds D;k&D;k rjhds gaS] D;k&D;k izfØ;k,a gS] D;k&D;k laLFkk,a gS budh le> cukuk gh lektokn gSA yksfg;k us ;g esFkM fl[kk;k fd vc lexz lR; dks idfM+,A nwljk mUgksaus tks O;ogkfjd jktuhfr esa eSFkM fl[kk;k oks ;g fd viuh ckr ij Li"Vrk dk;e j[krs gq, ,d y{kh; eap cukb,A vius fojks/kh ds lkFkh Hkh ftl eqnn~ s ij vkidh lgefr gS vkidks og eqn~nk egRoiw.kZ yxrk gS tSls vkt eqlyekuksa ds fy, lqj{kk eq[; loky gks x;k gS nfyr lekt ds fy, bTtr dk loky lkekftd lerk dk loky eq[; loky gks x;k gSA bUgha lHkh tkfr;ksa dks vkSj vij dkLV xjhc yksxksa ds fy, egaxkbZ eq[; loky gS cjkcjh eq[; loky gS U;k;iw.kZ vkfFkZd ra= cus ;g eq[; loky gS nfyr lekt ds fy, bTtr dk loky lkekftd lerk dk loky eq[; loky gks x;k gSA bUgha lHkh tkfr;ksa dks vkSj vij dkLV xjhc yksxksa ds fy, eagxkbZ eq[; loky gS vkfFkZd cjkcjh eq[; loky gS U;k;iw.kZ vkfFkZd ra= cus ;g eq[; loky gS] rks bu lc lokyksa ij lkekftd vius izLFkku fcanq dh fof'k"Vrk ds dkj.k vc lc eqlyekuksa ls vki dgsa fd vki lqj{kk ds loky dks Hkwy tk,a ;s laHko ugha gS ysfdu lkeiznkf;drk fojks/kh eap vki dkaxzsl ds lkFk Hkh cuk ldrs gSa mlh rjg ls tkfr rksM+ks dk eap vki cgqtu lektoknh ikVhZ ds lkFk feydj cuk ldrs gSa vU; tks lkekftd U;k; dh ikfVZ;ka gSa tks viuh&viuh tkfr;ksa dh ?ksjkcanh djds lÙkk esa vkuk pkgrh gSa mudh vfLerk dh Hkw[k ds cy ij fcuk lektokn dh ckr fd;s] fcuk muds vkfFkZd lokyksa ij rks muds lkFk lkekftd U;k; ij vki bDÎk dj ldrs gSa vkSj tks okeiaFkh :>ku ds gSa ekDlZoknh i`"BHkwfe ds gSa muds fy, bu phtksa dks le>uk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk gS Hkk"kk dk 'kks"k.k] igpku dk ladV rks muds lkFk oxhZ; lokyksa ij lk>s oxZ laxBu cu ldrs gSa vHkh nsf[k, lhih,e tks gS lhVw lektokfn;ksa dh ;wfu;u ,p,e,l vkSj lhihvkbZ dh ;wfu;u ,;jVsd ds chp etZj gksus okyk Fkk ysfdu lhih,e us ohVw dj fn;k lhVw esaA rks Hkkjr esa reke xjhcksa dh ,d lk>h ;wfu;u cu tk, rkfd Hkkjrh; etnwj la?k dks tks gS lekZ,nkjksa dh nykyh djus dk ekSdk u jgs rks bl rjg ls vyx&vyx thou ds] 'kks"k.k ds tks vk;ke gSa muls tw>us ds fy, ,d y{; eap cukuk gS rks ;s fl)kar dh ckr ugha gS method dh ckr gS rks yksfg;k us O;ogkfjd Lrj ij method fn;k okLrfod Lrj ij 'kfDr dks ftl rjg ls 93

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k lR;kxzg dks ftl rjg ls izfrf"Br fd;k lR;kxzg ds lkFk jpukRed dke QkoM+s ds uke ij vkSj ernkrk dks izf'kf{kr djus dk uke oksV ds uke ij ;s tks ckrsa gqbZaA rks vk;ke dh ckr ge yksx vDlj cksyrs gSa vkSj mlesa laxBu dh ckr dgha oks Hkwy tkrs gSa vkSj fopkj/kkjk dh Li"Vrk] ewY;ksa dh Li"Vrk gks xbZ rks ;s ikap phtsa fopkj/kkjk] ewY;ksa dh Li"Vrk] laxBu fuekZ.k] vkSj jpukRed dke] la?k"kZ dk dke vkSj ernkrk dks izf'k{k.k dk dkeA oksV] tsy] QkoM+k] laxBu] fopkjA ;s ikap ik;s gSa ftlij mUgksaus cgqr Li"V <ax ls method fn;k gS fd ;s ikpksa ik;s tM+ u gks tk,a vkSj ;s yxkrkj pyrs jgsa] budh dnerky u dh tk, budks vkxs dSls c<+kuk gS blij muds method esa Li"V fn'kkladsr fey ldrs gSa vkSj blh ls yksfg;k tks gS lkoZdkfyd curs gSa ;fn muds method dks idM+k tk,] ;fn muds ukjksa dks idM+sxs rks tSls xSj dkaxzsloknA xSj dkaxzslokn rks okLro esa dkaxzsl ds jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds ewY;ksa ls dkaxszl vyx gks jgh Fkh rks mu ewY;ksa dks gkfly djus ds fy, xSj dkaxzslokn Fkk ;s foMacuk gS le; dh rks vkt Hkh mlh ewY;ksa dks idM+saxs rks f'kolsuk ds lkFk gh tk,axs vkSj proxy party ds lkFk tka,xsA loky % iakpok loky ;g gS MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k ds fparu ds ckjs esa cqf)thoh oxZ ds chp bruh xyrQgeh D;ksa gS\ mÙkj %& bldh dksbZ [kkl ckr ugha gS cqf)thoh oxZ viM+ gksrk gS vius lekt ls oks fdrkc ls T;knk i<+k gksrk gS blfy, mlesa xyrQgeh gS] tgka Hkh feêh dh lqxa/k gksrh gS oks mldks cncw yxrh gS rks oks rks dksbZ [kkl ckr ugha gS xka/kh th ds ckjs esa Hkh bafM;u iksfyfVDy FkksV esa xka/kh] yksfg;k] tsih dgka vkrs gSa ge tks gSa oks ekDlZ dh ckr gh djrs gSaA loky % ysfdu ,d [kkl cqf)thoh oxZ dh ,d vthc ckr gS] ,d [kkl rjg dh cqf)thoh oxZ gS tks yksfg;k dks cgqr xkyh nsrk gSA mÙkj % nsus nhft, ml lc esa esjh cgqr #fp ugha gS mu xkfy;ksa dks Qksyks djus esaA D;ksafd vHkh tks nkSj gS mlesa yksfg;k dks ekuus okys] yksfg;k ls izsfjr tks cksf)d gSa] dk;ZdrkZ gSa] mUgsa viuk ?kj Bhd djuk pkfg, viuk dksbZ jktuSfrd lk>k laxBu cuk,a] jpukRed dke dk dksbZ lk>k laxBu cuka,] dksbZ 'kks/k laLFkku viuk dksbZ cuk,a rks blfy, vkSj D;k dgrs gSa mlls ughaA xka/kh ds ckjs esa dE;qfu"V HkkbZ dgrs Fks ;s rks gky&gky rd dgrs Fks] oks rks vktknh dks gh >wBk crkrs Fks] O;fDr;ksa dh ckr rks tkus gh nhft,A rks vktknh ds ckn Hkh c"kksZa&cjlA lksfo;r ;wfu;u us dgk fd ugha dkaxzsl tc lgdkj dhft, rks mUgksaus vius fryaxkuk dk la?k"kZ NksM+kA ftlesa gtkjksa yksx dqckZu gks jgs Fks rks dkSu fopkj/kkjk vius ukle> vkxzgksa ds dkj.k D;k dgrh gS mldks u esjs tkuus esa #fp gS u esjs ikl le; gS mldk tokc nsus dkA eq>s yxrk gS 94

fd gj cM+s vkneh esa ,d nksgjkiu gksrk gS oks rkRdkfyd lokyksa ls iwjh fl)r ls tw>rk gS fcuk nh?kZdkfyd y{;ksa ls le>kSrk fd, cxSj vkSj yksfg;k bl dlkSVh ij [kjs mrjrs gSa blfy, yksfg;k vkt Hkh esjs fy, izklafxd gSaA loky %& MkW- yksfg;k }kjk mBk, fofHkUu eqÌksa esa ls vkidh n`f"V esa vkt dkSu&dkSu ls eqÌs izklafxd gSa\ mÙkj %& eSaus] tSls igys dgk ,d lexz fdLe dk jktuSfrd laxBu cukuk oks lcls egRoiw.kZ ,tsaMk gksuk pkfg, yksfg;kokfn;ksa dkA ikap ik;s okyk ,d jktuSfrd laxBu % fopkj] laxBu] jpuk] oksV] --------- bu ikap vk/kkjksa ij vkSj eqÌs rks vHkh bl le; Ik;kZoj.kh; U;k; lcls cM+k eqÌk gS rks ty] taxy] tehu ds loky ij tSls reke vkfnoklh bykdksa esa tks fonzkgs gS ljdkj dks rks flQZ ekvksoknh fonzksg fn[krk gS vkSj ekvksoknh fonzksg dguk rks eq>s Bhd ugha fn[krk gSA ekvks dks Hkh vfrfjDr lEeku nsus tSlk gS fouksn feJk rks blh fopkj/kkjk ds Fks vkSj iwjh cglsa pykdj iwjh ikVhZ dks jkmaM ysdj vk, Fks vkSj fQj ogh ikVhZ fouksn feJk th dh ikVhZ lhihvkbZ,e,y fycjs'ku tks gS mldks dksbZ ekurk gh ugha fd ;s ml fopkj/kkjk dh gS ekvksoknh gh vlyh fn[k jgs gSa rks tks ewy fo"kerk ds vkSj 'kks"k.k ds loky gSa mlesa ty]taxy vkSj tehu dk loky cgqr cM+k gS es/kk th mldh fn[kus okyh ukf;dk gSa vkSj muls izsfjr vkSj Lor% LQwrZ vkSj viuh Lora= vkSj b=j izsj.kk ls iwjs ns'k esa vkt ty] taxy vkSj tehu ds lokyksa dks ysdj vU;k; ds f[kykQ cgqr cM+h yM+kbZ py jgh gS oks yM+kbZ rHkh dkfe;kc gks ldrh gS tc ge ,d fodkl ds ekWMy dks xka/kh] yksfg;k dh iajijk esa ektaxs vkSj u, <ax ls yksdksuqeq[kh vkSj yksddsfUnzr <ax ls ftlesa vk[kjh O;fDr izFke tks xka/kh th okyh vpwd rkcht dh dlkSVh gS mlh ds vk/kkj ij ge tkpasaxs rHkh yksfg;k fQj ls izklafxd gksaxs vkSj yksfg;k dks eSa ,d O;kid lerk dh lekt esa la?k"kZ jgrk gS mlh dh vfHkO;fDr ds rkSj ij ns[krk gwaA yksfg;k dksbZ vius&vki esa fdlh 'kwU; ls vk, vkSj oks /kkjk [kRe gks xbZ ,slk eSa ugha ekurk xka/kh dh tks ,d lerkebZ vkSj tks /kkjk gS lR;kxzg dh mlh /kkjk ds oks fgLls Fks mls xka/khoknh lektokn dguk eqf'dy dj fn;k gS tula?kh Hkkb;ksa us D;ksafd mUgksaus viuh bl oS|rk ds fy, vius bl 'kCn dks Hkh bLrseky fd;k Fkk vkSj dksbZ xM+cM+ tekr fdlh 'kCn dks lnk ds fy, cckZn ugha dj ldrh esjs dks ;s 'kCn cgqr vkdf"kZr djrk gSA xka/khokn lekt ftlesa eSa ekurk gwa fd yksfg;k gh mldh lcls Li"V vfHkO;fDr yskfg;k dh jktuhfr ls gh gksrh Fkh 'kCn dhA xka/khoknh lektokn dhA v'kksd esgrk] laiw.kkZuan] vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso] t;izdk'k ukjk;.k oks oSpkfjd n`f"V ls vxj iquZjfpr djuk gks xka/khoknh lektoknA rks yksfg;k ds dgs vkSj fd, ls oks lexz fp= cusxk ckdh lc ls oks FkksM+k v/kwjk jg tk,xk ,slk eq>s yxrk gSA loky% ;kuh vki yksfg;k esa iwjh lexzrk ns[krs gSa\ 95

mÙkj %& xka/khoknh lektokn ds vk/kkj ij D;skafd vkpkZ; th rks [kqn dks vafre le; rd ekurs gh ugha Fks xka/khoknhA vkSj tc v:.kk vklQ vyh us lks'kfyLV ikVhZ NksM+h rks mUgksaus pkj ys[k fy[ks ^la?k"kZ^ esa] la?k"kZ lektokfn;ksa dh ,d if=dk FkhA vkSj mlesa dgk fd vfgalk dks ge fu"Bk ds rkSj ij ugha ekursA ge xka/khoknh ugha gSa vkfn&vkfnA bl rjg ls xka/khokfn;ksa ls mUgksaus vius dks QdZ crk;s FksA loky% yksfg;k ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor 77 ds ckn ds dbZ usrkvksa us ijLij lg;ksx ds fy, D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,\ mÙkj % nsf[k, 77 ds ckn ls yksfg;k izsfjr tks dk;ZdrkZ Fks mUgksaus yxHkx vius&vius fe= nk;jksa esa dVdj lektoknh vkanksyu ls vyx gksdj vki vkanksyu ds usrk Hkh Fks rks Hkh vki vkanksyu ls vyx gks x, ekufld Lrj ij vkSj vius dks vius ?ksjs esa cka/k fy;k oks pkgs tkWtZ QukZfaMal gksa] pkgs e/kqfyesa gksa] pkgs fd'u iVuk;d gksa] pkgs ds'o tknk gks] pkgs banqerh csydj gksa] ftrus ;s usrk Fks lcds bnZ&fxnZ ,d ?ksjk gksrk Fkk vkSj tks xSj dkaxzslokn ls ge 77 rd igqaps vkSj tsih vkanksyu esa vkSj vkikrh; fLFkfr ds fojks/kh vkanksyu esa gekjs vkanksyu dh dkQh tq>k: vkSj fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk FkhA turk ikVhZ c<+us esa gekjs iqj[kksa dh cM+h fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk Fkh ysfdu lÙkk dks laHkkyrs gq, dSls ifjoruZoknh vkanksyu dks ftank j[kuk gS blds ckjs esa geus dHkh lkspk gh ughaA rks mlij lkspus dh t:jr Fkh rks oks lspuk geus feydj ugha fd;kA oks lkspuk vius&vius turk ikVhZ esa tks yksx Fks turk ikVhZ ls tks yksx vyx ugha gq, mUgksaus Hkh tSls ih,lih okys yksfg;koknh ugha ekus tkrs oks yksfg;k ds dêj fojks/kh Vkbi ds yksx Fks rks eSa esjs dks vkSj eSaus muds lkFk ,dne muds vuq;k;h ds RkkSj ij lkoZtfud Nfo rks esjh ih,lih okys muds vuq;k;h ds rkSj dh gSA vkSj eSaus ns[kk gS fd oks yksx Hkh vius vyx ls ghA gj usrk viuh ;kstuk vius gh fe= nk;js esa cukrk Fkk] cjkcj ds tks 'kh"kZ usrk Fks oks feydj ugha r; djrs Fks vkSj 77 dk nkSj ,slk Fkk tc gedks feydj lÙkk dSls pykuh gS] vkSj ifjoZru dh /kkj dSls [kRe ugha gksus nsuh] blds fy, laxBu cgqr t:jh pht gSA fcjknjhA iksys.M esa tc lksfo;r la?k dk tc iru gqvk rks mlds ckn eSa x;k xnkal esa ;s ckr 1991 dh gSA rks eSaus ogka ds ,d iwoZ dE;qfuLV tks ckn esa la?k"kZ fd, Fks rks eSaus muls iwNk fd cgqr Mk;fj;ka fudyh gkasxh mUgksaus lksfo;r la?k ds neu vkSj blds ckjs esa vkSj jpukRed lksp vkSj ekDlZokn dks dSls vkxs ys tkuk gSA D;ksafd [kqys fopkj dk rc ekSdk ugha Fkk cgl dkA rks cksys ugha ,slk ugha gksrk gS tc lekt can gksrk gS vkSj fdlh ls vkids ikl cgl djus dh vkSj fdlh fojks/kh fopkj dh lquus dh xqatkb'k ugha gksrh rks fopkj vkxs ugha c<+rk gSA rks yksfg;kokfn;ksa us 77 ds ckn ls yksfg;k ds fopkj dks vkxs ugha c<+k;kA rks vkt lgdkj dSls gksxk\ vki ,d vyx fn'kk esa vki fd'ku th ls izsfjr gSa] eSa ekek ekys'oj n;ky ls izsfjr gwa] ;s vkseizdk'k jkoy ls izsfjr gSa]a ;s eyqfyes ls izsfjr gSa rks ge vkil esa lgt ,d ugha gks ldrs vxj cgqr xgjk ladYi gksxk vkSj oks ladYi 96

O;fDr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha gks ldrk blfy, ugha gks ldrk fd yksfg;koknh gSaA ge yksx ewY;ksa ds Lrj ij vkSj yksfg;k us tks method fn;k fd vki ftlls ,d gh pht ij lger gSa ij ml pht dks vki egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSa rks mls vki y{; eap cuk yhft, rks yksfg;k oknh vkil esa ,d y{; eap rks cuk ysa tks Hkk"kk ds lOkky etcwrh ls eglwl dj jgk gS ,d fl)r ls oks Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk LFkkiuk eap cuk nsA vHkh 7&8 ekpZ esa cM+kSnk esa lEesyu gks jgk gS ftlesa 300 Hkk"kkvksa ds izfrfuf/k vk jgs gSa igys vxj ,slk lEesyu gksrk rks yksfg;koknh vxqokbZ dj jgs gksrs vc fdrus yksfg;kokfn;ksa dks ;s irk Hkh gksxk fd ,slk lEesyu gks jgk gS rks ge ftldks tks loky egRoiw.kZ yxrk gks ml loky ij oks vf/kdre O;kid <ax ls Hkkxhnkjh ls [kqys <ax ls yksxksa dks lkFk ysdj feydj djsxk rks gksxk vkSj nwljh lgdkj dh vko';d 'krZ gS fd ge yskx vkil esa bZekunkj yM+kbZ yM+ ldsaA rks tgka&tgka ge vlger gSa mu phtksa ij ge ,d&nwljs ls lkoZtfud :Ik ls bZekunkjh ls loky iwN ldsa rks ,d&nwljs dh enn djsaxs rks ,d yksfg;koknh ;fn nwljs yksfg;koknh ls loky djsxk vkSj mldks nq'keu ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk,xk rks lgdkj dh f[kM+fd;ka vkSj jkLrs ugha [kqysaxsA loky%& MkW- yksfg;k ds 'krkCnh o"kZ eukus ds fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxs\ mÙkj %& txg&txg ge study circle pyk,a vkSj yksfg;k th ds tks lwfDr okD; gSa mudks ysdj vkSj vkt ds lanHkZ esa mudh D;k izklafxdrk gS vkSj yksfg;k us tks lkspk mldks vkxs ys tkus ds fy, bold <ax ls vkSj [kqys <ax ls ge cgl pyk,a tSls eSaus vkidks tkfr dk mnkgj.k fn;kA rc ge tkfr tksM+ks dh ckr djrs Fks rks vc D;k ekuork dh tkfr ds ckjs esa ckr djsa\ rc ge Hkkjr&ikd egkla?k dh ckr djrs Fks rks D;k vc ge jkT; jk"Vª dh tks lhek gS mls oSlk gh ekurs gq, vkSj iwjs nf{k.k ,f'k;k ;k ,f'k;k esa yksdra= lao/kZu dh ckr djsa \ D;ksafd ;fn ge Hkkjr&ikd egkla?k dh ckr djsa rks mlesa ge vesfjdh ,stsaMk iwjk dj jgs gksaxs ;k cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa dk ;s cgqr Li"V ugha gSA vke turk ds chp esa tks xjhc eqlyeku gS ikfdLrku dk tSls Hkkjr&bafM;k fMokbM gS oSls gh ikfdLrku esa Hkh ofuZdqyj vkSj Xykscy fMokbM gSSA tks xjhc vkneh] xjhc eqlyeku gS ftlds fy, i<+us dk lk/ku efLtn gh gS mldks ,d vyx fo'o n`f"V nh tk jgh gS vkSj mlds thou ls vFkZ bruk [kks x;k gS fd oks vius 'kjhj ij ce yxkdj vius dks dqckZu djus dks rS;kj gS vkSj ge mls flQZ vkardoknh dgrs gSaA rks ,d&nwljs ns'k dh ihM+k tkuuk tks gS ;s vius&vki esa cM+h ckr gks xbZ gS vkSj bls Hkkjr&ikd egkla?k ds eqgkojs esa dgsaxs rks ogka ds tks dêjoknh gSa ikfdLrku ds rks mudks ,d gfFk;kj fey tk,xk fd ns[kks Hkkjr rks fu?kyuk gh pkgrk gS ;gka ds izksxsflo yksx Hkh gedks fu?kyuk pkgrs gSa rks yksfg;k ds dkSu ls eqgkojs ds ihNs D;k lk'or iz'u Fks mu iz'uksa ds fglkc ls vkt mu eqgkojksa dks dSls 97

nksckjk dguk gS \ Hkkjr&ikd egkla?k ds eqgkojs dk vkSfpR; geus xqtjkr ds ckn rks oks vkSfpR; jgk ughaA ge fgUnqLrku esa lPpj desVh us tks fonwzirk,a crkbZa gSa eqflye lekt ds izfr tks HksnHkko gS mldks vxj vkj,l,l Hkh ekuus yxs fd gka! ;s HksnHkko gS eqlyeku gekjs eqYd dk ukxfjd gS vkSj bl nks;e ntsZ dh fLFkfr dks [kRe djus ds fy, ge vius voluntters dks yxk,axsA mlh rjg ls A ,slk ml le; yksfg;k dk ,d cM+k e'kgwj Hkk"k.k gS ^/keZ ds izfr n`f"V^ blesa eksVs rkSj ij /keZ ds f[kykQ gh dgk x;k gSA lh/ks&lh/ks u dgdj] ij mlds fufgrkFkZ ;gh gksrs gSa rks ml cgl esa u Hkh tk,a rks vkt fgUnqLrku ds ftrus eafnj] efLtn] xq:}kjs gSa mudks geyksx dg ldrs gSa fd oks vuiw.kZ {ks= pyk,a vkSj ;s ladYi ysa fd ;s tks eagxkbZ c<+h gS mlesa ,d Hkh O;fDr dks oks Hkw[kk ugha ejus nsaxs] ,d Hkh O;fDr dks fcuk Nr ds ugha lksus nsaxsA rks tks nku n`f"V ds vius ;gka d:.kk tks gS lkoZtfud deZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gS yksdrkaf=d lektokn esaA rks yksfg;k ds le; esa ;s ckr bl rjg ls dgus dh t:jr ugha Fkh D;ksafd lekt bruk VwVk ugha FkkA bruh rjg dh Hk;kud fo"kerk,a ugha Fkha] jktuhfr ls lektokn vkSj xjhc uked 'kCn yqIr ugha gq, FksA vc geus vuvfLerkoknh yM+kbZ esa mu 'kCnksa dks [kRe gh dj fn;k gS gekjk vkpj.k cgqr detksj gks x;k gS rks tks tehu ij ubZ ÅtkZ rcdksa dh nfyr] fiNM+s] dkjhxj tekrksa esa tks ubZ ÅtkZ vkbZ gS nqfu;k dks csgrj cukus dh mlls tksM+us dk gekjs ikl gekjs tSls yksxksa us dksbZ eap ugha cuk;k gS rks oSls esa yksfg;k dh 'kkLor tks n`f"V gS mls vkt rkRdkfyd lokyksa ds lanHkZ esa] vkSj Toyar lokyksa ds lanHkZ esa dSls iquZifjHkkf"kr djuk gS mu ukjksa dks vkSj mldks dk;ZØeksa ds Lrj ij bl dke dks feydj djuk gh eq[; gS vkt dh pqukSrhA

14-

izHkk’k tks”kh% le; ds lk{kh i=dkj ;k gLr{ksi ds fy, csdjkj dk;ZdrkZ 15 tqykbZ dks izHkk’k tks”kh th dk tUe fnu gSA lektoknh usrk MkW- lquhye~ crk jgs Fks fd izHkk’k th }kjk “kjhj NksM+us ds vxys fnu og iwoksZaÙkj esa MkW- yksfg;k tUe “krkCnh ds flyflys esa ;k=k ij FksA ftl izdkj ls iwoksZaÙkj ds lekpkj i=ksa us izHkk’k th ds tkus dh [kcj dks izeq[krk ls Nkik mlls MkW- lquhye~ dks lq[kn vk”p;Z gqvkA mudk ;g Hkh lkspuk Fkk fd ftu fopkjksa ;k dkeksa ds dkj.k og ,d izrhd iq:’k cus ml ijEijk dh fujarjrk ds fy, D;k muds thou dky esa gh fdlh ihB ;k laLFkku dks LFkkfir djuk csgrj ugha gksrkA thou ds vkf[kjh nkSj esa izHkk’k tks”kh th ds fopkjksa esa laxBu ds egRo vkSj lR; ds vUos’k.k ds fy, Lora=rk vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dh t+:jr ds ckjs esa ifjorZu gqvk FkkA ,slh esjh le> gSA blh otg ls og 2009 vxLr esa eqacbZ esa vk;ksftr jktuSfrd dk;ZdÙkkZ f”kfoj dh eq[; izsj.kkvksa esa ls ,d FksA bl f”kfoj esa gh Jh fnfXot; flag ¼ck¡dk½ dks yksdekpkZ ds la;kstu dk Hkkj lkSaik x;k FkkA blesa izHkk’k th us u dsoy laxBu fo’k;d lokyksa ij [kqy dj viuh jk; j[kh] cfYd ogk¡ gq, QSlyksa dks loZ lEefr ls djokus esa vkSipkfjd&vukSipkfjd ppkZvksa flyflys dks pykus ds fy, igy Hkh dhA bl laxBu esa pqukoh ,ao xSj&pqukoh nksuksa izdkj ds dkeksa ds ckjs esa lkspk x;k FkkA t+kfgj gS fd izHkk’k tks”kh th xSj&pqukoh dk;Zdykiksa ds LokHkkfod usrk ds crkSj mHkjs FksA “kq) jktuSfrd laxBu dh cukus dh dksf”k”kksa ls tqM+us dk ;g mudk izFke iz;kl gksxkA blds ihNs xk¡/kh izsfjr reke laLFkkvksa] laxBuksa] vkanksyuksa vkSj ikfVZ;ksa ds v/kwjsiu ds rh[ks vglkl vkSj oh-ih-flag ,ao pUnz”ks[kj th ds u jgus ls iSnk gq, “kwU; ds dkj.k og bl vksj izo`r gq, gksaxsA de ls de 2001 ls iwoZ og vius dks le; ds lk{kh ds crkSj gh ns[krs FksA le; dks igpkuuk] i=dkj ds ukrs turk ls og le> lk>h djuk vkSj ukxfjd /keZ ds ukrs D;k gksuk pkfg;s] D;k gks ldrk gS vkfn iz”uksa ij foe”kZ esa oSpkfjd usr`Ro nsukA bu 99

fopkjksa dks ewÙkZ :Ik nsus ds fy, vkanksyu vkSj laxBu cukus ds xf.kr dks u le>us dk mudk nkok rks Fkk gh vkSj u gh og bl ipMs esa iM+rs FksA okLro esa og laxBu esa ca/kus ls lR; dks lexz :Ik ls le>us vkSj dgus esa ck/kk iMsxh] ,slk ekurs FksA ysfdu 2001 ds jktuSfrd ifjn`”; vkSj fo”o lkekftd eap dh izfØ;k] xk¡/khokfn;ksa] lektokfn;ksa] dE;qfuLVksa ,oa ,u-th-vks dh lhekvksa ds dkj.k vkSj nyh; jktuhfr esa c<+rh fdadÙkZO;ew<rk] fn”kkghurk vkSj “kwU;rk ds dkj.k vxLr 2009 esa yksdekspkZ dh LFkkiuk ds le; laxBu fuekZ.k dh ftEesokjh fuckgus dks yxHkx rS;kj FksA bl ls igys og le; ds lk{kh gksus ,ao vius ukxfjd /keZ dks fuckgus esa gh tqVrs FksA ts-ihvkanksyu esa mudh lfØ;rk] ,ojheSu ,ao iztkuhfr ls mudk tqMko] 75 ls 77&78 rd mudh turk ^vkanksyu* esa lfØ;rk] 87 ls 89&90 dk tuekspkZ ds xBu vkSj pqukoksa esa mudh lfØ;rk] ,d ukxfjd ds vkin /keZ fuckgus tSlk FkkA mudh fnup;kZ] thou p;kZ vkSj lfØ;rk dks fogxae n`f’V ls Hkh ns[kus ij lkQ gks tkrk gS fd i=dkfjrk dks is”ks ds crkSj viukus ds ckn Hkh ;FkkfLFkfr dks vLohdkjus okys ,d LoIu”khy dk;ZdÙkkZ dh ekufldrk cjdjkj jghA ysfdu cglksa dh fn”kk dks izHkkfor djus dk ;g dke vatke fn;k x;k i=dkj dh Vksih igu dj gh] u fd ,d vxqvk laxBd ;k vkanksyu ds usrk ds crkSjA pkyw gLr{ksi ds fy, m|r dk;ZdrkZ ekul pkyw jktuSfrd QS”kuksa dk vDlj f”kdkj gks tkrk gSA bl ekul ds yksx ^lgh ckr* ^izHkk’k ckr* vkSj ^yksdfiz; ckr* dgus ds brus vH;Lr gks tkrs gSa fd os iwjs lp dks vkSj vUrfoZjks/kh lp dks dgus ;k thus esa ladksp cjrus yxrs gSaA izHkk’k th thou dh ijr&nj&ijr lpkbZ ls ckcLrk Fks] mls le>us dh dksf”k”k vkSj thus dh dksf”k”k esa mUgsa dksbZ yTtk ugha FkhA og lgt Fks viuh igpku ds ckjs esaA balkfu;r] Hkkjrh;rk] ekyok dk gksuk] tUeuk ;ksx ls czkã.k gksuk] ;qokoLFkk esa dk;ZdrkZ gksuk vkSj ckn esa is”ks ls i=dkj gksuk viuh gj igpku dks og lgt] eqdEey vkSj ,d lkFk thrs FksA yksd ijEijkvksa vkSj yksd/keZ dh mudh le> xgjh FkhA blh otg ls cgqr ls izxfr”khy fe= mUgsa le>us esa pwd dj cSBrs FksA HkkoukRed Lrj ij xk¡/kh izsfjr fopkj&”kks/k ds lkFk&lkFk lektokn dh ns”kt vo/kkj.kk dh [kkst ls xgjs tqM+s FksA

100

lks”kfyLV QzaV vkSj jk’Vª lsok ny ds dqN vk;kstuksa esa mudk ;g yxko dkQh rhozrk ls izdV gksrk FkkA esjs ,d vxzt vkSj fcgkj vkanksyu ds lkFkh vktdy i=dkfjrk esa ,d vge vksgns ij gSaA muls i=dkfjrk ds ckjs esa [kqy dj varjax ppkZ gksrh jgrh gSA ,d ckn fdlh lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus fVIIk.kh fd D;k rqEgsa izHkk’k th i=dkfjrk ds izoh.k rksxfM;k ugha yxrsA izHkk’k tks”kh th dh Hkk’kk dh Hkko l?kurk vkSj lgtrk ls tks oSpkfjd vkos”k curk Fkk] mlls vlgefr okys fe= yksxksa dks >syus esa vlqfo/kk gksrh jgh gksxhA blfy, “kk;n vuk;kl varjax fe=ksa ds chp bl izdkj dh fVIif.k;k¡ gks tkrh gSaA ^77 ds ckn ls esjk le; nyksa dh ctk; oSpkfjd ,oa vkanksyu lewgksa ds chp T;knk chrk gSA blfy, izHkk’k th ls* 77 ds ckn vusdkusdkas ckj feyuk gks tkrk FkkA lektokn esa esjh nh{kk ds izkjfEHkd vkpk;Z Jh cuokjh pwafd mudh tulÙkk dh izkjfEHkd Vhe esa Fks] blfy, yxHkx fiNys Ms<+ n”kd ls muls fo”o O;kikj laxBu dh gsdMh ds fo:) rFkk oksV jkt ds m/kkjh <k¡ps dks Lojkt esa rCnhy djus dh dksf”k”kksa ls tqMs laoknksa esa muds lkFk dke djus dk lkSHkkX; gqvkA bUgha laoknksa esa 1970 ls esjs ekxZ n”kZd&laj{kd vkSj “kqHksPNqvksa esa ls ,d Jh nsonÙk th dk lkfu/; Hkh feyrk FkkA izHkk’k tks”kh th vkSj nsonÙk th esa eq>s ,d lkE; yxkA gekjs vxqvk usrkvksa ds eu esa lÙkk dh le>] mlds iztkikyu esa mi;ksx&miHkksx ,oa mudh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] lekt vkSj ifjorZu dh xfr”khyrk ds ckjs esa le> vkSj ml le> esa Hkkjrh;rk dh ^lexzrk* vkSj ^iw.kZrk* dh D;k rLohj gS& bls [kkstus esa izHkk’k tks”kh ckSf)d lfØ;rk dk cMk fgLlk :irk FkkA ;gh “kkSd nsonÙk th dk Hkh gSA nsonÙk th dh [kkst esa usrkvksa dh ckr esa rdZlaxrrk vkSj izkekf.kdrk fdruh gS] ;g [kkst Hkh cgqr rhoz gSA tcfd izHkk’k tks”kh th dh n`f’V yksdfiz; usrkvksa ds ut+fj;s esa oksVjkt dks yksdjkt dh vksj Bsyus dh laHkkoukvksa dh ryk”krh FkhA laHkkoukvksa dh izcy ryk”k ds pyrs gh dqN Hkksys izksQs”kuyl~ mUgsa lÙkkdkeh i=dkj ds :Ik esa Hkh ns[krs FksA esjh fouez jk; esa izHkk’k tks”kh th jkT; lÙkk ds egRo dks c[kwch le>rs gq, mls fdlh Hkh vk/kqfud lekt ds vko”;d vax ekurs gq, Hkh fopkj dh lÙkk dks lokZf/kd dsUnzh; 101

egRo nsrs FksA ;gk¡ rd fd fo”o lkekftd eap izfØ;k dks Hkkjr esa “kq: djokus rd ;g laxBu vkSj [kkl dj nyh; laxBu ds dkj.k lR; ds HkksaFkjs] /kqa/kys vkSj dSn gks tkus ds [krjs ds ckjs esa vkxkg djrs FksA ekuks fd laxBu fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa layXu gksus ij fopkj@fparu dk ekxZ vo:) gksuk vo”; lEHkkoh gksA muds ut+fj;s esa fopkj dh bl egÙkk ds dkj.k gh ;g pkgs lÙkk/kh”kksa ls ckr dj jgs gksa ;k muds ckjs esa fy[k jgs gksa] dHkh vius vkidks gkf”k;s dk fpard@ys[kd@i=dkj ugha ekurs FksA ftlds ikl lexz dks le>us dh n`f’V vkSj mls laokjus dk jktuSfrd bjknk gks] ,slk O;fDr Hkyk vius dks gkf”k;s ij D;ksa ekusxkA [kkl rkSj ls tc lÙkk dk la?k’kZ oSpkfjd liuksa :ih ryokjksa dks E;ku esa j[kdj tkfrxr~ lehdj.kksa] izrhdksa vkSj ladsrksa ds xq.kk&Hkkx ds lgkjs] turk ds chp yksdlaxzg dh ctk; lÙkk dh pkSiM ij jpk tk jgk gks] rFkk Hkyk izHkk’k tks”kh th tSlk O;fDr vius dks gkf”k;s ij D;ksa dj ekusxkA ysfdu bldk vk”k; ;g ugha gS fd og ^pk.kD;* vkSj ^pUnzxqIr* ds fof”k’V Lo/keZ ls vlEi`Dr FksA vkSj u gh blds ;g ek;us gSa fd og viuk czkã.k dk Lo/keZ NksM+ {kf=; Lo/keZ dh Hkwfedk ds fy, ykyf;r FksA fy[kus&iM+us&lkspus okys dk eq[; Lo/keZ le; dk lk{kh gksuk gSA lk{kh dks lp dgus esa vius&ijk;s] “kfDr”kkyh vkSj fucZy] lÙkk/kh”k vkSj lÙkkP;qr dk QdZ djus dh vkt+knh ugha gSA izHkk’k tks”kh th bl uSfrd ÅtkZ ls ljkcksj Fks eSa vkt Hkh ugha Hkwyk g¡w] ftu fnuksa izHkk’k tks”kh th MCY;q-Vh-vks- ,oa ckt+kjokn dks ysdj laokn dj jgs Fks mu fnuksa eSaus iz/kkuea=h Jh pUnz”ks[kj th fdl nwjh rd bu laoknksa dh deku lEHkkys jgsaxs bl ij eSaus izHkk’k tks”kh th ls ncs Lojksa esa viuh “kadk dk bt+gkj fd;kA pan ?kaVks ckn pUnz”ks[kj th ds lkFk Hkkstu ij izHkk’k tks”kh th us ftl nks&Vwd vankt esa esjh ckr dks v)r djrs gq, viuh ckr j[kh ml fnu ls eSa dfu’B lgdehZ ls mudk eqjhn gks x;kA izHkk’k tks”kh th esa csgrj Hkkjr ds fuekZ.k dh rMi xgjh] lgt vkSj vifjfer FkhA tSlk fd eSaus igys dgk gS ik=] dky vkSj LFkku dks mldh lexzrk esa le>uk mudk LoHkko dk fgLlk FkkA blfy, tgk¡ muds ys[ku esa csckdh vkSj nks&Vwdiu Fkk ogha ijEijk cuke vk/kqfudrk] olq/kSo dqVqEcde cuke Hkkjrh;rk] Hkkjrh;rk cuke mivfLerk vkfn iz”uksa ij dHkh&dHkh f}vFkhZ laHkkoukvksa okyh Hkk’kk ns[kus esa vkrh gSA 102

“kk;n ;gh otg gS fd i=dkj fcjknjh vkSj jktusrkvksa esa mUgsa ,d&nwljs ls ?kksj fojks/kh ut+fj;s ls ns[kk tkrk FkkA ,d jkspd laLej.k&eSa vkSj Jh jkecgknqj usg: ;qok laxBu ds dk;ZØe esa la?k ds esjs tsy ds lkFkh MkW- egs”k pUnz ds cqykos ij x;k FkkA ogk¡ ikaptU; ds fy, fy[kus okys eqacbZ fuoklh ,d eqfLye LrEHkdkj ls gekjh HkasV gqbZA tc jk; lkgc us mUgsa vius tulÙkk ds ckjs esa crk;k rks os cksys tulÙkk dh rkjhQ djrs gq, cksys ysfdu vki yksx izHkk’k tks”kh ls D;ksa fy[kokrs gSa] og rks la?k ds ihNs gkFk /kks dj iM+s jgrs gSaA 84 esa flD[kksa ij gq, geyksa ds ckn fjrq fiz;k vkSj eSa ftu fnuksa “kDdjiqj dSEi esa jg jgs Fks ogk¡ flD[k vfLerkokfn;ksa dk dguk Fkk ^^,d gh v[kckj gekjh iwjh [kcj Bhd ls nsrk gS] ijUrq mlesa izHkk’k tks”kh uke dk ys[kd dHkh&dHkh gekjs f[kykQ fy[krk gSA “kk;n lEiknd dh etcwjh gksrh gksxh fd og izHkk’k tks”kh tSls ys[kd dks LFkku nsA** izHkk’k tks”kh

th ds jkT; laLFkk ds ckjs esa fopkj] [kafMr vfLerkoknh

fganqRookfn;ksa] flD[kksa vkSj eqfLyeksa fdlh dks Hkh ilan ugha FksA

103

15yksdra= ls Lojkt rd fot; izrki o fjrq fiz;k ¼fgUnh vuqokn½ le; dk rdktk+ gS thou ds lHkh {ks= esa LFkkuh; ls ysdj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj rd yksdra= dk;e djukA t:jr fo'o dh lexz le`f) vkSj lqanjrk dks dk;e djus ds fy, ,d lkewfgd iz;kl dh gSA bl lexz yksdra= esa Lo'kklu] Lo/keZ] LokfHkeku] lknxh vkSj Lons'kh ds fopkj o O;ogkj dk lekfgr gksuk t:jh gksxkA lexz yksdra= ds lius dks lkdkj djus dh vksj nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds yksx yacs vlsZ ls dqN ewY;ksa dk vuqlj.k djrs jgs gSa ftudh loksZÙke vfHkO;fDr yksdra= ds fofHkUu vk;keksa vkSj loZeqfDrokn ds >aMs rys lkeus vkrh gSA if'pe ds vkSifuosf'kd gLr{ksi ds igys gekjh Hkkjrh;] lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh fof'k"V igpku lkaLd`frd fofo/krk] lHkh Lrjksa ij jktuhfrd lÙkk dk gLrkarj.k vkSj fupys Lrj ls 'kh"kZ rd iz'kklu esa lcdh Hkkxhnkjh jgh gSA vLi`';rk tSlh ?k`f.kr izFkk vkSj tkrh; O;oLFkk ls mith lkeqnkf;d O;oLFkk dh #f<+okfnrk ds ?k`f.kr :i esa lkeus vkus tSlh gekjh viuh [kkfe;ka jgh gSaA fQj Hkh bl rjg dh lHkh [kkfe;ksa vkSj detksfj;ksa ds ckotwn olq/kSo dqVqEcde ¼lewpk fo'o gS ,d ifjokj½ dh Hkkouk gekjh lkaLd`frd lksp dk vuUrdky ls fgLlk jgh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjh lkekftd&lkaLd`frd fofo/krk gekjh rkdr dk ,d lzksr gS vkSj okLro esa gekjh vfeV vkSj vVwV igpku dk eq[; izsj.kk lzksr gSA ;g ckr ugha gS fd lS)kafrd /kqozhdj.k vkSj viuh vyx igpku dk;e djus ds nkSj ns[kus dks u feys gksa ysfdu cgqr tYn gh cgqY;oknh utfj;s us bUgsa njfdukj dj fn;kA bl fo'oO;kih utfj;s dk ewy vk/kkj ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh laiznk;] /keZ] lS)kafrd lewg] oxZ] lkekftd&jktuhfrd laxBu ;k fQj dksbZ jkT; vFkok ^ppZ^] lPpkbZ dks viuh cikSrh ugha le> ldrkA lHkh ds ^lp^ muds n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj lPpkbZ ds 104

dqN vk;keksa dks gh idM+ ldrs gSa u fd laiw.kZ lp dksA okLro esa ;g gekjs yksdrkaf=d lekt dk vk/kkj curk gSA ikjaifjd rkSj ij yksdra= dks iz'kklu ds rhu vaxksa&U;k;ikfydk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj fo/kkf;dk&ds chp vf/kdkjksa ds caVokjs ij vk/kkfjr ,d jktuSfrd O;oLFkk ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk esa iz'kklu dh oS/krk dk vk/kkj pqukoh izfØ;k vkSj erkf/kdkj gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh ladh.kZ ifjHkk"kk gS tks yksdra= dks egt ,d jktuSfrd vkStkj cuk dj j[k nsrh gSA gkykafd fiNyh lnh ds nkSjku vusd cnyko ns[kus esa vk, gaSA bUgksaus igys dHkh u ns[kh x;h ekuoh; ÅtkZ dk ,d ,slk foLQksV iSnk fd;k ftlus ekuoh; thou dks iqu% ifjHkkf"kr djus ij gesa etcwj dj fn;kA u;s lkekftd vkanksyuksa dk n'kZu yksdra= dh O;k[;k ekStwnk jktuSfrd eq[;/kkjk esa le>s x, vkSj ifjpkfyr yksdra= ds Lo:i ls dgha T;knk 'kgjh vkSj O;kid lksp ij vk/kkfjr gSA ekuork ds bfrgkl esa bllss igys dHkh Hkh bruh cM+h ekuoh; vkcknh us Lojkt ¼tSls ml 'kCn dk bLrseky xka/khth us fd;k vkSj tks Hkkjr esa xka/kh&izsfjr vkanksyuksa dk eq[; vk/kkj jgk½ ds fy, dke ugha fd;kA gekjh vkdka{kk] yksdra= dks dsoy jkT;ra= ds ,d rjhds ds ctk;] thou thus ds rkSj&rjhds ds :i esa iqu% ifjHkkf"kr djuk gSA vxj yksdra= thou ds lHkh Lrjksa dks vkSj vk;keksa ls lh/ks rkSj ls tqM+rk gS rks O;kid yksdra= ds bl utfj;s dks laiw.kZ Lojkt ¼iwjh rjg Lo'kklu dk;e djuk½ dgk tk ldrk gSA yksdra= dh ekStwnk mnkj vo/kkj.kk ls lai.w kZ Lojkt dh ;k=k ds nkSjku gekjh fuxkg e/;&oke jktuhfrd izfØ;k dh vksj mBrh gS ftlesa bl izfØ;k ds izfr #>ku j[kus okys lkekftd vkanksyu] laxBu vkSj ny 'kkfey gSaA bl fo'ys"k.k esa fgalk dks jktuhfrd vkStkj ds :i esa bLrseky djus ds i{k/kj nf{k.k vkSj oke nksuksa ds gh mxzoknh laxBu 'kkfey ugha gSaA Hkkjr esa e/;&oke vkanksyuksa ds le{k [kM+h lkef;d pqukSfr;ka vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu vkSj blds urhtru iSnk gqbZ vk/kqfud if'peh fo'o lksp ds vkf/kiR; us Hkkjrh; laiUu oxZ ds ,d cM+s fgLls dh lksp dks fo'o O;oLFkk dh ,d 105

{kqnz vkSj iwjh rjg ls ekuodsafnzr vkSj ,dk'e vo/kkj.kk dk fiNyXxw cuk fn;kA blds ckotwn Hkkjr dh vkcknh ds ,d cM+s oxZ us vk/kqfud if'pe ls Kku dks viukus ds lkFk gh nqqfu;k ds ckjs esa vius ewy utfj;s dks cuk;s j[kkA jkT; us gkf'k;s ij cSBs vkcknh ds cgqer dks vk/kqfud foKku ,oa izks|kSfxdh ds Qk;ns igqapkus ds ek/;e ds rkSj ij dke djus ds lkFk gh Kku dh ijaijkxr vkSj Lons'kh izFkkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks dqN u dqN leFkZu tkjh j[kkA vU; jktuhfrd fopkjksa okys usrkvksa ds lkFk xka/kh ds laokn] yksd yqHkkou jktuhfr ds ncko vkSj fo'o ds ckjs esa cqfu;knh cgqoknh lksp us gesa viuh ewy vo/kkj.kk dks cuk, j[kus esa enn nhA ysfdu fiNys nks n'kd ds nkSjku oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k us gekjh fo'o /kkj.kk dh fojklr ds lkFk dqN vyxko iSnk dj fn;k gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa eanh ds nkSjku Hkkjr dk 'kqekj nqfu;k dh pan rsth ls fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa gqvk] fQj Hkh ge vHkh ,d Bksl vkSj fVdkÅ vFkZO;oLFkk ugha cu ik, gSaA lkekftd laLFkkvksa] lkaLd`frd ilan&ukilan vkSj fofHkUu jktuhfrd lksp okys laxBuksa ds chp xBtksM+ ds ekeys esa vHkh ge nqfo/kk dh fLFkfr esa gSaA viuh lksp dks cuk, j[krs gq, fo'o esa viuk LFkku cukuk vkSj vU; ds fy, Hkh xqtkab'k NksM+rs gq, viuk vkRefo'okl gkfly djuk vkSj cuk, j[kuk gekjs le{k mRiUu vkt dh izeq[k pqukSfr;ka gSaA vkt Hkh ge nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ] ;k dgk tk, fd nqfu;k dh utj esa v)Z fodflr ns'kksa esa ,d gSa D;ksafd Hkkjrh; vkcknh dk ,d cM+k fgLlk vkfFkZd fodkl ds Qk;nksa ls oafpr gSA gekjh e/;&oke jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa dks] gekjh lkaLd`frd lksp dks cuk, j[krs gq,] cqfu;knh t:jrksa ds elyksa dk lek/kku <waMuk gSA bl fopkj/kkjk ds vanj foHkktu bl nksgjh pqukSrh ls gh iSnk gksrk gSA ,d jkT; dsafnzr /kkjk gS tks vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds chp esa larqyu fcBkus ds fy, iz;kljr gSA blds urhtru vleku lksp mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gSA elyu ,d /kkjk ,slh gS tks ikjaifjd nslh fo'o n`f"V dks nfd;kuwlh ekudj iwjh rjg ls vk/kqfud foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh ij pyus dh fgek;r djrk gS ogha ,slh vU; fopkj/kkjk,a gSa tks gekjs vius nslh Kku vkSj ftanxh ds LFkkuh; rkSj&rjhdksa dh lkef;d izklafxdrk ij t+ksj nsrk gSA nksuksa dks gh viuh lS)kafrd vkSj O;ogkfjd lhekvksa ls tw>uk iM+ jgk gSA fiNyh ,d lnh ds 106

nkSjku dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds ok;nksa dks cgqla[; vkcknh ds fy, iwjk u dj ikus vkSj vk/kqfud fodkl ds i;kZoj.k ij iM+us okys xaHkhj ifj.kkeksa ds dkj.k igyh lksp j[kus okyh /kkjk tks fodkl ds fy, iwjh rjg ls foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh ij fuHkZjrk dh iSjoh djrs gSa] ds vk'okluksa ij lokfy;k fu'kku mB jgs gSaA ogha izkd`frd lalk/kuksa esa vk jgs cnykoksa ds chp cgqla[; dh thou 'kSyh] vkdka{kkvkasa vkSj ekStwnk Kku ds vk/kkj ij U;wure cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk nwljh rjg dh lksp j[kus okyksa] tks LFkkuh; yksxksa ds Kku ij tksj nsrs gSa ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh gS A bu pqukSfr;ksa us Lons'kh lksp j[kus okyh ,d /kkjk dks vk/kqfud foKku ,oa izks|ksfxdh ds lkFk gh vk/kqfud yksdra= lesr ekStwnk lkekftd rkus&ckus dks ns'k ds lanHkZ esa ,dne izfrdwy crkrs gq, mldks ^nkuoh^ ?kksf"kr djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA Økafrdkjh xak/khoknh ;k Lons'kh lektoknh fopkj/kkjk viuh lksp o deZ ds tfj;s bl [kkbZ dks ikVus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA ;g lksp gkf'k;s ij [kM+h vkcknh dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ljdkjh vkSj xSjljdkjh nksuhs gh rjg ds iz;klksa dks viukus ij tksj nsrh gSA lkFk gh ;g lksp yksdrkaf=d lkekftd fodkl ds fy, izklkafxd laokn dh t:jr dh i{k/kj gSA ;g ,sls fl)karksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dkjZokb;ksa ds vfgald izfrjks/k dh i{k/kj gS tks yksdra= fojks/kh gSa vkSj tks lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj dks u"V djus okyh vkSj gkf'k;s ij [kM+h cgqla[; vkcknh dks mudh cqfu;knh t:jrksa ls ijs j[kus vkSj fo'o ds ckjs esa mudh lksp vkSj lkaLd`frd vkRefo'okl dks rqPN vkSj ?kfV;k lkfcr djus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSA Hkkjr esa ekDlZoknh oke fopkj/kkjk LFkkuh; ewyHkwr rkSj&rjhdksa vkSj lksp dks igpkuus vkSj mlls vius dks tksM+us dh viuh vke vleFkZrk ds dkj.k lkaLd`frd rkSj ij Hkkjrh; cgqer ds chp vius dks izklkafxd ugha cuk ldhA /kqj mnkjoknh vkSj lkFk gh ekDlZoknh Hkkjr&nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds lHkh /kkfeZd leqnk;ksa ds chp O;kIr vLi`';rk dh izFkk lesr tkrh; neu dh xaHkhjrk dks ugha le> ldsA xka/kh vkSj jkeeuksgj yksfg;k tSls muds lektoknh vuq;k;h mu yksxksa esa vxz.kh Fks ftUgksaus vLi`';rk dh pqukSrh ls fuiVus vkSj mlij dke djus dh dksf'k'k dhA buds vykok T;ksfrck Qqys vkSj ckck lkgc vEcsMdj tSlh foHkwfr;ksa lesr [kqn nfyrksa ¼vNwr½ ds usr`Ro us Hkh bu pqukSfr;ksa ls lh/ks yksgk fy;kA 107

blh rjg jk"Vªoknh vkanksyu esa efgykvksa dh cM+s iSekus ij Hkkxhnkjh Hkh viuh rjg dh ,d miyfC/k FkhA nqHkkZX; ls bu efgykvksa dh bu miyfC/;ksa dks vktknh ds ckn ds le; esa leqfpr rjhds ls Bksl vk/kkj ugha fn;k tk ldkA 1970 vkSj 1980 ds n'kdksa esa efgykvksa ds l'kDr vkanksyu ns[kus esa vk, ftuds ifj.kke Lo:i efgykvksa us vius lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dkuwuh izko/kkuksa dks viuk, tkus ds fy, gj Lrj ij tksj fn;kA efgykvksa ds ;s vkanksyu e/;ekxhZ&okeiaFkh fopkj/kkjk okys vusd jktuhfrd laxBuksa dh nsu jgs gSa ftUgksaus efgykvksa ds elyksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls /;ku nsus dh vko';drk ij tksj fn;kA ysfdu fiNys nks n'kd ds nkSjku efgykvksa ds vkanksyu esa detksjh vkbZ gSA bldk ,d dkj.k iSr`d <kaps dk leqfpr rjhds ls fo'ys"k.k fd, fcuk efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr djus ds fy, ,d T;knk vjktuhfrd vkSj if'peh lksp okys fyax vk/kkfjr eqÌksa dk izeq[krk ls mBuk jgk gSA tks Hkh gks Hkfo"; dk ifjn`'; dgha T;knk vk'kkoknh gS D;ksafd vc fupys Lrj ds yksdrkaf=d laLFkkuksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, LFkku vkjf{kr gks x, gSaA tkfgj rkSj ij fupys Lrj ij efgykvksa dk ;g izf'k{k.k tYn gh izkarh; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrjksa ij Hkh mHkj dj lkeus vk,xkA fQj Hkh ekStwnk iSr`d <kaps vkSj ewY;ksa vkSj lkFk gh lkaLd`frd #f<+okn ls gksus okys izgkjksa ¼atSlk fd ckfydk Hkzw.k gR;k] ;qok efgykvksa esa c<+rs [kqndq'kh ds ekeyksa vkSj ltkrh; fookg izFkk dk fojks/k dj vartkZrh; fookg djus okyksa ds f[kykQ tkrh; leqnk;ksa dh fagalk esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA½ ls la?k"kZ ds fy, dgha O;kid vkSj xgjs iz;klksa dh t:jr gksxhA pqukSrh bl ckr dh gS fd ukjhokn vkSj Lojkt ds ewY;ksa dks ifjokj vkSj leqnk; dh ewy bdkb;ksa dk varjax fgLlk cuk;k tk,A oklq/kSo&dqVqEcde dh Hkkouk ds eqÌs utj ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd fo'o ifjokj Hkh rHkh bu ewY;ksa dks izfrcaf/kr djsxk vkSj vius laLFkkuksa] jktuhfr vkSj vFkZo;oLFkk dks mlh ds eqrkfcd <kysxkA lexz yksdra= ;k laiw.kZ Lojkt Lo'kklu dk fopkj jktuhfr ls dgha vkxs tkrk gSA ;g [kqn thou dks gh O;kid rjhds ls vius esa lekfgr djrk gS ftlls gekjk thou vkSj Hkh lkFkZd cu ldsA

108

Lojkt ekuoh; thou ds lHkh vk;keksa ls vius dks tksM+rk gS vkSj O;fDrxr ls ysdj oSf'od lesr gj Lrj ij ijLij laca/kksa ds ekeys esa ykxw gksrk gSA elyu% 1- izd`fr vkSj ekuo ds chp ds laca/kA 2- O;fDr vkSj leqnk; ds chp izfØ;k,aA 3- ^vius^ vkSj ^vU;^ ds chp laca/kA 4- O;fDr vkSj fofHkUu rjg vkSj Lrjksa ds leqnk;ksa o iz'kklfud <kaps ds chp laca/k] vkSj 5- O;fDr vkSj lewg ds cktkj ds lkFk laca/kA

bu laca/kksa ds rgr yksdra= ds iz;klksa dks bu vFkksZa esa fy;k tk ldrk gS % 1- i;kZoj.kh; yksdra= 2- lkekftd yksdra= 3- lkaLd`frd yksdra= 4- jktuhfrd yksdra= 5- vkfFkZd yksdra= O;kid yksdrkaf=d Økafr dh Hkkouk f{kfrt ij mHkj jgh gSA ekuo leqnk; ekuoh; thou ds lHkh cqfu;knh laca/kksa dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA dksbZ Hkh ,d fl)kar ;k {ks= Åij crk, yksdra= ds lHkh ikapksa vk;keksa dks ,d lkFk vkxs ys tkus esa leFkZ ugha fn[krk gSA izd`fr vkSj ekuo ds chp ds laca/kksa dks ^Lojkt^ ds lanHkZ esa i;kZoj.kh; jktuhfrd nyksa] laxBuksa] vkanksyuksa vkSj ckSf)d izo`fr dk lewph nqfu;k esa izlkj fd;k gSA ;s i;kZoj.kh; vkanksyu cM+h rsth ls nqfu;k ds mu fgLlksa rd esa Hkh viuh iSB cuk jgs gSa tgka fodkl ds ikjaifjd ekudksa ds eqrkfcd ,s'kks&vkjke ds lHkh lk/ku izpqj ek=k esa miyC/k gSaA bu ,s'kks&vkjke okys lektksa esa 109

i;kZoj.k ds izfr yksxksa dh Hkkouk dks tkx`r djus vkSj i;kZZoj.k ds fouk'k ls gksus okyh pqukSfr;ksa ls tw>us dh dksf'k'k gks jgh gSA bl rjg ds T;knkrkj ns'kksa esa i;kZoj.k vkanksyu laxBu ,slh j{kkRed dk;Zokgh esa 'kkfey gSa ftldk mÌs'; vkthfodk dh izkd`frd iz.kkfy;ksa dks cpkus ds lkFk gh i;kZoj.kh; vkSj lkaLd`frd vuqHkwfr esa u;h tku Qwaduk gSA pwafd bu iz;klksa dk mÌs'; izd`fr vkSj ekuo ds chp ds xfr'khy laca/kksa dks lqy>kus ds fy, LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks blesa 'kkfey djuk gS] blfy, ge bls i;kZoj.kh; yksdra= ds fy, gksus okyk iz;kl dg ldrs gSaA blh rjg ls O;fDr vkSj leqnk; ds chp ds xfr'khy laca/kksa dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, tcjnLr ekuoh; dksf'k'k gks jgh gSA ekuokf/kdkjksa ds fy, dke dj jgs laxBuksa ds eq[; ,tsaMk esa vfLerk ds eqÌs 'kh"kZ ij gSaA buesa ySafxd U;k;] tkfr fojks/kh vkSj xaHkhj jaxHksn fojks/kh vkanksyu 'kkfey gSaA lewph nqfu;k esa lkekftd laca/kksa dks iqujZifjHkkf"kr djus ds tT+cs dks ge lkekftd yksdra= dk uke ns ldrs gSaA jaxHksn ds f[kykQ fo'o lEesyu ¼2001 esa nf{k.k vÝhdk ds McZu esa vk;ksftr½ dks feyk leFkZu bl ckr dk lwpd gS fd ge fdl Økafrdkjh ekuoh; ÅtkZ dh ckr dj jgs gSaA efgykvksa dk vkanksyu vc dsoy efgykvksa ds vf/kdkj dk vkanksyu ugha jg x;k gS cfYd bldk lHkh elyksa ij efgyk dh n`f"V ls ,d utfj;k gSA bl fglkc ls ;g lkekftd yksdra= ds fy, gks jgs iz;klksa dk dky gSA vxj ge vius vkSj vU; ds chp laca/kksa dh xfr'khyrk vkSj ekStwnk O;oLFkk ds ek;uksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rks ,sls reke elys mHkj dj lkeus vkrs gSa ftUgsa ge eksVs rkSj ij lkaLd`frd dg ldrs gSaA bl ekspZs ij Hkh py jgs ekuoh; iz;kl vHkwriwoZ gSaA u;s fopkjksa dk foLQksV vkSj lS)kafrd Vdjko ds ekeys lkeus vk jgs gSa tks fgald vkSj vfgald nksuksa rjg ds gSaA lkaLd`frd yksdra= ds fy, dbZ rjg ds iz;kl py jgs gSaA fodflr lektksa dh laLd`fr vkSj vk/kqfudrk ds vkykspd LFkkuh; Kku ij vk/kkfjr iz.kkfy;ksa

esa u;h tku Mkyus dh dksf'k'k] thou thus ds rjhds vkSj fopkjksa dh

fofo/krk ds egRo ij t+ksj vkSj #<+hoknh fu;a=.k dks f'kfFky cukus dh dksf'k'ksa] lHkh bldk fgLlk gSaA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls vktkn gksus ds ckn cgqla[; ns'kksa us viuh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ij O;kid fu;a=.k dk;e fd;kA blds urhtru jgu&lgu ds Lrj esa 110

lq/kkj gksus yxk] Hkys gh dqN ns'kksa esa budh j¶rkj ean jgh gksA vc izkd`frd lalk/ku vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa ds lkFk LFkkuh; ewy fuoklh vkSj NksVs o lhekar fdlku viuh vkthfodk ds lEekutud rkSj&rjhdksa dh ryk'k esa yx x,A ;g dksf'k'k nks rjhdksa ls gks jgh gSA igyh dksf'k'k jbZl vkSj le`) vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa ds va/kkuqdj.k dh gS rks nwljk iz;kl LFkkuh; izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij okil viuk fu;a=.k dk;e djus vkSj lkFk gh d`f"k] vkS"kf/k] vukt vkSj tyizca/ku bR;kfn esa LFkkuh; Kku vk/kkfjr uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djus dh gSA ;g nksuksa gh rjhds vkfFkZd yksdra= dh vdaB pkgr dk izrhd gSaA T;knkrj iwoZ mifuos'kksa esa mifuos'k fojks/kh la?k"kZ us ubZ jktuhfrd igpku dk fuekZ.k fd;kA Lo'kklu dh pkgr loZO;kih gSA yksx mifuos'k dky ds nkSjku LFkkfir <akpksa dk iquiZjh{k.k vkSj iquO;kZ[;k dj jgs gSaA dbZ ckj cnrj Hkh gks tkrh gS D;ksafd etcwrh ls iSj tek, pqfuank yksxksa dk lewg fujadq'k O;oLFkk dk;e dj nsrk gSA lkSHkkX; ls jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh us Bksl oS/krk gkfly dj yh gSA ¼;g ckr bl rF; ls tkfgj gksrh gS fd vusd rkuk'kkgksa dks fdlh u fdlh pquko ds t+fj;s] Hkys gh ;s vkaf'kd ;k =qfViw.kZ D;kas u jgs gkas] oS|rk dk tkek vks<+us dh dljr djuh iM+h½ ;g jktuhfrd yksdra= dk lwpd gSA yksdrkaf=d Økafr dh ;g ekax gS fd ge bl rjg dh lHkh ÅtkZ ds ldkjkRed vk;ke dks igpkusa vkSj mlls tqM+s vkSj muds ek/;e ls ,d lqLi"V fo'o n`f"V vkSj Hkfo"; ds fy, lius ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku nsaA ;g lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; oS'ohdj.k dk gekjk n'kZu gSA yksdrkaf=d vtsaMk yksdrkaf=d vkdka{kkvksa ds mHkkj ds bl vHkwriwoZ nkSj esa ekuoh; lkewfgdrk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij u;s ekunaM dk;e djus gksaxsA ;g dke lHkh ds lkFk laokn ds t+fj;s djuk gksxk ftlesa fojks/kh rd 'kkfey gksa ¼elyu ,d&nwljs ds fojks/kh nks iM+kslh ns'k ;k ,d gh ns'k esa nks lS)kafrd izfr}anh ;k ftuds leqnk;ksa vkSj ifjokjksa ds chp }an gks½A ,sls esa nksuksa i{kksa dks ,d&nwljs ds ^lp^ dks le>uk vkSj Lohdkj djuk gksxk vkSj iwjh xaHkhjrk ds lkFk ;g dksf'k'k djuh gksxh fd og ,d&nwljs ds n`f"Vdks.k ds ckjs esa nks"k fu/kkZj.k ls cpsaA nwljs ds n`f"Vdks.k dk ewY;kadu e;kZfnr gks ftlls dVqrk us c<+sA fofHkUu jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij gq, laoknksa esa yksxksa us ,sls iz;kl djuk 'kq: 111

dj fn;k gS ftuls leku ewY;ksa vkSj mÌs';ksa ds i{k/kj yksxksa vkSj laxBuksa dk ,d varjkZ"Vªh; <kapk [kM+k gks ldsA bl rjg dh igy dks ,d ,sls iz;kl ds :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftlesa varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd lekt ,sls vusd eqÌksa ij varjkZ"Vªh; ;k {ks=h; ckrphr dh izfØ;k 'kq: djk;s] tks bl ekSds ij csgn egRoiw.kZ gSA tkfgj rkSj ij yksdra= ds ckjs esa brus NqViqV rjhds vkSj VqdM+ksa esa ckrphr djuk dqN gn rd lgt u gksxk D;ksafd yksdra= ekuo ds vius [kqn ds lexz ldkjkRed iz;kl dh ,d jpukRed izfØ;k gS vkSj bls VqdM+ksa esa ugha ns[kk tk ldrkA fQj Hkh vxj yksdra= dh xw<+rk dks Åij crk, x, ikap vk;keksa ds tfj;s is'k fd;k tkrk gS rks leL;kvksa vkSj laHkkoukvksa dks dgha T;knk csgrj <ax ls lkeus yk;k tk ldsxkA bu vk;keksa dks vktekus dk ,d laHkkfor rjhdk dqN bl rjg dk gks ldrk gSA % 1- nfjnzukjk;.k dks vf/kdkj lEiUu cukuk & xka/kh] eqgEen] bZlkelhg vkSj cq) lesr ekuork ds lHkh egku xq#vksa us lekt ds fu/kZure vkSj detksj yksxksa dks vf/kdkj lEiUu cukus ds egRo ij tksj fn;kA laHkor% vusd yksx bl rjg dh vo/kkj.kk dks laj{k.koknh] fof'k"V ;k Hkksyh&Hkkyh lksp le>rs gSaA tks Hkh gks fdlh Hkh rjg ds yksdra= ds fy, ,dek= lcls vge~ ijh{kk ;g gksrh gS fd D;k og dqN bl rjg ls dke djrk gS ftlls fd lekt ds fu/kZure] innfyr vkSj lcls de vljnkj yksxksa dh t:jrksa vkSj vf/kdkjksa dks laj{k.k feyrk gksA gj lekt vkSj bfrgkl ds gj nkSj es abldk eryc vyx&vyx gksxk D;ksafd xjhch vkSj neu] ckj&ckj vyx&vyx rkSj&rjhdksa ls iSnk fd;k x;k gksxkA ysfdu eqÌk ;k mÌs'; ,dne Li"V vkSj ,d gh gSA lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd nfjnzukjk;.k dh t:jrksa vkSj fparkvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, ,slk dkSu lk jkLrk viuk;k tk, ftuls mUgsa vf/kdkj feys u fd vk'khokZnA lHkh rjg ds fopkjksa esa nfjnzukjk;.k ds dsanz esa gksus ds lkFk lkeku vkSj lsokvksa ds O;kikj ls tqM+s lHkh eqÌksa] izks|ksfxdh dsk viukus ds ekeyksa vkSj mRiknu ds rkSj&rjhdksa ds ckjs esa ges'kk ls gh cgl vkSj ekuoh; igy gksrh jgh gSA bl rjg ds lHkh elyksa dks yksdra= dk vkfFkZd vk;ke ;k lqfo/kk ds fy,] vkfFkZd yksdra= dgk tk ldrk gSA 112

2- i;kZoj.k iqumZRFkku vkSj izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij turk dk fu;a=.k ¼i;kZoj.kh; yksdra=½ i;kZoj.k esa fxjkoV gekjs le; dk ,d lcls xaHkhj elyk gSA blesa ok;q] ty vkSj Hkwfe iznw"k.k] iztkfr;ksa vkSj tSo fofo/krk dk yqIr gksuk] vkstksu ijr dk u"V gksuk] taxyksa dk dVuk] HkwdVko vkSj e:LFkyhdj.k 'kkfey gSaA fdlh Hkh vkanksyu ds fy, ;g ,d csgn vge~ eqÌk gksuk pkfg,A ysfdu if'pe vkSj ^nf{k.k^ ds if'peh lksp okys laxBuksa ds fopkjfoe'kZ vkSj faparu] izk;% cgqla[; yksxksa ¼[kkldj xzkeh.k½ ds fy, cgqr gh vyx&Fkyx ls gksrs gSaA bu laoknksa ds urhtru viuk;s tkus okys dk;ZØe vkSj mik; u rks vkcknh ds cgqer dh le> esa vkrs gSa] u gh mlls fdlh rjg dk ljksdkj j[krs gSaA nh?kZ dky esa bl rjg ds dk;ZØe mYVs xys dh Qkal cu ldrs gSaA ,d csgrj rjhdk rks ;g gksxk fd izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij yksxkas ds fu;a=.k ij tksj fn;k tk, vkSj fofHkUu rjg ds i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkwlaj{k.k laca/kh mik;ksa dks bl rjg dh igy esa 'kfkey fd;k tk,A ekuo ds izd`fr ds lkFk laca/k] ftlesa ekuo ,d miHkksDrk] fu;a=d] iks"kd vkSj fouk'kd gks] dqN ,sls eqÌs gaSa ftudk fujkdj.k i;kZoj.kh; yksdra= ds rgr fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA 3- ekuoh; xfjek dks lqfuf'pr djuk ¼lkekftd yksdra=½ bl ckr esa rfud Hkh lansg ugha gS fd u;h mnkjoknh vkfFkZd uhfr;ka vkSj u, nf{k.kiaFk }kjk viuk;s tk jgs vU; mik; brus O;kid Lrj ij ?kksj xjhch ds tud cusaxs tSlk fd ekuoh; bfrgkl esa igys dHkh ugah ns[kk x;kA vusd ekeyksa esa leL;kvksa dks nfjnzukjk;.k dks vf/kdkj lEiUu cukus ds <kaps ds rgr ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A fQj Hkh T;knkrkj ekeyksa esa csjkstxkjh ;k v/kZcsjkstxkjh] vLFkk;h jkstxkj] dkexkjksa ds vf/kdkj vkSj dke ds miyC/k volj dqN ,sls eqÌs gSa ftUgsa nqfu;k Hkj esa ekuoh; xfjek ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gka rd fd mu ekeyksa esa tgka uo mnkjoknh dh fMuj Vscy ls fxjk VqdM+k yksxksa dh cqfu;knh Hkw[k dks iwjk djus ls dgha T;knk gS] cgqr gh uqdlkunsg rjhds ls ekuoh; xfjek dks cfy ij p<+k fn;k tkrk gSA 113

vf/kiR;dkjh uo mnkjoknh uhfr;ka ykylk dh ewjr [kM+h djrh gSaA miHkksDrkokn vkSj Hkksxfoykl dks izksRlkfgr djrh gSa vkSj yksxksa dks vPNh uSfrd ilUn viukus vkSj vk/;kRe dh jkg ij pyus ls jksdrh gSaA ;s uhfr;ka equkQs ds fy, ekuoh; vfLerk vkSj lkekftd lekurk ds fy, la?k"kZ nfyrksa ds chp ,d iz/kku eqÌk gksxkA bl rjg ls os ikf'od oSf'odj.k ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ esa vius utfj;s vkSj vuqHko ls ;ksxnku nsus esa vPNh rjg leFkZ gksaxsA nfyrksa ds chp ;g ,d ,slh okLrfod fLFkfr gS ftlus ckcklkgsc vEcsMdj lesr vusd fopkjdksa dks bl ckr ij tksj nsus ds fy, etcwj fd;k fd Hkkjr esa tkfr mUewyu vkanksyu fdruk t:jh gSA ¼'ks"k nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa rks bls vlekurk ds ,d vge~ lzksr rd ds :i esa ugha ns[kk tkrkA fiNys nks n'kd ds nkSjku mPp tkfr viuh bl iwoZ dh lksp ls ihNs gVrh fn[kkbz iM+h gS ftlesa mlus iwoZ vNwr tkfr;ksa dks vf/kdkj lEiUu cukus dh jphdkj dj fy;k FkkA blds vykok lkekftd eap ij efgykvksa dh c<+rh vkokt dks nckus ds fy, muds f[kykQ fgalk vkSj dqd`R; ds u;s rjhds viuk, tk jgs gSaA bldk mnkgj.k Hkkjr esa 'kwU; ls N% lky ds vk;qoxZ esa ckfydkvksa dk fxjrk vuqikr gSA bu elyksa dks lkekftd yksdra= ds rkus&ckus ds rgr ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A 4- cgqyoknh lgvfLrRo dks etcwr cukuk & ¼lkaLd`frd yksdra=½ lgL=kfCn dh 'kq:vkr esa fo'o ds gj ,d fgLls ds fy, cgqy lg vfLrRo vkSj lkaiznkf;d ;k uLyh fgalk dks jksduk ,d csgn egRo dk eqÌk gks x;kA tc fo'o dk vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd ladV xgjkrk gS rc lkaiznkf;d fgalk dk [krjk c<+rk gSA xaHkhj i;kZoj.kh; {kfr vkSj izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds {kj.k dk lkeuk dj jgs {ks=ksa esa bl rjg dh leL;k,a vkSj Hkh xaHkhj gks ldrh gSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa fofHkUu tkfr vkSj /kkfeZd lewgksa vkSj /keksZa ds Hkhrj fofHkUu leqnk;ksa ds chp 'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo dh ,d thoUr ijEijk jgh gSA orZeku lanHkZ esda ;g ijaijk csgn ncko >sy jgh gS vkSj blls u;s jDr laPkkj dh t:jr gSA tuojh 2001 esae caXykns'k esa Qroksa ij izfrca/k dk U;kf;d QSlyk lkaLd`frd yksdra= dk ,d uk;kc mnkgj.k gSA fgUnqvksa ds chp czkã.koknh ekunaMksa ls bdjkj u j[kus okyh yksd ijaijkvksa vkSj izFkkvksa dks leqfpr lEeku nsuk ,d izkFkfedrk okyk fo"k; gksuk pkfg,A 114

lkaLd`frd yksdra= ds vfHk;ku ds rgr ;wjksi vkSj vesfjdk nqfu;k ds reke ns'kksa esa bfrgkl dks fod`r cukus dh dksf'k'kksa ds f[kykQ ykecan gksuk le; dk rdktk gSA ;wjksi esa eqlyekuksa dks dêjoknjh ;k lekt ds xSjcgqyoknh rcds ds rkSj ij is'k fd;k tk jgk gSA 1990 ds [kkM+h ;q) tSlh ?kVukvksa us eqfLye ns'kksa vkSj if'peh ns'kksa ds chp /kqzohdj.k dks vkSj Hkh c<+k;k gSA D;ksafd bl ;q) us lewps bLykeh txr esa if'pe fojks/kh Hkkoukvksa dk lapkj fd;k gSA ;wjksih ,dhdj.k ¼lHkh iwoZ vkSifuosf'kd rkdrksa dks feyk dj ,d u;h egk'kfDr dk fuekZ.k½ us fLFkfr dks vkSj Hkh xaHkhj cuk;k gS D;ksafd bls bLykeh ns'kksa dh fojks/kh ,d 'kfDr'kkyh rkdr ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;g Vdjko ml fLFkfr esa vkSj Hkh xaHkhj gks tk,xk tc ;wjksih; la?k ,d okLrfod la?kh; jkT; cu tkrk gS vkSj vxj ;g ,d la;qDr j{kklfefr vkSj ,d la;qDr lsuk [kM+h dj ysrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ukfMZd ns'kksa lesr ;wjksih; la?k ds lHkh lnL; ns'k ,d cM+h lSU; egk'kfDr dk fgLlk cu tk,axs ftlds ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dk fo'kky t[khjk gksxkA gkykafd cgqyoknh lg vfLrRo dks fdlh udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls ugha cfYd Vdjko ds mu ifjn`';ksa ds ek/;e ls ns[kuk pkfg, ftUgsa jkssdus dh t:jr gSA bls ,d ,slh le`f) ds rkSj ij ns[kuk pkfg, tgka erHksnksa ij laokn ds tfj;s yxkrkj u;h phtsa fufeZr vkSj iqufuZfeZr dh tk jgh gSaA lewpk ekuo bfrgkl lkaLd`frd vknku&iznku] izlkj vkSj ubZ phtksa vkSj ckrksa dks viukus ds tfj;s cuk gSA thou ds rkSj&rjhdksa esa fofo?krk ,sls ijLij lgk;d rkSj&rjhds eqgS;k djkrh gS ftuls fdlh Hkh lekt esa ekuoh; izo`fr;ksa dh fofHkUu vfHkO;fDr;ksa dks iwjk fd;k tk lds vkSj bl rjg ls bls lhapk tkuk pkfg;sA yksdra= ¼jktuhfrd yksdra=½ dks iksluk vkSj xgjk cukuk jktuhfrd yksdra= dk vxj yxkrkj [;ky vkSj cpko u fd;k tk, rks ;g xaHkhj rjhds ls [krjs esa iM+ ldrk gSA lkekftd O;oLFkk ds xSj yksdrkaf=d izgkjksa ds f[kykQ fd, x, lHkh mik; dsoy rHkh izHkkoh gks ldrs gSa tc turk lfØ; :i ls yksdrkaf=d <kapksa vkSj ekunaMksa dh igjsnkjh djsA yksdra= ftls Hkkxhnkjh] izfrfuf/kRo 115

vkSj dkuwu ds 'kklu] lkaLd`frd Hkk"kkbZ] /kkfeZd vkSj jktuhfrd vYila[;dksa dks laj{k.k rFkk jktuhfrd QSlyk djus dh izfØ;k dh ikjnf'kZrk ds RkkSj ij ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS mls iksf"kr vkSj xgjk cuk;k tkuk pkfg;sA ysfdu orZeku esa fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa] laLFkkuksa vkSj ijaijkvksa okys lHkh ns'kksa esa bl rjg dh yksdrkaf=d izfØ;ksa ds ftl dsoy ,d gh ekWMy dks viuk;k tk jgk gS og

gS eqDr if'peh ;k cktkj

vk/kkfjr yksdra=A foMacuk gS fd ;g nqfu;k ds ,d NksVs ls lkaLd`frd&,sfrgkfld {ks= esa fodflr gqvk gSA vHkh rd lkoZHkkSfed vkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks 'kkfey djds ,d lekt dks [kM+k djus ds fy, ftl lcls egRoiw.kZ laLFkkxr <kaps dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS og cgqnyh; O;oLFkk] O;Ld erkf/kdkj vkSj dk;Zikfydk] fo/kkf;dk vkSj U;k; ikfydk ds vf/kdkjksa ds caVokjs ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl <kaps rd dks ml le; [krjk iSnk gks tkrk gS tc yksdra= ds vU; rjhdksa dks nj fdukj fd;k tk,A lÙkk dh vuqiwjdrk dk fl)kar ;kfu ftlesa yksxksa dks fupys Lrj ij Lo'kklu dh btktr nsuk 'kkfey gS] Hkkxhnkjhiw.kZ yksdra= dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, vge~ gSA ftyk] izkarh; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj dh jktuhfrd lÙkk dks mPpLrjh; lÙkk ds ctk; lÙkk ds vyx {ks=ksa ds rkSj ij fy;k tkuk pkfg;sA Lons'khdj.k vkSj if'prhdj.k fojks/kh ygj dks lLrs esa njfdukj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA dgk tk ldrk gS fd bLykeh iqu#RFkku] fgUnqoknh vkanksyuksa dk fodkl vkSj phu dk vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd mn; vkaf'kd :i ls if'pe fojks/kh ygj dh nsu gSA vxj nf{k.k ,f';k dh fofHkUu neudkjh rkdrksa }kjk yksdra=] ekuokf/kdkjksa vkSj efgyk vf/kdkj vkanksyuksa dks if'peh ewY; vkSj lksp cuk dj [kkfjt fd;k tkrk gS rks bl ckr dk okLrfod [krjk gS fd u;h lgL=kCnh dh igyh gh lnh esa ;s ewY; xaHkhj rjhds ls [krjs esa iM+ tk,axsA

116

[kkst dh fn'kk lgHkkxh yksdra= ftlesa laLFkku fopkj vkSj fopkj/kkjk,a [kqn yksxksa }kjk rS;kj dh tkrh gSa] ij iw.kZ :i ls utj nkSM+kus ij iz'kklu ds laLFkkuksa ds ekeys esa fojks/kkHkkl utj vkrk gSA Åij ls lek/kku dks Fkksius dh iSjoh djus dh ctk; mu laHkkoukvksa vkSj fn'kkvksa ls tqM+s lokyksa ij fopkj djuk pkgsaxs tks ekStwnkj vlarks"k ls iSnk gks ldrs gSaA laiw.kZ Lojkt ds vkn'kZ ds fy, dke djus dk gekjk rjhdk ekuo dh vkLFkk] fo'okl vkSj mEehn ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj blesa lHkh lkekftd izfØ;k,a 'kkfey gSaA fo'okl % ge ekuo dh bl lksp ds lkFk bdjkj j[krs gSa fd LokFkZ vkSj ykyp ekuo thou dh ;k=k dk dsoy ,d fgLlk gS vkSj ;g ekuo ds LoHkko dks r; djus esa lcls vge vkSj vljnkj ugha gSA t:jrksa dks mudk c[kku fd, fcuk iwjk ;gka rd fd r`Ir fd;k tk ldrk gSA ge ij tksj nsdj dgrs gSa fd ekuo dks dsoy lq[k&lk/kuksa dh pkgr j[kus okys ds rkSj ij ifjHkkf"kr djuk csgn vksNh ckr gSA ekuo ds uSfrd] vk/;kfRed vkSj lkaLd`frd vk;kek Hkh gksrs gSaA bu vk;keksa dks nj&fdukj djus ls thou dh lkFkZdrk gh detkjs iM+rh tk jgh gS ftldk urhtk etgch mxzokn ds tokch izgkj dh 'kDy esa ns[kus dks fey jgk gSA mEehn % ekuo LoHkko dh bl /kkj.kk esa fo'okl lrr mEehn ds vk/kkj dk fuekZ.k djrsk gS vkSj bl /kkj.kk dks etcwr cukrk gS fd ekuo thou vPNkbZ vkSj cqjkbZ ds chp ,d lrr~ la?k"kZ gSA lPps yksdra= ds fuekZ.k dk dke vc iwjh etcwrh ds lkFk Åij ls lektokn ds Lo:i dks Fkksis fcuk iwathokn esa cnyko vkSj lq/kkj ds fo'o la?k"kZ ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gSA gkykafd ;g laosnuk U;k; vkSj vktknh ds ewY;ksa ds lkFk vPNkbZ ds fy, yM+kbZ dh lrr ekuoh; t:jr ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g cgqr gh lh/ks likV <axd ls lkekf;d lanHkZ ds nk;js esa thou ds edM+tky dh le> vkSj iksf"kr djus ij vk/kkfjr gSA

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rkSj&rjhds % yksdrkaf=d la?k"kZ ds fy, rkSj&rjhds ds rhu vk;ke gSaA igyk gS orZeku le; ds Lo:i dks igpkurs gq, laokn dkA ckrphr ds tfj;s ge u dsoy vius le; dks igpkurs gSa cfYd vbius le; dh ekaxkasa dks Hkh le>rs gSaA fojks/kh lesr lHkh ds lkFk gj Lrj ij ckrphr dsoy rHkh laHko gS tc ge lkft'k dh dYiuk esa fo'okl u djsa vkSj ekuo dh vU;kl ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ esa R;kx djus dh Hkkouk esa vkLFkk trk,aA le; ds lkj dks rc rd iwjh rjg ls ugha le>k tk ldrk gS tc rd fd ge lkFk gh vU;k; ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ ugha djrsA blds fy, nwljk vk;ke vfgald lfou; voKk gS tks cqjkbZ ij vPNkbZ dh thr ds ekuoh; la?k"kZ dks vfHkO;fDr nsrk gS vkSj lÙkk/kjh fojks/kh dks ckrphr ds fy, fueaf=r djrk gSA rhljk vk;ke jpukRed dkjZokbZ dk gS ftlls O;kid yksdra= ;k laiw.kZ Lojkt ds fofHkUu vk;keksa dks iwjk djus okys ,d yksdrkaf=r lekt ds vuq:i thou 'kSyh] xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj <kapksa dk fuek.kZ fd;k tk ldsA Bksl dkjZokbZ ds izLrko Åij crk;s rkSj&rjhdksa vkSj e/;ekxhZ& lektoknh&i;kZoj.kh; &ukjhoknh lkekftd dkjZokbZ ds le{k [kM+h lkef;d pqukSfr;ksa ds eÌsutj Bksl dkjZokbZ ds fy, ge dqN laHkkoukvksa dks lkeus j[krs gSaA ;g dsoy dkxt ij fy[kh bckjr gh gS D;ksafd dkjZokbZ dk vtsaMk tu laxBuksa vkSj mudh iSjoh djus okys laxBuksa dks fupys Lrj ls 'kh"kZ rd ds n'kZu ds eqrkfcd [kqn fodflr djuk gksxkA bl nkSjku mUgsa O;kid yksdra= ds fofo/k rkus&ckus vkSj lkekftd laxBu ds Lrj dks /;ku esa j[kdj djuk gksxkA laokn fofo/k fopkjksa dks fodflr] vfHkO;Dr vkSj QyhHkwr djus ds fy, jkLrk fudkyuk&e/;ekxhZ&lektokn&i;kZoj.kh;&ukjhoknh laxBuksa ds chp vkSj muds Hkhrj fofHkUu rjg ds fopkjksa vkSj n'kZu ds chp laokn ls lHkh ekuoh; dksf'k'kksa dks Qk;nk igqapsxkA blls lewph nqfu;ki ds vjcksa yksxksa dh lekurk vkSj U;k; dh vnE; bPNk dks iwjk dj ikus dk gekjk fo'okl etcwr gksxkA [kq'kgky Lojkt dh /kkjk izokfgr gksus ds lkFk U;k; vkSj lekurk ds fy, fgald thruk Hkh laHko gks ldsxkA bl rjg 118

ds jkLrs ij py jgs yksxksa vkSj laxBuksa dks LFkkuh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij py jgs vfgald lfou; voKk vkanksyuksa esa lk>hnkj cuus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tk ldsA ckrphr vkSj vU; yksdrkaf=d rjhdksa ls fojksf/k;ksa ¼lkezkT;oknh&iwathoknh]Qkalhokn vkS HkkM+s ds vkrafd;ksa½ dks jkLrs ij ykuk Hkh laHko gks ldsxkA O;kid yksdra= ds ckjs esa lrr~ ckrphr ds fy, vLFkk;h <kapksa vkSj eapksa dks LFkk;h :i nsuk bl ckr dh t:jr gS fd ge yksdra= dks etcwr vkSj xgjk cukus ds edln ls mlesa gLr{ksi ds ldkjkRed rjhdksa ij fopkj ds fy, vU; laxBuksa] Dycksa] laLFkkuksa] vkanksyudkjh laxBuksa vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, xaHkhj dksf'k'ksa djsaA fo'o yksdrkaf=dj.k ds fy, ;g ,d csgn lkefjd rjhdk cu ldrk gSA fo'o lkekftd eap }kjk eqgS;k djkbZ xbZ xqatkb'k dk bLrseky u, oSf'od xBca/kuksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA nf{k.k&nf{k.k ¼fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds chp½ ds chp laokn ds nk;js esa u dsoy lewps vÝhdk&,f'k;k ykfruh vesffjk vkSj dSfjfc;k;h ns'kksa] cfYd if'pe ds fu/kZu ns'ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A yksdrkaf=d xqatkb'k vkSj thou 'kSyh dh lqj{kk gesa dqN j{kkRed dkjZOkkbZ djus dh Hkh furkar vko';drk gSA gesa ,slh phtksa dks cpk, j[kus ds fy,m ,d j{kkRed j.kuhfr rS;kj djuh pkfg, ftUgsa vf/kiR;dkjh rkdrsa vc rd cjckn ugha dj ldh gSaA gtkjksa lky ls nf{k.kh lH;rk,a ,slh thou 'kSyh viukrh jgh gSeas ftUgsa vc ge i;kZoj.k vk/kkfjr fl)kar dgrs gSaA mudh vkthfodkl ds rkSj&rjhdksa ij /;ku ls xkSj Qjekus ls ;g ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd viuh t:jrksa dks lhfer j[kuk izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dks cuk, j[kus vkSj mUgsa fQj ls iSnk djus dh mudh lksph le>h ilan vkSj dksf'k'k FkhA mUgksaus ;g dksf'k'k ges'kk blfy, ugha dh fd os izks|ksxfh :i ls fiNM+s gq, Fks ysfdu vc oS'ohdj.k dk ekStwnk Lo:i bu leqnk;ksa dks cgqr gh rst xfr ls u"V dj jgk gSA bl ckr dh t:jr gS fd fo'o ds yksdrkaf=d laxBu nf{k.k ds bu i;kZoj.k iwjd vkSj vk/kkfjr leqnk;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, ,d j{kk 119

lfefr dk xBu djsaA vxj ,slk ugha gqvk rks gtkjksa o"kksZa ls latksdj j[kh xbZ bl thou 'kSyh dk vxys pan n'kdksa esa iwjh rjg fouk'k gks tk,xkA gesa ifjokj] ftls ge fo'o dgrs gSa ij cqus tk jgs Loiuksa] la?k"kksZa vkSj yksdrkaf=d rkSj&rjhdksa dks igpkuus ds fy, lwpuk vuqla/kku vkSj lekpkj ek/;eksa ds ,d Lora= ra= ds fuekZ.k dh t:jr gSA gesa vesfjdk miHkksDrkokn ds LoxZ dh e`x ejhfpdk ds tky esa vHkh Hkh can yksxkas dks bl rjg dh tkudkjh eqgS;k djkus dh t:jr gSA gesa nqfu;k Hkj esa ,sls ehfM;k dasnz LFkkfir djuk pkfg, tks ,d= dh xbZ tkudkjh dks yksxkas dks vaxzdth ds vykok [kqn mudh Hkk"kk esa eqgS;k djk,aA bl rjg ds lHkh laokn vkSj laLFkkuksa vkSj ra=ksa ds fuekZ.k dhs izfØ;k varr% yksdra= dks cpkus] etcwr cukus vkSj mldk foLrkj djus ds fy, ,d fo'o ekspsZ ds xBu rd tkuh pkfg,A bl ekspsZ dk xBu ckSf)d lfØ;rk vkSj laxBu fuekZ.k ds feys&tqys iz;kl ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA laxBu dk fuekZ.k dsoy ckSf)d lfØ;rk ds ek/;e ls gh ugha gks ldrkA lS)kafrd <kaps vkSj ra= ds fuekZ.k dk izHkkoh :i ls rHkh gkss ldrk gS tc ge xka/kh }kjk fodflr lfou; voKk vkSj jpukRed dkjZokbZ dks vius iz;klksa dk vkStkj cuk,aA vfgald ukxfjd izfrjks/k dk fuekZ.k tks yksx yksdra= esa fo'okl djrs gSa mUgsa u [kqn faglk ls rkSckj djuh gksxh cfYd lkekftd cnyko ds fy, fgalk ds jkLrs dks Hkh voS/k cukuk gksxkA xka/kh ;g ekurs Fks fd dsoy mUgha yksxkas dks cstk dkuwuksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ dk vf/kdkj gS tks [kqn lH; gSa vkSj ns'k ds dkuwuksa dk ikyu djrs gSaA ,slh lHkh fo?kVudkjh dksf'k'kksa ds f[kykQ vfHk;ku pyk;k tkuk pkfg, tks lkaLd`frd jk"Vªokn vkSj jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa ds uke ij dke ds vf/kdkj vkSj LFkk;h vkthfodk ds vf/kdkj tSls eqÌksa dks i`"BHkwfe esa <dsyrh gSA vxj ckrphr ds vU; lHkh njokts can gks tkrs gSa rks vfgald lfou; voKk dk jkLrk viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A mnkjg.k ds fy, tSo izks|ksfxdh ds lgkjs mRikfnr [kk|kuksa vkSj vkuqokaf'kd rjhds ls fufeZr vukt vkSj chtksa ds cfg"dkj vkSj fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks= 120

cukus] [kuu vkSj cka/k ifj;kstukvksa ds f[kykQ la?k"kZ ds ekeys esda ftuls cM+s iSekus ij vkcknh foLFkkfir gksrh gSA blds fy, t:jh gS fd tehu ds fVdkÅ bLrseky lesr vU; fodYiksa dks j[kus ds fy, igys ls gh i;kZIr jktuhfrd vkSj rduhdh rS;kjh dh tk,A ekStwnk fo'o laxBuksa dks vfgald lfou; voKk dh izfØ;k ds izfr laosnu'khy cukrs gq, vkSj Hkh yksdrkaf=d :i fn;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh mUgsa mu t:jrksa ds izfr vuqdwy joS;k viukus ds fy, izsfjr djuk pkfg, ftuds fy, bl rjg ds vkanksyu vkSj dkjZokbZ dh tk jgh gSA lfou; voKk bu laLFkkuksa ij bl ckr ds fy, ncko Mkysxk fd os ijLij laokn vkSj le> ds tfj;s viuh lksp vkSj igy esa lrr cnyko djsaA

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16. Vijay Pratap on JP (Bihar Movement) February 2004 Side 'A'

fd'ku dkyt;h & vkt ns'k esa vkSj lekt esa tks jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr gS ml ifjfLFkfr esa vki ts-ih- dks dSls ;kn djrs gSaA fot; çrki & tks ifjfLFkfr gS mlds nks igyw gSa vkSj nksuksa esa ts-ih- dh tks nwjn`f"V Fkh mlds chp orZeku gS oks mudk ifj.kke vkt ns[k ldrs gSaA vkidks /;ku gksxk fcgkj vkanksyu dk usr`Ro laHkkyus ds ckn ts-ih- D;ksafd fcgkj vkanksyu blfy, dg jgk gwa fd bldks laiw.kZ Økafr vkanksyu tks fd 5 twu ls 'kq: gqvk fcgkj vkanksyu tks 18 ekpZ ds ckn tc ts-ih- dks usr`Ro lkSaik x;k vkSj ts-ihvkanksyu tks yksx ts-ih- dks gh ,d bldk ewY; n`"Vk ekurs gSa bu rhuksa laKkvksa ls ge ml vkanksyu ls dks lacksf/kr djrs gSa vkSj rhuksa laKkvksa ds ihNs vyx&vyx rjg ds Hkko tqM+s gSaA vkius ts-ih- dsfUær loky fd;k gS rks blfy, eSa dgwaxk fd ts-ihvkanksyu esa ,d iM+ko ,slk Fkk tc ts-ih- us tkfr rksM+us dk vkg~oku fd;k Fkk vkSj mlesa mUgksaus ;xksifro tks fd ftldk :<+ vFkZ f}t dh ,d fof'k"Vrk gks x;k gS mlds 'kkL=h; vFkZ D;k gS eSa ugha tkurk dbZ ijaijkoknh fe=ksa dk dguk gS fd oks :<+ vFkZ lgh vFkZ ugha gSa ysfdu yksd /keZ esa vkSj yksd ekul esa tks vFkZ :<+ gksrk gS jktuSfrd egRo mlh dk gksrk vkSj ;xksifor tks gS tu;qDr oks mPp tkfr;ksa esa ,d rjg ds vgadkj dks ,d rjg ds nHkZ dh Hkkouk dks vke fiNM+s vkSj nfyr tkfr;ksa ds çfr ,d nqRdkj ds Hkko dks lajf{kr vkSj laof/kZr djrk Fkk ;Kksifor vkSj ts-ih- us vkg~oku fd;k fd mldks tks gS gkse fd;k tk, vkSj lSdM+ks fdyks tks gS tus;w ds <sj yx tkrs Fks vxj vkj-,l-,l- ds ncko esa ml Øe dks /khek u fd;k x;k gksrk rks ;s tks va/k vfLerkokn okyh xyh esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr Qal xbZ gS ftlesa fiNM+s vkSj mÙkj çns'k dk mnkgj.k ysa rks nfyr 122

vkSj fiNM+s vius lÙkk dh [kkst esa brus fnokus gSa fd dksbZ ,d O;kid ,slk fl)kar ugha [kkst ik jgs gSa ftlls nfyr ,oa fiNM+s dh ,drk gks ik,A blfy, clik vkSj lektoknh ikVhZ nks vyx ikfVZ;ka gS ,d ikVhZ eq[;r% fiNM+ksa dh ikVhZ vkSj nwljh ikVhZ eq[;r% nfyrksa dh ikVhZ vkSj nqHkkZX; ls fiNM+ksa dh esa Hkh tks fiNM+ksa esa vxM+k gS ;k la[;k esa cgqla[;d gS mldh fiNM+ksa dh ikVhZ dk vFkZ ;s ugha gks x;k gS fd fiNM+ksa ds tks oxZfgr gSa tks muds O;kid fgr gSa tks lekt ds O;kid fgrksa ls dgha QdZ ugha gS muds fy, dksbZ dqckZuh dk Hkko iSnk gks cfYd lÙkk esa viuk vf/kd ls vf/kd fgLlk dSls ikuk gS oks cu x;kA rks ts-ihvkanksyu vkt bl ek;us esa cgqr ;kn vkrk gS fd vxj tks lekftd Økafr dk i{k Fkk ts-ih- tc laiw.kZ Økafr fxukrs Fks rks mlesa lkekftd Økafr dks Hkh vDlj fxuk;s djrs Fks ysfdu pquko dh tks ,d pqukSrh mUgksaus Lohdkj dh mlds pyrs lkekftd Økafr dh yM+kbZ FkksM+h /kheh iM+h vkSj mldh otg ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkt ,d va/k vfLerkokn oks pkgs fgUnwRo dh va/k vfLerk gks pkgs nfyr vkSj fiNM+s dh va/k vfLerk gks vkSj tc dksbZ Hkh ,dkaxh vfLerkokn gksrk gS rc ckdh ewY;ksa ls le>kSrk djuk mudks utjvankt djuk ;s ,d ml jktuhfr dh ço`fr cu tkrh gS rks bl ekus esa ts-ih- dh ;kn vkrh gSA nwljk ftl le; ts-ihvkanksyu esa dwns ml le; tks xSj dkaxzsl ikfVZ;ka Fkh tula?k laxBu dkaxzsl la;qDr lks'kfyLV ikVhZ] lks'kfyLV ikVhZ] Hkkjrh; yksdny oks ,d rjg ls Bgjko is Fks vkSj tc yksd la?k"kZ lfefr us gh mUgsa ,d ,slk ekSdk fn;k fd jktuhfr ugha cfYd yksduhfr ekuds yksd la?k"kZ lfefr vkSj Nk= la?k"kZ lfefr;ksa esa cM+s iSekus ij ,sls yksx tqVs tks fdlh Hkh ny ls ugha tqM+s gq, Fks vkSj mlls jktuhfr dks ,d u;h lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa dks vius esa lesVus dk ekSdk feykA yksdra= esa vxj yksxksa dk jktuhfr dk flyflyk vuojr tkjh ugha jgsxk rks fQj yksdra= lM+ tk,xk vksj mlds ra= ij vfHktuksa dk dCtk gks tk,xk vkSj yksd mlesa ls _.k gks tk,axsA rks ;s nwljk igyw gS ftlls yksd vkt cM+h rknkn esa fn[k jgs gSaA rhljk udkjkRed igyw ;s gS fd ml le; dkaxzsl dk tks vuhfrokn Fkk mldks oks bruk T;knk fn[krk Fkk fd rc geyksxksa us ts-ihds usr`Ro esa ysfdu blesa gekjs es ls vkSj gekjs usr`Ro ds cgqr cM+s fgLls dh [kkldj lektokfn;ksa ds ,d vPNs [kkls fgLls dh lgefr Fkh fd ,d xSj dkaxzslokn tks okLro esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu okyh dkaxszl ds ewY;ksa dk foLrkj ekuk x;k Fkk ysfdu oks 123

,d rjg dk Hkze lkfcr gqvk vkSj geyksxksa us fcuk i;kZIr oSpkfjd cgl pyk, fcuk i;kZIr cgl pyk;s ,d turk ikVhZ dk xBu fd;kA fd'ku dkyt;h & jktuSfrd lanHkksZa esa vki yksduk;d t;çdk'k ukjk;.k dks dSls ;kn djrs gSa\ fot; çrki & yach tckc ns nwa eSa\ jktuSfrd igpku Hkh tks gS ijr&nj&ijr I;kt ds fNydksa ds rjg curh gS vkSj ;s tks vfLerk ds vfroknh yksx gksrs gSa ml vfLerkokn] ,d rjg ds /kkfeZd er dV~Vjrk ls QdZ ugha jg tkrk] blfy, ts-ihvkanksyu I;kt dk dksbZ ,d fNydk ugha gS esjs jktuSfrd igpku esaA esjh igpku ds eku yhft, fd 10 fNyds gSa rks 5 fNyds rks ts-ihvkanksyu us gh cuk;sa gSA ts-ihvkanksyu ugha gksrk rks eq>s 20 eghuk ljdkjh 4 tqykbZ 75 ls 22 Qjojh 77 rd ljdkjh lqfo/kkvksa is lkspus dk ekSdk ugha feyrkA igys frgkM+ tsy vkSj mlds ckn t;iqj tsyA ts-ihvkanksyu ls igys eq>s ;s Hkze Fkk fd lektoknh vkanksyu tks gS oks cgqr ,d oSpkfjd [kqysiu okyk vkanksyu gS vkSj mlesa oSpkfjd dV~Vjrk ugha] oSpkfjd oSKkfudrk] foosdokn ogh mldh ewyrkflj gSA tsy esa jgds eq>s ;s le> vk;k fd tsih- dh fopkj;k=k ds ckjs esa tks dqN yksx galh mM+krs Fks fd igys ekDlZoknh 'kq: gq, vkSj vc vius dks xka/kh ds djhc crkrs gSa vkSj mudks xka/kh vkSj ekvks dk QdZ ugha le> vkrkA dgrs gSa eSa xka/kh ls ;s lh[kk vkSj ekvks ls ;s lh[kk vkSj ysfdu esjk >qdko xka/kh dh vksj T;knk gS buls ;s tkukA rks tks ,d fopkj ;k=k esa ekuoh;rk vkSj cnyrs lanHkksZa ds lkFk cnyrs tkuk ysfdu ewY;ksa ds Lrj ij fo'o n`f"V ds Lrj is ekuoh; laosnukvksa ds Lrj ij ifjiDork vkrh tk,] l?kurk vkrh tk, vkSj vk/;kfRed Lrj ij Fkdku u vk;s ftl ixMaMh dks idM+k Fkk fd bl nqfu;k dks csgrj cuk;saxs mlis vkneh pyrk jgs blds çfr ts-ih- gSa esjh le> esaA ,sls çrhd Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa D;ksafd cM+s iSekus ij yksx Hkkxhnkjh Fkh oSls cgqr cgqr çrhd ;s gekjk xSj tkudkjh vkSj vKku gS lwpukvksa dk vHkko gS fd ge ,sls vkSj lSdM+ks vkSj tks çrhd gSa ns'k ds fofHkUu vapyksa esa muds ckjs esa ugha tkursA ts-ihvkanksyu dks tc eSa ;kn djrk gw¡ rks eSa ikrk gwa fd ts-ih- tSls [kqn Fks oSlh xqatkb'k ml le; tc oks iVy is fQj ls dsUæh; <ax ls vk;s ts-ihvkanksyu ds le; 124

74 esa rc ml le; dh lØh; jktuhfr vkSj laxfBr nyksa dh jktuhfr ,sls yksx vksj ,sls dk;ZdrkZ ugha iSnk dj jgh Fkh vkSj ts-ihvkanksyu us fQj ls ,sls yksxksa cM+s iSekus ij iSnk fd;k tks mudh rjg vkLFkk vkSj foosd dk ,d laxe gks] ekuoh;rk esa ifjorZu gksus dh laHkkouk esa] fcuk fgalk ds vkSj fcuk laxfBr fgalk dk lgkjk fy;s yksxksa dks vkanksfyr fd;k tk ldsA ;s pht mUgksaus ,d lkekftd Lrj ij iSnk dj nh vkSj Økafrdj.k vkSj ekuoh;dj.k ds chp esa tks }Sr ekDlZoknh] ysfuuoknh /kkjk esa fn[krk gS fd laosnu'khy ls laosnu'khy O;fDr tks gS oks ikVhZ vuq'kklu ds uke ls D;k&D;k dj ldrk gSA vius bl lkFkh ds f[kykQ yxHkx "kM;a=uqek vankt esa dke dj ldrk gS vkSj ts-ih- dh tks /kkjk gS mlesa rks ;s Hkko ,dne unkjn Fkk] mlds ukjksa is xkSj dhft, ,d ukjk Fkk ---- geyk pkgs tSlk gksxk gkFk gekjk ugha mBsxk] vc ;s lkekU; lk ukjk gS ysfdu bldh rkdr dk eq>s irk yxk 18 twu 75 dh ckr gS vkidks /;ku gksxk fd 12 twu 75 dks bykgkckn gkbZ dksVZ dk ttesaV vk;k Fkk ftlesa jktukjk;.k th dh ;kfpdk is tfLVl flUgk us bafnjk th dks v;ksX; ?kksf"kr fd;k FkkA rks geyksx mlh fnu 12 twu dks muds ?kj ds ckgj çn'kZu djus igqaps vkSj 18 twu dks Nk= la?k"kZ lfefr dh vksj ls geus fcV~By HkkbZ esa ehfVax dh Fkh vkSj ml ehfVax ds cxy esa ehfVax gekjh [kre gqbZ rks dkQh ge 50&100 yksx tek Fks ogka xi&'ki dj jgs Fks ehfVax ds ckn tSls vDlj gksrk gS rks ogha fcV~By HkkbZ iVsy Hkou ls fudy jgs Fks txthou jke] rks mlds NksVs xsV gSa mlls ckgj vk jgs Fks rks eSa xsV ds vkxs gkFk djds [kM+k gks x;k fd Hkz"V ljdkj ls LrhQk nks Hkz"V ljdkj ls txthou jke LrhQk nsaA ;s ukjk yxkrs mudk ?ksjko tSlk LikuVsfu;l tSlk gks x;k rks ;s ?ksjko gqvk rks muds tks lgk;d Fkk mUgksaus dgk fd pfy, u pfy, ckr dfj, vkxs ckgj ;gka rks ?kqVu gks jgh gS ;gka Hkhj gS ,slk D;ksa dj jgs gSa pfy, ckr djrs gSa rks dkj dh vksj b'kkjk fd;k ge lc yksx dksbZ ;kstuk rks Fkh ugha ge vk;s vkSj geus ik;k fd mUgsa tks gS oks xkM+h esa cSB x;s vkSj xkM+h lUukVs ls pyus dks tc rS;kj gqbZ eq>s yxk fd oks xkM+h fudy jgh gS gels ckr djus dh otk; rks eSa ml xkM+h ,EcslsMj dkj Fkh oks rks mlds vkxs eSa vkus yxk rks oks tks Mh-,l-ih- Fks mUgksaus esjh Vkax ij MaMk ekjk vkSj eSa fxj x;k vkSj fQj mlds ckn [kjk gqvk vkSj xkM+h pyh x;h rks lc yksxksa us mldks Mh-,l-ih- dks ?ksj fy;k esjs lkFk vHkh tks ch-,l-ih- ls fo/kk;d dk 125

pquko yM+s Fks e/;çns'k ds HkwriwoZ lka[;fd ea=h jek'kadj flag oks esjs lkFk lgdehZ Fks bl Lok;l eas cfYd mUgha ds laidZ ls eSa vius lektoknh xq#vksa ls feyds lektoknh vkanksyu esa vk;k Fkk ge lgikBh Fks ledkyhu Fks Ldwy esa rks oks Hkh FksA ge nksuksa dkQh HkkSpd vkSj tks gekjs lkFk ts-ihvkanksyu esa rks reke rjg ds vjktuSfrd vkSj u;s dk;ZdrkZ gSa rks oks tks gS yxHkx veknk gks x, ml Mh-,l-ih- dks ihVus isA rks mlesa eq>s yxk fd dSls jksdk tk; rks vpkud eq>s ,d ukjk /;ku vk;k vkSj geus cgqr le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh yksxksa dks fd gVkvks&gVkvks] cgqr mÙkstuk Fkh fd esjh Vkax rksM+ nh rks mldks ihVk tk;s mlus tkus dSls fn;k vkSj ok;nk f[kykQh dh rks eSaus tkS gh ;s ukjk yxk;k mldk ,dne fctyh tSlk vlj gqvk vkSj gedks dksbZ elDdr ugha djuh iM+h dksbZ rdZ ugha nsus iM+s ij reke yksxksa us ml iqfyl okys ls ,d nwljs nksLrkuk vankt esa ckr 'kq: dj nh D;ksafd nwljk gekjk ukjk Fkk fd iqfyl gekjk HkkbZ gS buls ugha yM+kbZ gSA rhljk ukjk Fkk thuk gS rks ejuk lh[kks vius gd ij yM+uk lh[kksA ,d vkSj ukjk Fkk fd lp dguk vxj cxkor gS rks le>ks ge Hkh ckxh gSaA rks Hkkjr dh jktuhfr ls bu ukjksa ds ihNs tks ,d ewY; n`f"V ifjyf{kr gksrh gS mldk çfrfcEc detksj gks jgs Fks oks ewY; detksj gks jgs Fks vkSj ubZ ih<+h brus cM+s iSekus ij ugha vk jgh Fkh ftrus cM+s iSekus is bl eqYd ds yksdra= dks pykus ds fy, vkuh pkfg, vkSj muds çf'k{k.k dh tks laLFkk,a ;kfu fd tks ny gSa oks uSfrd :i ls flfFkyrk dh vksj tk jgs Fks rks ts-ih- ftu ewY;ksa dks vkSj ftl Hkh n`f"V dks ekurs Fks mlh ls vuqçkf.kr lSdM+ks ugha] gtkjksa ugha] yk[kksa yksxksa ds fy, mUgksaus ts-ihvkanksyu uke dk ,d jktuSfrd çf'k{k.k dk ,d fo|ky; 'kq: dj fn;k ftldh oks ts-ihvkanksyu 'kq: gksus ls igys xqtjkr vkanksyu 'kq: gksus ls igys oks ns'k ds lkeus [krjksa dks ns[k jgs Fks vkSj mUgksaus citizens for democracy cuk;k Fkk 73 vçSy dh 'kk;n ;s ckr gS rks ftu phtksa dks oks ftuij mudk fparu py jgk Fkk ftu [krjksa dks oks f{kfrt ij ns[k jgs Fks Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd f{kfrt is tc turk mB [kM+h gqbZ rc mUgksaus viuh ckr j[kh vkSj oks ckr taxy dh vkx dh rjg iwjs ns'k esa QSyh vkSj ns'k ds ;qotuksa us mldks xEHkhjrk ls fy;k vkSj yk[kksa dh la[;k esa yksx ml vkanksyu esa 'kjhd gq, fcgkj esa [kklrkSj ls vkSj ns'k esa tgka&rgka rfeyukMw gks dsjy gks dksbZ ns'k dk ,slk fgLlk ugha Fkk ;s vyx ckr gS fd mldh 'kq:vkr djus esa loksZn;h vkSj 126

lektoknh ;s lcls vkxs jgs dE;wfuLVksa dk ,d fgLlk rks mldks Qklhoknh crkrk Fkk :l iaFkh tks ml le; Fks D;ksafd oks rks bafnjk th dk tks fj'rk Fkk lksfo;r la?k ls rks mlds pyrs dE;wfuLV ikVhZ ;s fgEer ugha dj ldrs Fks ysfdu nwljs dE;wfuLV ikVhZ Hkh blds ckjs esa oks lkoZtfud mlus dHkh lfØ; blesa fgLlk ugha yh ts-ih- dh tks ehfVax Fkh cl mUgksaus t:j if'pe caxky esa djk;h FkhA rks ts-ihvkanksyu dks igyk ns'k ds ukStokuksa ds fy, thoar ftldks okeiaFkh tks fdrkch eqgkcjk gS mlesa praxis dgrs gSa praxis ds fy, xqatkb'k iSnk dj nh ts-ih- us nwljk loksZn; vkSj

lektokn ftu nks vkanksyuksa ds oks usrk jgs Fks mu nksuksa vkanksyu ds tks dk;ZdrkZ Fks muds fy, mUgksaus jktuSfrd jkstxkj iSnk dj fn;k fd oks cgqr tks çfrc) jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZ gksrk gS fdlh Hkh vkanksyu dk vkSlr Lrj dk mldks vxj vius ewY;ksa vkSj viuh bZekunkjh ls dke djus dk ekSdk u feys esgur dk ekSdk u feys rks mldks cgqr [kkyhiu yxrk gS mldks yxrk gS thou ls dqN vFkZ fjl x;k gS vkSj oks [kkyh gks x;k gS rks oks tks bl ek;us esa eSa dg jgk gwa fd tks thou dks u;k vFkZ fQj ls lSdM+ksa ;k gtkjksa tks yksx vius dks xka/khtu dgrs Fks vkSj nsf[k, fdrus muds uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd vlj Fkk rks loksZn; vkanksyu ds ,d fy, ,d ek;us esa ckgjh O;fDr Fks tc oks vk, rks Hkh muds lkFk cgqr ls lektoknh vk;s Fks loksZn; esa vkSj fouksck mlds xka/khth dk okfj'k dgk tkrk Fkk vk/;kfRed vkSj fouksck dks NksM+ds loksZn; ,slk laxBu Fkk ftlesa fu;e Fkk fd vxj lokZuqefr ugha gksxh rks oks dke djrs gh ugha Fks loksZn; okys oSls laxBu esa Vw¶V gks tkuk fd ge vkikr fLFkfr dk fojks/k djsaxsA yksfg;k dk rks vkdyu vkidks /;ku gh gksxk loksZn; dks rks oks eBh xka/khoknh dgrs Fks vkSj ml rFkk dfFkr eBhxka/khoknh ftldks dgk lektokfn;ksa us mUgha eBhxka/khokfn;ksa us tksf[ke fy, viuh laLFkkvksa dks rkd is j[kk vkSj txg&txg yksd la?k"kZ lfefr;ka] Nk= la?k"kZ lfefr;ka vkSj Nk= ;qok la?k"kZ lfefr;ka cukus esa iwjs ns'k us igy dh rks ;s nwljk dke fd tks jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh nks çeq[k /kkjk;sa Fkh ,d jpukRed dke dh xka/kh ds uke is loksZn; dh /kkjk vkSj nwljh lektoknh /kkjk mlds iquZuohuhdj.k dk dke ts-ihvkanksyu us fd;k ugha rks ;s /kkjk;sa yqIr gks tkrh 5]7]10 lky ds ckn tSls vkt e`rçk; lh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa vkt ftruk ljksdkj gS xka/kh ds fopkj dk uoxka/khokfn;ksa }kjk ;k vyx&vyx <ax ls uoxka/khoknh Hkh pkgs u dgsa 127

vyx&vyx eqn~nksa ij tks reke lewg dke dj jgs gSa tks ns'k vkSj nqfu;k esa cglsa gks jgh gS fodYi x<us ds fy, mlesa xka/kh ds Lohdkj esa yxkrkj foLrkj gks jgk gS vkSj mudk usg: ls QdZ] mudk fycjy ls QdZ] mudk tks if'pe ds vlj esa lh[kk x;k lSD;wyfjTe gS mlls QdZ bu lc phtksa is dkQh xaHkhj ckSf)d cglsa py jgh gS ysfdu lektoknh vkanksyu vkSj loksZn; vkanksyu vkt dgha ugha fn[k jgh gS D;ksafd vkt dksbZ ts-ih- ugha gSA rks rhljh ckr tks ts-ih- dks ns[kdj vkt ;kn vkrh gS oks ;s fd pkgs oks ml le; varjkZ"Vªh; eqn~ns gksa tSls caxykns'k is iwjh nqfu;k ds fcjknjh dh utj dSls iM+s blds fy, mUgksaus tks ç;kl fd;k ;k ukxkyS.M ;k d'ehj tSls loky gksa rks vkt jk"Vªh; ;k varjkZ"Vªh; lokyksa is ,d iSuh jktuSfrd vkSj uSfrd nks vyx phtsa ugha gksrh gS tks jktuSfrd gS oks uSfrd rks gksuk gh pkfg,A fd'ku dkyt;h & ts-ihds ckjs esa tks yxkrkj vkykspuk gksrh jgh gS fd mUgksaus ml le; turk ikVhZ ftl le; cuh tula?k dks 'kkfey djds ,d rjg ls mUgksaus ,d lkEçnkf;d ikVhZ dks ,d ojh;rk çnku dh Fkh rks ,d rks bl vkykspuk ds laca/k esa nwljh blds myV ;g Hkh dgk tkrk jgk gS fd ml le; tks dkaxzsl us tSlh rkuk'kkgh dh fLFkfr iSnk dj nh Fkh mlds vykok dksbZ nwljk vxj vkt ts-ih- gksrs rks 'kk;n oks fQj dkaxzsl ds lkFk 'kkfey gksdj pkgs bu lkEçnkf;d 'kfDr;ksa ls yM+rs bl rjg dh Hkh ckr dgh tk jgh gS rks ;s tks nks fljk gS vki [kqn dks fdl fljs ij [kM+k ns[krs gSa ;k dksbZ nwljh txg vius rdZ esa cukrs gSa\ fot; çrki & nsf[k, dE;wfuLV] lh-ih-,e- Hkh blds fojks/k esa ugha vkds [kM+s] vkSj ikVhZ ds internal circulars esa mugksaus dgk fd vkikr fLFkfr dk Hkh fojks/k djuk gS vkSj ts-ihvkanksyu tgka gksxk mlesa enn djuh gS ml le; vki ;kn djsa ftl rjg ls vfufrokn dks ,d dk;Z ç.kkyh ds rkSj is Jherh bafnjk xka/kh çfrf"Br dj jgh Fkh dkaxzsl ds laxBu dks tks fd jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ls fudyk gqvk laxBu Fkk mldks u"V dj jgha Fkh mlesa rc vkSj ns'k dh turk ftl rjg ls pj.k flag] fcyw eksnh] tktZ QukZfM'k] jktukjk;.k budh ckr dks ml gn rd ugha lqurh Fkh ftl gn rd ns'k ds jkt&dkt dks vkSj ns'k dh rLohj cnyus ds fy, t:jh gS ml gn rd vkanksfyr ugha dj ik jgs FksA 67 esa 9 jkT;ksa esa xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkjsa cuh Fkh vkSj oks cgqr fnu 128

py ugha ik;ha vkSj fcgkj ds vykok dgha oks dksbZ [kkl gypy Hkh iSnk ugha dj ik;hA rks bu lc dkj.kksa ls xSj&dkaxzslokn ,dek= jkLrk fn[krk FkkA pwafd mlesa dkaxzsl 'kCn gS blfy, dbZ ckj ,d Hkze iSnk gks tkrk gS xSj&dkaxzslokn dkaxzsl vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa ds ewY;ksa dks udkj ugha Fkh vxj la?k ifjokj xSj&dkaxzslokn ij vk jgk Fkk bldk eryc gS fd jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ftldk dkaxzsl yxHkx i;kZ;okph Fkh D;ksafd mlesa dE;wfuLV vkSj lks'kfyLV Hkh 'kkfey gq, Fks lh-,l-ih- cukds ckn esa yxHkx "kM;a=dkjh <ax ls dE;wfuLV vyx gq, mlls lh-,l-ih- ls rks ftl rjg ls dkaxzsl jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dks udkj jgh Fkh mu jk"Vªh; vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k ds ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj is ,d ekspkZ cus vkSj ml ekspsZ dks xSj&dkaxzsloknh ekspkZ dgk tk jgk FkkA rks okLro esa xSj&dkaxzsloknh gksus dk vFkZ jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dk Lohdkj rks vki pkgs techtical dkj.kksa ls tula?k vkSj la?k tks gS oks pkgs j.kuhfr dkj.kksa pkgs etcwjh ds dkj.kksa ls pkgs eq[; /kkjk ls fNVd u tkus ds otg ls vxj oks blesa vk jgs Fks rks oks :ikarfjr gks jgs FksA ml le; dh esjh tks le> Fkh oks ;s Fkh fd gedks budks lkFk ysuk gh pkfg, ts-ihFkksM+k Hkkouk'khy O;fDr Fks blfy, ,sls c;kuksa ls mudks cpuk pkfg, Fkk tks mUgksaus dgk fd vxj la?k vxj Qklhoknh gS rks eSa Hkh Qklhoknh gwa bruk mRlkg esa oks viusiu esa ,slk cksys ij ;s mudh dqy jk; ugha FkhA Qklhoknh rRoksa ds ckjs esa tc mudks crk;k tkrk Fkk rks mlds ckjs esa cM+h lkrxksbZ ls oks la?k dh vkykspuk djrs Fks vkSj fd'ku iVuk;d us lkef;d okrkZ ds çFke vad esa ts-ih- ls tks lk{kkRdkj fd;k Fkk mlesa lkQ&lkQ mUgksaus vkj-,l-,l- dks uflgr nh gS mlis vki xkSj djsa rks ;s vkjksi dgha Bgj ugha ldrk fd ts-ihds dkj.k la?k dks ;k la?k dh lkEçnkf;drk dks ,d oS/krk feyhA la?k ds dkaxzslhdj.k ;kfu jk"Vªh;dj.k ;k jk"Vªoknh dj.k ftl gn rd oks vkt jk"Vªæksgh ds yxHkx tSls fn[kus yxs Fks oks v;ks/;k esa ftl rjg ls mUgksaus efLtn dks <kgk ftl rjg ls ?k`.kk dk laxfBr çpkj fd;k ftl rjg ls xqtjkr fd;k rks mlesa ts-ihvkanksyu ls feyh oS/krk Hkj dk elyk ugha gS ;s iwjh nqfu;k esa ,d rjg dk tks vfrokn gS vfLerk okyk mlds jFk is ;s yksx lokj gq, gSa blfy, ts-ih- is vkt ds la?k ds lkEçnkf;d rkaMo] Qklhoknh rkaMo dk Js; ts-ih- dks nsuk ;s eSa jktuSfrd :i ls ukle> vkjksi ekurk gwaA 129

fd'ku dkyt;h & loky çkIr fd;k bldk tks nwljk i{k Fkk fd vkt dh rkfj[k esa vxj ts-ih- gksrs rks vHkh chtsih ls ftl rjg ls yksx ---fot; çrki & ;s rks loky gh ugha mBuk pkfg, ---- ts-ihvxj gksrs rks eryc oks ;gka rd fLFkfr vk gh ugha ldrs Fkh tktZ QukZfMl ;s fgEer dj ldrs Fks D;k ts-ihds jgrsA turk ikVhZ cukus dks rS;kj FkksM+h Fks ;s usrk yksx ts-ih- us dgk fd eSa vkids vfHk;ku esa ugha mr:axk blfy, rks bfrgkl ds dwM+snku esa vVy fcgkjh th cgqr igys ls Qsad fn;s x, gksrsA vxj ts-ih- gksrs rks lkEçnkf;d ns'k esa xqtjkr esa ljdkj jg ldrh Fkh D;k] ujsUæ eksnh dh ljdkj ;k fnYyh esa ljdkj jg ldrh Fkh D;k dksbZ loky gh ugha gS igyh ckr gS fd Hkk-t-ik- dk bruk lkEçnkf;dj.k ugha gks ldrk Fkk ;s ckn ds yksxksa dh xyfr;ksa dk Hkh blesa [kkldj tks lh-ih-,e- dk vgadkj gS vkSj lh-ih-,e- tks cSpkfjd tM+rk vkbZ gS bruk jktuSfrd 'kwU; mÙkj Hkkjr esa brus le; ls gS vkSj oks nks jkT;ksa dHkh rhu jkT;ksa esa mudh ljdkj jgrh gS vkSj mÙkj Hkkjr esa dgha dksbZ pquko ds vykok dksbZ ,d ekspsZ dh 'kq:vkr lh-ih-,e- ugha dj ik;k Xykscykbts'ku lektoknh Xykcykbts'ku gksrk tk jgk gS dE;wfuLV nkck djrs gSa fd oks lkezkT;okn ds f[kykQ gSa vejhdh dSEi ds f[kykQ gSa vejhdk] teZuh] Ýkal] baXySaM] ;w-ds- lcdh cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ;gka dCtk djrs tk jgs gSa vkSj lh-ih-,e- mUgha dks ;gka cqykus esa yxk gS vkSj ftl rjg ls 89 esa ,d csbZekuhiw.kZ <ax ls ckeiaFkh ikfVZ;ksa us la?k ds lkFk feydj ljdkj Hkh pykbZ fu[khy pØorhZ us ukfeus'ku QkeZ Hkjk vkMok.kh dk fnYyh ls vkSj lkFk esa fljdr Hkh ugha ikoj esa fgLlk Hkh ugha fn;k rks nwljk rks mldks isolate djus dk ncko tks cu;k rks la?k vkSj Hkktik dh cSBd gqbZ vkSj oh-ih- flag tc ,d phinominon cuds eSnku esa mrjs rks mudks 20&25 Hkh lhV ns nh tkrh rks mlds fy, oks rS;kj Fks D;ksafd muds Hkhrjh vkadyuksa esa lksp jgs Fks fd vxj mudk dksbZ le>kSrk ugha gksxk rks mudks thjks lhV feysxhA rks ,d rks ;s fd bl ckr dks nsohyky ftl <ax ls ç/kkuea=h cuus ds fy, csrkc Fks mlesa mUgksaus T;knk lhVsa fnyok;h nsohyky us Hkktik dks vxj pUæ'ks[kj vkSj oh-ih- flag bdV~Bs jgs gksrs turk ny ds usrk pUæ'ks[kj oh-ih- flag ls >xM+k ugha djrs vkSj le; dh fLFkfr dks igpkurs vkSj lh-ih-,e- tks gS jktuSfrd bZekunkjh ls bl ekspsZ esa 'kkfey gksrs 130

eryc mudks lÙkk lehdj.k Hkh pkfg, ¼fdl ekspsZ esa&fd'ku½ tks ts-Mh- cuk jgh Fkh oh-ihds usr`Ro esa tks Fkk mlesa oks lh/ks 'kkfey gksrs vxj oks Hkh 'kkfey gksrs tula?k Hkh 'kkfey gksrk Hkk-t-ik- ;kfu vkSj Hkk-t-ik- dks 20&25 lhVsa vki nsrs rks blls T;knk rks dksbZ loky gh ugha Fkk T;knk ls T;knk 39 nsrs tc mudh igys 39 jgh Fkh ,d ckn rks tc igyh ckj Hkktik pquko yM+h rks 39 lhVsa vkbZ Fkh mlds ckn oks fQj 84 esa tc yM+h rks mudh de gqbZ rks 39 lhVsa ns nsrs 40 ns nsrs 100&125 lhVsa nh xbZ 89 mudh lhV vk xbZ mlds ckn fQj mUgksaus ;s lc dkaM dj fn;k jFk ;k=k okyk vkSj jFk ;k=k esa ftl rjg dh Hkk"kk cksyrs Fks eqjyh euksgj tks'kh vkSj _raHkjk uke dh rFkkdfFkr lk/koh eryc brus rkefld brus }s"kiw.kZ Hkk"k.k ns nh tk, vkSj mudks lar dgrk jgs lekt ;s ts-ih- jgrs FkksM+h laHko Fkk] ts-ih- fudy tkrs vy[k txk nsrs ns'k esa gj eksgYys esa vkidks feuh ts-ih- feyrsA ¼Hkksiky esa nks if=dkvksa dks bu yksxksa us cspus ugha fn;k le;karj vkSj mnHkkouk dh lsfyax can djok nh & fd'ku½ vPNk gS oks if=dkvksa dk mnHkkouk rks ,d lhfer ckeiaFkh Dyc }kjk fudkyh tk jgh Fkh vc nsf[k, ge vki mlij ppkZ dj jgs gSa nksuksa if=dkvksa dk cM+k Lohdkj gksxk vksj yksdlHkk pquko ls igys ;s gqvk gS rks blfy, ftudks Hkze esa jguk gS oks jgs rks Hkktik la?k xSax dk tks vlyh pfj= gS oks lkeus vkrk jgs chp&chp esa rks vPNk gh gS esjs fglkc ls rks vPNk gSA fd'ku dkyt;h & vHkh tks /keZfujis{k ekul gS vius ns'k dk ;k vius lekt dk rks mudk :>ku dqN&dqN dkaxzsl dh vksj vk jgk gS vkSj vkidk ,d cgqr pfpZr ys[k jgk gS fd ,d nfyr ;qod }kjk ,d ikVhZ dh ryk'k rks vkt dh rkfj[k esa vkils ;s iwNs fd fdl ikVhZ dks oksV nsuk pkfg, ;k fdl ikVhZ esa tkuk pkfg,] pwafd ts-ih- /kkjk ls tqMs+ vkiyksx jgs rks mldk fdl rjg ls tokc nsuk pkgsaxs vkiA fot; çrki & nsf[k, vki ;s tks loky iwN jgs gSa rks pquko ds ?kks"k.kk ds ckn iwN jgs gSa rks vxj eSa fdlh ikVhZ esa tk ldrk gksrk rks eSa fQj mlesa 'kkfey gh gksrk rks igyh ckr ;s gS fd fdlh Hkh ekStwnk ikVhZ esa eSa vius eu eqrkfcd ugha pkgrk gwa ysfdu pqukoksa dks eSa ns'k dk ,slk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z ekurk gwa fd tks Hkh ukxfjd gS oks vxj pquko ds ckjs esa ugha lksprk gS vkSj mlesa dqN lØh; Hkkxhnkjh ugha fuHkkrk gS rks oks 131

viuh ftEesokjh ls cp jgk gSA eSa flQZ ,d lektoknh dk;ZdrkZ ds ukrs ugha ,d lkekU; ukxfjd ds ukrs Hkh eSa viuh iwjh rkdr pkgs ,d Hkh oksV de djok ikÅa eSa Hkktik ds oksV de gks blesa iwjh rkdr yxkuk pkgrk gwa esjk eu ;s pkgrk gS fd Hkktik ds oksV ,slh jktuSfrd tekr de djs tks ,d pqukoh e'khu ugha gks tks jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk eap gks oks vius dks ikVhZ dgs blls eq>s dksbZ ,srjkt ugha gS ysfdu oks ikVhZ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk pquko ikus dh ,d e'khu ;k ra= gksus ds lkFk&lkFk oks jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk eap Hkh gksuk pkfg, vkSj jk"Vª fuekZ.k dk tks eap gksxk mldks pkj&ikap lokyksa is lcls cM+k loky rks ;s gS fd ns'k esa lkEçnkf;drk dk tgj QSykuk laHko u gks vkSj tks yksx tgj QSyk,a dkuwu muij rqjar dk;Zokgh djs vkSj çHkkoh dk;Zokgh djs rkfd oks ns'k esa txg&txg yscuku cukus dh dksf'k'k u djs vkSj vejhdh lkezkT;okn dh tehu ftl rjg ls ljdkj rS;kj dj jgh gS ml tehu esa [kkn&ikuh dk dke ,sls ns'kæksgh yksx u dj ik;sa ;s igyk ml jktuSfrd ikVhZ ls vis{kk gksA nwljh vis{kk gksxh fd oks lkekftd lerk dh tks yM+kbZ gS mldks oks vkxs djs vkSj laFkkxr djs tSls futh laLFkkuksa esa Hkh vkj{k.k gksA rhljk ftl rjg ls eaMy dh ÅtkZ dk Hkkjrh; lekt dks ugha ekywe Fkk 7 vxLr 90 ls igys oSls gh Hkkjr dh tks efgyk,a gSa mudh ÅtkZ dk] mudk tks jktuhfrdj.k vkSj yksdrka=hdj.k gqvk gS vkSj iapk;rksa esa ftl rjg ls txg&txg oks l{ke <ax ls dke dj jgha gSa vkSj dbZ txg mUgksaus Hkz"Vkpkj ds f[kykQ viuh thou dh Hkh vkgwrh nh gSa ,sls fdLls Hkh vkius lqus gksxsA rks efgykvksa ds fy, oks ikVhZ [kklrkSj ls çksxzke cuk;sa [kkldj ls xzgf.k;ka ftl rjg ls tw>rh gSa vkSj ckgj ds dke Hkh ns[krh gSaA pkSFkk fgUnqLrku ds gj O;Ld ukStoku iq#"k vkSj L=h dks ,d lEekuiw.kZ <ax ls jkstxkj pkgs oks Lo&jkstxkj pkgs oks ljdkjh oks gj gkyr esa vxys 10 lkyksa esa miyC/k gksuha gh pkfg,A vkSj vfUre ckr ;s fd ftl rjg ls ;s lqjlk dh rjg fo"kerk fo<+rh tk jgh gS vxj fc"kerk c<sxh rks vekuoh;rk] Øwjrk] lkEçnkf;drk] xjhch] Hkw[kejh ;s lc rks c<+us gh okys gSa fdruk Hkh xzksFk dk vkadM+k vki 8 çfr'kr ds vykok 18 çfr'kr dj nsa rks Hkh vxj fo"kerk c<+h rks Hkw[kejh] daxkyh] vijk/k ;s lc c<+us okys gSa rks bu pkj&ikap lokyksa is vkSj Xykscykbts'ku ds lkezkT;oknh foLrkj ds f[kykQ vkSj gekjs çkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh tks cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa }kjk ywV gks jgh gS mldks can djds ty] taxy] tehu dks local 132

communities ds gkFk esa nsuk vkSj iapk;rksa dks T;knk vf/kdkj nsuk tSls vkfnoklh

bykdksa esa fn;s x;s vkSj ftyksa ds Lrj is pquh gqbZ ljdkjA ;s tks Hkh iVhZ djsa eSa ml ikVhZ esa eSa 'kkfey gksuk pkgrk gwa nqHkkZX; ls ,slh ikVhZ gS ugha rks blfy, eSa ,sls ns'kHkDrksa dk ekspkZ cukus esa ç;kljr gwa tks bu lokyksa ls fln~nr ls eg'kw'k djrs gSa vkSj ;s gj loky nwljs ls tqM+k gqvk loky gS buis lc is ,d lkFk gh dke gks ldrk gS fdlh ,d is djds vkSj nwljs ds ckjs esa pwi gksus ls ugha gks ldrk gS vkSj vHkh dh gkyr esa jktuhfr tks gS miyC/k vkSj laHko tks ifjfLFkfr;ka gS mlh dks vkn'kZ ifjfLFkfr dh vksj <dsyus dk uke gh jktuhfr gS rks ml fglkc ls ml xf.kr esa dkaxzsl gh ,dek= ,slh ikVhZ gS ftlds ckjs esa u ugha dj ldrs fd mldks Hkh enn djuh iM+sxhA vc lektoknh ikVhZ gS rks lektoknh ikVhZ mÙkj çns'k esa gS] egkjk"Vª esa dqN txg gS] cEcbZ esa gS e/; çns'k esa 7 fo/kk;d thrs gSa rks eq[;r% mÙkj çns'k esa vki lektoknh ikVhZ dks enn djsaxsA ysfdu dksbZ vkSj ikVhZ gS ns'k esa fcgkj ds vykok dgha gS gh ugha rks fcgkj ds ckjs esa vkids lkeus ;s /keZladV gksxk fd ;s ikVhZ dks djsa ;k u djsa ysfdu ns'k esa dkaxzsl tks gS uSfrd :i ls bruh f'kfFky gks xbZ gS ysfdu laHkkouk ds Lrj is ogh lcls vkxs dh ikVhZ gS] rks geyksx viuk ns'k cukus dk ,ts.Mk li"V gks vkSj ns'kHkDr ekspkZ cuk;sa rks gedks [kqyds Hkh dkaxzsl dks Hkh ge liksVZ djsaxs tgka&tgka t:jh gksxk ns'k dh fLFkfr bruh vleku gS] bruh cgqfon gS fd gj txg dkaxzsl Hkh oks ugha dj ldrhA rks tgka tks Hkh ikVhZ xSj ,u-Mh-,- ikVhZ Hkktik xSax dks gjk ldrh gks ogka mldh enn djuh pkfg, tgka dkaxzsl gh mldks gjk ldrh gS ogka mlds ckjs esa 'kjekuk ugha pkfg, vkSj iqjkus xSj&dkaxzsloknh ljdkj dk vFkZ gh gS fd jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds tks ewY; Fks mldh j{kk ds fy, gedks ,d O;kid jk"Vªh; ekspkZ cukuk gS rc oks dkaxzsl ds f[kykQ tkrk Fkk vkt oks ,u-Mh-,- ds f[kykQ tk,xk rks ml ekspsZ esa dkaxzsl rks egRoiw.kZ laxBu gksuk gh pkfg,A fd'ku dkyt;h & ,d vkf[kjh loky fd 74 ls vkSj 77 ds fnuksa tks jktLo ifjfLFkfr Fkh ftlesa bruk cM+k ,d jk"Vªh; vkanksyu gqvk dekscsl vkt oSlh gh fLFkfr gS dqN yksx rks ekurs gSa fd vkt dh fcMEcuk T;knk xgjh vkSj T;knk l?ku gqbZ gSa rks vkt

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dh ifjfLFkfr esa ml rjg ds vkanksyu dh vxj dksbZ vis{kk djrk gS rks yxHkx mldks fujk'kk gh feyrk gS rks bl fujk'kk dk dkj.k vki D;k yxkrs gSa D;ksa gksrk gS ----fot; çrki & ugha eq>s fujk'kk ugha feyrh gS esjs tSls dbZ 25&30 NqVHkb;s bdV~Bs gq, vkSj vf/kdka'k us ikVZ&VkbZe dke fd;k gekjh lekt esa u dksbZ Lohdkj gS u dksbZ iSB gS vkSj ,d yk[k yksx cEcbZ esa bdV~Bk gks x,A 80&90 gtkj rks blesa fgUnqLrkuh gh gksaxs ¼bldks rks D;k vki vkanksyu ekurs gSa&fd'ku½ ugha ugha ;s bl ckr dk lcwr gS fd fgUnqLrkuh lekt rks rS;kj gSa ifjorZu ds fy, ysfdu rc ds vkSj vkt gekjs ikl ts-ih- ugha gS ysfdu blds lkFk vki ,d ckr /;ku esa yk,a fd ts-ih- u gksuk flQZ deh dh fu'kkuh ugha gS] ts-ih- ugha gS tc 77 ds ckn l{ke :i ls gekjs ikl tsih- ugha jgs rks turk ikVhZ VwV xbZ twykbZ 79 esa rks vxj ,d ts-ih- gks tk, vkSj mlds lgkjs vki vkanksyu ml çrhd ds lkFk [kM+k dj nsa tSls lksfu;k xka/kh ds çrhd ds lgkjs dkaxzsl dks [kM+k djus dh dksf'k'k gks jgh gS fQj lksfu;k th ugha jgsa rks dkaxzsl dksysIl dj tk;saxhA vkt eksgYys&eksgYys esa ,d çksVks&ts-ih- [kM+k gks ldrk gS tks Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd iwath gS fojklr gS mlds vk/kkj ij ns'k esa lSdM+ksa ts-ih- gks ldrs gSa mlds fy, ifjfLFkfr rS;kj gS t:jr flQZ bruh gS fd geyksx vius vkidks eqfDrnkrk u ekus] lekt viuh eqfDr ds fy, D;k&D;k dj ldrk gS] vkSj gekjs vkSj vkids vykok vkSj dkSu yksx gSa tks bl dke dks dj ldrs gSa ;kfu cjkcj ds yksx lewg dh laxBu laLd`fr] bdV~Bs dke djus dk rkSj&rjhdk] yksdrkaf=d <ax ls bdV~Bs yksdrkaf=d dsUæh;rkokn ls bdV~Bh ikfVZ;ka py gh jgh gSA ckyklkgc Bkdjs ds ,d pky dk vuqofrZRo ds fglkc ls vkj-,l-,l-] Hkktik] f'kolsuk py gh jgs gSa oSlk vki Hkh dj ldrs gSa ij mlls ns'k cusxk ugha] mlls lÙkk vkidks fey ldrh gS ns'k cukus ds fy, vkidks gj ernkrk vkSjr vkSj vkneh dks ts-ih- cukuk iM+sxkA ,d ,slk laxBu dh laLd`fr fodflr djuh iM+sxh ftlesa vkf[kjh vkneh Hkh vius fy, vius lekt dh eqfDr ds fy, dqN dke dj lds rks ;s vius vki esa cgqr gh Økafrdkjh ifjfLFkfr gS ftlesa vkSlr vkneh vius fy, dqN djus ds fy, rS;kj gSa ysfdu gekjs tSls yksx tks oSpkfjd gksus dk naHk Hkjrs gSa oks dksbZ ,slk oSpkfjd Ýse vkSj dksbZ mnkgj.k ugha ns ik jgs gSa ftlesa cjkcj ds 20 yksx ,d Vhe ds rkSj ij fn[k jgs 134

gSaA vki dksbZ Hkh laxBu nsf[k,] dksbZ Hkh laLFkk nsf[k,] dksbZ Hkh ikVhZ nsf[k, tks Vhe gS oks ,d O;fDr dsfUær gSa] mldks nks O;fDr ls 'kq: dhft, mldks ikap ls dhft,] mldks 10 ls 'kq: dhft,A vc eqyk;e flag th dh ikVhZ çks- mn; çrki th] çksjkexksiky th] Jh vf[kys'k flag th ;kno eryc ifjokj ds vykok lektokn dh ikVhZ u py ik;s rks blls rks cM+k nqfnZu ugha gks ldrk Fkk rks blfy, fujk'kk blls gksrh gS fd geus lektokn dks vkSj lkekftd tkfr rksM+ks ds vkanksyu dks lÙkk esa dSls jguk gS blds :i esa :ikarfjr dj fn;k gS blls fujk'kk gksrh gSA eqyk;e flag th lektoknh ewY;ksa is viuh ikVhZ dks pykuk 'kq: dj ns rks mudks ç/kkuea=h cuus ls dksbZ ugha jksd ldrk] dksbZ ugha jksd ldrk lektokfn;ksa ds ikl fdlh ds ikl n'kZu ugha gS ftlls ns'k fgy ldsA lqjsUæeksgu vkSj lqjsUæeksgu D;k oh-ih- flag ds fj'rsnkj Fks tks volunteer dh rjg lqjsUæeksgu us gsxM+s us cSaxyksj lEesyu dk call fn;k paæ'ks[kj th dks NksM+ds paæ'ks[kj th ls mudh 50 ds n'kd ls nksLrh gS ysfdu eqyk;e flag ml rjg ds pfj= ugha fn[kk ik jgs gSa fd ;s yksx e/kq naMors vkSj bl rjg ds reke ;s rks eSa cM+s uke ys jgk gwa vkils 'kh"kZ ds uke e`.kky xksjs] iUukyky lqjk.kk vkSj HkkbZ oS| ;s rks gekjs 'kh"kZ ds uke gS lkekU; lektoknh dk;ZdrkZ vkt Hkh ns'k esa gtkjksa dh la[;k esa gSa vkSj oks lc eqyk;e flag ds ihNs yx tk;saxs] ysfdu eqyk;e flag th rks lc dke vej flag th ls djokuk pkgrs gSa rks vej flag th tks dke l{ke :i ls djrs Fks jktuhfr esa vkus ls igys vxj oSlk gh jktuhfr dk pfj= cukuk gS rks rks Bhd gh gS vxj oks lektokn dk uke j[ksa gq, gSa rks mudks fgUnqLrku dh turk is Hkjkslk djuk pkfg, fgUnqLrku ds lektoknh dk;ZdrkZvksa is Hkjkslk djuk pkfg, rks blfy, fujk'kk esjs eu esa fcYdqy ugha gS tks yksx bl ckr dks ugha le>saxs ¼fujk'kk dk ,d fcUnq vkius vHkh crk;k fd fujk'kk dh txg ;gka gS fd bl rjg dk tks ifjokjokn vkSj NksVs xzg gS rks bldk jktuSfrd mipkj D;k eryc vkidks yxrk gS & fd'ku½ jktuSfrd mipkj D;k gksuk gS] ge mudh vkykspuk djus ds cnys ge viuk mnkgj.k -----Side 'A' lekIr

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Side 'B'

fd'ku dkyt;h & ts-ihds ckjs esa dksbZ ,slh ckr] dksbZ ,slh çlax tks esjs loky esa ugha vk;k gks vkSj tks vkidks dguk mi;qDr yx jgh gks rks eSa pkgwaxk fd bl ckr dks vki laosn ds ikBdksa ls dgsaA fot; çrki & ts-ih- ls cgqr ckj esjh eqykdkr ugha Fkh ts-ihvkanksyu ds nkSjku 74 esa ,d rks jk"Vªh; Nk= la?k"kZ lfefr cuh mlds la;kstd Jh v:.k tsVyh th dks cuk;k x;k Fkk tks fd ml le; fnYyh Nk= la?k ds v/;{k FksA rks gedks ;s ckr FkksM+k v[kM+h fd lektoknh ;qotu lHkk mlesa vxok drkj esa Fkh vkSj ml le; tokgj yky usg: fo'o fo|ky; Nk= la?k ds v/;{k Fks çks- vkuUn dqekj rks geus fQj m|fi ls ckr dh vkSj yksxksa ls muds lg;ksxh jk/kkd`".k th oxSjg ls ckr dh rks rc mUgksaus gekjh rks eSa rks fnYyh ds Nk= la?k"kZ lfefr dk la;kstd Hkj Fkk dksbZ ,slh cM+h igpku ugha Fkh esjh vkSj geus vius usrkvksa ls jk"Vªh; usrkvksa ls ckr fd;s oxSj gh vius ls gesa yxk vkSj geus tkds ckr dj yh vkSj vkuan th dks jk"Vªh; la;kstd cuk;k x;k v:.k tsVyh ds lkFk ¼fd'ku&çks- vkuan dqekj½ th çks- vkuan dqekjth mlh rjg ls tks muds cqfu;knh ifjorZu laiw.kZ Økafr dk tks ukjk Fkk vkSj tula?k dh tks fopkj/kkjk Fkh mlds chp esa tks vkSj tks laxfBr jktuSfrd ny ftl rjg ls cgqr ladksp Hkjk tks :[k jgrk Fkk ts-ihvkanksyu ;k laiw.kZ Økafr ds ukjksa ds çfr rks mlds ckjs esa eSaus tc ts-ih- fnYyh vk;s Fks rks muls loky fd;k Fkk rks eq>s rks /;ku ugha vHkh eq>s esjs lgdehZ lq/ksUæ HknkSfj;k crk jgs Fks fd ftl xaHkhjrk ls ts-ih- us lcyksxksa dks tcko fn;s lc lkekU; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds oks yksxksa dks vkt Hkh ;kn gSA fQj 1977 esa eSa mudk baVjO;w ysus x;k cqfu;knh jktuhfr ds Lo:i is turk ds fy, 11 vDrwcj dks mudk fo'ks"k vad fudky jgs Fks lu~ 77 esaA rks ftl xaHkhjrk ls oks dk;ZdrkZvksa ls ckr djrs Fks Nk= ;qok la?k"kZ okfguh ds vki fdlh Hkh fcgkj ds dk;ZdrkZ ls feys tks yksx ml le; lØh; Fks rks ,dne ckr cjkcjh ds Lrj is oks dk;ZdrkZ fuekZ.k O;fDr fuekZ.k dk dke djrs Fks] oks dksbZ eap ds usrk ugha Fks] oks dksbZ oSpkfjd usrk ugha Fks oks ifjokj ds usrk Fks vkSj lekt ifjorZu dk vkanksyu rks ogha yksdrkaf=d gks ldrk gS tks olq/kSo dqVqEcde ge dgrs gSa rks gj bdkbZ ,d laofrZ dsUæ dh rjg dqVqEc tSlh 136

gS bl olq/kk is ogh LoLF; bdkbZ gSA ftl bdkbZ esa bl olq/kk esa dkSVfEcd Hkko ugha gS oks dgha u dgha mlesa vLoLFkrk gS oks vlkekU; gS vkSj ts-ih- tks gSa oks lnk bl LokLF; dks fc[ksjrs pys tkrs Fks bl LokLF; ds chp tgka Hkh bl rjg dk vlarqyu gksrk Fkk ftl rjg ls lkoZtfud laHkko vius gj rjg ds Hkko xqLls ds vkSj jks nsus ds nksuksa gh rjg dh phtsa vki ns[ksaxsA rks ts-ih- balku Fks vkSj dksbZ Hkh Økafr balkfu;r dks fdukjs j[kds fdlh cqf) ds dkS'ky ls vkSj fdlh dqckZuh ds fdyksxzkeksa ls ugha gksrh gSA balkuh lekt esa Økafr balkfu;r ds cxSj ugha gks ldrh vkSj ts-ih- balku Fks] dsUæh; ckr ;s gS fd oks balku FksA fd'ku & cgqr&cgqr /kU;okn fd vkius oDr fn;kA

137

17ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ laokn ¼vuqokn& vfuy flUgk½ fot; izrki% fljik jksokfu,eh ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij nf{k.k ,f’k;kbZ laokn ¼lSMsM½ dk O;kogkfjd dke cgqr ls O;fDr;ksa vkSj laxBuksa ds vkilh lg;ksx okys vkSj l`tukRed dk;ksZa dk izfrQy gSA ftldk dksbZ ,d dsanz ugha gSA ysfdu lSMsM dh T;knkrj xfrfof/k;k¡ olq/kSo dqVqEcde~] lh,lMh,l] yksdk;u vkSj flesaiw ds lgdkjh dk;ksZa ls iSnk gqbZ gSaA uhps lSMsM dh vo/kkj.kk] jktuhfrd lanHkZ rFkk bldh xfrfof/k;ksa dh laf{kIr tkudkjh nh tk jgh gSA izkÑfrd lalk/kuksa ij yksdrkaf=d fu;a=.k yksdra= dh xgjkbZ vkSj foLrkj rFkk ekuo izk.kh ds vfLrRo] nksuksa l]s vfHkUu :i ls tqM+k gSA fiNys 200&500 o"kksZa ds laLFkkuhdj.k ds izcy ncko] ftldh ifj.kfr ,dkf/kdkjoknh] opZLoiw.kZ vkSj ekuoh; :i ls vf/kdkj ls oafpr djus okys oS’ohdj.k esa gqbZ gS] ls vyx yksdra= ds ckjs esa ,d vkSj lksp Hkh iuirh vkSj iYyfor gksrh jgh gSA bls ckSf)d rFkk lgt&cks/k ds Lrj ij O;kid LohÑfr Hkh feyh gqbZ gSA ;g lerk] ikjLifjdrk vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds chp lgt laca/k ds lEeku ij vk/kkfjr gS & ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds chp] leqnk;ksa ds chp] ekuo izk.kh vkSj izÑfr ds chp] fyaxksa ds chp( cktkj vkSj jk"Vª jkT; ds chp dh var% fØ;kvksa vkSj fofHkUu jk"Vªksa esa QSys yksxksa ds chp var fd;kA ge lHkh ds lkeus pqukSrh bl lksp dks dsanz esa j[kdj jktuhfr [kM+h djus vkSj yxkrkj QSy jgs vkSj xgjkbZ gkfly djrs yksdra=hdj.k dh vksj lekt ds lHkh laLFkkvksa dks vfHkeq[k djus dh gSA thou ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, t:jh fofHkUu izdkj ds gLr{ksi dh t:jr iwjh djus dh egÙokdka{kk dksbZ ,d laxBu ugha j[k ldrk gSA t:jr bl ckr dh ugha gS fd fofHkUurk dk ,dhdj.k ;k le:ihdj.k fd;k tk,] blds ctk; gekjs fy, ,d&nwljs ls tqM+us] ,d&nwljs dks viuk ekuus vkSj erHksnksa ds ckotwn ,d&nwljs ds yksdrkaf=d gLr{ksiksa ds iks"k.k dk iz;klksa dk ,d rjhdk cusA gesa t:jr gS yksdra= ls lacaf/kr fopkjksa vkSj ljksdkjksa dks :i nsus ds fy, ,d LFkku] vyx&vyx gLr{ksiksa ds fy, ,d IySVQkeZ vkSj ,d oSlk eap tgka vyx&vyx i`"BHkwfe ds yksx vk ldsa vkSj ;g t:jh u gksa fd mUgsa viuh&viuh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBukRed igpku [kksuk iM+sA os ,d xBca/ku cuk ldsA 138

olq/kSo dqVqacde ¼i`Foh ,d ifjokj gS½ olq/kSo dqVqacde ¼i`Foh ,d ifjokj gS½ uke dk usVodZ] loZlekos'kh yksdra= ds fy, ,d xBca/ku gSA bl ifjizs{; ls LFkkuh; Lrj ls fo’o Lrj rd thou ds vkfFkZd lkekftd]jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd] ySafxd vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; vk;keksa esa yksdra= ds lao/kZu] ’kfDrdj.k rFkk bldh tM+sa xgjh djus dk y{; j[krk gSA gesa ,d ,sls iz;kl dh vko';drk gS ftlesa LFkkuh;] {ks=h; rFkk varjk"Vªh; Lrjksa ij dbZ egÙoiw.kZ eqíksa ij ukxfjd lekt ds lkFk laokn gksA bl laokn ds fuEufyf[kr vk;ke gks ldrs gSa%& • nfjnz ukjk;.k ¼vafre vkneh½ dk 'kfDrdj.k ¼vkfFkZd yksdra=½ • i;kZoj.kh; iquthZou vkSj izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij yksd fu;a=.k¼i;kZoj.kh; yksdra=½ • ekuoh; xfjek dk lqfuf'pfrdj.k ¼lkekftd yksdra=½ • cgqoknh lg vfLrRo dk 'kfDrdj.k ¼lkaLd`frd yksdra=½ • yksdrkaf=d ljapuk vkSj laLFkkvksa dh tM+s xgjh djuk ¼jktuhfrd yksdra=½ • ikjLifjdrk] lerk vkSj lEeku ij vk/kkfjr ySafxd vfLerk] lac/k vkSj O;ogkj dsks fodflr djuk ¼ySafxd yksdra=½ yksdrkaf=d vkdka{kkvksa ds vn~Hkqr mHkkj ds orZeku nkSj esa ] ekuoh; lkewfgdrk ds fofHkUUk Lrjksa ij] lgHkkxh laokn] ;gka rd fd fojksf/k;ksa ds lkFk Hkh lgHkkxh laokn ds tfj, u, ekunaMksa ij lgefr cukus dh t:jr gSA gesa nwljksa ds lp dh iwjd Hkwfedk dks ekU; djuk gksxk vkSj nwljksa ds fopkjksa ds ckjs esa QSlyk nsus ls lpsru :i ls cpuk gksxkA fdlh er&fcanq ds vkykspukRed vkdyu dk ,d eqgkojk cusa tks] lHkh rjQ fopkj larqyu vkSj vkReeaFku okys laokn dks izksRlkgu nsA ;s izfØ;k,a /khjs&/khjs lkeus vk jgh gSa vkSj vkt lpsru vkSj lfØ;rk ls vkxs c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds yksxksa us mu ewY;ksa dks yacs le; ls viuk j[kk gS ftUgsa vkt *loZHkkSeokn* vkSj ^yksdra=* ds fofHkUu vk;ke* tSls 'kh"kZdksa ds rgr vfHkO;Dr fd;k tk jgk gSA vxj ge if'pe ds vkSifuosf'kd gLr{ksi ds igys ¼tc fons'kh ewy ds gh 'kkld Fks½ dh ifjfLFkfr ij xkSj djsa rks ;g Li"V uhps ls Åij rd 'kklu dk lgHkkxh Lo:i] gj Lrj ij nh tkus okyh jktuhfrd 'kfDr vkSj lkaLd`frd cgqokn ¼fofo/krk½ gekjh lkekftd&jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh igpku jgs gSaA fuf’pr rkSj 139

ij gekjh viuh foQyrk,¡ jgh gSa] mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij v'i`';rk ¼NqvkNwr½ dh ?k`f.kr izFkkA tkfr izFkk ds tfj, iznf'kZr leqnk;oknh fl)karksa dh ,slh voufr gqbZ lksikuoknh dÍjrk ¼Åap&uhp dk Hksn½ lekftd O;ogkj dk ,d vfHkUu vax cu x;hA ysfdu] gj rjg dh foQyrk ds ckotwn vrhrdky ls gh olq/kSo dqVqacde dk Hkko gekjh lkaLd`frd psruk dk fgLlk jgk gSA ;gh otg gS fd gekjh lkekftd&jktuhfrd fofo/krk 'kfDr dk lzksr jgh gS vkSj okLro esa] gekjh vVwV igpku dk ewy :I ls ifjHkkf"kr djrh jgh gSA

ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ laokn ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ laokn ¼lSMsM½ ,d usVodZ gS tks nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= LFkkfir djuk pkgrk gSA lSMsM dk y{; gS&nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa mu ladVksa dks xgjkus ls jksduk ftudh tM+sa ifjfLFkfrdh; vkSj laLkk/ku ds mi;ksx&fof/k;ksa esa gS vkSj yksxksa rFkk ukxfjd lekt dks vk/;kfRed] ckSf)d rFkk uSfrd lgk;rk nsdj ladV okys ifjfLFkfrdh;&iz{ks=ksa esa ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= etcwr djus ds iz;klksa dks Bksl cukuk rkfd yksxksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt lewgksa dks ,d&nwljs ds LFkkuh; rFkk Lons'kh ifjfLFkfrdh; foosd ds vknku&iznku dk volj fey ldsA blfy, lSMM ds iz;klksa dk y{; ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij laoknksa dks etcwr djuk vkSj bls Bksl :i nsuk gSA lSMM dk y{; gS & izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ij U;k;iw.kZ rFkk fVdkÅ yksdfu;a=.k c<kus okys Kku vkSj vuqHko dks bDðk ykuk rkfd nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa cM+s iSekus ij bl Kku dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldsA laokniw.kZ yksdlaxzg fodflr djus ds fy, nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ds fuokZfpr fudk;ksa esa vyx&vyx jktuhfrd /kkjkvksa ls vkus okys izfrfuf/k;ksa ls tqM+us dh Hkh lSMsM dh ;kstuk gSA ge yksd laxzg ds iz;klksa ds lkFk Li/kkZ djuk ugha pkgrs cfYd laokn ds tfj, mUgsa iq"V djuk pkgrs gSaA ;g lksp cglksa dks ,d eqís ij dsafnzr jgus nsus ds ctk; lexz vkSj mi;ksxh cukus dh odkyr djrh gSA lSMsM lsaVj Qkj n LVMht bu n Msoyfiax lkslkbVh ¼lh-,l-Mh-,l-½ ds fudV lg;ksx esa dke djrk gSA tks yksdra= ij fd, x, vius dk;ksZa ds fy, e'kgwj vUrfoZ"k;d lekt foKku laLFkku gSA ckSf)d rFkk lfØ; dfeZ;ksa ds chp dM+h cuuk ’kks/k dh t:jh izfØ;kvksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj cgl dks izHkkfor djus dk ,d rjhdk HkhA bl lanHkZ esa yksdk;u dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA lh,LkMh,l ds ,d izdYi ¼izkstsDV½ *fodkl] yksdra= vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k ij laokn* ls 1980 esa yksdk;u uked ,d NksVh Loa;lsoh laLFkk dk fuekZ.k gqvkA 1985 esa yksdk;u dks jkbZV fyoyhgqM QkmaMs’ku ,okMZ feykA lSMsM dk y{; gS & Ik;kZOkj.k vkanksyu dh tkudkjh esa o`f) djuk vkSj ,D’ku dh n`f"V cukuss dh rS;kjh dh izfØ;k esa muds lkFk jgukA bldk y{; ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij nf{k.k ,f’k;k ds fofHkUu fgLlksa ¼[kkldj usiky vkSj Hkkjr½ esa LFkkuh; Lrj ij vkSj 140

xzkl:V Lrj ij lfØ; vkanksyu lewgksa ftlesa nfyrksa] vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj fiNM+s oxksZa ds ’fDrdj.k esa yxs laxBu Hkh ’kkfey gSa] ds chp l`tukRed laokn iSnk djukA izkd`frd laLkk/kuksa dk LFkkuh; fu;a=.k rFkk izca/ku lSMsM ds dk;ZdrkZvksa dks mEehn gS fd bu laoknksa ds tfj, izkØfrd lalk/kuksa ij LFkkuh; fu;a=.k rFkk blds LFkkuh; izca/ku dk fodkl gksxkA ;s laokn nf{k.k ,f’k;k ds dbZ LFkkuksa rFkk {ks=ksa esa csgrj Ik;kZoj.kh; ns[kHkky dh vksj ys tk,axsA vxj csgrj Ik;kZoj.kh; ns[kHkky rFkk izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds izca/ku dks LFkkuh; laLd`fr dk fgLlk cuk;k tk lds ¼tSlk vkSifuosf’kd dky ds igys Fkk½ rks Ik;kZoj.k dks fouk’k ls cpkus ds rjhds T;knk le; rd pyus okys vkSj fVdkÅ gksaxsaA vHkh ,f'k;k] [kkldj nf{k.k ,f'k;k oSf'od rkieku o`f) ls cqjh rjg ¼lcls T;knk½ izHkkfor gksus okyk gSA bl ckjsa esa gks jgh Hkfo";okf.k;ka vkSj vkdyu fopfyr djus okys gSaA elyu] ckaXykns’k dk ,d frgkbZ fgLlk 2050 rd ty esa lek tk,xk vkSj dbZ }hiksa [kkldj ekynho dk iwjh rjg ls xk;c gks tkus dk vans’kk gSA ;g fuf’pr gS fd cakXykns'k] Hkkjr vkSj ’ks"k nf{k.k ,f'k;k ij lkekftd&jktuhfrd :Ik ls blds fouk'kdkjh ifj.kke gksaxsA tks vkoknh bl ty&Iykou ls cp fudysaxh og xjhch] rdyhQ vkSj blls iSnk gqbZ fgalk ds leqnz esa Mwc tk,xhA okrkoj.k esa cnyko ds ifj.kke rks vkus ckdh gS ysfdu bl {ks= esa dqiks"k.k fparktud :i ls c<+rk tk jgk gS] Hkkjr esa fdlku vkRegR;k dj jgs gSa vkSj vkSjrksa ds f[kykQ fgalk dh ?kVuk,a rst gksrh tk jgh gSaA ge fouk'k dk Mj iSnk djuk ugha pkgrsA ysfdu cqjs eatj lkeus vk jgs gSaA ;g ckr Hkh t:j gS fd budk fofo/k :i ls izfrlkn Hkh gks jgk gSA gky rd ftu eqíksa dks lkekftd dk;Z ds nk;js esa j[kk tkrk Fkk mUgsa vc yksx ewy :i ls jktuhfrd ekuus yxs gSaA bl rjg dh izxfr vyx&vyx ns'kksa ds Hkhrj vkSj iwjs {ks= esa Hkh gks jgh gSaA

bl lanHkZ esa yksdra= dh tM+s xgjh djus dh nf{k.k ,f’k;kbZ n`f"V igys ls T;knk izklafxd gks xbZ gSA bllss nqfu;k ds nwljs fgLLkksa ds yksx Hkh fny ls bÙksQkd j[krs gSaA muesa ls izR;sd dh viuh vo/kkj.kk gS vkSj vfHkO;fDr dk viuk rjhdk gSA

;g dk;Z flQZ ukxfjd lekt ij ugha NksM+k tk ldrk gS vkSj bls gj ,d ns'k es jktuhfrd Lrj rd ys tkuk gksxkA bls yxkrkj vkSj fu;fer laokn ds tfj, gh gks ldrk gS tks bl {ks= ds lHkh ns'kksa vkSj mlls Hkh vkxs ds jktuhfr drkZvksa ds chp gksA 141

ikfjfLFkfrdh ij ijaijkxr Kku dk iquthZou nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa yksdrakf=d ijaijkvksa dk bfrgkl chloha lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa viuk, x, yksdra= ds jk"Vª&jkT; okys uewus ls igys dk gSA gkykafd bl ij fookn gSA ysfdu nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa fodanzhd`r vkSj LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds tfj, lkekftd rFkk lkeqnkf;d thou dk lapkyu vkSj izca/ku dqN gtkj lky igys gh fodflr gks x;k FkkA tgka nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks fo'o ds nwljs Hkkxksa ds lkFk laokn djuk gS] ogha nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ laokn esa Hkh fo’o Lrj ij gks jgs yksdrkaf=d laokn dks nsus ds fy, cgqr dqN gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij Hkkjr esa ewy taxyokfl;ksa dh lcls cM+h tula[;k gS] tks lSdM+ksa lky ls taxy ds izkÑfrd iquthZou ij vk/kkfjr fVdkÅ thou ’kSyh ds lgkjs th jgk gSA fo'o vkSj blds taxyksa dks cpkus ds fy, muds ewY;oku vuqHkoksa vkSj lcd ls lHkh lh[k ldrs gSaA os Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk oxhZd`r lk<+s vkB djksM+ dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fgLLkk gSaA mUgsa gky gh esa y?kq ouksRikn ij lafo/kkfud vf/kdkj feyk gSA lafo/kku ds vuqlkj] vkfnoklh {ks=ks esa fodkl ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds igys xzkeh.kksa dh vkelHkk dh lgefr ysuk vko’;d gSA blds lkFk gh] ifjfLFkfrdh vkSj izd`fr laj{k.k dh Hkkjrh; Kku iz.kkuh iquthZou vksj ubZ oS|kfudrk ds nkSj ls xqtj jgh gSA gkykafd xqyke Hkkjr dh fodkloknh lksp vHkh Hkh idM+ ls ckgj vesfjdh miHkksDrk oxZ ds ihNs Hkkx jgh gS] fo'ks"kKksa] foKku uhfr cukus okyksa vkSj lwpuk QSykus okyksa ¼i=dkj] lkekftd lfØ;dehZ lkaLd`frd rFkk lkfgR;d lewg rFkk O;fDr½ dh cM+h la[;k gS ftUgksaus ifjfLFkfrdh vkSj izkd`frd lalk/ku ds eq)ksa ds laxzg vkSj nLrkosthdj.k esa [kqn dks yxk j[kk gSA

lkeqnkf;d okfudh ds ckjs esa ,d&nwljs ls lh[kuk 1980 vkSj 1990 ds iwokZ/kZ esa Hkkjr vkSj usiky ds chp ifjfLFkfrdh; eq)ksa ij dkQh l`tukRed laokn vkSj fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku gqvkA usiky us l?ku lkeqnkf;d ou dk;ZØe dk fØ;kUo;u 'kq: fd;k ftldk mís’; ns'k dh 60 izfr'kr ouHkwfe LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa ds chp forfjr djuk FkkA bl dk;ZØe esa usiky ds cgqr ls Hkkxksa esa ouksa ds dVko dks 'kh?kzrk ls jksd fn;k vkSj yk[kksa gsDVs;j Hkwfe ij ouksa dk iquthZou 'kq: gks x;kA vxj ;g dk;ZØe pyrk jgrk rks blls yk[kksa xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks YkkHk gksrk vkSj mUgsa [kk|] pkjk] tSfod [kkn] ?kkl] vPNh DokfyVh dh tykou ydM+h vkSj FkksM+h bekjrh ydM+h Hkh cM+h ek=k esa miyC/k gksrkA Hkkjr vkSj usiky ds chp leqnkf;d okfudh ds ckjs esa ,d&nwljs ls lh[kuk Hkh gqvk vkSj dbZ Hkkjrh; izns'kksa us lkeqnkf;d ou dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;k tks vkaf'kd :i ls usikyh ekMy ij vk/kkfjr FkkA ;g lc cny x;k gS D;ksafd fo'o cSad] vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk 142

dks"k rFkk fo'o O;kikj Hkkjrh; rFkk usikyh ljdkj ij dkQh T;knk ncko Mky jgh gSa fd lkeqnkf;d ou uhfr] ftlds rgr xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ;k ewy ckf'kanksa dks ou ;k d`f"k tehu fn;k tkrk gS] dks jksdk tk, rFkk blls ihNs eksM+k tk, vkSj mldh txg ou Hkwfe ds iw.kZ futhdj.k dh uhfr;ka yk;h tk,aA usiky ds x`g;q) dk Hkh izd`fr vkSj yksxksa] [kkldj xjhc oxksZa ij fouk'kdkjh vlj gqvk gSA blfy, ;g cgqr t:jh gS fd nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ds chp lg;ksx c<+k;k tk, rkfd os fo'o cSad] eqnzk dks"k rFkk fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh vksj ls yk, nckoksa dk izfrjks/k dj ldsaA

yksdra= ij laokn dh vko';drk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ Lrj ij Lkaokn ds vykok mÙkj&nf{k.k laokn ds ,d cM+s <+kaps dh t:jr gS rkfd ,f'k;kbZ yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa dks ckdh nqfu;k ds yksx le>s vkSj bls t:jh leFkZu feyssA ;g igys Hkh t:jh Fkk ysfdu vc rks ;g vR;ar vko';d gSA vxj vkidks *oSf'od xkao* dk fopkj viukuk gS rks ge bl rF; ls nwj ugha Hkkx ldrs fd nqfu;k ds fofHkUu {ks= vkSj yksx vkil esa rsth ls tqM+ jgs gSaA ysfdu] bl tqM+ko dh 'krsZa ,dekxhZ gSaA bldh ea'kk ladqfpr rFkk ifj.kke fujk'kktud gSaA mÙkj ds fo’o ¼HkkSxksfyd vkSj jktuhfrd nksuksa gh vFkksZa esa½ us bl tqM+ko dk ,tsaMk r; fd;k gS] tcfd nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks bldk vuqlj.k djuk iM+k gSA nf{k.k rsth ls] mRiknksa ds fy, cktkj] lalk/kuksa dk HkaMkj ;k mÙkjh vkS|ksfxd txr ls fudys oT;Z inkFkksZa dk dwM+snku curk tk jgk gSA bldk ifj.kke gS nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa gkf’k, ij tk jgsa yksxksa dk rsth ls c<+rh la[;kA ysfdu mÙkj esa Hkh [krjs ds ladsr feyus 'kq: gks x, gSaA ;g izfØ;k nqfu;k dh cM+h tula[;k dks ijkt; ds jkLrs ij ys tk jgh gSA bl lanHkZ esa mÙkj&nf{k.k laokn vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA yksdra= bl laokn dk vk/kkj&<+akpk ns ldrk gS D;ksafd ;g ekuo&ekuo vkSj ekuosrj izd`fr ds chp ds lac/kksa ds fy, dqN egRoiw.kZ fo'oO;kih rFkk ekuoh; ewY; vius esa lek, gSaA lH;rkvksa ds chp laokn blh <+kaps esa LkaHko gSA

fo'o lkekftd eap esa lSMsM dk ;ksxnku lSMsM us 2003 esa gSnjkckn esa ,f'k;kbZ lkekftd eap esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ laokn dk vk;kstu fd;kA bldk O;kid fo"k; ifjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= Fkk ftlesa ty] taxy vkSj ÅtkZ ij fo'ks"k tksj FkkA lkFk gh fo'o lkekftd eap ¼eqacbZ 2004½ esa fofHkUu usVodksZa ds lkFk rS;kjh dk;ksZa ds nkSjku ;g ckr lkeus vkbZ fd ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ij l?ku laokn dh rRdky t:jr gSA 143

lSMsM us ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ij xzkl:V lewgksa ds fy, Kkuo/kZd tkudkjh ds mRiknu vkSj laxzg dk QSlyk fd;kA fo'o lkekftd eap dh rS;kjh esa Hkkjr ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa rFkk Hkkjr ds ckgj fofHkUu usVodksZa dh cSBdsa rFkk eqacbZ esa tuojh 2004 esa lEesyu dk okLrfod vk;kstu 'kkfey FkkA

,f'k;kbZ lkekftd eap ¼2003½ rFkk fo'o lkekftd eap¼ eqacbZ 2004½ esa ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij laoknksa ds vk;kstu ls fo'o Lrj ij cgl dks izHkkfor djus ds vPNs volj izkIr gq,A ,d oSdfYid oS'ohdj.k ds fy, dk;Z dj jgs vkanksyuksa rFkk 'kkafr vkanksyu ds fy, fo'o lkekftd eap dh izfØ;k vc [kkl egRo dk cu x;k gSA ysfdu fo'o lkekftd eap dh izfØ;k esa ikfjfLFkfrdh; eq)ksa ij ml gn rd /;ku ugha fn;k x;k ftruk /;ku mls feyuk pkfg,A lSMsM dk y{; bls fo'o lkekftd eap dh izfØ;k ds eq[; ,tsaMs dk fgLLkk cukuk gSA fo'o lkekftd eap ¼eqacbZ 2004½ esa vkfnoklh yksxksa dh cM+h Hkkxhnkjh fo'o Lrj ij ikfjfLFkfrdh ds fVdkÅiu ds fy, ,d vk'kk dh fdj.k gS D;ksafd mUgksaus vius Li"V rFkk bZekunkj vfHkO;fDr ds lkFk ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ds fy, ,d u, eqgkojs dk bZtkn fd;k gSA ;g Li"V Fkk fd vkfnokfl;ksa ¼tutkrh; lewgksa½ ds cxSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ij cgl [kks[kys gksrsA ;g Hkh mHkj dj lkeus vk;k gS fd Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa yksdra= ls lacf/kr eqís LFkkuh; ¼xkao½] iapk;r ¼LOkk;Ùk LFkkuh; laLFkk½] jkT; rFkk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij ikfjfLFkfrdh; n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ cus gq, gSaA

ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqís MCyw-,l-,Q- rd

igyh ckj ge ifjfLFkfrdh;] i;kZoj.kh; ¼gfjr½] vkfnoklh eqíksa dks fo’o lkekftd eap ds [kqn ds vk;kstuksa esa dsanzh; dk;ZØe dk fgLlk cuk ldsA ikfjfLFkfrdh dh vksj vfHkeq[k dbZ egÙoiw.kZ gfLr;ksa us gekjs vk;kstuksa esa fgLlk fy;kA eqacbZ esa fo’o lkekftd eap dh izfØ;k dh lekfIr ds ckn gekjh Vhe ds lnL;ksa dks vius&vius jkT;ksa esa dkQh izksRlkgu feyk ftlesa vka/kz izns’k] egkjk"Vª] fcgkj] e/; izns’k] >kj[kaM] fnYyh] jktLFkku] gfj;k.kk vkSj mÙkjk[akM ’kkfey gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laokn dh fof'k"V 'kCnkoyh esa] ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqíksa ds vykok geus ;wjksih; lks'ky MseksØsV~l vkSj vU; izxfr’khy rcdksa dk /;ku vius‘’kksf"kr cgqla[;dksa dh fLFkfr vkSj le> dh vksj vkÑ"V fd;kA ge yksxksa us olq/kSo dqVqacde ¼okLro esa xka/khoknh fl)kar dk& vafre O;fDr igys vkSj tks gekjs ’kklu] ;kstuk vkSj 144

uhfr&fu:i.k ds vk/kkj rRo gSa½ ds ckjs esa yksxksa dks voxr djk;kA bl iz;kl esa] dbZ nf{k.k ,f’k;kbZ rFkk ;wjksih; laxBu Xykscy xzhUl] ÝsaM~l vkWQ n vFkZ] lsaVj QkWj bfDoVh LVMht] yksdk;u] lSMsM] dks,fy’ku vkWQ bZuok;uZesaV ,.M MsoyiesaV] ¼fQuySaM½ fgeky;u ihiqYl Qksje] mÙkjk[kaM pkSiky] ,l-vkbZ-Mh-,p-] jktsanz izlkn ,dsMeh] LokLF; iapk;r] ¼ihiqYl gSYFk ,Moksdslh xzqi½ flesaiw QkmaMs’ku] fQuySaM] vkSj lkmFk ,f’k;k LVMh lsaVj blds t:jh vkSj vfHkUu Hkkxhnkj FksA ,d vU; dk;Z’kkyk ^mÙkjk[kaM ;k e/; fgeky; esa ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ds fuekZ.k vkSj lq’kklu dh pqukSfr;k¡* ¼uoacj] 2002½ esa ;g fu"d"kZ lkeus vk;k fd vxj gesa okLrfod ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ds fy, [kM+s gksuk gS rks ijaijkxr ikfjfLFkfrdh; Kku&iz.kkfy;ksa ds iquthZou ds fy, vFkd iz;kl djuk gksxkA ;g r; fd;k x;k fd e/; fgeky; esa lq’kklu vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= ds fy, ,d O;kid uhfr&ifjizs{; fu:fir djus dh t:jr gSA

ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= dk oSf’od ?kks"k.kk&i= ¼pkVZj½ lSMsM dk y{; ikfjfLFkfrdh; yksdra= dk ,d oSf’od pkVZj cukus dk gS ftlds tfj, gekjh ’kklu O;oLFkk ds fofHkUu rÙo vkSj ukxfjd lekt laxBu ,d&nwljs ls laca/k cuk ldsaA vUrjkZ"Vªh; egÙo ds dbZ nLrkost gSa tks bl dke ds fy, izklafxd gS vkSj ge Lo;alsoh laxBuksa ds oSf’od usr`Ro }kjk rS;kj bu nLrkostksa ds Kku dks nf{k.k ds vuqHkoksa vkSj Kku iz.kkfy;ksa ds lkFk tksM+uk pkgrs gSaA vk’kk gS ;g nLrkost i;kZoj.k okfn;ksa vkSj fodklokfn;ksa ds chp ds erHksn ij fo’ks"k /;ku nsxkA laoknksa dk Qksdl e’kgwj lfØ; dfeZ;ksa&fo’ks"kKksa ds vUrjkZ"Vªh; lewg }kjk rS;kj nLrkost] ^vFkZ pkVZj*] Xykscy xzhu EkSfuQSLVks vkSj tksgkalcxZ eseksjsaMe gksxkA lSMsM dh vkdka{kk ekSfyd lkekftd yksdra=oknh ¼lks’ky MseksØslh½ liuk] Xykscy xzhu ds lius vkSj u, lkekftd fodkl ds lius dks ;ksx gSA ftldk mís’; nqfu;k ds cgqla[;d yksxksa dh vkokt vkSj n`f"V dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gq, lgHkkxh rjhds ls Xykscy pkVZj cukus dk gSA bfrgkl ds bl eksM+ ij xzkl:V ls fo’o Lrj rd gLr{ksi ds fy, MCyw-,l-,Q- gh lokZf/kd Hkjkslsean mnkgj.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

MCyw-,l-,Q- esa erfofHkUurk okys oSpkfjd lkaLÑfrd] jktuhfrd vkSj ckSf)d ijaijkvksa dks xfreku fd;k tk jgk gSA ftlesa nfyrksa vkfnokfl;ksa] fdlkuksa] dkjhxjksa] vukSipkfjd {ks= ds etnwj vkSj laxfBr etnwj vkanksyuksa ds fy, txg gS rkfd os ,d vkil esa l`tukRed laokn dj ldsa vkSj varr% ,d oSf’od xBca/ku cuk ldsa vkSj ,d 145

,slk lius dks lp dj ldsa ftlesa u dsoy bl xzg dks cpk;k tk ldsA cfYd ;g csgrj :Ik ls jgus yk;d txg gksA

146

18fot; izrki dh ek/ko usiky ds lkFk ckrphr ds va'k fot; izrki% okenso th tc eSa fnYyh esa feyk oks cksys fd eSa lk<s rhu eghuk tsy esa Fkk eSaus lk<s rhu phtksa ij iquZfopkj fd;k gSA igyk fd phu us gekjs yksdra= ij dHkh enn ugha dh vkSj geus mls i;kZIr Li"V :i ls dHkh ckr ugha fd;k gS ;s gekjh xyrh Fkh mldh vkykspuk Li"V djrs gSaA nwljk ge usikyh dkaxzsl dks Hkh ekurs jgs fd ;s Hkkjr dh ,tsaV ikVhZ gSA ;s ckr lgh ugha gSA vkSj gesa ,slk ugha dguk pkfg, FkkA rhljh vc tks jsoksY;w'ku gksxk mldk QkseZ lks'ky fMeksØsfVo gh gksxk vkSj oks ,d evolutionery <ax ls gksxk vkSj ;s fd tks vksjxsukbts'ku QkWeZ gS oks ySufuLV ikVhZ ugha oks ikfVZLisVjh fMekssØsfVd vkSj De‐centralised Hkh oSls gh cukuk gksxkA rks vk/kh ckr ;s gS rks ;s lk<+s rhu ckrsa gSa vkSj lk<+s rhu dh eSuas fparu dhA vc rks ;s ckr gS fd oks Bhd mlls mYVk gks x;kA ml gksVy esa tgka tsih #ds gq, Fks fnYyh esa reke usrk yksx bartkj dj jgs FksA 22 uocaj 2005 dks gqvk le>kSrk mlls igys ;s yksx vk;s gq, Fks vkSj ;s ckr gqbZA ysfdu oks rks vkt Bhd mYVk cksy jgs gSaA eSaus rks fy[kk Hkh vkSj nhid dks fn;k fd HkS;k ns nks mudksA vkmVyqd esa fgUnh esa fy[kk FkkA cgqr dksf'k'k dh rks oks yksx vokbM dj tkrs gSaA vius ;gka 'kknh ij Hkh oks vk;s Fks MkW lqeu ds 'kknh esa rks oks brus diM+s igus Fks fd eq>s mUgsa igpkuuk eqf'dy FkkA rks tc mudh vkokt ls gh igpku ik;kA vkSj vHkh eSaus igpkuk vkSj feyus x;k rks oks fudy pqds FksA Qksu fd;k rks oks cksys fd vHkh Hkh ckj&ckj ;gka tk jgs gSa ogka tk jgs gSa rks eSaus dgk fd Bhd gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd oks vkbMksyftdyh gh gksA rks fnYyh esa 147

cqyk;k Fkk ;s yksx djhc&djhc tks vius tujy yksx gSa fiiYl fycjs'ku vkehZ ds cqyk;k Fkk vkSj ;s djhc djhc ihiy fycjs'ku vkSj oke nso ds ;s yksx duos'ku ls ml fn'kk esa ns'k dks ys tk jgs gSa vkSj vkbfM;ksyth tc Qzse gksrk gS rks vkneh [kqn dks Hkh /kks[kk nsrk gSA rks eq>s yxrk gS fd ;fn ge ,xzsfloyh ,sejtaslh ysoy ij ge yksx cSVy ugha djsaxs rks ;s yksx ns'k dks x`g ;q) dh fLFkfr esa /kdsy nsaxsA gkykafd gks ldrk gS ;s ckr lp u gks D;ksafd Hky ukFk ds djhc gh gS oks v[kckj u;ka if=dkA vxj ;s lc gS rks mlesa cgqr [krjukd ckr gS vxj ,slk gS rks mlesa ,d LVsVeSaV vk;k fd eryc mlls ;s fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd bafM;u LVsV ekvksokfn;ksa dh ih,y, dk tokc nsus ds fy, budks fjD#V dj jgh gS ens'kh vkeZl xqzi dksA rks mlesa ;s [kcj gS fd rhuksa ens'kh usrkvksa dks nksuksa rhuksa dks cqykdj muls feyok;k gS ikloku dks vkSj Vkbxj dks rks vxj ;s gS rks ;s dkmUVj izksVsfDVo gksxkA bafM;u ukSdj'kkgh ds Fkzw vxj jkW ds Fkzw vkijsV djsaxs rks nsf[k, vc usiky esa yksdra= gS vki iwjs usiky dks ugha [kjhn ldrsA iksyhfVdyh vki ftuls fotu 'ks;j djrs gSa nks uspqjy ,ykUl ikVhZ gS tks eYVh ikVhZ fMeksØslh dks brus le; ls eku jgh gS muls gekjs iksfyfVDy yhMj cSBdj ou Vw ou djsa muls vxj gekjs iksfyfVDy yhMj cSBdj ckr ugha djrs gSa fQj oks pkgs iz.ko eq[kthZ ;k ,l ,e d`".kk ds dqN le> esa ugha vkrk gS] tkurs&okurs Hkh ugha gS rks tks Hkh lhfu;j bruk T;knk usiky ds ekeys esa mudk bruk Kku ugha gSA rks tks Hkh lhfu;j dkaxszl r; djsa nks rhu yksx dj.k flag gksa] fnfXot; th gksa] tukZnu f}osnh dks lksfu;k xka/kh vxj VªLV djrh gSa] [kqn cSBsa vkSj vksiu lkmFk ,f'k;k ds uke ij feysa fdlh uke ij feysa vkSj fotu 'ks;j djsa ¼ikap lky dk] nl lky dk½A b/kj dkaxzsfl;ksa ls djsa rks ml fglkc ls ckr gksxh ;s 148

vkbMksfyftdy yM+kbZ vkWy vkmV yM+s fcuk ;s ugha gksxk vki Hkh tks gSa uk ,d f'k"Vkpkj okys <ax ls bldks tks fjtksYo djuk pkgrs gSaA eSa vkils mrus o"kZ ls ckr dj jgk gwaA vkils dg jgk Fkk fd ge lkmFk ,f';k dk dksbZ Qzse [kM+k djsa rks mlesa vkius ;s dgk fd fMeksØsfVo lks'kfyLV dgksxs rks dE;qfuLV dkWUlfVVosulh esjs ihNs iM+ tk;sxh rks vkidk ;s lq>ko Fkk fd MCyw,l,Q ds uke ls gh djksA fQj eSaus MCyw,l,Q ds uke ls VªkbZ fd;k nks&rhu ehfVaxs dhA foeysUnz] ujgjh] xxu Fkkik vkfn lHkh rS;kj Fks ysfdu D;k gqvk fd vkids bldk lkezkT; fgyrk gS vtquZ dkdhZ dk] m/kj jkbfVlV gS viuk jksfgr usikyh rks mudk viuk cM+k lkezkT; gSA rks budks yxk fd NksVs&NksVs xzkl :V ds xqzi gekjs lkFk dEihV djsaxs rks ozlsYl dh gekjh ukSdjh dk D;k gksxk\ gks ldrk gS dqN ,slk gh lkspk gksxk eSaus mudks ,sls gh dgk lh/ks vtquZ dks dgk rqe yksx lkezkT; okys yksx gks uk rqedks NksVs ,uthvks vkSj NksVs ikWfyfVDy odZl dks vkifÙk gksrh gS rks oks gal iM+k ysfdu ;s lp gS fd oks ugha pkgrsA rks vuysl ;gka ls vki gSa vkSj m/kj ls nks&rhu yksx muds ;gka ls Hkh tks >xM+k gS dkaxzsl esa mldks Hkh izks,fDVo rjhds ls rks oks lEeku dh yM+kbZ gS dqN yksx [kqn dks fMlfizoyst j[kdj ihNs j[kdj vkSj nsmok vkSj ckdh jke pUnz th lq'khy th rks ihNs jgrs gSaA thih dksbjkyk vkSj lqtkrk dk rks vkidks ;kn gh gSA tc vkius cqyk;k Fkk rks eSus rks ifCydyh dg fn;k Fkk fd ;fn ihiqy Vw ihiy ugha djsaxsa rks tks ethZ gksA oks dg nsaxs fd esjh rks rfc;r [kjkc gS eq>s rks cq[kkj gSA rks vkius dgk fd vki gh buhfl,fVo yhft, vkSj dqN fd;k tk;s rks eq>s yxrk gS fd esjs tSls ekjft;u ds rks vc lqjsUnz eksgu th Hkh ugha jgs rks izHkk"k tks'kh Hkh ,d Fks oks okguh

149

ds vkneh Fks nksuksa dkaxszl vkSj chtsih nksuksa esa mudk cgqr lEeku Fkk vkSj oks tsih ds cgqr djhc FksA ;wih esa tsih vkanksyu ds nkSjku tks v[kckj pyk;k mldk ,fMVj mUgsa cuk;kA dqynhi uS;j dk cgqr lEeku gS] ,lVfyLcsVesaV esa vkSj ysfdu oks ikfdLrku] caxykns'k vkSj Jhyadk ds ckjs esa lcls T;knk ikfdLrku vkSj FkksM+k ckaxykns'k] Jhyadk ds ckjs esa FkksM+h le> gS usiky ds ckjs esa thjks gSA tfLVl lPPkj dk Hkh blds ckjs esa dqN [kkl ugha gS vHkh vk;s FksA dkaxzsl us mUgsa cuk;k Fkk gkbZ ikoj ¼desVh dk ps;j ijlu½ rks gekjs tks ehfM;k okys gSa muij Hkh ekvksfoLVksa dk nks&rhu yksxkasa dk opZLo gS Hkkjr Hkw"k.k gSa] fl)kFkZ o/kkZjktu] vkuUn Lo#i oekZ gS rks gekjs ,lVcfyLV dks tc ekvksoknh dqN ,Dliysu djuk pkgrs gSa rks ;s yksx mudk baVjO;w Nki nsrs gSaA ugha rks mudh fMoh,'ku muds dkeijksekbt ds ckjs esa bafM;u ihiqy dks ;s yksx lwfpr ugha djrs gSaA blhfy, geus muds vkSj dqN izsl dkWuQzsal djus dh lksp jgs gSa fd 24 vizSy ls igys dqN ifCyd ,D'ku fd;k tk;s vxj vkids ikVhZ us ogka dh ;wfuV ij vxj dqN ns[krs gaSa\ ogka dqN yksx gSa vkSj -cgqr du¶;wtM gSa ;qojkt th ,d gSa] vkSj gekjs lkeus rks oks brus vkfVZD;qysV ugha gSa mldk vlj fdruk gS laxBu ij oks Hkh lkQ ugha gksrk bldk vanktk ugha gksrk vksyh th ds fy, oks gkftj jgrk gS fo/kk th ds fy, gkftj jgrk gS ckdh tks laxBu esa D;k gS] ekywe ughaA rks ge yksxksa us vHkh fnYYkh esa izokfl;ksa dh ehfVax dh Fkh cgqr yksx vk;s Fks fQj vc Hkksiky esa usikyh dkaxzsl dh tu la?k"kZ lfefr dk;Zdkjh dh cSBd gSA vHkh vPNk lEesyu fd;k Fkk mu yksxksa us rks mlesa Hkh tkÅaxk eSa rks vHkh fnYyh esa eSa lksprk gwa fd dksbZ /kjuk ;k miokl dksbZ gks tk, rks ehfM;k ds pkj&ikap pSuy ls ckr djds eSa vk;k gwa rks blh dks lkFkZd djds dqN vkSj ckrsa cus rks vPNk gksxkA 150

usiky % vHkh lafo/kku lHkk esa 80 fookfnr eqÌs rks ugha gSa vHkh gekjs ikl 37&38 eqÌs cps gSaA fot; % D;k D;k eqÌs gSa ;s rks ;s uhykacj th ls irk yx tk;sxk iwjk fMVsy\ usiky % mEehn gS mudks ekywe gS mudh desVh esa eSa Hkh gwa 27 dk fjtkYo gks x;k 83 esa ls 38 ckdh gSa muesa ls muls ls 3 dk fjtksYos'ku gks x;k rks vHkh 38 dk rks vkSj eSa tks le>rk gwa dsoy nks b';w ckdh gSaA fQMjy QkeZ ds ckjs esa bls ge isafMax Hkh j[k ldrs gSa mlds ckn mldks fuiVk,xkA fot; % dqN ,sls fefuee is ,xzhesV gks tk, QsMjy okys ij dqN ,d ens'k okys ij yksxksa dks cgkuk ugha feyuk pkfg,A vkSj mlesa tkudkjh gks tk, ,secslh esa Hkh ,d ens'k ,d izns'k okyk Hkstk Fkk tc ,xzhesaV gksuk Fkk rks foeysUnz us ,d yach cgl djds dgk fd ;s fdlh dher ij Hkh ugha ,DlsIV djsxk rks vki bl >a>V esa rks eryc rks mUgksaus Qksu ij gh ikVhZ ds ,xzhesaV ds ckjs esa ikSuk ?kaVk ckr dh vkSj ,d 'kCn fMyhV dj fn;k x;k ml ,xzhesaV esa rks vHkh tks ujgjh th dh ckr gS rks ujgjh th dhs ckr gS fd fdrus jkT; cusa rks ekvksokfn;ksa us 14 jkT;ksa dk lq>ko fn;k gqvk Fkk rks mlij bu yksxksa us 7&8 dk dqNA ujgjh th us tks Mªk¶V odZ vkmV fd;k gqvk Fkk vkSj bu yksxkas us dqN gkse odZ ugha fd;k Fkk rks fe=ksa us ncko Mkydj ujgjh th ds Mªk¶V dks gh vMksiV djok fn;k gSA rks ekvksokfn;ksa dks ml fo"k; esa ckr djds ns[k ykft, vki ;fn dqN curk gks rksA

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usiky % blesa tks izksCye gS mlesa D;k djuk gS vyx ls mlesa lkspuk gksxk fd dkSu yksx] gksaxs dkSu ls ns'k ;gka cgqr xzqi Hkh gSaA fot; % rks D;k ge uksjfMd ds dqN ns'kksa esa ckr dj ldrs gSa\ ;s vki dg jgs gSa tc 1 Qjojh 2005 dks rks fQuySaM ds fMosyiesUV fefuLVj ;gka vkus okyh Fkh rks ml le; eSa mudh gkbZ ikoj desVh esa FkkA ml lky ;w,l okys esa rks eSaus dgk fd eSa bl ij fMtk;u dj nwaxk rks oks nwljh ckr vkbZ fd oks lh xzsM dh QSyksf'ki Fkh rks eSaus bu lc yksxksa ls feyok;k ogka dk flLVe oks vyx Fkk oks yksx jktk oxSjg dk djrs Fks oks dg jgk Fkk fd ;s usrk yksx rks vkil esa gh dj ysrs gSa rks ml le; jktk yksxkas dks fd;k tkrk Fkk rks mlesa ;fn vki fy[krs gSa yqbZ vkyk D;ksafd vki ls feys gSa rks vki vksyksth dks dkaufQMsal esa ysdj nks&rhu yksxkasa dks fy[ksa rks vxj fdlh dks vki invlove djuk pkgrs gSa rks oks Hkh fy[ksa vkSj ;fn lks'kfyLV International ds tujy lsØsVjh dks fy[ksa vkSj fQuySaM okys vkSj fQuySaM okys bjdh r;wfea;k dk uke rks fljoktqnh dk muls iqjkuk gS he was one of the vise president rks oks ,d option gS ysfdu vly rks ;gh sort out gksuk gS usiky% rks Bhd gS tks vkius dgk rks blesa ekvksokfn;ksa dk tks gqvk Fkk mxz okeiaFk tks ---fot; % nsf[k;s ;s rks ikWfyfVDl vkWQ ySaxost vkWQ ikojA vki yksx tSls ;wfuVh ls ikWoj MseksUlVªsV djsaxs rks gksxk ugha rks ugah gksxkA fdjksjh ls rks ugha gks ldrk gS ;sA so i don't know the situation here gekjs fy, D;k vkidk lq>ko gSA 152

usiky % T;knk ugah gS Bhd gS dsoy tokc nsus dh vkSj fnyokus dh nksuksa gh gksA ehfM;k dks viukuk csgrj gSA fot;% ;gka ij vius ehfM;k dk dksbZ baLV;wV'ku gS fd oks rhu&pkj ,fMVj dks ;gka ij buokbV dj ldsaA bySDVªksfuDl ,aM fizUVA usiky % usiky i=dkj egkla?k gS oks cqyk ldrk gSA fot;% ysfdu mu yksxksa ds ikl lk/ku ugha gksxkA jk Hkh dj ldrk gS oks yksx [kqn vius iSls ls ;gka vk;saA Bhd gS rks oks Hkh eSa ,Dliyksj djrk gwa esjs dbZ ,fMVj yksx vk tk;saxs vius iSls lsA usiky % ;s yksx D;k djrs gSa fd ;s tks ekvksoknh gksrs gSa oks ifjorZu ds le; esa Hkkx vkrs gSa rks ;s tks ifjorZuoknh lksp gS mlls ckgj gSaA lÙkkoknh lksp gSA igyk xqukgxkj bafM;k dk gS] fQj iSysl dk fQj fxfjtk ckcw dkA ekvksoknh dks jkekys ds cjkcj gSa lh;r ns fn;k] ;s ,d xaHkhj vkifÙk dh ckr FkhA bl yksHk esa fd ekvskoknh vkxs c<saxs] jkekys uhps fxjsxk] dkaxzsl vk tk;sxk ;s bafM;u lksp FkkA eq>s yxrk gS fd njokj dks ncko MkysaxsA njokj dks dg fn;k fd ge iwathifÙk O;oLFkk dk var djus esa yxs gSa vkSj dkaxzsl dks lkbMykbu dj fn;kA vc jkekys ds flj ij lokj gSaA

fot; % jko vkbfM;k gS fd 24 vizSy dk lSfyczsj'ku dks fd;k tk,A mlesa izsftMsaVl vki lc yksxksa dks cqyk,a vkSj mlesa lySfDVo yksxksa dks eryc yhMjf'ki lHkh ikfVZ;ksa dh cqykbZ tk,a vkSj ogka ,EcslMj cqyk;sa tka,A lySfDVM vkSj mudsk fMLijhVyh ogka 153

dg fn;k tk, fd bafM;k vxj ekbØks eSustM vxj NksM+rk gS vki yksx ;fn dySfDVoyh vxj dgsa dksbZ ,d vxj dgas rks dksbZ fgEer ugha djsxkA ;s dgus dh rks iksfyfVyh vxj vki dgsa rks ysfdu vki ,d&nks yksx gh ,slk dgsa rks vki Hkh D;ksa dgss a why should you two of you get marked. rks mlessa buds ;gak ls Hkh ckr djds fd ekbØks eSusVesaV vki can djks vkSj gesa dySfDVoyh vksiu liksVZ djks rks ,d lkQ&lkQ ckr gksA lhfu;j ikWfyfVDy ysoy ij rks that is important as atleast foreign minster mlesa ikVhZ ds nks&pkj yksx jgsa tks bu phtksa dks le>Sa vkSj eSalst ds fglkc ls dj.k flag esa D;k problem gS fd dSls gks] D;k gks vkSj dqN LVsVlesu eSa lksp ugha ik jgk gwaA ,fMVj vki yksx bafM;k ds dud th dks vxj vki dgsa] lqcks/k dks vxj vki dgas ge QkLV izksxzke j[ksa rks dksbZ feMy ju dk dksbZ vk ldrk gS D;k\ ;fn vki dksbZ vkSj lq>k ldrs gSa tSls eqÌksa okyk rks dj gh nsaxs ge ysfdu oks QkLV ju esa feMy okyk dksbZ vk lds vki yksxksa dks eSlst vk lds ge yksx vxj lkFk ds fy, rS;kjh gks tk, rks ge yksx dksf'k'k djsaxsA rks vkt tks Qksu fd;k Fkk bu yksxksa us vikmuVeSaV ysus ds fy, rks mlhesa fQj ls vkils dkUVsDV djsaxsA vkids ikl esjk bfM;k okyk uacj gSA rks vkSj dqN vxj vkidk gks rksA

154

19fot; izrki rFkk ';ke Js"B ¼ eq[; laiknd ewY;kadu½ ds chp ckrphr ¼la;kstd lektoknh vkanksyu usiky] 7 vizSy 99½ ';ke Js"B HkwfV;k tehankj Fkk] mldh jsliksal esa mUgksaus 47 dh ckr dh] ugha&ugha] ,Vhu ukbuVh esa gkaA mldh ml le; dydÙkk Fkk mldk dSfiVyA rks dydÙkk ds tks vf/kdkjh Fks mUgksaus i= fy[kk gS ml i= esa fy[kk gS fd ;s HkwfV;k tehuankj tks Hkh dgs] oks ugha ekuuk pkfg, D;ksafd og txg usiky dk gS] vkSj usiky ds gksuk pkfg,A ;g blfy, oks mlesa gekjk] ge Li"V :i ls dg fn;k tk;s fd bldks nkok u djsA D;ksafd og usiky dk gSA ,slk dgk gqvk i= Hkh gekjs ikl bdëk gqvk gS vkSj ogka dk tks turk gS mUgksaus VSDl&js fd;k gS usiky xouZesaV dks] og VSDl MkD;qesaV Hkh bdëk fd;k gSA vkSj bl ,d baMks&txjfQdy lkslkbVh ds ,d Ldksyj gS mUgksaus ,d fdrkc fy[kk gS mlesa Hkh egkdkyh ds egku gS egkdkyh ds tks lkslZ gS oks gS blfy, ml ij dksbZ xi ugha gksuk pkfg,A ,slk fy[kk gqvk iqLrd Hkh feys og Hkh bdëk fd;k gSA vkSj ge bl dke esa yxs gq, gSaA ij b/kj tks Hkh ,UVh&beihvVhLV LVªxy gksrk gS og ge dj jgs gS rks ;g ,d ,dA blfy, fj'rk djus esa ;s vklku jgsxk fd cgqr yksxksa dks daVSDV djuk ugha iM+sxk D;ksafd blesa lc gS vkSj blds tc ehfVax cqyk nsrs gSa lc vkrs gSaA blfy, ,slk Qksje dk b/kj fodkl fd;k gSA Hkkjr esa okeiaFkh vkanksyu ds tks fookn gS oks ;gka u vk;s bl ckr dks /;ku esa j[kdj ;g ,d ;wukbVsM Qksje gS ftlesa ef.kdyky Js"B---A fot; izrki % blesa Hkkjrh; foLrkjokn gh eq[; gS ;k vefjdh lkezkT;okn---A ';ke Js"B % vefjdh lkezkT;okn] Hkkjrh; foLrkjokn vkSj ;s Hkh pkj -----------Xykscykbts'ku] tks vHkh&vHkh py jgk gSaA ;g lc gS] ,d gh ugh gSA ge vHkh rks Hkkjr ds lkFk Hkh] Hkkjr dk vizs'ku Hkh Hkqxr jgs gSa ij usiky esa vc D;k gS tks Qkbukafl;y dSfiVy ds jk; Hkkjr ds rjQ ls ugha gSA ;g oYMZ cSad dh rjQ ls 155

,f'k;u MsoyiesaV dh rjQ] ls tkiku dh rjQ ls] vejhdk dh rjQ ls gS vkSj U;w iksfyfVdy&os gS ftlls iSlk fy;k tk;A fot; izrki % geyksxksa dks tks eq[; rkSj ij lguk iM+ jgk gS] og ikfdLrkuA ikfdLrku :fyax Dykl dh ckr gS ihiqy dh ughaA ikfdLrku vkSj caXykns'k vkSj phu vkSj cekZ vkSj vQxkfuLrkuA ;g lcds lc vejhdu DykbaV LVsV gks x;s gSaA rks bafM;k iwjk pkjksa bDlsIV usiky iwjh rjg ls VksVy vesfjdu DykbaVysl LVsV~l ls f/kjk gqvk gS vkSj pkbuk cgqr ,fDVfoVh gekjs f[kykQ tSifut dSfiVy]vesfjdu dSfiVy vkSj pkbuht LVsV ukWV tLV ns eryc ogka rks ihiqy vkSj mlesa jkT; lRrk fojks/k gSA phu esa rks ,d dSfivfyfLVd vkSFkksfjVsfj,Te gS ogka rks vc ;g lc QkslZst ,dne fgUnqLrku ds :fyax Dykl dks liksVZ dj jgs gSaA D;ksafd ,sls ,D'ku djrs gSa ftlls fgUnqLrku dk :fyax Dykl tks gS ch ts ih vkSj dkWxzsl og ftUxksbfLVd usLufyTe dks izksxzsflo b'kq ls VzkalQj djrs gSA rks blfy, gekjs ;gka cgqr gh tfVy ifjfLFkfr gSA ';kek Js"B % bldks ge dqN enn dj ldrs gSaA fot; izrki % ,XtSDVyh] vki vdsys vki gh dj ldrs gSaA D;ksafd ,d rks vkidk lks'ky daiksft'ku esa vki lcyksx czkge.k gSaA gekjs ;gka eaMy ds pDdj esa dksbZ Hkh izksxzsflo czkge.k gks og pyrk ugha gSA dE;qfuLV ikVhZt ds ckjs esa] vHkh ,d nfyrksa dk 'kEesyu gqvk] vgenkckn esa og eap ls yksxksa us dgk fd tks fopkj ls nfyrksa ds i{k esa gS izksxzflo gS ysfdu tUeuk czkge.k gS og gekjk nq'eu gSA tks dE;qfuLV ikVhZ esa gS og gekjk nq'eu gSA D;ksafd og nfyr vfLerk ds f[kykQ gSA ysfdu tUeuk czkge.k gS og gekjk nq'eu gSA tks dE;qfuLV ikVhZ esa gS] lks'kfyLV ikVhZ esa gS og gekjk nq'eu gSA D;ksafd og nfyr vfLerk ds f[kykQ gSA ysfdu tks nfyr gS ;k fiNM-k gS ysfuu ds fopkj ls Hkh gekjs f[kykQ Hkh gSa oks gekjk nksLr gSA rks ;s ogka ds izksxzflo tks vij dkLV gSa mldks vazcsMdjkbTM eqoesaV vkSj ;s eaMy okyh eqoesaV ;s fMLdzfMV dj jgk gSA rks ;s nwljk fgUnq /keZ ij] fgUnw /keZ dk tks mnkj i{k gS mlis lkaiznkf;drk dk cgqr geyk gks jgk gSA vkSj og iwjk dk iwjk eryc fgUnw /keZ dks ftruk cM-k [krjk vkj ,l ,l ls gSA mruk bfrgkl esa fczfV'k lkezkT;okn ls Hkh ugha 156

FkkA iwjk oks u"V dj ns jgk gSA dqN tkurs ugh fgUnw /keZ ds ckjs esa] dksbZ u yksd/keZ dh ijaijkvksa dks tkurs gSa u HkfDr dkyhu mnkj ijaijkvksa dks tkurs gSa] u 'kk"+rzh; ijaijkvksa dks tkurss gSa u HkfDr dkyhu mnkj ijaijkvksa dks tkurs gSa] u 'kk"rzh; ijaijkvksa dks tkurs gSA vkSj dgrs gSa fd vdsys ge gh /keZ dks tkurs gSaA ge vdsys gh lcdqN turs gSaA mlds uke ij bruk tgj mxyrs gSa og ekbukWfjfVt ds f[kykQ] ;g lc vki ikaptU; vkSj vkxZukbtj dks ,d eghuk ,ukykbt djokb, vius ;gka] tks vkj ,l ,l ds v[kckj vkids ;gka [kqc vkrs gSaA vkSj mlij vki iqf"V dhft,A

';kek Js"B % dksbZ i<+rs gh ugha mldksA fot; izrki % ugha] ij og] eksfuVj djuk vkSj mldk vkbfM;ksykthdy tokc vki tks nsaxs og geyksxksa dks enn djsxkA vkSj og vki mudks fpV~Bh fyf[k, jsLikasl ,d eghus dk fo'ys"k.k djds fd lkaLd`frd lkezkT;okn dk og gafVaxVu dk tks Fksfll gS u DyS'k vkWQ flfoykbts'ku okyk] lqus gksaxs vkiA ,d vejhdh us fy[kk gS fd fgUnw vkSj eqfLye flfoykbts'ku esa DyS'k gksxk vkSj mlesa fgUnqLrku ds fgUnw yhM djsaxsA rks ;g tks dkaLfijslh gS] baihjh;fyte dh geyksxksa esa vkilh yMkb;ka djkus dh mldk vkj ,l ,l cgqr ,fDVo vkStkj gSA rks vkiyksx ;gka vkSj og dgrk gS fd usiky gh vdsyk fgUnw jk"Vª gS rks vxj usiky ls ns'kt lkaLd`frd eqgkojs esa vxj mldk tokc vkrk gS rks gedks bruh cM+h enn gksxh izksxzsflo O;w vkQ ikbaV~l ls dh D;ksafd gekjs rks ogka MCcy vVSd gS tks vacsMdjkbt vkSj tks eaMy okys gSa og Hkh izksxzsflOl dks vkblksysV djuk pkgrs gSaA bafM;u :fyax Dykl esa vxj vki yksx [kM+s gksrs gSa rks mlls geyksx dks cgqr enn feysxhA ';ke Js"Bk % og rks gS gh] ge ml ij du¶;wtu esa ugha gSa gekjh yM+kbZ bafM;u turk ds fo:) ugha gSA fot; izrki % ijarq ;g ckr laizsf"kr dSls gks\ gekjh tks :fyax Dykl gS og mldks ,sls gh izkstsDV djrh gS fd ;g phu vkSj vefjdh lkezkT;okn dk lc ds lc tks eSus vkidks QdZ crk;k u vQxkfuLrku] E;aekj] ikfdLrku] pkbuk] caxykns'k ds :fyax Dykl muds ,d gks tkus ls tks bafM;u :fyax Dykl dks vklkuh gS fd og usikyh izksxzsflo dks Hkh mUgha ds lkFk tksM+ nsrs gS fd vjs ;g lc rks phu ds ,tsaV gSaA rks 157

mlls geyksxksa dks cgqr fnDdr gksrh gSA rks ,d rjQ :fyax Dykl dk og izksixsaMk dk gSA nwljh rjQ dE;wuy ds ek/;e lsA vkSj geyksx fdax'khi vkSj lkearokn ds f[kykQ vius pgka Hkh yM+ jgs gSaA vij dkfLVTe ds czkã.kokn ds f[kykQ yM+ jgs gSaA rks gedks dgrs gSa fd vjs ;g rks fganw /keZ fojks/kh gSa] jk"VªHkfDr ds fojks/k esa gSaA nsf[k, ,dek= fganw jk"Vª gS mlesa Hkh tks Hkkjr fojks/kh phuh ,tsaV gSa vefjdh ,tsaV gSa mUgha ds lkFk ;s gSaA bl rjg dk ,d ekgkSy ikfyfVdy nk;jksa ds---A ';ke Js"Bk % ;g rks ge dqN Bksl dke ls bldks nwj dj ldrs gSA fot; izrki % bXtSDVyh ;gh eSaus buls Hkh dgk fd LisflfQd vkSj duVsDLV vkSj fMVSy gksuk pkfg,A ';ke Js"Bk % ge D;k dj ldrs gSa fd ;g bafM;u tks ,aVh&bEih;jfyLV yksx gSa vkSj usiky dk] mldk ckj&ckj xSnfjax fMld'ku vkbfM;ksyksftdy fMld'ku] xzqi ,D'ku ;g vkxZukbt dj ldrs gSa blls ;g Hkze nwj gksrk gS fd turk rks ,d gS vksuyh :fyax Dykl] fcYdqy vkSj ;g ys[k ds ek/;e ls] vkfVZdy ds ek/;e ls Hkh ;s dj ldrs gSa esuyh rks gS fiiqy Vks fiiqy duVSDVA og cgqr vPNk gksuk pkfg,A ogka dqN vkidks vkids fo:) dk dqN rks ge b/kj ls dqN vkokt mBk,aA gekjs ;gka dqN gSa rks vki m/kj ls vkokt mBk,aA ,slk fj'rk gksrk gS rksA fot; izrki % esjs dks rks ,slk yxrk gS fd eSa blds izfr ykSM fFkafdax dj jgk gwaA eSa cgqr lkspk ugh bl loky ij fd vxj nksuksa rjQ ds izksxzsflo fey ds tks vius ;gka dk us'kuy cqtZqvkth gSA tks dyse djrk gS fd ge rks iSfVªvksfVd gSa mudks fMQsaflo ij dSls Mkysa fd fiiqy Vks fiiqy duVSDV esa tSls gekjs ;gka eSfFkyk Hkk"kk tks gS og Hkwyrh tk jgh gSA eSfFkyk gekjs vkSj vkids chp esa deu gSA iwjs ns'k esa mÙkj Hkkjr esa fganh tks gS og fefM;k esa Hkh [kRe gks jgh gSA flQZ vaxzsth rks tks vki lkaLÑfrd vkØe.k dh ckr dj jgs gSa rks lhek ij ,d tks nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh Hkk"kk,a gS caxkyh gS] flagkyh gS] rfey gS] usikyh gS vkSj Hkkjr dh reke Hkk"kk,a Iyl usiky dh Hkk"kk,a lc Hkk"kk,a muds vxj jhlpZ lsaVj cksMZj ij fdlh rjg ds curs gSa tks lkmFk ,f'k;k ds gSaA mlh rjg dEizsfVo fjfytu ds LVMh ds fy, baLVhV~;wV [kqys D;ksafd lkmFk ,f'k;u ftrus Hkh fjfytu gS muds vxj ,d Nr ds uhps LVMh gksxh izksxzsflo vkmVyqd ds 158

fglkc ls rks etcwjh esa QaMkesaVfyLV dks Hkh IyqjfyLV ykbu ysuh iM+sxhA vkSj mldk gkbtsfdax ckbZ n QkflLV QkslZst+ vklku ugha gksxkA rks ,sls dqN fMeksØsfVd loky mHkjsA pkgs QsMjs'ku vkQ áweu jkbV~l vkQ lkmFk ,f'k;u mlesa rks tSls ;wjksih;u fMeksØslh esa LVsV QafMax djrk gS oSls ;s yksx flQZ viuk dfe'ku ysrs gSa vkSj ikVhZt dks pykrs gSaA mldh ctk, ifCyd VSDl ls vkSj tks vij Dykl gS mldks VSDl djsa fMeksØslh ds uke ij vkSj ,sls ifCyd ,fDVfoVh ds fy, tks lkmFk ,f'k;u fglkc ls gks rkfd ;g tks lkdZ dh ckr gks jgh gSA lk¶Vk dh deu ekdsZV dh ;g flQZ :fyax Dykl ds baVjsLV vkSj eYVhus'kuy ds fglkc gks jgh gSA ge fiiqy Vks fiiqy duVSDV vku jSfMdy b';qt fd lkmFk ,f'k;u] ca/kqvk etnwj D;k dgrs gSa vki yksx ca/kqvk etnwj dks ^deS;k* ;k cky etnwjh dk loky gS ;k uspqjy fjlkslsZT ij buMhftul fiiqy ds daVªksy dk loky gS ;k miHkksxokn ds f[kykQ gS] ;k lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu ds u;s eqís gSaA bl rjg ds lk>s eap cukrs gSa vkSj mlds fy, ljdkj dks Hkh enn djuh pkfg,A gekjs ;gka ds tks us'kuy cqtqZvkth ds tks Hkh yksx gSa mudks iksfyfVdy fQyuFkzksih nsuh pkfg, ,slk vxj vius yksx feydj izslj Mkysaxs rks og yksx fMQsal ij enn ugha feysxh ysfdu fMQsflo ij gks tk,axs] ,slk gedks yxrk gSA vkSj---------A ';ke Js"Bk % vkSj ;s ckr djus esa dqN le; yx tk,xkA fot; izrki % ugha&ugha bldh rks rS;kjh djuh iM+sxhA ;g rks MCcy ,tM ekeyk gSA vius yksx bldks cgkuk cukds] dks&vkIV gks tk,axsA ';ke Js"Bk % vHkh gekjk laHko ,sD'ku D;k gS\ igys nks&rhu LVsi] izk;ksfjVh ,sD'ku gksuk pkfg, vkSj izk;ksfjVh esa ge gekjk ----------------A fot; izrki % ugha] ij tks ;g nwljk eqík gS tks vHkh vki gh dg jgs gSa fd vHkh ugha gks ldrk gS mlds fy, esjs fnekx esa ;s gS fd dke ml ij Hkh vkt gh djuk gksxkA buQkeZy tSls eku yhft, ;w-,e-,y- tks gS og vHkh rks fgLlk gS :fyax dksfytu dkA usikyh dkaxzsl esa eku yhft, vki ujgfj vkpk;Z dks Likbuysl ekurs gSa ij vxj mldks bufMxzhVh okyk vkneh gS rks mldks rks dfg, fd HkbZ blea vkidks D;k >a>V gSA vki djrs jfg, dksijs'ku fganqLrku ds :fayx Dykl ls] ij dqN rks viuh ysftfVeslh ds fy, dqN rks vki vPNk dhft,A rks blds fy, rks dksbZ ekl dEisu 159

ugha gS ysfdu buQkeZy dksbZ ifCyd fdlh v[kckj esa vki vkfVZdy fy[k jgs gSaA Hkk"k.k ns jgs gSA ;g tsU;wu :fyax Dykl dks tks cqtqZvk LVsV] us'kuy cqtqZvk ds Dykl buVjsLV dks Hkh ;s ugh izksVsDV dj jgs gSA ;g vefjdu ;k bEisfjvfyLV LVsV dks Hkh izksVsDV dj jgs gSA usikyh fiiqy ds buVjsLV ds fy, fefuee dke gSA viuh Dykl buVjsLV ds fy, ;g oug Hkh ugh dj jgs gSaA bl Vksu esa vxj vius ifCyd fØfVflTe ekmaV djsaxs rks mudks etcwjh esa ,sls dke djuk iM+saxsA lkspuk pkfg, gesA ';ke Js"Bk % oks rks] vHkh ge yksx feydj D;k dj ldrs gS\ ,d ckr gS fd lkmFk ,f'k;k] lkdZ fiiqYl lkdZ Msoyi djuk pkfg, vkSj ;g tks Xykscykbts'ku ds 'kfDr ds f[kykQ vkSj lkmFk ,f'k;k ds tks lqij ikoj mHkjk gSA mlds f[kykQ tks Hkh bEisfjvfyLV VsUMsalht+ mlds f[kykQ ,d ÝkaV Msoyi djuk gS ftlls gesa mlds fy, ge cgqr dqN dj ldrs gSa feydjA vkSj ;g rks gesa ykLV b;j dk tks daÝsal gqvk Fkk m/kj esa Hkh j[kk Fkk fd ,slk fd;k tk,A vkSj Jhyadk dk ,d ikVhZ vk;k Fkk mldh izfrfuf/k ds mUgksaus liksVZ fd;kA vkSj mUgksaus bl ij gekjk Hkh ;gh izLrko gS dgdj izLrko j[kkA vkSj mUgsa bafM;k dk tks Tok;aV buMsisaMsal eap cuk gqvk ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ds usr`Ro esa dkaÝsal ea mlesa Hkh ;g ckr j[kk fd vkidh jk; D;k gS\ mUgksaus Hkh og eatwj fd;k fd ;fn vki ,slh lHkk cqyk;s rks os Hkh vk ldrs gSaA usiky Hkh vk ldrs gSA caxykns'k dk ,d ikVhZ FkkA og Hkh bl ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ls tqM+s gq, gSaA lks'kfyLV ikVhZ vkQ caxykns'k rks tkurs gS vki\ fot; izrki % 'kk;n eSa feyk gqvk gwa muls 'kk;n! ';ke Js"Bk % mUgksaus Hkh ml ,tsaMk dks liksVZ fd;k vkSj ;fn vki yksx tks Hkh ,slk mldks liksVZ djrs gks rks ge ,d ckr mlh ds ckjs esa dSls ,df=r fd;k tkrk gSA ,d eSdsfuTe cuk,aA cuk;k tk, fd tks Hkh lkmFk ,f'k;k esa ,slk b';q gks fd mldks feydj djsaA vkSj tks Hkh vudeu b';q gSa mudsa fy, rks gekjk viuk ÝaV gS gh mlls D;k gtZ gksrk gS\ fot; izrki % nks eghus esa ,d jkbV&vi bl rjg ds usiky esa tks fMeksØsfVd LVªxYl gSa ftldks lkmFk ,f'k;u ilZisfDVo esa ns[kuk pkfg,A muis vkidks dj ldrs gSa D;k vaxzsth esaA mldks ge D;k djsaxs vius usVodZ esa tks i= if=dk,a gS muesa ge izdkf'kr 160

dj nsaxsA vkSj bl chp ge dksf'k'k dj jgs gSa bUgksaus dqN uke Hkh fn, gSa tks usikyh vkSj fganh nksuks cgqr vPNh tkurs gksaA muds ek/;e ls mldks vxj ,d LVst ,slh vk,xh tc vki usikyh esa gh Hkst nsaxs gedks ;k vkidh if=dk ls ge usikyh ls lh/ks vuqokn dj ysaxs ij vHkh og LVst ugha gSA ij ge og LVst tYnh gh N% eghus ds vanj&vanj vk tk,xh ,slk gedks yxrk gSA ,d rks ges ;s djuk gSA nwljk ge viuh vksj ls D;ksafd vkids ekfDlZLV yksx lcls duVSDV gS tks uu&ekfDlZLV gS muds ge vkSj irs vkidks usVoDlZ ds geus uke fy, gSA vktknh cpkvksa vkanksyu] bfM;u us'kuy ,yk;al Qkj fiiqy eqoesaV] tu vkanksyu] tu fodkl vkanksyu bu lcds Hkh irs ge vkidks vkSj izeq[k yksxksa ds tYn&v&tYn Hkst nsaxsA vkSj tc dHkh ge ikfdLrku ;k caxykns'k tk jgs gksaxs rks fdlls feyuk pkfg, ge vkils jk; ys ysaxsA vkSj eryc ,d dksfMZusVsM <ax ls bldks fd;k tk, vxys N% eghuksa esaA ';ke Js"Bk % ge vkidks vkidk lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-½ ls rks -------------- ls rks gS gh ,e-,y- ls rks gS gh] ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ls rks gS gh vkSj U;w fMeksØslh ls ge rks ckrphr dj buMk;jsDV gSA vkSj --------------A fot; izrki % ,e-lh-lh- vkSj ih-MCY;q-th- ls vHkh ugha gSA ';ke Js"Bk % mldks geus rks j[kk gS ij laca/k ugha gSA mldks tks Hkh ,sD'ku djrk gS mldks fØVhdyh ge viuh if=dk esa Nki nsrs gSaA ;g xyr gS ;k Bhd gS ;g Hkh Bhd gqvk og Hkh Bhd gqvk bl rjg ls doj&vi djrs gSa vkSj m/kj bafM;k esa tks Hkh ;wukbVsM ,sD'ku gksrk gS mldks doj djrs gSa geA fot; izrki % vPNk oks [kcj feyrh gS vkidks\ ';ke Js"Bk % feyrh gS vkSj vki Hkh vc ------------A fot; izrki % vkidk QSDl gS D;k ;gkaA ';ke Js"Bk % gka QSDl gSA fot; izrki % blesa dkMZ esa fn;k gqvk gS\

161

';ke Js"Bk % gka dkMZ esa fn;k gqvk gSA vkSj tks Hkh m/kj gksrk gS vki [kcj Hksft,A ge b/kj doj&vi djsaxs--------------A fot; izrki % ge feyrs gh og if=dk Hkstsa vkidks lkef;d okrkZ Bhd gS og lks'kfyLV dh if=dk gS vkSj bl rjg dh tks czkM gksxk og vyx ls viuh vksj ls dksf'k'k djsaxsA gekjk Hkh cgqr NksVk --------------- ,d csfld iEiysV pkfg, vkilsA eghuk Hkj Hkh yxk nsa vki rks Hkh pysxkA ekfDlZLV ,saM lks'kfyLV baxstesaV ohn n jSfMdy ikVhZt vkQ fMeksØslhA ekDlZokfn;ksa ,oa lektokfn;ksa dh yksdra= ds Økafrdj.k esa HkwfedkA yksdra= ds cpko] lao/kZu vkSj Økafrdj.k esa HkwfedkA ugha&ugha tkucw> ds bruk tsujy j[kk gS fd blesa lc ikVhZ dk vki ewY;kadu dj ldrs gSaA lc --------------A ';ke Js"Bk % b/kj D;k gS usiky esa] usiky esa vHkh&vHkh geus ,d vkxZukbts'ku QkeZ fd;k gS vHkh&vHkhA fot; izrki % lektoknh vkanksyu usiky mUgksaus gh ugha db;ksa us] mUgksaus rks vkrs gh esjk Dykl fy;k ghA [kqn gh gksrk `gS u eksgEen gh py ds vk x;kA eSaus Qksu fd;k rqjar vk/ks ?kaVs ds vanj&vanj vkdj bUgksaus esjk Dykl fy;kA fQj jkr dks Hkh rhu ?kaVs dk fy;kA vkSj gj jkst jkr dks esjk Dykl gksrk FkkA ewY;kadu ds ckjs esa cgqr crk;kA lektoknh vkanksyu usiky ds ckjs esa ysfdu buds vykok HkhA ftlls Hkh feyk gjsd us esjs ls ;s dgk vkSj ,d lsdjsV ckr dh fd vki ykWfcax djs fd ;s vkils fd vkius tks gS ^ewY;kadu* dks ,d ou vkQ n esuh er cukb;s] Qkj vky cukb;sA vius&vius ,d dEisfVVj cu tk,xk rks tks pkSVkjh okyh Hkwfedk ,d ,sfrgkfld Hkwfedk gS vkSjksa dks djhc ykus dh og ugha fuHkk ik,axsA ,slk vkids dbZ 'kqHkfpardksa us dgkA ¼vnj nSu ,slk blus ugha dgkA ;g bldks bafM;u mEisfj;fyTe dk fgLlk ekurs gq, fd dksbZ Hkkjrh; vkdj dqN lq>ko ns½A ysfdu blds lkeus vkSj dba;ksa us dgk vkSj nwljk tks ikftfVo ckr vkids ckjs esa lquh tSls Mk- /khrky us Hkh vkt dqN uke fy, fd ;s yksx] ;s yksx budk dksbZ ikfyfVDl ls dksbZ rkyqd ugha FkkA viuk uspqjy fjlkslsZt ij ml ij blis dke djrs Fks vkSj vc bruk vkbMsaVhQkbZ djrs gSaA ^ewY;kadu* ls ys¶V ls fd mUgksaus uke fy;k vkSj mUgksaus lgh uke fy,A D;ksafd mls igys m"kk ds 162

ckn mUgha us gesa ckj&ckj dgk Fkk fd êwY;kadu* ls t:j feyuk eSus êwY;kadu* esa blis fy[kk Fkk mlis fy[kk Fkk oxSjg&oxSjgA bl rjg ls dbZ fe=ksa us vkids ckjs esa dgk fd vkidk gh ,drk= ,slk xzqi gS tks lcdks tksM+us dks viuk ,tsaMk ekurk gSA ';ke Js"Bk % geus oks dj jgk gS vkSj êwY;kadu* dks Hkh geus ,d mlh dk vkStkj ekuk gSA ,d xzqi dk gksus ugha fn;k gSA ;s Hkh gekjk tks laxBu gS mldk Hkh ;s vkxZu ugha gSA fot; izrki % ;s tks okrkZ] lkef;d okrkZ gS ;g vHkh rks ,d xzqi dk gS ysfdu geyksx ,d ikojQqy ykWch cuk jgs gSa fd vEcsMdjkV~l tks oxZ la?k"kZ dks ekus ^loksZn;* tks jkT; lÙkk ds iz'uksa dks] jkT;lÙkk ls 'kekZ, ugha vkSj mlds la?k"kks± esa 'kkfey jgs vkSj reke rjg ds ekDlZoknh vkSj reke rjg ds lektoknh tks iwjh rjg ls dks&vkIV ugha gks ik,a vkSj buMsisaMsaV ifjorZuoknh yksx ;s tks vkanksyu lewgksa ds uke fy, tks pkj&ikapA bu lcdh lk>kh if=dk cus ,slk ,d ikojQqy ykWch ml if=dk ds vjkmaM cuh gSA og vxys lky ,dHkj esa irk pysxk fd okLro esa ,slk gks ik,xk fd ughaA ';ke Js"Bk % b/kj rks geus cuk fn;k gS vkSj vkB o"kZ gks vk, pg py jgk gS vkSj ifCyd vksfifu;u esfdax esa ;g dkjxj Hkh jgk gSA cM+h ikojQqy ohiu gSA fot; izrki % fdruk Nirk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % vHkh 15 ls 18 gtkj gkaA fot; izrki % gj eghuk Nkirs gSa\ ianzjg ls vBkjg gtkj rc rks ;g cgqr la[;k gSA bruk rks fnueku bruk gh Nirk FkkA fnueku ds ckjs esa lquk gksxkA usiky ds ckjs esa cgqr fy[krk Fkk mlds la?k"kZ ds ckjs esaA rks bruk rks mldk Hkh bruk gh FkkA bruk gh Fkk cqjs fnuksa es bruk gh Fkk vkSj mldk cgqr bEiSDV Fkk fganqLrku esaA ';ke Js"Bk % tks gS bldk lHkh ikVhZ ds yksx gSaA fot; izrki % vBkjg gtkj rks cgqr cM+h la[;k gSA

163

';ke Js"Bk % og py jgk gS vkSj vkB o"kZ ls py jgk gS vkSj bufMisaMsaVyh bldks bXthLV dj jgk gSA tSls fd lcflMh ugh feyrh viuh fcØh ls gh gS bXthLV dj ldrs gSA fcuk ?kkVs ds py jgk gSA fot; izrki % fcuk izksfQV] fcuk ?kkVs ds py jgh gS rks ;g cgqr cM+h ckr gSA ';ke Js"Bk % bldks pyk, vkSj fcuk dksbZ v'yhy vkSj uaxs] fcuk ----------- fo'kq) vkbfM;ksykftdy lkexzh nsdj Hkh ;g if=dk pyk ldrs gSA ge foKkiu ugha Nkirs gSaA pq:V foKkiu ugha Nkirs gSa] D;k dfluks dk foKkiu ugha Nkirs gSa\ blds fcuk Hkh pyk ldrs gSaA ;g geus fd;k gSA vkSj ;g gS fd ;g tks Qksje cuk gqvk gS ;g dsoy jk"Vh; Qksje gh ugha] ;g baVjus'kuy Qksje Hkh cu ldrk gS usiky dh turk ds fy,A fot; izrki % usikyh turk ds fy,\ ';ke Js"Bk % usikyh turk ds fy, D;ksafd tks Hkh Bhd rjg dk LVxy gksrk gS ihfM+r yksxksa dk la?k"kZ gksrk gS Hkkjr esa Hkh-----------A fot; izrki % ,d geus yksdk;u esa xzqi cuk;k gS mldk uke j[kk gS clq/kSo dqVqEcde~ vkSj mlds ihNs vo/kkj.kk ;g gSfd vefjdh vkSj if'pe fnekx dh ;g jSflTe gS fd og vius dks rks Xykscykbts'kuy vkSj flfoykbts'kuy jksy dk uk;d ekurk gSA gekjk ;g dguk gS fd dksbZ Hkh ekuo lekt ,slk ugha gS ftldh n`f"V dk ,d fgLlk ;wfuojly gksrk gh gSA dksbZ balku ftank gh ugha jg ldrk] dksbZ balkuh lekt tks ;wfuolZfyTe dh fdlh u fdlh vo/kkj.kk dks u ekusA vkSj tks nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ yksx gSaA og pkgs fdlh Hkh /keZ ds gksa mUgksaus iwjh nqfu;k dks ,d fijokj ekuk gSA vkSj u dsoy iwjh nqfu;k dks ,d ifjokj ekuk gSA vius ifjokj ds ckjs esa Hkh ;s ekuk gS fd og iwjh nqfu;k dk izfrfcac gSA rks clq/kSo dqVqacde bt+ v Vw QksYM LVsVesaV n Ogksy olq/kk bt+ ykbd v Qsfeyh ,saM n Qsfeyh bt+ ykbd v fj¶ysD'ku vkQ cSlq/kSoA rks ;s Vw QksYM gS rks bl Vw QksYM gksus dk Xykscykbts'ku ls ,dne eryc fQj mYVk gks tkrk gS D;ksafd Xykscykbts'ku esa ,d gsjkjdh gS fd ,d Hkkjrh; vfLerk gS] ,d usikyh vfLerk gS] usikyh esa ,d rekax vfLerk gS] ,d pikax vkfn&vkfnA olq/kSo dqVqacde ea 164

gj ifjokj pwafd nqfu;k dk izfrfcac Hkh gSa ,d csfld ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds Lrj ij rks mlesa ,d lekurk gSA vfLerkvksa dsA eq>s viuh lkaLÑfrd ifjHkk"kk djus dh vktknh gS vkidks viuh vktknh gSA fQj Hkh ge ,d gh nqfu;k ds oklh gSa ysfdu vefjdh gkseksukbftax eYVhus'kuy dYpj esa ;g vktknh ugha gSA mlesa mudh lkaLÑfrd le> gekjs ij ,d lkaLÑfrd geyk gSA rks bl rjg ls iwjk vkSj gekjk tks ,d xka/kh th ftldks dgrs Fks vksfl,fud ldZy vkSj vkbMsfa VVh rks blesa dsanz ,d gS lcdk ekuork vkSj mlesa gj] esjh tks rjg&rjg dh igpkus Hkkjrh; gksuk] Åaph tkfr dk gksuk ;k fiNM++h tkfr dk gksukA ;g vyx&vyx igpkus gSa vkSj ,d nwljs dks oks liksVZ dj jgh gS ,d nwljs ls la?k"kZ esa ugh gSA vkSj og cgqvk;kehrk tks gS og gj ,d dh gSA fdlh fd fdlh rjg dh cgqvk;kferk gS fdlh dh] fdlh rjg dh] vkSj ewy ckr gS fd ge lc cgqvk;keh gSaA vkSj lcdks xqatkb'k gSa dsanz ,d gS ysfdu mlds ?kjs vyx&vyx gSaA vkSj gj ckgjh ?ksjk nwljs ij geyk ugha cfYd nwljs ij vkfJr gSaA vanj dk ?ksjk ckgj ij ckgj dk ?ksjk vanj ij rks bl rjg ds ge dksf'kk dj jgs gSa fd tks LVªxfyax xzqIl gSa og usikyh vfLerk ds ckjs esa] ;k ;wjksi esa gh tSls fQuySaM gS rks mlesa tks yksx fQuySaM ds vfLerk ds ckjs esa ,d gh ns'k gS tgka geyksx vHkh laidZ cuk ik;sa gSaA mldk Hkh ,d lanHkZ gSA MkD;wesaV~l Hkh dqN yk;k gwa oks vki nsf[k;sxk & ,d esjk fQuySaM ds nksLr gSa tks ,fDVfoLV fQyksLQj gSa oks ogka ds dkQh yhfMax vkneh gSa FkkWel okYxj mudslkFk feydj eSaus ,d ijpk fy[kk gSa lpZ vkQ Xykscy fjliksaflfcfyVh rks og vki nsf[k,xkA vkSj ml ij vxj vki desafVax ijps gSa rhu&pkj ijps gS rks og vki tjk nsf[k,xk vkSj clq/kSo dqVqEcde ds gh izkstsDV ds rkSj ij geyksx ,d xzqi ;kuh fjlpZ laLFkk ls tqM+k gwa ftldk uke gS lsaVj Qkj n LVMht vkQ Msoyfiax lkslk;VhtA gekjs ;gka ds fMeksØsfVd buVsysDpqvy gS jtuh dksBkjhA mUgksaus 1964 esa cuk;k FkkA bysD'ku LVMht vkSj ;g lc dke djus ds fy, rks mlds ek/;e ls vkSj fQuySaM ds tks xzqIl gSa muds ek/;e ls feydj fMeksØsVkbftax n ukFkZ lkÅFk ikVZuj'khi vkSj bEiSDV vkQ QkWjsu QafMax vkQ n iksiqyj eqoesaV~lA vius gsYFk lsaVj ij D;k vlj gks jgk gSA nq"izHkko gks jgk gSA mldh izeq[krk,a dSls muds ,d oSpkfjd geys ls cny tkrh gSaA ;k uspqjy fjlkslsZt ds fglkc ls oks dSls gekjs uspqjy fjlkslsZt ij dCtk djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA bu lc 165

phksa ij ,d nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa laokn djus dh t:jr gSA rks vHkh pkj vkSj ikap dk geus fd;k FkkA ,d vkSj djuk gS mlds fy, foiqy fy[k jgs gSa ijpkA LokLF; esa fons'kh iSlk dk D;k&D;k ifj.kke vkSj nq"ifj.kke gksrs gSA vkSj m"kk us ;g ok;nk fd;k gS fd ys¶V fMeksØsfVd yksxksa dh ;wfuVh ds fy, vkthou dke djsxh vkSj rhu eghuk] ;g tks fMeksØsVkbftax ukFkZ lkÅFk ikVZuj'khi okyk] ;g dke QeZy gS ysfdu baLVhV~;w'kuy gS ukSdjh tSlk rks mlesa rhu eghuk mlh esa yxk;sxhA ';ke Js"Bk % geus tc ------------------ Msoyi fd;kFkk ,d dEisu pyk;k Fkk fd okLro esa laLÑfr esa fdl rjg lkezkT;okn b/kj gkoh gks jgk gSA LokLF; esa fdl rjg gks jgk gSA dYpj esa] VksVkfyVh esa D;k gqvk gSA ;g ;gka dh buVjsLVhax ,u-th-vks- us fd;k FkkA mldk lc fjiksVZ gS vkSj og ^ewY;kadu* esa izdkf'kr gSA ewY;kadu esa izdkf'kr gqvk gSA og dksbZ usikyh tks fganh Hkh tkurs gSaA mldks vuqokn djds vki esjs dks cgqr vPNk lkexzh izos'k gqvk FkkA cksy ds mlls VªsaM D;k gS lkeZkT;okn dkA mldk Hkh b/kj ,d lks'kfyLV gSa cgqr vPNk lks'kfyLV gSa Mk- pSrU; feJk og Hkh gekjs lkFk eap dk lnL; gSa A mUgksaus [kkst djds ,d lkexzh tks b/kj cgqr pfpZr jgk ftldk ftank fo"k; jgk og Hkh gSA vkSj D;k gS lkezkT;okn dkA lcls vR;k/kqfud mudk :i D;k gS\ muds vizs'ku dk rjhdk D;k gS\ fdl rjg usiky esa og gkoh gks jgs gS\ og lkslykth ds izksQslj gS mUgksaus fy[kk gS rks og Hkh feysxkA bu VksVkfyVh bu bdksukeh bu dYpj] bu gsYFk ;g lc gSA fot; izrki % ,d gh ys[k esa ;g lc dqN gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % vyx&vyx gS lkezkT;okn ds f[kykQ vkbfM;ksyksftdy dEisu gSA fot; izrki % rks ml lcdks vkius iqfLrdk ugha cuk;k gS dEizsfVo\ ';ke Js"Bk % og lc rks ugha cuk;k gS ij cukus dh ;kstuk gS] cukuk pkfg,A fot; izrki % bl lc esa mlls dqN enn feysxh\ ';ke Js"Bk % vkSj ------------ mles nhid Ksokyh th vkils Hkh feyk Fkk tulÙkk esa Hkh fy;k Fkk fd egkdkyh ------------------ dk D;k bEiSDV D;k gksrk gS\ dSlk gksuk pkfg, Fkk\ og mUgksaus fy[kk gS vkSj mldk Hkh baVj,sD'ku gqvk FkkA bl lcesa usikyh esa rks 166

izdkf'kr fd;k vkSj mlus tYnh&tYnh ,asVh&bfEi;fyZLV vkbfM;ksykftdy dEisu esa cgqr vPNk dke fd;kA fot; izrki % vkids ;gka vkfnoklh tokus dkyds okys tks yksx gSa bu Hkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys mudk dksbZ LØhIV vyx gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % fdlh dk gS fdlh dk ugh gS ij og rekax yksx dk gS] rekax dk gSA fot; izrki % rekax dh vkcknh fdrus gSa\ ';ke Js"Bk % lkr izfr'kr fot; izrki % vkSj usikyhHkk"kh fdrus izfr'kr gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % usikyh Hkk"kk cgqr gS] 2 djksM+ 25 yk[kA fot; izrki % vkSj usikyh Hkk"kh fdrus izfr'kr gSa\ ';ke Js"Bk % oks rks mldk T;knk rks jQyh gS oks tLV 57 izfr'krA fot; izrki % vkSj ckdh dkSu&dkSu gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ckdh nsokj 6 izfr'kr gSA fot; izrki % nsokj dh Hkk"kk usikyh ls vyx gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % vyx gSA fot; izrki % vPNk] dkQh vyx gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % dkQh vyx gSA og baMks&vk;Zu lewg dh unh gS frCcr&uehZ lewg dh gSA fot; izrki % vkSj] vkSj dkSu lh gS cM+h\ vkSj cM+h Hkk"kk,a\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;g rekax] ukbZ] eSfFky] --fot; izrki % eSfFky fdrus izfr'kr gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % oks vjkmaM 3&4 izfr'kr eSfFky vkSj ;g ^exj* gS vkSj jk;fyEcqA fot; izrki % ;s exj fdrus izfr'kr gS\ 167

';ke Js"Bk % og 7 izfr'kr gSaA fot; izrki % vPNk--- vkSj fgUnh\ ';ke Js"Bk % fgUnh] fgUnh rks b/kj dqN [kkl yksx ugha cksyrs gSaA b/kj deu ySaxost gS Hkkstiqjh] vo/kh vkSj eSfFky cksyrs gSaA fganh ;gka dk ySaxost ugha gSA fgUnh] fganh fQYe ds tfj;s] tfj;s ls vk;k gS fganh ;gka ijA fot; izrki % ;gka ds vki yksx buMhthul dYpj dks jsfoVykbTM djuk pkgsa rks fganqLrku dh tks cksfy;ka vkids ;gka tYnh fjokbo gks ldrh gSa Hkkstiqjh] vof/k] eSFkyh ctk, gekjs ;gka dsA D;ksafd gekjs ;gka rks fganh dk] Hkh vc Mksfeusal tSlk gS u vkSj fganh [kqn dh cgqr cqjh gkyr gS vaxzsth ds eqdkcys esa] vkSj vaxzsth Hkh vc fczfV'k vaxzsth ugha vefjdu vaxzsth gks xbZ gSA dEI;wVj ls og Lisfyax lc cny jgs gSaA ij fganh ds eqdkcys cksfy;ka tks gS vHkh geyksxksa ds fe=ksa us ,d lsfeukj fd;k Fkk ^ns'kdky* uke ls ,d xzqi gS cksfy;ksa ds vkSj mlesa nksuksa ds chp ds fj'rs dks dSls yksdrkaf=d cuk;k tk,\ esjh cgqr le; ls ,d /kkj.kk jgh gS fd gj ftys ds Lrj ij ljdkj dh vksj ls Hkh ,d i= vxj ml ftys dh cksyh esa gh fudyus yxs rks Xykscykbts'ku dk dYpjy Iyku ij rks vius cM+h vklkuh ls eqdkcyk dj ldrs gSA D;ksafd vxj mldks] ges eSuhiqysV djuk gS rks mldks fQj rekax esa yxkuk gh iM+sxk u iSlk mldks gj 7 izfr'kr ds fy, vxj mldks nks gtkj Mkyj] ikap gtkj Mkyj Hkh yxkuk iM+sxk rks bruk eSuhiqysVsM dkikflVh mlesa ugha gSa rks tks vius VsªfM'kuy dYpjy fjlkslsZt gSa mlesa gj vkapfyd vfLerk esa mldh cksyh esa tks jkstejkZ dh phtsa gSa og mlesa feysaxh vkSj ckdh tks {ks=h; Hkk"kk deu fyad ySaXost gS vkids ;gka usikyh gS gekjs ;gka fganh gS mlesa gks tk,xkA vkSj fQj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij gh flQZ vaxzsth jgsA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij jk"Vª dh tks fyad ySaXost gS oks ';ke Js"Bk % oks LVªxy usiky esa tks gqvk fMeksØsfVd LVªxy gqvk b/kj Hkk"kk ds fy, Hkh LVªxy gqvk tks Hkh vYila[;d tkfr ds Hkk"kk,a gSa mldks Hkh ekU;rk gksuh pkfg, ;g LVªxy dh otg ls daLVhV~;w'ku esa 1990 ds daLVhV~;w'ku eas ,d vesaMesaV gqvkA ;g lc us'kuy ySaXost gS] ;g ekuuk iM+kA 168

fot; izrki % ftrus uke cksysa gSa vkius lc\ ';ke Js"Bk % lc us'kuy ySaXost gSaA us'kuy ySaXost vkSj vkfQfl;y ySaXost esa ;s nks QdZ gSA uS'kuy ySaXost usikyh tks gS vkfQfl;y ySaXost gS ;g dgrk gS vkSj lc Hkk"kk us'kuy ySaXost esa Hkh lkekpkj gksrk gS jsfM;ksa esa Vh-oh- esa Hkh lekpkj gksrk gSA vkSj ;g 'kq: gqvk gS LVªxy dh otg ls gqvk gS vkSj vHkh Hkh LVªxy py jgk gSa geyksx vkokt mBk jgs gSaA vkokt cqyan fd;k vkSj dj jgs gSa fd lcdks tks dksbZ 16 ftyk gS exj iksiqys'ku dk ckgqY; gSA exj ckgqY; ftys esa mudk vkVksukeh gksuk pkfg,A vkVksukel fjtu gksuk pkfg, mldk iz'kklu gksA mldh Hkk"kk gks] mlds fy, ---- tSls rekax gSA og Hkh ,sls lgh gSA usokM+ tgka gS og Hkh ,slk ----------------- gS vkSj budks ;g lcyksx tks -------------- buMhthfu;l fiiqy gSa mudks viuh vkVksukeh gksuh pkfg,A fot; izrki % ;g lc yksx nsoukxjh LØhIV ij eku tk,axsA yksdy ysoy ij viuh ySaXost dh t:jr---A ';ke Js"Bk % fdlh dk rks ;g ykSax Mqfjax lizs'ku ls fdlh dk rks ySaXost gh lekIr gks x;k fyfi gh [kRe gksA fdlh dk fyfi [kRe gks x;k rks usokM+h dk fyfi viuk;h gSA usokM+h dk gS viuk fyfi gSA fot; izrki % cgqr QdZ gS nsoukxjh ls---\ ';ke Js"Bk % gka cgqr QdZ gS dqN caxkyh ls feyrs gSa caxkyh ls--- vkSj rekax dk viuk ySaXost gS viuk LØhIV Hkh gS mldkA fot; izrki % fyfoax LØhIV gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % fyfoax LØhIV ugha gS og vc fjokbo djus dh iz;Ru gks jgk gS ij ,slk ugha gSA exj nwljs rjQ -------- vkSj nsoukxjh esa lc dqN vHkh py jgk gSA ,d efgyk % usokM+h Hkk"kkk esa nks lky igys ls tc ebZ esa ---------------------------------- mUgksaus ,slk fd;k Fkk vkSj okMZ vkfQl esa ,s usokM+h fy[kus okys dks j[kk tk,A ';ke Js"Bk % usokM+h esa usokM+h ;fn dksbZ fy[kkoV djuk pkgs rks oks dj ldrs gSa cksys rks cksy ldrs gSa ,slk fd;k FkkA 169

efgyk % vkiyksxksa us uke iwjh rjg ls j[kk gSA usokM+h] usikyh] baxfy'kA ';ke Js"Bk % baxfy'k dSlk gS vkSj bldks dkih djds eSfFky yksxksa us Hkh tudiqj esa Hkh j[kk gSA ;gh djrs gSA ,drks b/kj LVªxy gks jgk gSa gqvk D;k gS fd ;gka dk tks estj ikfVZ'ku Fkk og igys ys¶VhLV Fkk fjoksY;w'kujh Hkh FkkA ;g fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ us ;g lkr&vkB o"kZ ds nkSjku esa cgqr T;knk la?k"kZ fd;kA la?k"kZ dks vPNh fn'kk feyhA ;g ;w-,e-,y- Fkk ;g fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ FkkA mUgksaus izks&fMeksØslh ewoesaV esa cgqr vPNh rjg ikVhZflisV fd;k FkkA geus Hkh la;qDr :i ls ikVhZflisV fd;k FkkA mlesa usikyh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkSj usikyh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ¼,e-,y-½ dgrs Fks mldksA fot; izrki % ---------dks D;k dgrs Fks\ tks vki ;w-,e-,y- ds--';ke Js"Bk % oks vks-,e-,y- dgrs FksA vks-,e-,y- dgrs Fks mldk eSaA vc D;k dj jgk gS fd og cgqr T;knk izks&bafM;u dSfiVfyLV Dykl ds Vwy cu x;k gSA fot; izrki % usikyh dkaxzsl tSls---A ';ke Js"Bk % ugha&ugha eksj nSu usikyh dkaxzsl---A fot; izrki % u;k eqYyk T;knk---gekjs ;gka ,d dgkor gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ns vkj chde eksj bafM;u nSu bafM;uA ;g bafM;u :fyax Dykl dh otg ls vHkh D;k gS fd bysD'ku dk QafMax Hkh becslh dj jgk gSA bafM;u becslh brus T;knk ;g QafMax dj jgk gSA ;w-,e-,y- dk QafMax bafM;u becslh dj jgk gSA fot; izrki % ;g lquh lquk;h ckr ugha gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;g lquh lquk;h ckr ugha gS D;ksafd ;g--fot; izrki % rks usikyh dkaxzsl dks Hkh djrk gS\ vkSjksa dks Hkh djrk gS\ vkSj xzqIl dks Hkh djrk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % cgqr T;knk ;s dj jgk gS bldk tks ikVhZ dk izdk'ku gS mlesa Hkh fy[kk gS vkSj ml tehu dqN bafM;u dks nsuk dqN [kjkc ckr ugha gSA ns ldrs gSaA ;g ,slk ckr mUgksaus bafM;u :fyax Dykl ls dgkA og vkidks ns[kuk pkfg,A ;w-,e-,y- dk eq[; i= gSA 170

fot; izrki % og D;k gS izdk'ku mldk--';ke Js"Bk % og ikVhZ dk eq[k i= gSA lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ dkA vkSj ;s bafM;u cgqr T;knk gkoh gks jgk gS usiky esa vkSj ;g vesfjdu bfEifj;fyTe igys rks gkoh Fkk gh ysfdu---A fot; izrki % ;g bafM;u fdl&fdl ek/;e ls--- gks jgs gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % vHkh rks dqN ekurs gS oks D;k dgrs gS tc egkdkyh laf/k gqvkA egkdkyh laf/k esa D;k gqvk fd mlds ikVhZ lsaVªy dfefV dk cSBd gksrk Fkk rks ikVhZ lsaVªy dfefV ds cSBd esa cgqer yksx ps egkdkyh laf/k ugha gksuk pkfg,] dg dgrk FkkA vkSj mudk yhMj tks tsujy lsØsVjh gS mldk ---------------------- muyksxksa dks ysdj becslh tkrk FkkA Mk;jsDVyh ;k buMk;jsDVyh ughA og becslh ds ,EcslMj dks le>krs Fks ge ,sls&,sls ge i= vkidks nsaxsA vki ;g ikl djh,A becslh dqN foKfIr izdkf'kr djrk FkkA buds fy, geus mudks ;g opu fn;k gS ,slk&,slk gS og lc ikjn'khZ dqN ugha dgrk gSA dqN xqir ckr ugha gSA ge vlEi'ku ls fot; izrki % gekjs ;gka ls jk/kk Hkê--- blds f[kykQ in ;k=k oxSjg dj jh gSA mudk vkJe gS y{eh vkJe uke ls vkSj ogka mUgksaus ,d ekspkZ cuk;k gS blds f[kykQ---A efgyk % egkdkyh ds f[kykQ --- egkdkyh laf/k ds f[kykQ\ ';ke Js"Bk % blls oks---A fot; izrki % og vius eqgkojs esa ckr ugha djrh gSa foLrjkokn vkSj ;s og lcA rks loksZn; vkanksyu dh gS oks eq[;r% ogka ;s nksuksa ns'kksa ds yksxksa dks uqdlku gqvk vkSj izÑfr dks uqdlku gqvkA muls FkksM+k QdZ gS lqUnjyky cgqxq.kk ds eqgkojs esa baVjus'kuy tkxZu Hkh T;knk gS FkksM+kA mudk ,dne ns'kt yksdy Hkk"kk] ,d dkQh le; ls gksrk gS ij yxkrkj dqN&dqN djrs gh jgrh gSaA ';ke Js"Bk % oks ikVhZ dkaxzsl okyks dh rjg---A fot; izrki % og [kqn vkt ls ------------------- igys yach in ;k=k dh FkhA 171

';ke Js"Bk % ;s] ;s gedks bldk [kcj Hksft, u\ fot; izrki % mldk irk lh/kk gS y{eh vkJe dkSlkuh] ftyk vkYeksM+k] vHkh fyf[k, fpëhA jk/kk--- Hkê y{eh vkJe dkSlkuh ftyk vYeksM+k gS] ftyk fy[kus dh t:jr ugha gSA ';ke Js"Bk % vkSj ;s dSlk vk'p;Z tud Hkk"k.k D;k gqvk fd ,e-,y- dk lhDlFk dkaxzsl FkkA usiky esa] m/kj ls fouksn feJ vkSj lh-ih-,e- ds izfrfuf/k Hkh vk;s FksA --- oks Hkh mlesa pkSd x;sA m/kj ,d oksfVax gqvkA fdl ckr esa gqvk fd vefjdk dks lkezkT;oknh dguk pkfg, fd ugha\ Hkkjr dh foLrkjoknh dguk pkfg, fd ugha\ mlesa oksfVax gqvk vkSj oksfVax esa D;k er fot;h gqvkA nksuksa dk ;g ugha dguk pkfg,A ,d dE;qfuLV ikVhZ esa igyh ckj rks oksfVax gqvk fd vefjdk dks lkezkT;oknh dguk pkfg, fd ugha vkSj og gkj x;kA fot; izrki % ;g dc gqvk\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;g lhDlFk daÝsal esa ykLV Qjojh esa ugh ugha 98 esaA vki besftu dj ldrs gSa fd oksfVax--fot; izrki % rks fQj rks ;s rks blesa 'kkfey gh ugha gks ldrs gS viuh vefjdh lkezkT;oknh fojks/kh ekspsZ esaA ';ke Js"Bk % rks ,slk gh jgk gS rks mldk iSj dkai jgk gSaA dqN baVsysDpqvy b/kj gSA fot; izrki % vPNk ;s crkb;s usikyh VSDl isvj euh ls esEcj'khi csLM ikVhZt dks vxj bysD'ku [kpsZ fn;k tk, rks fganqLrku dk dqN de gksxk D;k vljA D;k gS fd dbZ ckj etcwjh esa geyksx bl nq'pØ esa Qalrs pys tkrs gSaA tks Hkkjrh; becslh dk dg jgs gSa vkiA mldk dksbZ vkSj jkLrk---A nsf[k, gekjs usrk rks baVjus'kuy gekjh bdksukeh ds lkbt c<+k gS rks og Hkh iSlk djIV ehUl ls ys jgs gSa blfy, vkSj eSaus ;s vius lerk ikVhZ esa tc baVjus'kuy fMcsV py jgk Fkk rks eSus ;g fy[k ds fn;k Fkk fd gedks bysDVksjy fjQkElZ dks eq[; eqík cukuk pkfg, D;ksafd 96 dk bysD'ku vk[kjh Hkkjrh; dkys iwathifr;ksa ds dkys iSls ls gksxkA blls vxys bysD'ku cgqjk"Vªh; fuxe ds iSls ls gqvk djsaxsA vkSj og vc gqvk fganqtk vkSj vackuh ds ek/;e ls 172

eYVhus'kuy iSlk feyrk gS vkSj og vc vkSj T;knk vk,xk rks vHkh vkids ;gka vefjdu D;k djrs gksaxs cgqr tkudkjh ugha gSA ij eSaus lquk gS fd reke ,u-th-vksds ek/;e ls ys¶V dks vefjdu us cgqr ;gka rd fd mudk lh-vkb-,- okyk Qkm.Ms'ku gSA mudks djIV fd;k rks oSls gh fganqLrkuh iSlk tks vk,xk mlls fMeksØslh dks rks uqdlku gksxkA pkgs fganqLrku esa fjoksY;w'kujh ikVhZ Hkh vk tk,A D;ksafd vHkh dk jkT;ra= dE;qfuLV] phu esa rks fjoksY;w'ku ls gqvk Fkk u ij phu dh ;k :l dh dE;qfuLV--2 dk lkbM ^,*

---ikVhZ ogka ls vk,xk mlls vkids ;gka ds :fyax Dykl dks Qk;nk gksxk vkSj esjs ;gka ds :fyax Dykl dks Qk;nk gksxk ij gekjs yksxksa dh ijh{kk,a vkSj yksdra= ds f[kykQ tk,xkA rks pkgs yksdra= cqtqZvkbZ ekusa vki bldks ysfdu bldks pykus ds fy, Hkh vxj vkids ;gka ckgj ls iSlk u vk, vkSj VSDl isvj ls ;s ikfVZ;k iSlk ysa rks 'kk;n dqN vlj dks de djus esa---A LVsV QafMax Qkj jfuax n ikVhZ csLM vku nsvj esEcj'khi LVªsaFkA ijlsaVst vkQ iksYM oksV~l ckb nhl ikVhZ vxj blds fy, vki---A ';ke Js"Bk % ,slk flLVe dgka&dgka gS fo'o esa\ fot; izrki % ;wjksi ds dbZ fMeksØslht gS teZuh esa gS vkSj LohMu esa gS] fQuySaM esa gS] MsuekdZ esa gSA lHkh ukjfMd daVªh esa lc txg gSA rks vius ;gka Hkh vius dks ;s djuk pkfg,A vkSj usiky esa gh ;g djuk vklku gSA ';ke Js"Bk % b/kj fMldlu 'kq:vkr rks gqvk gS ij mruk tksj ugha idM+k gSA fot; izrki % ugha ij mldks vki lkezkT;okn ls --- iM+kslh ---- ,d rks vkidks ;g djuk pkfg, fd vefjdh lkezkT;okn vkSj Hkkjrh; nknkxhjh bldks FkksM+k vyx j[kuk pkfg,A vkSj nksuksa ds fy, vyx 'kCn bLrseky djuk pkfg,A D;ksafd Hkkjrh; lkezkT;okn ds nks i{k gSaA ,d rks vefjdk tSls phu] vefjdh lkezkT;okn dh uhfr dk fgLlk gks x;kA oSls gh gekjs :fyax Dykl vefjdh lkezkT;oknh uhfr dk fgLlk gks x;h gSA rks og ,d i{k gS tks nksuksa dk lk>k gSA vefjdh lkezkT;okn vkSj bafM;u :fyax DyklA nwljk ;g gS fd ,d vkbfM;ksykftdy tks ,d QkYl dalh;lusl gksrh 173

gSA ftlesa ge baVjuyh Hkh tks czkã.k gSaA og vius nks nfyr ls Js"B ekurk gSA oSls gh tks Hkkjrh; gS vkSj tks :fyax Dykl dh dalh;lusl dks ekurk gS ysfdu [kqn :fyax Dykl esa ugha gS mlds eu esa tks vkidks NksVk ekuus dh ,d ghu ekuus dh tks Hkkouk gSA mldks lkezkT;okn ls er feDl dhft,A mldh vkykspuk dhft, ij mlds fy, dksbZ u;k ns'kh 'kCn xf<+,A ;s nknkxhjh gS ;k cM+k HkkbZokn gS ;k xSjcjkcjh--- dqN dksbZ lkaLÑfrd 'kCn viuh Hkk"kk esa ls] vkids ;gka rks cgqr 'kCn gSaA tks vki bLrseky gekjs ;gka ls vkids ;gka dh ns'ktiu T;knk le`) gSA vkids reke gks jktuSfrd 'kCnkoyh gSA mlesa ns'kt 'kCn cgqr gh vPNs gSaA xksiky psru ls pkgs vkidk erHksn gSA ysfdu ;s 'kCn eq>s cgqr vPNk yxkA jk"Vªh; ljksdkj lektA ;k ,d teZu iSls ls usikyh dkaxzsl okys pykrs FksA yksdra= lao)Zu ds vad rks fMldlu gqvk rks eSus Hkh yksdk;u esa fQj fiNyh ckj tc ;gka vk;k Fkk ,d--- dh ehfVax esa rks eSaus yksdk;u esa tkdj ,d nks vad yksdra= lao)Zu lekt----A rks vHkh eSa lksp jgk gwa fd ,d jk"Vªh; ljksdkj iapk;r ds ckjs esa----A rks ,slk dqN vki xf<+;s tks gekjs ;gka dh :fyax Dykl dh nknkfxjh dks js[kkafdr djsaA vkSj mldks vefjdu lkezkT;okn esa feDl u gksus nsaA ';ke Js"Bk % feDl rks b/kj ,slk gksuk gh ugh---A fot; izrki % ugha&ugha ckSf)d Lrj dh ckr ugh gS tks vke vkneh dk eqgkojk gS u vxj nks vyx 'kCn ugha gksaxs rks tks Hkkjrh; gS tks vkSlr Hkkjrh; gS tks jktuSfrd ughaA oks nksauksa dks ,d ns[ksxk vxj rks fQj oks lkspsxk fd vki yksx rks vefjdu LVªsVth ds ,aVh&bafM;u mlh ds fMtk;u ds fgLlk gSA ;g leL;k gS vki esjh ckr le> jgs gSa uA ';ke Js"Bk % b/kj ml ckr esa mldk izksCyse---A fot; izrki % vkids esa ughaA ij ge dSls] gekjk vkneh dSls fjlho dj jgk gS mldks dSls xzg.k dj jgk gS gekjs ijlsI'ku dh ckr gSA rks mlesa vxj vki FksM+h lko/kkuh cjrsa] gekjk lanHkZ tkurs gq,A gekjs ij ,d jkbV~l] baVjuyh jkbV~l dE;qufyLV geyk gS tks vkids ;gka ds fdax'khi dks fMQsaM djrk gSA tks ,d ftaxksfLVd us'kufyTe dks c<+kuk pkgrk gSA vly esa dE;qufyTe vkSj QkflLV vkbfM;ksykth c<+kuk pkrk gS ij og uke jk"Vªokn dk ysrk gS rks muls gekjs LVªxy ohd u gks blds 174

fy, t:jh gS fd vki gekjs vkykspuk esa Bksl ckr dgsaA vkSj tsujy ukjsckth iksfyflt de gks vkSj oks vefjdk dks ftl Hkk"kk esa dgrs gSa ml Hkk"kk esa ugha] mlds fy, ,d Lora= Hkk"kk gks tks vkCtsfDVo --- QSDV~l ij vk/kkfjr gksA ';ke Js"B % eSa igys geus tc ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV tks ÝkaV cuk, Fks ml le; esa ,d ddalsIV isij tkjh Msoyi fd;k Fkk mlesa geus vefjdh lkezkT;okn dk tks lkezkT;oknh mi;ksx gS xfrfof/k gS mldk ewY;kadu fd;kA og eSxftu esa Hkh gS vkSj dqN isij Hkh gS tks--------------------------------- gS rks ns nsaxs vkSj ugh rks vkidks Hkst nsaxsA vkSj ;gka D;k gS fd vHkh dqN le; vkxs tks bfEifj;fyLV Qkslt sZ Fkk ;gka cgqr NksVk Fkk oks usikyh dkaxzsl gh FkkA ;gka dk usikyh dkaxzslA mldks bfEifj;fyLV izkslsl ;s Fkk vkSj ckdh lc ysf¶VLV yksx ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLVA vHkh D;k gqvk gS fd ;w-,e-,ybfEifj;fyLV dSEi esa pyk x;k gS vkSj oksVsM djrk gS fd vefjdk lkezkT;oknoknh gS fd ughaA vkSj mlh ckr ij ikVhZ dk LifyV Hkh gks x;k gSA vkSj mlds VwVus ds ckn---A fot; izrki % vPNk ;g Hkh ,d eqík gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;g izeq[k eqík FkkA ,slk gqvk gSa vkSj blfy, ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV dSEi---A fot; izrki % bldk eryc ,e-,y- vHkh Hkh vefjdk dks lkezkT;oknh ekurk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;s og ;w-,e-,y- dk gSA ;g dgrk gS vkSj lc dgrk gSA vkSj ,d gh leL;k ogh gksrk gSA ckdh lc Hkh dgrk gSA fot; izrki % ckdh lc ogh dgrs gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ckdh lc ogh dgrs gSA fot; izrki % vkSj mldh tks fMVsYl gS ml ewY;kadu dh og Hkh ,d gh gS ;k dksbZ QdZ gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % djhc&djhc ,d gh gSA vkSj b/kj ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV] ,aVh&vefjdu Qksdl fQfyax cgqr T;knk gSA lHkh ys¶V esa flok; ;w-,e-,y- ds muesa Hkh Fkk ij vHkh og cgqr--- gqvk gS vkSj---A 175

fot; izrki % flQZ Vki 'kh"kZ ij gqvk gS ;k xzkmaM ysoy dk odZj HkhA ';ke Js"Bk % ,slk gS fd yhMj'khi esa vc ,slk D;k gS fd ge lÙkk esa tkus okys ikVhZ gSaA blfy, fMiyksesfVd gksuk pkfg,A fMiyksesfVd gksus ds fy, ge vefjdk dks lh/ks Mk;jsDVyh vkykspuk djsaxsA buMk;jsDVyh djsaxsA ij Mk;jsDVyh ugha djsaxs ,slk dgrk gSA dk;ZdrkZ esa tks Hkh ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV fQfyax gS mldks du¶;wt djrk gSA dk;ZdrkZ yksxksa esa cgqr gSa tks bldks vefjdk dks ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV dguk pkfg, ,slk ekuuk gSA bl fopkj ds yksx Hkh gSA ij vHkh D;k gks jgk gSa ;w-,e-,y- esa cgqr T;knk yksxksa dks tks Hkh vk, ikVhZ cM+k gks tk,A blfy, lcdks Ýh baVjh] uDlyh dkaxzslh Hkh vk, ] tks Hkh vk, mldks baVjh gks jgk gSA blfy, ;w-,e-,y----A fot; izrki % ekl ikVhZ tSlk cuk jgk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ekl ikVhZ tSlk cuk jgk gS] vkSj ftlls D;k gks jgk gS fd ogka tks yksx fjoksY;w'kujh Fkk cgqr ekbuksfjVht gks x;k gSaA ikVhZ mldk 1989 esa mlds ikVhZ esEcj dk la[;k FkkA 1400 vHkh--- lnL; gS 84]000A fot; izrki % 89 ls 99 rd 10 lkyksa esa 1400 ls 84]000A ;s fdldh ckr gS nksuks feyk dsA ';ke Js"Bk % gka nksuks feyk dsA oks 6oka ikVhZ dkaxzsl esaA fot; izrki % vkSj jQyh vc fMfotu esa D;k gqvk gksxk\ ';ke Js"Bk % jQyh 40&60 fot; izrki % 40 ,e-,y- estksfjVh ;w-,e-,y-A ';ke Js"Bk % vHkh rks ,e-,y- dk dqN ?kV Hkh x;k gS ;w-,e-,y- dqN ,sfDVo gSA ,e,y- dqN yktZ gSA fot; izrki % ,e-,y- viksft'ku esa rks T;knk ,sfVDo gksuk pkfg,\ ';ke Js"Bk % gksuk pkfg, Fkk ij gS ughaA fot; izrki % ;s rks :fyax dk fgLlk gS u ------------ ,slk ---------------- ;s D;k\

176

';ke Js"Bk % D;k gS fd ;s cgqr ---------- gS cq<+s yksx Hkh ---A fot; izrki % ,e-,y- ea cq<+s yksx gS\ estksfjVh ';ke Js"Bk % yxHkx cq<+s ij ml ysFksjthd xzqi] Fkdk gqvk fot; izrki % ysFkjftd rks vkbfM;fyLV ckr gS mldk vkbfM;ksyksftdy dkj.k crkb;s\ ';ke Js"Bk % vkbfM;ksyksftdy dkj.k rks ;g gS fd og igys tks cSdxzkmaM esa FkkA fot; izrki % mlesa yhMj'khi dafQMsal ugha---A lsdaM] FkMZ--';ke Js"Bk % yhMj'khi dafQMsal dgh, vkSj ckr ;g gS fd mlesa tks yhMj'khi esa tks LifyV ds le; esa tks fjoksY;w'kujh Lyksxu fn;s Fks ge fd vkpkj lafgrk yk,axs dqN izR;{k djsaxs] dqN dke djsaxs ,slk Lyksxu fn;k Fkk ij og mlus fd;k ughaA fot; izrki % Qkbukafl;y djI'ku ea blesa T;knk yksx gSaA ';ke Js"Bk % Qkbukafl;y djI'ku rks ;w-,e-,y- Hkh ekfQ;k ls iSlk ysrk gSA fot; izrki % dkSu ls QksjsLV ekfQ;k ls\ ';ke Js"Bk % QksjsLV ekfQ;k rks mruk gkoh ugha gS usiky esa] ;g baVjus'kuy Lexyj ekfQ;k gSA MªXl Hkh ykrs gS] lksuk Hkh ykrs gSa vkSj ;g ekfQ;k ls cgqr T;knk iSlk feyrk gSA ;w-,e-,y-] ,e-,y- nksuksa mudk dhA QafMax lzksr nksuksa dk ;gh gSA ,slk gS blfy, ;s tks ;s lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ bafM;u becslh ls iSlk ugha ysrk gSA ,e-,y- ys ysrk gSA fot; izrki % tc bdës Fks rc Hkh ugha ysrs Fks\ ';ke Js"Bk % rc rks ysrs gh Fks mldk tks iSlk---A fot; izrki % daVªksy rks tsujy lsØsVjh dk gksxk\ ';ke Js"Bk % blfy, ,slk gS gksxkA blfy, b/kj ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV LVªxy dqN dBhu gks x;k gSA bl Lexyfjax dh otg ls] dqN detksj Hkh gqvk gSA fot; izrki % ij ikiqyj lsafVesaV rks--177

';ke Js"Bk % ikiqyj lafVesaV rks gS ghA fot; izrki % yhMj'khi esa gh leL;k gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ikiqyj lsaVhesaV rks gS gh vc Hkh gS D;ksafd mldk tks Ldwyhax gqvk Fkk og ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV Ldwfyax FkkA blfy vHkh Hkh cgqr dk;ZdrkZ gS tks ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV fQfyax j[krk gSA ij yhMj'khi djIV gks x;k gSA VksVyh djIV ;w-,e-,y- okyhA fot; izrki % rks ,e-,y- dk gekjs ;gka fdlls fj'rk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;w-,e-,y- dkA fot; izrki % ;w-,e-,y- vkSj ,e-,y- nksuks dkA gekjs ;gka ds fdu dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa ds og djhc gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % og fouksn feJk dh ikVh lh-ih-vkbZ- gka fot; izrki % dqN bu nksuksa esa ls dkSu lh fdlds T;knk djhc gS ,slk dqN gS fookn\ ';ke Js"Bk % igys rks ;s fouksn feJk ds gh djhc Fkk ¼nksuks ---- dqy½ ;wukbVsM ,e-,yikVhZ feJk dks rks yhMj ekurs FksA ij vc feJk th Hkh pkSad x;s fd bruk de le; esa bruk T;knk dSls c<+ x;s\ blfy, eYVh ikVhZ fMeksØslh] cgqnyh; turkoknA fot; izrki % fy[kk D;k ikVhZ isij esa\ ';ke Js"Bk % mUgksaus og ikVhZ isij esa vk;k gS ogk vk;kA fot; izrki % rks fQj rks blesa Hkh Nik gksxk dysDVsM oDlZ\ ';ke Js"Bk % gka ---A ,d efgyk % gka ;s ikVhZ ds daÝsal ds le; esa lHkh tuokfn;ksa dks fy[kk x;k FkkA fot; izrki % ;g NBh dkaxzsl ds ckn fy[kk x;k gS\ efgyk % ugha&ugha NBk daÝsal ds cknA fot; izrki % ;gka dh 5oka daÝsal---

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efgyk % ;gka dh 5oha daÝsal ds ckn tks gS ikVhZ dh LifyV gqbZA LifyV gksus ds ckn fy[k gSA ';ke Js"Bk % oks rks eYVh ikVhZ fMeksØslh tks cgqnfy; tuokn dgrk gS mudk Økafr dk fl)karA ;g Hkh vHkh lks'ky fMeksØslh tSlk gSA dkSu jSfMdy ;s nksuksa ikVhZ dkA ;s ,e-,y- jSfMdy Qhpj nsus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gS] cgqtu tuokn dksA ge jSfMdy gSa vkSj ;g rks ;w-,e-,y- rks ,slk Hkh ugha ns[krk gSA ikfyZ;kesaVjh&os od bojh FkhaxA ikfyZ;kesaVjh ikoj bt+ bojhFkhaxA ns ohy Mw bojhFkhax Qkj ikfyZ;kesaVjh ikojA efgyk % gka ,slk gS -----------------------------------------------------------------';ke Js"Bk % rc rks ,slk gS vkSj ogka ;s VªkalQkes'Z ku gqvk gSA ;s VªkalQkesZ'ku dqN cgqr rsth ls gqvk gSA bruk NksVk le; esa ;s 1989 rd ;s fjoksY;w'kujh FkkA bl izdkj fjoksY;q'kujh Fkk yhMj -------- dk;ZdrkZ ds iafDr fjoksY;w'kujh Fks] QkbfVax cgqr ,fDVo Fks vkSj pquko esa Hkh tura= tkx`fr Fkk vius [kpsZ esa cgqr d"V nq[k ds lkFk tkrs FksA vc D;k dj jgk gS dk;ZdrkZ pquko esa ugha tkrs] dgrs gSa iSlk ch;j [kkus ds fy,A vki usrk rks ?kj cukrs gSA fcfYMax cukrs gSa dkj [kjhnrs gSa rks ge dSls /kks[ks esa ugha tk ldrs gSA ykvks iSlk] pquko esa tk,axsA ugha rks ugha tk,axsA dk;ZdrkZ yksx ,slk cksy jgk gSA VªkalQkElZ bu Vsu b;lZ] VksVyh VªkalQkElZA ,slk gks jgk gSA blfy, ----------A fot; izrki % geyksx vc daØhVyh nks&rhu LVsi ,d ckj fQj tks ckr fd;k gS mldks le&vi djuk gS fd vc vxys 6 eghus esa fdl&fdl rjg ds dne mBkus pkfg,A ,drkZ fyVjspj ,Dlpsat dh ckr---A ';ke Js"Bk % ,d fyVjspj ,Dpsat djuk gSA vkSj nwljk ;g fd ge nf{k.k ,f'k;k ysoy esa dksbZ ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV Qksje cuk ldrs gSaA blds ckjs esa vkt ppkZ gqbZA ppkZ 'kq: djsa vki Hkh m/kj ppkZ 'kq: djsa vkSj fQj D;k Msoyi gksrk gS [kcj Hksft,xkA ;fn ,d eap ds Hkhrj ge dqN ,slk xSnfjax dj ldrs gS rks feydj djsaA usiky esa Hkh ,slk dk;ZØe dj ldrs gSA vkSj bafM;k esa Hkh gks ldrk gS rks ge m/kj Hkh vk ldrs gSaA

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fot; izrki % usiky ea djus ij T;knk vPNk jgsxkA ikfdLrkfu;ksa dks] Jh yadu dks ,slk yxs fd lc yksx fey ds dj jgs gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ge D;k dj ldrs gS fd caXykns'k ds nks gh ikVhZ dks ge tkurs gS] vkSj laca/k gSA ;s lks'kfyLV ikVhZ vkQ caxykns'k vkSj dE;qfuLV ikVhZ vkQ caxykns'k ;s nks gh ikVhZ gSA vkSj Jhyadk esa ,d ikVhZ ds lkFk laca/k nksLrh gS vkSj vki dqN xzqIl ds lkFk tqM+s gS rks djsaA ---------------fot; izrki % dqN xzqIl gaSA vkidh fdlls gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;g gS U;w fMeksØsfVd ikVhZ fot; izrki % vkSj vkidk ,y-Vh-Vh-bZ- ¼fyês½ ds dqN fFkafdax Vkbi xzqIl ds lkFk\ ';ke Js"Bk % fyês ds lkFk ugha gSA fot; izrki % vkSj geyksx viuh vksj ls caxykns'k] Jhyadk esa vkSj xzqIl ls Hkh djsa rks mlesa vkidks ,slk ugha gS u fd blls djsaxs rks vki ugha vk,axs\ ';ke Js"Bk % ugha&ugha oks lkezkT;oknh fojks/kh gksuk pkfg,A oks rks gksuk pkfg,A fot; izrki % oks ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV daÝsal esa vkus dks rS;kj gSaA vkSj og ØhMsfU'k;y rks viu VSLV ugha dj ldrsA rks bruk cgqr gSA vkSj tc og vk,xk rks ppkZ djsaxs geyksx vkSj ,d vlslesaV cuk,axsA vkSj ---A ';ke Js"Bk % ge mruk ladh.kZ ladh.kZ ugha gksuk pkfg,A ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV LVªxy esa og mldk tks ikLV fgLVjh gSA ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV LVªxy gksuk pkfg,A ml LVªxy dk fgLVjh gksuk pkfg,A vkSj LVªxy ds fy, rS;kj gksuk pkfg,A ;s dlkSVh gh i;kZIr gSA fot; izrki % ekfDlZLV vkSj uu&ekfDlZLV] lks'kfyLV ds vykok Hkh tks bfyesaV vius dks ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV ekus] mldks Hkh cqyk ldrs gSA ';ke Js"Bk % og rks gks ldrk gSA ij m/kj ,d gh ckr dks ;kn fd;k tk, fd og m/kj dk cnuke vkSj fj;sD'kujh QkslsZt u gksA

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fot; izrki % ugha oks rks Bhd gSA tSls gekjs ;gka ;s ch-Mh- 'kekZ gSA mUgksaus Hkkjr tu vkanksyu 'kq: fd;k gSA cgqr Dyhvjyh ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV gSA nwljs ,d cuokjh yky 'kekZ gSA vktknh cpkvksa vkanksyu ds Dyh;jyh ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV gSA ij u og lektoknh gSa] u og xka/kh;u gS vkSj dqN ysoy ugha] vkSj u og ekfDlZLV gSa rks ysfdu ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV LVªxy esa lfØ; jgs gSaA ;k fQj es/kk ikVsdj gS] og mldk tUe gqvk lektoknh vkanksyu ls] ij og ml yscy dks dgha cksyrh ughaA 'kekZrh gS irk ugha D;ksa\ rks ysfdu vc og ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV esa QksjÝkaV ij jgrh gSA rks ,sls yksxksa dks QLVZ LVsi esa esjh jk; esa cqykuk pkfg,A vkidh tks jk; gks vki crk,aA ';ke Js"Bk % gekjh jk; Hkh ogh gSA D;k gks ldrk gS ;s dqN ikVhZ tks blis---A fot; izrki % ;s ikfVZ;ksa esa ugha gSA ;s lc eqoesaV xzqIl gSa lcyksxA ';ke Js"Bk % dqN ikVhZ tks vHkh ftlds lkFk ftldks ge cSd djuk pkgrs gSa mldh dqN ladh.kZrk gks ldrh gSA vkSj og ;s vk;s rks ge ugh vkrs] ;s vk;s rks ,slh jk; gks ldrk gSA gekjh leL;k ugha gS ;g fd tks Hkh ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV yksx gSa og pkgs ekfDlZLV gks ;k u gksA ge fj;sD'kujh yksxksa esa cnuke yksx ,slh cnuke yksx dks ge bdëk ugha djuk pkgrs gSaA blls xzqi dh ;wfuVh dk;e ugha gksrk gSA ;s rks fiiqy csl ;wfuVh gksuk pkfg, fd czkWM dVsxjh ¼,aVh&fiiqy yksxksa dh½ fMeksØsfVd ys¶V gksuk pkfg,] clA fot; izrki % dksbZ Qksje ds ctk, buQkeZy jguk pkfg,A ugha&ugha---A ';ke Js"Bk % ugha&ugha og rks dqN ckr u nh gSA tc ge feydj djsaxs rks cgqr ckr ge feydj dj ldrs gSaA fot; izrki % igy ;gka ls gksA ';ke Js"Bk % ;s nwljk ckr ;g gS fd---A fot; izrki % esjs dks mlesa futh dks ,rjkt ugha gSA ij vkidks T;knk lqfo/kk gksxh fd vki vius fdlh Qksje dk uke u iq'k djsa vkSj buQkeZyh lcdh [kkst djsaA

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';ke Js"Bk % vc nwljk ckr ;g gks ldrk gS ,d lkexzh dk ysu&nsu] nwljk ckr ;s lkÅFk ,f'k;u Qksje Msoyi djus ds fy, dke djus dk 'kq:vkrA ;s tks ckrs gSa vius D;k gS\ vkSj rhljk ckr ;g gS fd vkidh tks ftlds&ftlds lkFk laca/k gS tks ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV QkslsZt gS vkSj dalhLVSaVyh ,aVh bfEifj;fyLV LVªxy dj jgk gS mlds lkFk mlds izdk'ku mlds tks Hkh gS og gekjh laidZ esa ykus ds fy, dqN vkidk enn feys] ,d ;g ckr gSA nwljk ;g gS fd gekjs ;gka ,aVh&bfEifj;fyLV LVªxy py jgk gS dkyk ikuh dh eqís ij] esa mldks vkidh enn pkfg,A og bafM;u fiiqy esa] bafM;u fiiqy ds fo:) ugha gSA bafM;u fiiqy gekjk fe= gS vkSj ge mlds lkFk ;wukbVsM gksuk pkgrs gSA ij bafM;u fiiqy us bl b';q esa bldks mlds xouZesaV ds tks yhMj gS mldk jkg ikdj gekjs tehu esa mldk vkneh vkdj cSB jgk gSA blesa enn djsaA gekjs ikl tks Hkh lk{; gS] ,sfrgkfld lk{; gSa mls ge m/kj Vªkalijsalh j[kus ds fy, fd ;g ,sls&,sls gqvk gS mu lk{;ksa dks bafM;u iqiqy ds ikl j[kus] ykus ds fy, vkidh lg;ksx t:jh gSA tks Hkh gS oks vius gh vka[ksa ls ns[ks fd oks fdruk fQtwy ckr gSA xouZesaV gS tks gS fdruk ------------------- dj jgk gS fd NksVk lk ns'k gS m/kj vkdj cSB jgk gS vkSj gVus dk ckr ugha djrkA ,slk ml ij vkidk ---------------------- vkSj nwljk gekjs le> ls 1950 ds VsªVh ds fo:) gSA 1950 ds VsªVh rc gqvk FkkA tc b/kj usiky esa jktk'kkgh Fkk vkVksØsfVd fjtkbe Fkk vkSj QSfeyh fjtkbe FkkA ml le; esa gqvk Fkk vkSj og VsªVh bdvy ugha gSA VsªVh usiky ds fy,] og usiky esa tks Hkh gfFk;kj [kjhnrk gSA mlds fy, Hkkjr dks iwNuk iM+rk gS] [kjhsansa fd u [kjhnsaA usiky esa ml le; rks baMLVªhdj.k ugha gqvk Fkk vkSj tks Hkh bafM;u baMLVªhvfyLV b/kj vk;saxs mldks us'kuy VªhVesaV nsuk iM+rk gSA tks VsªMesaV usiky ds baMLVªhvfyLV dks nsuk iM+rk gSa ogh VªhVesaV ls Hkkjrh; m|ksxifr;ksa dks nsuk iM+rk gSA fot; izrki % ;s bl VsªVh dk fgLlk gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ;s VªsVh dk fgLlk gSA nsuk iM+rk gS ,slk fy[kk gSA ,slk gksus ls rks ge usiky esa m|ksx dk fodkl dHkh ugha dj ldrk gSA fot; izrki % vkSj usiky dks D;k&D;k QSflfyVh gS ml VªsVh ds rgr\ 182

';ke Js"Bk % oSls rks dqN ugha gSA ge D;k dj ldrs gSa oSls rks gekjs m|ksxifr Hkh m/kj tk ldrs gSA m|ksxifr gS rksa os Hkh tk ldrs Hkh ogh QSflfyVh gS cjkcj gSA fot; izrki %mudks Hkh ogh QSflfyVh gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % os Hkh tk ldrs gS mudks cjkcj dh lqfo/kk gSA ij usiky esa rks baMLVªh;fyLV gh ugha D;k tkrs\ muyksxksa us vkSj blfy, ckMZj vksiu gksus ls ogka tks eagxkbZ gksrk gS rks ;gka Hkh gksrk gS mlls Lora= ugha gksrk gSA ;g izkcyse gS vkSj 1950 ds VªsVh ls ge bruk izrkfM+r gSa fd usiky dk tks baMLVªh;y MsoyiesaV gS tks iwjk czsd yxk gqvk gSA usiky dk tks Lora=rk gS lkoZHkkSe lÙkk gS lksosjsaVh gSA og cgqr lVsZy gqvk gSA vkSj usiky dh lqj{kk ekeyk] usiky tks Hkh fdlh ls vkØe.k gksrk gS rks usiky dks lwpuk nsuk iM+rk gSA bafM;k ugha nsrk gSA usiky dks nsuk iM+rk gSA fot; izrki % D;k vkØe.k dk\ ';ke Js"Bk % gka bafM;k dk fdlh ds lkFk vkØe.k gks ;k nksLrh gksA fot; izrki % rks ge nksuksa dks ,d nwljs dks crkuk gSA ij ge ugha crkrsa gS ij vkidks crkuk iM+rk gSA rks bldk eryc ,d rks ;g gqvk tSls vki baMLVªh okyk vkius crk;kA VªsVh esa mruh bu&DokfyVh ugha gS ftruh mudh O;ogkj esa gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % VªsVh esa Hkh dqN bu&DokfyVh gS D;ksafd usiky dk gfFk;kj ds ekeys esa iwNuk iM+rk gSA fot; izrki % mlds vykok] ij mlds vykok rks ugha gS u] vkSj vkØe.k okyh ckr gS rks nksuksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA baMLVªh;fyLV dks VªhVesaV gSA rks nksuksa dks djuk iM+rk gSA rks Hkh nksuksa dk Lrj vleku gSA blfy, usiky dk uqdlku gks tkrk gSA rks tks Hkkjr&usiky dk VªsM fMfQflV gSA og cgqr T;knk gSA rks vxj mldks tSls fMeksØslh esa D;ksafd LvsIl esa yM+kbZ djuk cgqr vklku gksrk gSA rks tks VsªM fMfQflV gS vxj mldk fganqLrku ds :fyax Dykl tks fd Dyse djrh gS fd og usiky dh nksLr gSaA mldks e fMQsflo esa cukus dk bdksukfeLV ls dksbZ iSdst ugha dj ldrs gSa fd fganqLrku vxj cM+k LVsV gS vkSj gekjk nksLr Dyse djrk gS vkSj VªVh ;s&;s lc phtsa ,d nwljs dks ge ekurs gSa fd ,d nwljs ds bdksukfed ,fDVfoVh esa ,d iSfjVh ekusaxsA 183

rks brus VªsM fMfQflV esa fganqLrku dk xouZesaV bruk fjoksU;w dekrk gSA ml VªsM fMfQflV dks usiky ds tks fcyks ikoVhZ ykbu yksx gSaA muds fMoyiesaV izkstsDV~l ds fy, xzkaV] Ýh xzkaV ukV yksu] Ýh xzkaV gksuk pkfg,A ftlds izkstsDV QeqZys’ku dh VksVy ÝhMe usikyh xouZesaV dks gksuh pkfg, u fd fganqLrku dh ljdkj dks rks ,slk dqN daØhV esa vxj viuk phtsa djrs gS rksblfy, gekjs ;gka mldks czkM liksVZ nsukA D;kasfd ,d rks ;gka nsf[k, Ýsad ckr ;g gS fd dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa dk tks baVjus’kufyTe gSA og tks MksfeusaV dE;qfuLV ikVhZt FkhaA ;kuh ;wjksi dh ;kuh jfl;k okyh vkSj pkbuk dh] muds QkSjsu ikfylh dk vkStkj cuhA vkSj fganqLrku us phuh foLrkjok dks cgqr HkqDrk gSA vkSj mlesa vc fdf’kUtj vkSj ekvksa dh okrkZ ds MkD;qesaV vk, gSA ftlesa fdf’kUtj us lh/ks&lh/ks dgk gS fd vki fganqLrku ij geyk djksxs rks e pqi jgsaxsA ;s caXykns’k ds eqfDr laxzke ds le; dh ckr gSA vkSj cgqr ;kuh tks vki yksxksa dk tks ewY;kadu gS fd phu 1976 ds ckn] ekvks ds tkus ds ckn] cuk vefjdh lkezkT;okn dk fgLlkA geyksxksa dk vuqHko mlls vyx gSA rks blfy, tc Hkh ekDlZoknh okeiaFk dh rjQ ls foLrkjokn dh ckr gksrh gSA rks gekjs ;gka tks uu&ekDlZoknh tks ekbaM&lsV gS bosu vkQ vkQ n izksxzsflo] og mldks ml rjg ls xzg.k ugha djrkA gekjs vius lanHkZ esa jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds loky dks ekDlZokfn;ksa us Bhd ls Mhy ugha fd;k gSA vkSj iwjh dh iwjh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ 1942 esa tks ikfdLrku fjtksY;q'ku ikl gqvk Fkk 39&40 esa ml fjtksY;q'ku ds i{k esa gh eqfLye jk"Vªh;rk dks vyx gksuk pkfg,A ikfdLrku ds i{k esa mUgksaus oksV fn;k FkkA vkSj vc tks MkD;qesaV bEisfj;y VªkalQj vkQ ikoj ds fczfV'k ,fDVo us ifCy'k fd;s gSA muds ;gka gksrk gS u 30 lky ;k fdrus esa gks tkrk gSA rks mlesa ;s fDy;jyh gS fd dSls&dSls eqfLye] iSfVªvksfVd eqfLye dks tsy esa Mkyk x;kA eqfLye------------- tks fczfV'k ,tsaV tks mudks dSls eqfLye yhx dks iSlk nsrs FksA vkSj dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us QSlyk djds dE;qfuLVksa dks eqfLye yhx esa HkstkA mUgksaus vkbfM;ksykftdy mldks iwjs VwYl fn;sA rks blfy, gekjs bafM;u tks izksxzsflo vksfifu;u gSA og bl rjg ds lokyksa ij ,d eryc vklkuh ls] mlesa vius dks vHkh vkbfM;ksyksftdy rS;kjh djuh iM+sxhA rks blfy, vxj iwjkus eqgkojksa esa vxj vki Hkkjrh; foLrkjokn dh ckr djsaxs rks og ckr vkxs ugha c<+sxhA mldks liksVZ feyuk vklku ugha gksxkA tSls egkdkyh okykA rks egkdkyh okyk jk/kk cgu Hkê dj jgh gSA 184

urhtk mlls Hkh ogh fudysxk tks vki pkgrs gSaA ij cg mldks bdksykth uspqjy fjlkslZ] fiiqy vkQ usiky] fiiqy vkQ bafM;k dh Hkk"kk esa dg jgh gSA mldks foLrkjokn dh Hkk"kk esa ughaA og oks Hkk"kk tkurh Hkh ugha gSA ,slk ugha gS fd VSfDVDl ls rks og Hkk"kk ugha gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ;g dksbZ t:jh Hkh ugha fd lcdh Hkk"kk ,d gh gksA fot; izrki % og&og laHko Hkh ugha gSA dbZ ckj t:jh gksrk gS fd Hkk"kk ,d gks cM+h yM+kbZ ds fy, ij vHkh ;g laHkou ugha gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ge ;g ugha ns[krs gS fd----A fot; izrki % dy dks cM+h yM+kbZ ds fy, Hkk"kk Hkh ,d cusxh ij vkt og ,d ughaA ij mldks vkfVZfQfl;yh fMeksØsfVd lsaVªfyLV fjtksY;q'ku iksfyfVdy C;wjks ls rks ,d ugha dj ldrs gSA og rks ,d jktuSfrd la?k"kZ ls ,d gksxkA rks ml fglkc ls ;g tks vkfFkZd bEcSlh okyk iSlk gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd ;g ,d cM+h Hk;kud ckr gSA vkSj blls gedks Hkh uqdlku gSA flQZ vkidks ugha gSA D;ksafd gekjs ;gka ls Hkh oks iSlk lsØsV<ax ls vkids ikl vkrk gSA og fMeksØsfVd izkslsl ls vkids ;gka fMeksØsfVd fiiqy ds ikl vk,A fganqLrku dh xouZesaV ifCyflVh ns fd ge 10 djksM+ #i;s vkidks fMeksØsfVd baLVhV~;w'kUl ds fy, nsrs gSA rks mlls gekjs ;gka ds yksdra= dks Hkh Qk;nk gksxkA vkidks 10 djksM+ nsaxs rks rgekjs ;gka Hkh mudks 100 djksM+ yxkuk iM+sxkA rks nksuks txgA ysfdu tks lsØsV vkrk gS mlls gekjs ;gka ds fMeksØslh dks] esjs vkSj vkids daVSDV dk dksbZ eryc gh ugha gSA vxj ek/ko usiky lh/ks gh v'kksd daB ls iSlk ys vk,axsA rks+ fQj esjs vkids tks ;g rhu ?kaVk ckr dh ;g lc csdkj gSA rks blfy, ,dne daØhV vius dks NksVs&NksVs VkjxsV cukus pkfg,A vkSj mlesa thr gkfly djuh pkfg,A rks fQj ,d O;kid tehu cusxh ,d okLrfod lkezkT;oknh fojks/kh 'kDy dhA rks Hkkjrh; iSlk vk, lsØslh ls] fiiqy Vks fiiqy daVSDV c<+s] egkdkyh ds tks i;kZoj.kh; uqdlku gSA buis nhid oxSjg us dkQh dke fd;k gSA vHkh mudk ,d cgqr vPNk ys[k Nik gSA bZ-ih-MCY;q- gekjs ,d eSXthu esa] rks bl rjg dh pysaA og izksxzsflo yksxksa dh gSA ij mlesa lc rjg ds yksx fy[krs gSaA 185

';ke Js"Bk % vks-ds- vc ,d ckr ;g gS fd ge ;s tks vkxZukbts'ku cuk;k Fkk v lkslfyLV eqoesaV vkQ usiky blds ckjs esa Hkh dqN vkidh tks dgsaA -----------------eqykdkr rks dHkh&dHkh gh gksrk gSA blfy, vHkh&vHkh ,d eghus igys mlesa dqN fd;k gSA ,d izkxzsflo vkSj ekDlhZLV vkxZukbts'ku gSA ij bldk ;g gS fd ekDlhZTe dks dqN MksXek ugha ekurs gSaA ;g lkbal csLM gksuk pkfg,A vkSj lkbal dk tks Hkh MsoyiesaV gS] lks'ky lkbal mldks flaFksfll djds mldks bu&dkiksZjsV djds gekjk ;g fFkafdax Msoyi djuk pkfg,A vHkh fo'o esa gh ,slk ugha gks jgk gSA ge T;knk ls T;knk MksXukfyLV gks jgk gS T;knk ls T;knk ----------- gks jgk gSA ---------------------------------------------------------- mldh ;g ,tsaMk gSA vkSj usiky esa gqvk D;k gS fd ekfDlZTe Fkk] ekfDlZLV ikVhZ dk izHkko cgqr T;knk gSa ij gqvk D;k gS fd mldk oSpkfjd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vkanksyu ds :i esa ugha gqvk gSA ,d iksfyfVdy vkanksyu ds :i esaA vkbfM;ksykftdy eqoeasV cgqr detksj gSA dYpjy eqoesaV cgqr detksj gS vkSj dYpjy VªkalQkesZ'ku --------------------------- ugha gSA ikVhZ esa Hkh ugha gS vkSj fiiqy esa gksus dh ckr gh ugha gSA bldks utjvankt fd;k x;kA vkSj vksuyh ikfyfVdy vkanksyu] iksfyfVdy eqoesaV Qkj ikoj ;s gS] LVsV ikojA fot; izrki % ;s LVsV ikoj gS] ukV lks'ky baLVhV~;w'kUl ';ke Js"Bk % ;g fcYdqy xyr gS fd gekjk ,d izLrkouk gS fd ;s ;s fcYdqy xyr gSA ;s ikoj gksuk pkfg, ;g Hkh ,d ,tsaMk gSA ij ;g esu ,tsaMk ugha gSA esu ,tsaMk rks D;k gS fd fiiqy dk tks dYpjy VªkalQkesaZ'ku gks vkSj ,slk tkx`r euq";Ro fodkl gksrk tk;s tks de djIV gksA de bafMfotqvfyLV gksA vkSj lkslkbVh lsaVMZ gksA dksfXuflo gks ,slh tkx`r euq";Ro gks tk;s rks lkE;okn rc laHko gSA ij euq"; rks VªkalQkeZ ugha gksrkA og djIV gS] og fcYdqy bafMfotqvfyLV gSa og cgqr T;knk lsYQ lsaVMZ gSA vkSj og QaMkesaVfyLV gSA rks QaMkesaVfyLV yksx ls fjoksY;w'ku lQy ugha gksrk gSA fjoksY;w'ku rks ogh dj ldrk gS ftlds thou esa fjoksY;q'ku gSA b/kj gqvk D;k gS thou esa] vius thou esa fjoksY;w'ku dgha fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rkA fjoksY;w'ku ckgj gh ckgj vkSj ckgj gh ckgj LVsV ikoj vksuyh ;s gqvk gSA bldks psat djuk pkfg,A

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;g vkSj ;g fMeksØsfVd lsaVªfyTe Hkh cgqr T;knk fMeksØsfVd lsaVªfyTe gqvk gS fd mlesa u fopkj dh Lora=rk gS u vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk gSA u ikVhZflisVjh gSA fot; izrki % mldk fodYi D;k lkspk gS vkius\ ';ke Js"Bk % fodYi rks geus nks&rhu fodYi yk;k gSa ,d fd tks Hkh ehfVax cqykrk gS mlesa ikVhZflisVjh gksuk pkfg,A tSls fd tks Hkh viuk jk; gSA fot; izrki % uhps dh dfeVh esa gksxk igys D;k\ ';ke Js"Bk % ugha&ugha] uhps ls Åij Hkh] Åij ls uhps Hkh] nksuks rjQ gksuk pkfg,A tks Hkh fu.kZ; gksrk gS ml fu.kZ; esa fdlh dk fojks/k@fHkUu er fMlsaV gks rks jk ldrs gSA pkgs rks t:jr gks rks ckgj Hkh j[k ldrs gSaA vkSj uhps Hkh j[k ldrs gSaA tc--A fot; izrki % lkoZtfud Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ';ke Js"Bk % dg ldrs gSa vkSj ij tks fMfltu ¼fu.kZ;½ gksrk gS fMfltu ds ckn mldks vey djuk pkfg,A ml ij vkidk fMlsaV vki vxj pkgsa rks ckgj Hkh j[k ldrs gSa pkgs uhps Hkh j[k ldrs gSaA mlesa ge ugha jksdsaxsA xksiuh; ckr tks laxBu ds le> ls ugha tkuk pkfg, mldks jksdrs gSaA ij vkbfM;ksyksftdy daVsaV dks ughaA vkbfM;ksyksftdy fMld'ku gksuk pkfg,A fot; izrki % xksiuh; ckr dh Js.kh dSls r; gksxh\ ';ke Js"Bk % ugha] tks buQkesZ'ku] VsfDudy buQkes'Z ku gksrk gS tks nq'eu ds lkFk ugha gksuk pkfg,A ,slk gS ikVhZ ds e'khujh ,slk gS oSlk gSA ,slk ckr rks j[kuk pkfg,A vkbfM;ksyksftdy fMld'ku gksus ls ifCydyh gksus ls dksbZ ckr vkxs c<+sxhA fMysfDVDl gksxk vkSj mlls tks ;wfuVh QkslZ gksxk] ;wfuVh dqN vPNk fj;y ;wfuVh gksxkA ;s ysfuu ds le; rd ;s vksisu iksfyfVDl ds rjhds FksA tks Hkh gksrs Fks vksisu iksfyfVDl gksrs FksA ij x`g;q) dh otg ls mldks can djuk iM+kA vkSj can gqvk ;g lalkj Hkj esa] vkSj blls D;k gqvk fd----A fot; izrki % tks ogka mudh tks ,sfrgkfld etcwjh Fkh og lkekU; foÑfr cu x;hA

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';ke Js"Bk % gka&gka lkekU; foÑfr cu x;h vkSj ;s gVkuk pkfg, ;s Bhd ugha gSA blls D;k gqvk gSA fot; izrki % uspqjy LVsykbu fudys ;g dksbZ t:jh ughaA ysfdu geus lc txg iSnk dj fn;kA ';ke Js"Bk % blfy, ;s ugha gksuk pkfg,A vkSj vksisu iksfyfVDl Hkh gks ldrs gSA vkSj ÝsaMyh izkCyse Hkh gks ldrs gSaA ge ;fn VªwFk vksfj,aVsM gS rks VªwFk rks tgka ls Hkh vk ldrs gSaA rks Mjuk D;k gSA rks og flLVe ikVhZflisVjh gksuk pkfg,] vksisu iksfyfVDl gksuk pkfg, vkSj tks Hkh yksx gSa mldks fØVhflTe dk vf/kdkj gS pkgs og loksZP; yhMj'khi gS vkSj tks fØfVflTe dk vf/kdkj lcdks gksuk pkfg, vkSj exj ftldks tks pqudj ykrs gSaA mldks ,uhVkbe ;fn gh bt djIV] ;sl] Vksch fjdkYM cSdA jkbV Vks fjdky ;s pkj vf/kdkj geus fjdoj fd;k gSA vkSj bldks ikVhZflisVjh cukus dh ckr fd;k gSA vkSj D;k gS u;k ckr djus yk;dA b/kj fjoksY;w'ku dh tks izfØ;k gS og [kkyh lekt ds fy, ckgj ds fy, gks x;kA fjoksY;w'ku vius thou esa ugha gqvkA u vkbfM;ksykftdy u dYpjy vkSj blh otg ls vkbfM;ksykftdy DykfjVh dh leL;k cgqr T;knk gks x;k gSA csfld&csfld loky esa gh vkbfM;ksykftdy DykfjVh ugha gS vkbfM;ksykftdy da¶;wtu gS] ;s egRoiw.kZ ,tsaMk gSA vkbfM;ksykftdy] dYpjy ekeyk rks QLVZ izk;ksfjVh dh ckr cukuk pkfg,A dksbZ nwljk ugha iksfyfVdy ,tsaMk esa rks tk,axs gh ij ogh gekjk QLVZ ,se ugha gSA fot; izrki % iksfyfVdy ikoj LVªxy QLVZ fFkax ugha gS] QLVZ gS vkbfM;ksykftdy ';ke Js"Bk % QLVZ gS vkbfM;ksykftdy] dYpjy VªkalQkesZ'ku bldk eryc ;s ugha gS fd dksbZ iksfyfVdy ikoj xsu ugha djsaxsA vyx gks jgs gSaA mlesa ge ugha tk,axsA fot; izrki % v iksfyfVdy ,slk ugha gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % ,slk rks ugha gSA ge mlesa Hkkx ysaxsA ij ;s gh lcdqN gS ;gh lk/; gS ,slk ckr ugha gSA lk/ku gS vkSj ;s lk/ku gh gksuk pkfg,A iksfyfVdy fot; izrki % iksfyfVdy DysaV ikoj Hkh lk/ku gSA vkSj dYpjy] vkbfM;ksykftdy VªkalQkesZ'ku mldk y{; gSA 188

';ke Js"Bk % y{; dE;qfuTe dk y{; ogh gS ---------------------------------------------------------------VªkalQkeZ áwfefuVh gSA VªkalQkesZ'ku vkQ áwfefuVh gSA ;gh gSA fot; izrki % rks blesa cgqr lkjs xzqi 'kkfey gSaA ';ke Js"Bk % ;s xzqi ugha gS ;g rks dqN yksx gS fot; izrki % fMcsV rks vki pyk jgs gksaxsA ';ke Js"Bk % flQZ fMcsV py jgk gSA vksisu gqvk gSA ;s fMld'ku vHkh usiky Hkj esa py jgk gSA fot; izrki % ekl xzqIl ds ckjs esa vkidk D;k muds fgLVksfjdy ----A ';ke Js"Bk % vHkh ckr D;k gS fd b/kj ,d ---A fot; izrki % ,d ehfVax bUgksaus ,d cts fQDl dh gSA ge lc ------- gSA ';ke Js"Bk % usiky esa gqvk D;k gS fd ;s yksx lc dqN Økafr ds ckn vHkh dqN ugha djrsA vHkh ljdkj dh ckr djrs gSa] vke lHkk dh ckr djrs gSa usiky can dh ckr djrs gSaA fot; izrki % dkSu\ ';ke Js"Bk % ;s lHkh ikVhZA vkSj vHkh tgka&tgka mldk izHkqRo gS tgka&tgka mld gksYM gSA og gksYM gksus dh txg esa dqN djrsA ogka ds mRiknu iykfuax esa dqN -------ugha djrsA fot; izrki % ;w-,e-,y- vkSj ,e-,y';ke Js"Bk % dksbZ Hkh ;gka dk tks Hkh ----------- yksx vky ysf¶VLV ikVhZ D;k dgrs gSa ;s lc djsaxs ge Økafr ds cknA vHkh djsaxs vkelHkk] tqyql] usiky can] ipkZ iksLVfjax ;s djsaxs geA ;s lq/kkj ds dke] /kkfeZd lq/kkj ds dke] lks'ky fjQkeZ dk dke Hkh ugha djrs ljdkjh vkanksyu rks pyk ldrs gSaA de&ls&deA fot; izrki % csfld fMeksØsfVd dke ugha djrsA

189

';ke Js"Bk % dke ugha djrsA ;s usiky dh ipkl o"kZ dh fgLVjh jgk gSA buesa Dykl LVªxy rks gqvk gh gSA etnwjksa dk LVªxy gqvkA fdlkuks dk LVªxy gqvkA ;s rks gqvk ij ;g lks'ky VªkalQkesZ'ku ds dke ugha gqvk gSA blfy, lq/kkjoknh yksx usiky esa cgqr gkoh gks x;s gSaA lq/kkj dk dke djuk ------------------------- ugha gSA ij fjQkfeTe ls eqDr gksdj dj jgs gSA fjQkfeZTe gekjk ,se ugha gSA ij fjQkfeZTe vkSj fjQkeZ esa dqN QdZ gSA fjQkeZ djuk] dqN xyr ckr ugha gSa dksbZ iksfyfVdy ckr ugha gS blfy, ;s Hkh ,d ------------------- gSA ;s gekjk /;s; gksuk pkfg,A bls eqoesaV ds ysoy esa vkxZukbt] lks'kfyLV eqoesaV ds ysoy usiky esa gSA lkbafVfQd lks'kfyTe esa gh gekjk vkbfM;ksykth ij bldks cnyk gqvk ifjflFkfr esaA ;s gekjk ---A ,slk tks Hkh lksp jgs gSa fo'o esa mlds lkFk laca/k cukuk pkgrs gSaA vkids ikl dksbZ gS rks------A

2 dk lkbM ^,* fot; izrki % yksdk;u csfldyh ;g ekurk gS fd ge ,d rjg ds oSpkfjd laØe.k ds nkSj esa gS igyh ckrA nwljk gekj vkCtsDV Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr ds ckjs esa dg jgk gwa nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ckjs esa ughaA nwljk eSa ;g ekurk gwa fd--';ke Js"Bk % laØe.k dk eryc\ fot; izrki % Vªkaft'ku ';ke Js"Bk % VªkalkbV] fdl rjg dk\ fot; izrki % mlesa dbZ] mlds vk;ke gSa ml laØe.k ds mldks laØe.k] vaxzsth lks'ky lkbal okys mldks ¶yq izokg dguk T;knk ilan djrs gSaA rks mruk dgus ls rks dksbZ ckr le> esa vkrh ugha ml ¶yq ds D;k&D;k rRo gSa – vly esaA lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa ds fglkc ls vxj mdks ns[krs gSa rks tks oSpkfjd vk/kj ij lk;kl tks ,d Dykl bu bVlsYQ vkSj Dykl Qkj bVlsYQ dk QdZ rks lkekftd Økafrdkjh] jktuSfrd psruk ls ySl dksbZ laxfBr ifjorZu dh izfØ;k py jgh gS ;k ughaA bl dlkSVh ij ns[ksaxs rks ;g nqHkkZX; ls MkdZ xgjk gS gekjs ns'k esaA D;ksafd ftrus Hkh 190

oSpkfjd laxBu gSa gekjs ns'k esa pkgs og ,d mnkjiaFkh yksdra= fycjy lekt dY;k.k okyh dkaxzsl gh gksA rks og iwjh rjg ls vc mnkjiaFkh ugha gjs gSaA og fycjykbts'ku ds cgqr ,fDVo ,tsaV cu ;xs gSA futhdj.k ds vkSj eueksgu flag fpnacje] ;'koar flUgkA rks dkaxzsl tks jk"Vªh; vkanksyu vkSj jk"VªHkfDr ds vkanksyu dh izfrd curh Fkh og vkt ns'k dks xqykeh ds] u dsoy ugha jgk cfYd xqykeh ds jkLrs ij vkfFkZd xqykeh ds jkLrs ij cgqr rsth ls fudy x;kA blfy, dkaxzsl ds cSadjIVlh ij T;knk dgus dh t:jr ugha gS fd iwjs izxfr'khy yksx nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds mlds ckjs esa tkurs gSaA gkykafd gj igyw ij vxj uspqjy fjlkslsZt Vks fiiqy ds daVªksy dk loky gks] nfyr dk] cSdoMZ eqfLye dk] ohesu ds vkbMsafVVh LVªxYl ds loky dk] /keZ dk loky rks bu lc ij dkaxzsl tks gS og igys ls cgqr detksj gSA tSls xka/kh ds le; esa mUgksaus fgUnq /keZ dks tks ekatus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj mlesa nfjnz ukjk;.k dh ,d vo/kkj.kk Mkyus dh fd vk[kjh vkneh dks dlkSVh ij j[ks rks dkaxzsl mYVk dj fn;k gS mldks fd Åij ds ikpa izfr'kr ds ckjs esa lc lksph vkSj bdksukeh dke ryc flQZ 5 izfr'kr ds bdksukeh tks 95 izfr'kr dh bdksukfed ,fDVfoVh gS og ekdsZV dk fgLlk gh ughaA rks dkaxzsl rks lh/ks lfØ; nf{k.kiaFk dh ikVhZ gSA gekjs ;gka rks laxfBr fopkj ds fglkc ls ;g ,d MkdZ ,jk ,d bysesaV gSA nwljh vkt dh rkjh[k esa laxfBr ikVhZ gS HkktikA rks Hkktik lh/ks&lh/ks vefjdh lkezkT;okn dk tks ,tsaMk gSA fd tSls yksxksa ds vfLerk ds loky gksrs FksA vc jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds loky ,d rjQ rks LVsykbfuLV cgl ls fudys gSa ftlesa varr% tks jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds usrk gksrs gSa og oxZ la?k"kZ ds fojks/kh gksrs gSaA vkSj vU; lkekftd lokyksa ij og fcYdqy LVsaM ugha ysrs gSa vkSj mlls usr`Ro vxj og ,aVh&Dykl b';qt ij vius vkidks usr`Ro esa ykrs gSa rks fQj dE;qfuLVksa dh ;g xyrQgeh fd ge ,d la;qDr ekspkZ jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds la?k"kks± ls pyk ldrs gSa de ls de gekjs ns'k esa tks rFkkdfFkr jk"Vªh;rkvksa ds uke ij ukFkZ&bZLV esa ;k d'ehj esa tks gks jgk gS og vefjdh ,tsaMk ds Fkzks gks jgk gS vkSj vefjdk dh tks DykbaV LVsV~l gS mudh ,fDVo enn ls gks jgk gA vkSj vc rks fdf'katj vkSj ekvks dh Hkh ckrphr 'kkfey gqbZ gSA T;knkrj okeiaFk ;g ekurk Fkk fd 76 ds ckn ls tks gS og vefjdh lkezkT;okn dk okgd cukA ij mlls igys fd vc MkD;qesaV ,sls fudys gSa ftlesa lkQ tkfgj gksrk gS fd og vefjdh fons'k uhfr dk O;kid fgLlk cu x;s FksA vkSj 191

lksfo;r la?k dks rksM+us esa Hkh mudh vksj ls Hkh baVjus'kuy ,sls iksLpj fy, x;s FksA ,d baVjus'kuy ysftfVeslh ,d lksfo;r LVsV dh [kRe djus esa tks pkgs ekvks baLik;MZ xzqIl Fks mUgkasus :l dks T;knk vkØked lkezkT;oknh crk;k vkSj vefjdk dks dgk fd og rks fMdykbfuax ikoj gSA blfy, mldk bEisfj;fyTe ls yM+uk vklku gSA oSls xzqi Fks tks ;w-,l-,l-vkj- ds T;knk f[kykQ FksA rks og iwjk ,d lanHkZ gSA blls gekjs ;gka jktuhfr esa tks vefjdh lkezkT;okn ;k vefjdh nknkfxjh dks vkCtsfDVoyh enn djrs gSaA og rkdr laxfBr gSA vkSj dkQh O;kid gSA tSls vkj-,l-,l- okys yksx gSa og vius lCtsfDVoyh ekurs gSa fd og jk"Vªoknh gSaA ce QksM+k mugksaus vkSj vc ce QksM+us ds uke ij fycjykbts'ku ns jgs gSaA dg jgs gS fd vc bruh bdksukfed lSaD'kUl yx x;h gSa fd vxj viuk iSVsaV ykW vkSj ;g lc ugha djsaxs xSV ds lkeus ljsaMj] MCY;w-Vh-vksds lkeus ljsaMj ugha djsaxs rks fQj cpsaxs ughaA blfy, ;g djuk t:jh gSA rks tkWtZ Quk±fMt tSls yksx Hkh tks lcls T;knk daflLVsaVyh Xykscykbts'ku ds f[kykQ ekl dEisu dj jgs Fks og Hkh ikVhZ esa rks ---------------------------------- ljsaMfjax n lksojsaVh vkQ n daVªhA rks ch-ts-ih- lh/ks&lh/ks vefjdu ,tsaMk dks nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa iq'k dj jgh gSA bysDVªyh gkykafd og gkj tk,xh tc Hkh pquko gksxk vkSj 'kk;n tYnhgh uoEcj rd pquko gksxkA ysfdu tks ekbaM&lsV og cuk jgh gSA ,aVh&fMeksØsfVd yksdra=] ugha py ldrkA fMDVSVj'khi gksuk pkfg,] izsflMsaf'k;y :y gksuk pkfg,A mlds fy, og ,d cgqr oSpkfjd ekgkSy cuk jgh gSA vkSj vxj og gkj Hkh x;h rks Hkh vxyh ckj D;ksafd tks rkdr vk,xh lÙkk esa og yksdrkaf=d ugha gksxhA og nf{k.k iaFkh gksxhA og dkaxzsl ds usr`Ro esa vk,xh vkSj vkt yksdra= ogh rkdr cpk ldrh gS tks jSfMdy gks tks ys¶V gksA D;ksafd bosu daLVhV~;'w kuy fMeksØslh tks gS og rHkh cp ldrh gS tc jSfMdy fMeksØsV~l mldks Progressives from Marxist stream, from non-Marxist stream. They come together with those Ambedakarites and Dalit groups who also believe in the class struggle, with those Gandhian who believe in the taming the state apparatus and who ................................................... who are not anti-politics. So all of them have to come together of the national patriotic radical democratic platform. Only that and the constitutional democracy can be saved. Because 192

U.S. their clients states the class forcess for the country all have come together and they have their organise party. BJP and Congress objectively out going are together. But now the additional Paradexes is that, the because of the fascist mind-set of BJP we have to tolerate. They have to not contest all ready feel happy if congress defeates BJP. So we are in a kind of tight bind. So this is one very central paradoxical.

foMacukiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr gS gekjk fd geyksx ,d rjQ ;g ekurs gSa fd Økafrdkjh yksx gh yksdra= dks cpk ldrs gSA nwljh rjQ gedks QkflTe ls yM+us ds fy, nf{k.kiaFk dks Hkh dkaxzsl dks cnkZ'r djuk iM+sxkA rks bl---A ';ke Js"Bk % rks dkaxzsl esa Hkh rks og QkflLV izo`fr ds yksx gksaxs\ fot; izrki % og vkCtsfDVoyh bu VElZ vkQ bdksukfed dafM'ku esa eSVsfj;y dafM'kUl ,slh cu tk,a ftlesa QkflTe vk ldrk gSA ;g rks dkaxzsl ea Hkh gSA ysfdu tks dYpjy VElZ esa eqfLye gSVjsV csl] vij dkLV lsYQ jkbVhvlusl og dkaxzsl esa ugha gSA dkaxzsl dk tks vkbMe gS og iyqjy] ,t fMeksØsfVd] tks eqgkojk gS jktuSfrd og QkflLV ugha gSA dkaxzsl esa tks QkflLV izo`fr;ka gS og vikspZfuTe ds dkj.k gSA vkj-,l-,l- esa tks QkflLV izo`fr;k gS og dafoD'ku ds dkj.k gSA og mudh vkbfM;ksykth gS vkSj mu lks'ky Dyklst ds og yhMj gSa] uspqjy yhMj fjiztsaVsfVo tcfd dkaxzsl dh tks oksV csl gS og iksVsfU'k;yh lekt dh okusxkMZ Dyklst gks ldrh gSA vxj muesa daflvlusl vk tk,A nfyr gS] fiNM+k gS] eqlyeku gSA vij dkLV esa lsdqyj fycjy ekbaM ds yksx gSA rks vkCtsfDVoyh lks'ky csl dkaxzsl dk tks gS og jkbV~l ugha gSA ij pwafd lekt esa ckdh tks ifjorZuoknh 'kfDr;ka gS tSls lh-ihvkbZ- ,saM lh-ih-,e- og eksVs rkSj ij if'pe dk tks lks'ky fMeksØsfVd le> gSA tks fd Økafrdkjh ugha gS ml <kaps esa og <y x;s gSA tks Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa Hkh tks xSj ekDlZoknh lektoknh Fks] yksfg;k ds yhMj'khi esa mrus Økafrdkjh Hkh og ugha gSA vkfFkZd ----------------------------------------------------------- vkSj yksfg;k okys ikVhZ dh tks okfjl ikVhZ gS fd'ku iVuk;d dh yhMj'khi esa og dke dj jgh gSA mldk uke gS lektoknh tu ifj"knA rks og Hkh brus NksVs vkSj bruk fuxfyftcy xzqi ugha gS fd mlls ,d O;kid 193

ys¶V ;wfuVh dh dksbZ xqatkbZ'k vHkh ugha fn[krhA ij vHkh gky gh esa fiNys nks ,d lkyksa esa muyksxksa us viuk lsDVsfj;fuTe FkksM+k NksM+k gSA vkSj mUgksaus bl ckr dks dcqy fd;k gS fd xSj dkaxzsl vkSj xSj Hkktik ftruh Hkh 'kfDr;ka gS muls yksdra= ds Økafrdj.k ds ,tsaMs ij geyksx ppkZ,a pyk,axsA rks vHkh 23 ekpZ dks esjs ?kj ea rhu&pkj lks'kfyLV xzqIl ds yksx ,d lks'ky] leku] gekjs yhM+j gksrs Fks ,l-,e- tks'kh rks mud uke ij ,d Qkm.Ms'ku cuk gqvk gS ,l,u- tks'kh Qkm.Ms'kuA mlds lqjUs nz vkids uke ls ----------------------------------- e/kq naMors ds --------------------- cgqr lhfu;j vkneh gS fQj vkpk;Z ujsUnznso lektoknh laLFkku dh vksj ls fQj Nk=;qok la?k"kZ okfguh okys lsDVj ls Hkh jktsUnz jfo th Fks fQj lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e,y-½ ds fcuksn feJk Fks tks tsujy lsØsVjh Fks] fnikadj Hkêkpk;Z dsA fyVjslh foax ds tsujy lsØsVjh gSa c`tfcgkjh ikaMsA vkSj muds baVjus'kuy pkiVj ds daosuj gSa dkejsM xus'ku ---------- rks ;g lc yksxksa dh ehfVax gekjs ;gka gqbZA rks eSa dguk ;g pkg jgk gwa fd geyksx QkflTe ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ vkSj Xykscykbts'ku ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ nksuksa gedks ,d lkFk yM+us dh t:jr gSa ij nksuksa xksYl esa FkksM+k daVªkfMD'kUl gSA rks vxj nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh ckdh izksxzsflo QkslsZt ,d gSykso ,aVh&bafM;k iksft'ku ysrs gS rks mlls gekjs ;gka ds jkbVh,LV QkslsZt dks gh enn feyrh gSA D;ksafd ^ikaptU;* vkids ;gka cgr iiqyj gS vkerkSj ijA vkj-,l-,l- dk tks v[kckj gS ikaptU; vkSj ^vkxZukbtj og ;gka cgqr fcdrk gS vkSj mlesa gj nwljs rhljs vad ea vkidh fdax'khi dh eghekxku gksrk gSA vkSj usiky gh vdsyk fganqjk"V gS vkSj ;g lcA rks vxj vkids ;gka ls izksxzsflo QkslsZt gekjs ;gka ds dE;quy QkflLV vkbfM;ksykth ds f[kykQ ,d oSpkfjd yM+kbZ yM+ ldrs gSaA vkSj og fganqLrku dh :fyax Dyklst ds f[kykQ [kM+s gks ldrs gSaA rks fQj gekjs ;gka ds tks LVªxy dks enn feysxhA D;ksafd gekjh :fyax Dykl vefjdu :fyax Dykl ds gh baVjsLV esa dke dj jgh gSA rks ;s vxj vkids tks bysD'ku yM+us okyh ikVhZ gSA og vius ukjksa esa okLro esa rks fganqLrkuh :fyax Dykl ls eys gq, gSa vkSj ;g lc feykdj vefjdh :fyax Dykl ds vkxs vkRe leiZ.k fd, gq, gSa ;k tks Hkh ukFkZ dh gS ,e-,u-lh,lvkSj Hkk"k.k esa ,aVh&bafM;k cksyrs gSaA D;ksafd ,aVh&vefjdk cksyus esa rks T;knk eqf'dy 194

gh tk,xkA rks ,aVh&bafM;k ns dSu xsV vosA rks [kkyhfiyh ,aVh&bafM;k cksyus ds ctk, Bksl vkSj LisflfQd] :fyax Dykl ds f[kykQ cksysaA ysfdu ,aVh&bafM;u fiiqYl lsaVhesaV u gks vkSj gekjh deu LVªxy D;k gS lkmFk ,f'k;k dh blesa geyksx bdës dke dj ldrs gSaA bldk vxj vkids ewY;kadu xzqIl dh vksj ls lk>k dqN curk gSA vkSj gedks QkflTe okyh tks yM+kbZ gS fganqLrku ds vanjA mlesa vxj vkiyksxksa ls enn feyrh gS vkSj usiky dk tks lks'ky&dYpjy dEiksft'ku gS vkSj geyksxksa dh tks LVªxy dysfDVfoVh gS mlesa usiky gekjs fy, cgqr Øqfl;y gS D;ksafd vkiyksx fQftdyh dksyksukbt ugh fd, x;s FksA D;ksafd viu iwjs le; dh ,d /kkjk gS dksyksukbts'ku vkQ ekbaM dh lcyksx vefjdh lekt dks vkn'kZ liuk ekudj yxs gq, gSA izksQs'kuy ogka tkrs gSa Nk= ogka tkrs gSaA rks mlea rks ge vkSj vki ,d tSls gSaA ,d tSlk Hk;kud gS ysfdu cgqr ls phtksa esa psruk ds Lrj ij vkiyksx lgt ns'kt gSaA :VsM gS bafMftfu;l gSa uu&dksyksukbTM gSA geyksx vkils T;knk dksyksukbTM gSaA D;ksafd gekjs ;gka Mk;jsDV ,Dlihfj;sal gS dksyksukbts'ku gS rks mlesa gekjh tks dYpjy LVªxy gS fycjykbts'ku dh uo lkLÑfrd vkanksyu] tkfr ds f[kykQ] /keZ ds mlds f[kykQ] mlesa vxj usikyh lc okeiaFk ls ges enn feysxh rks ge vius ;gka dh ys¶V QkslsZt dks tqVk ik;saxs vkSj tks vij dkLV ,sufXtVh gS tks chts-ihds lkFk yksx pys tkrs gSa] dkaxzsl ds lkFk pys tkrs gSa os yksx ns'k pyk ldrs gSa] us'kUl LVsV dks cjdjkj j[k ldrs gSaA og ,ufXtVh ugha jgsxh vkSj vxj viu dh gkyksusl tks viuh lkmFk ,f'k;u :fyax Dykl gS muds ckjs esa gSA rks geyksx ;g pkg jgs gSa fd ys¶V vkSj ys¶V fMeksØsfVd tks ekbaM ds yksx gSa pkgs ekfDlZLV gksa pkgs uu&ekfDlZLV gksa mudks ,d eksVs rkSj ij Økafrdkjh izksxzke ds yksdra= ds Økafrdkjh dk ,tsaMk viuyksx feydj cuk,a] izhtfo±x okVboj oh gSo ,sfpo bu fMeksØsfVd LVªxYl ,saM upZfjax nSV ,saM nsu ,DlisafMax ,saM jSfMdykbTMA blds fy, geyksx pkg jgs gSa fd geyksx yxkrkj ,d ckrphr dk flyflyk cuk,a fQj vkSipkfjd LVMh dSEIl djs] dSls bldks djuk gSA usiky&Hkkjr dk igys dj ldrs gSaA vkSj og FkksM+s lLrs <ax ls fd, tk,aA tSls tgka vkids ckMZj ij vkidks dgha dksbZ dke gks rks geyksx ogka Vªsu ls vk ldrs gSaA clh&thi ls tk ldrs gSa rks ,sls dSEIl vius djsa rks bl rjg ds dkeksa esa tks gekjs ;gka ds izksxzsflo jhlpZ baLVhV~;w'kUl gSaA mUgsa ,d 195

rjg dh vkWVksukeh gksrh gSA pkgs mudks QafMax ljdkj ls feyrk gS] f'k{kk ea=ky; ls feyrk gS vkSj fMeksØslh ds jhlpZ ds ekeys esa ftl baLVhV~;w'ku esa eSa vktdy ukSdjh dj jgk gwa mldk uke yksduhfr gSA mlds enn ls Hkh viu fganqLrku ds yksxksa dks yk ldrs gSa ckMZj rd Vªsu lsA vki vius ;gka ls dqN [kpZ tqVk ldsa vki vius ;gka rks ,slk dSEi viu dj ldrs gSaA vHkh ikfdLrku esa dkQh baMsisaMsaV ys¶V yksxksa us vkSj NksVh ikfVZ;ksa us feydj mlh fnu tc geyksx feys Fks ?kj esa rks mUgksaus lg;ksx dh ckr dgh fQj iykfuax ls ugha gqvkA ikfdLrku esa 23 ekpZ dks ys¶V odZlZ ;wfuVh daÝsal fd;k Fkk rks mUgksaus ogka fouksn feJk okys xzqi dks lwpuk nh vkSj mUgksaus esjs dks vkus ls igys dgk fd eSa vkiyksxksa lc ls ckr djds vkÅaxk fd vkidk D;k\ og pkgrs gS fd lkmFk ,f'k;u] lkdZ daÝsal vkQ ys¶V odZlZ rks mudk iwNuk gh ys¶V gks ;k ys¶V fMeksØsfVd gks dgsaA esjk futh jk; ;g gS viu mldk jSfMdykbts'ku vkQ fMeksØslh bu lkmFk ,f'k;k dgsa rks mlesa fdlh dks ;g ,rjkt ugha gksxk fd eSa ys¶VhLV gwa ;k fMeksØsfVd gwa ;k fMeksØsfVd ,saM ys¶V gwaA ;g tks gekjh vkilh fMcsV gS mldks bxuksj djuk vklku gksxkA vxj vki viu dgrs gS fMQsafMax fMeksØsfVd jSfMdykbftax vxsaLV QkflTe ,saM Xykscykbts'ku vxsaLV Xykscykbts'kuA ,slk dqN djds viu iksfyfVdyh ;g ge pkgrs gSA tks fganqLrku ds Vªkaft'ku ds ckjs esa eSa dg jgk Fkk mlds ckjs esa fuxsfVo rks eSaus dkaxzsl vkSj ch-ts-ih- dk ewY;kadu crk;kA FkksM+k tks rFkkdfFkr lsaVfjLV ikVhZt gS eqyk;e flag ;kno vkSj ykyw izlkn ;kno budk lkekfd vk/kkj rks xjhcksa esa cgqr gSa] eqfLye esa Hkh vkSj lclesa ekbuksfjVht dks ,d lsD;qfjVh dk lsal nsus ds fy,A vkSj QkflTe ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ esa ;g bufMlisaflcy ikVhZt gSA ysfdu bUgksaus eaMy ds uke ij ckdh yM+kb;ka lc Hkwy x;s gSA fiNM+kokn dks tkfr rksM+ks ds fy, vkSj ,d lkekftd lerk ds fy, tks bLrseky djuk FkkA mldh ctk, bUgksaus tks baVj&ilZuy ikoj LVªxy Fkh muds tSls tks Hkh vkbfM;ksykftdyh vksfj,aVsM yksx FksA e/kq naMors] lqjsUnz eksgu] fd'ku iVuk;d ,sls lc yksxksa dks eqoesaV ls ekftZuykbTM dj fn;k vkSj viuh ikVhZ esa Hkh tks yksx buds f[kykQ ,d fMeksØsfVd <ax ls cksy ldrs FksA muds ekftZuykbTM dj fn;k vkSj ,d ilZukfyVh dYV vksfj,aVsM ikVhZ cuk fn;kA vkSj ikVhZ esa Vªsfuax] vkbfM;ksykftdy Vªsfuax cgl djuk] dkWMj dks fQj dkWMj eklst dks VªsUM djsA jSfMdy mlls ;g 196

fcYdqy 'kwU; gks x;k gSaA rks eaMy LVªxy] fnYyh esa geyksxksa us igyk izkseaMy tc 7 vxLr 90 dks vk;k Fkk rks uoacj esa geus --------------A ';ke Js"Bk % eaMy dk eryc\ fot; izrki % eaMy vk;ksx dh flQkfj'ksa ykxw gqbZ rc vijdkLV dk cgqr mlds f[kykQ vkRenkg vkSj D;k&D;k phts gqbZA igyk fnYyh es] ns'k esa tks igyk laxfBr izn'kZu gqvk Fkk gegha yksxksa us fd;k FkkA ge nksuksa mlesa vkSj dbZ nksLrksa ds lFk 'kkfey FksA ysfdu vc gedks ;g yxrk gS fd tks oxZ la?k"kZ ds loky gS mudks tksM+us ds fy, Hkh gedks esgur djuh iM+sxhA vkSj mlesa tks eaMy ds uke ij LFkkfir gks x;s gSa usrk mudks cqjk Hkh yx ldrk gSA ysfdu tks lkekftd vk/kkj gS oSpkfjd tehu ij mlesa fjliksUl feysxk ,slk ----A rhljh ckr ----A ;g rks lsaVfjLV ikVhZ dk gqvk rks lsaVfjLV ikVhZt ls lsD;qfjTe dh yM+kbZ ds fy, daLVhV~;w'kuy fMeksØslh dks cpkus ds fy, geyksxksa dks feydj pyuk iM+sxkA ysfdu fMeksØslh ds jSfMdykbts'ku ds loky ij oks yksx ge dks vudEQksVsZcy ekurs gSaA mlds mlh rjg ls lh-ih-vkbZ- vkSj lh-ih,e- ;g Hkh yxHkx ,d rjg ls dqIVsM ikVhZt gSaA ysfdu buds vkl ikl ,d ,slk cM+k nk;jk gS tks ekDlZokn dk dSls Hkkjrh;dj.k djsaA tkfr ds loky] jk"Vªokn ds loky] vfLerk ds loky] va/kjk"Vªokn ls dSls yM+k tk,A mlesa lkaLÑfrd eqgkojk dSls gksA bu lc lokyksa ij muds tks dYpjy tSls lger gS lh-ih-,e- ls tqM+k gqvkA og bl rjg dh dkQh cglsa pyk jgk gSA fQj fiiqYl lkbal eqoesaV gS lh-ih-,e- ls tqM+k gqvkA mlesa uDlYl Hkh gSa vkSj ekDlZoknh HkhA ij og LVhyÝse dh rjg fMeksØsfVd lsaVªykbTe vius ÝaV vkxZukbts'ku esa Hkh pykrs gSa rks blfy, O;kid lekt dh cglksa dks og izHkkfor ugha dj ik jgs gS rks fQj Hkh pwafd gedks lsD;qyfjTe dh vkSj fMeksØslh dh yM+kbZ esa bdëh jguk gS rks geyksx muls ,l-,u- tks'kh Qkm.Ms'ku dh vksj ls geus mudks vkSipkfjd lh-ih-vkbZ-] lh-ih-,e- ds tks vkbfM;ksykftdy Ldwy gSa mudks vkSipkfjd :i ls fpëh fy[kh gS fd geyksxksa dks fey ds ;g lc dke djuk pkfg,A lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ ls bl nkSj esa vHkh gekjk fj'rk lcls DykstsLV gS fcuksn feJk okyhA vkSj geyksx feydj lc NksVs xzqIl dks vkSj ,d ,e-,y- xqi gS Qkj v U;w fMeksØslh ftlds lrukjk;.k flag yhMj gksrs Fks] vc larks"k jk.kk mlds tsujy 197

lsØsVjh] HkkLdj uUnh mldk izeq[k uke gS] yk;s gSA rks muls Hkh gekjk Dykst fj'rk gSA fMÝsalst gj ,d ls gSa ij ge vius fMÝsalst dks bEQsfl;l ugha djuk pkgrs gSA ge pkgrs gSa fd lc yksx bl ckr ij lger gksa fd dqN U;wure lokyksa ij ge ,d lgefr cukdj ge turk ds chp bdës tk,axs vkSj vkilh oSpkfjd vlgefr;ksa ij tSls ,d cSd xzkm.M E;qftd gksrk gSA oSls vkil esa vius vkbfM;ksykftdy DyCl esa fMld'ku djsaxs vkSj ekl esa ml fMld'ku dk vHkh ugha ys tk,axs tc rd QkflTe dk] Xykscykbts'ku dk [krjk vkt ftl 'kDy esa gS oks jgsxkA tc dkaxzsl] ch-ts-ihvxj ekftZuykbTM gks tkrh gS vkSj yM+kbZ eq[;r% gekjs chp esa gS] jSfMdfyTe ds uspj ds ckjs esa rc djsaxsA vHkh rks yM+kbZ gS fMeksØslh dks gh dSls cpk,axsA rc viuh yM+kbZ dks ifCyd esa ugha ys tk,axs vkSj vlgefr;ksa ds ckotwn bdës dSls dke djsa vkSj fcuk csbekuh fd, vius vkils vkSj fcuk viuh oSpkfjd iksft'ku NksM+s dksbZ lk>k eqgkojk ,drk dk dSls x<+saA blds fy, geyksx laokn pyk jgs gSaA mlds fy, tgka ukSdjh djrs gSa ml laLFkk dk Hkh bLrseky djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa tks yksdk;u tSlh pkSiky gS ml ij vkiyksx pkSrkjh dgrs gSaA ml pkSiky dks] mldk Hkh bLrseky djus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA O;fDrxr nksLrh dk Hkh vkSj gj >xM+k vkSj gj cgl csfld ;g gS fd ,d czkM fMeksØslh] daLVhV~;w'kuy fMeksØslh esa tks [kkbZ gS mlds fy, lsrq fuekZ.k djuk ;g gekjk iksfyfVdy ,tsaMk gSA ftlds fy, ge vki yksxksa ls ckr djus vk, gSA ,d vk[kjh ckr vkSj tksM+uh gS fd xzkm.M ysoy ij cgqr LVªxYl gks jgs gSaA ml fglkc ls vxj tt djsaxs fd bfrgkl esa dHkh Hkh bruh cM+h la[;k esa yksxksa us viuk [kqn dk ekfyd gksus dk liuk ns[kk gS rks 'kk;n] esjs [;ky ls iwjs nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ;g Lof.kZe gSA vxj vlQy gks jgs gSa rks geyksx vlQy gks jgs gSa ftuis usr`Ro dh ftEesnkjh gksuh pkfg,A turk rks la?k"kZ ds fy, rS;kj gSA ge la?k"kZ ds fy, ekMy vkSj la?k"kZ ds fy, tks [kqn dqckZuh vkSj cM+Iiu pkfg,A og ,d lkekftd Lrj ij ugha iSnk djok jgs gSaA Fkd tkrs gSa] HkVd tkrs gSa vkil esa yM+us yxrs gSa VwV tkrs gSa gj u;h n`f"V tks u;h bulkbV vkidks feyrh gS vius ,Dihfj,alst ls feyrh gS rks og ,dne ,d ugha gksrh gSA ukSyst flLVEl dk vkSj ,Dlihfj,al dk bruk fMeksØsVkbts'ku gqvk fd eSa vius [kwaVs ls vius dksus ls vius lp dk ,d vk;ke ns[k 198

jgk gwa vki nwljs dkA vkSj geyksxksa dk dksbZ nwljk rjhdk ugha fudky ik;sa ftlesa eYVhykbUl LVªxYl Hkh jgs vkSj bdës Hkh jgsaA rks ,slh Multy insight here be new insight and new experience rather than enriching and making out ideological tools more sophisticated causes a new split. So the challenge is to create a new kind of ideological and organisational tool where new insight and plurality of position on tactical issues should not split us on this strategic issues and on strategic issues we stay together we work together and on tactical issues we keep on debating as a back ground music that is the whole critisian.

';ke Js"Bk % vHkh ;g nwljs ikVhZ] U;w fMeksØslh vkSj lks'kfyLV xzqi] fiiqYl okj xzi blds lkFk dksbZ laca/k fd;k gS\ fot; izrki % ckrphr dk gSA lks'kfyLV ;wfuVh lsaVj ds nks rjg ds yksxksa ls laca/k gSA ,d rks ve`ryky pØorhZ gSA dkQh lhfu;j dkWejsM FksA dkWejsM KkusUnz Fks rks ;g yksx dqN lokyksa ij fMÝsalst ls ckgj vk x;s gSaA rks ;g rks lkFk gh dke djrs gSA vuQkpqZusVyh ftruh ys¶V ikVhZt esa vanj dkWejsM gSa og dkQh MhM bUM eglwl djrs gSA D;ksafd vanj [kqydj ekgkSy cgl dk fdlh Hkh ikVhZ esa ugha gS flok, lh-ih-vkbZ ds vkSj lh-ih-vkbZ- bruh dqIV gks x;h gS fd mlesa dksbZ jSfMdy ckr gksrh ugha gSA Fkd x;s gS usr`RoA vkSj mudks [kqn gh yxrk gS fd ge ugha dqN dj ldrs ysfdu ,l-;wlh-vkbZ- esa] lh-ih-,e- esa vanj cgl dk ekSdk ughaA rks lh-ih-vkbZ- esa ftrus dkWejsM vPNs vanj gS mrus gh ckgj Hkh muls fudys gq, gSaA rks blfy, QkeZy fj'rk u gekjk ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ls gS u lh-ih-,e- ls gSa ij buQkeZyh bl ek;us esa gS fd 30 tuojh dks geus ekpZ fd;kA lcyksxksa us feydj dE;qufyTe ds f[kykQ rks mles ,l-;w-lh-vkbZds yksx vk,] lh-ih-,e- ds Hkh vk,] fiiqYl okj xzqi ds Hkh vk,A mlh rjg ls vkSj fQj mUgksaus vyx ls Hkh fd;kA fiiqYl okj vkSj ikVhZ ;wfuVh rks fey x;s gS ,e-lh-lh- vkSj mldk ;g lc rks vkidks ekywe gksxkA tks lc py jgk gSA rks muls gekjk fj'rk Mk;yx dk gSA ysfdu ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ-] lh-ih-vkbZ-] lh-ih-,e-] U;w fMeksØslh xzqi] ,e-,ybulsT;knk djhch Mk;yx gS vkSj tks ikVhZ ;wfuVh vkSj fiiqYl okj xzqi Vkbi dk yksx 199

gSaA ;g tc ekl ,sD'ku gksrk gS ,aVh Xykscykbts'ku okyk loky ij ;k dE;quy ij rc vkrs gSA ckdh O;fDrxr nksLr gSaA vHkh QkeZy vkfQfl;y Mk;ykx dk vHkh ughaA ij geyksx mudks izLrko j[ksa gSaA vkSj tks fycjy yksx Fks vkSj vc jSfMdy fMeksØslh dh ckr djus yxs gSaA oSls dqN xzqIl ds ge Dykst daVSDV esa gSaA mUgksaus fiiqYl okj xzqi ls QkeZy fyf[kr fMcsV pyk;k gSA og MkD;qesaV esa yk;k gwaA m"kk th vkidks QksVksdkih djk dj nsaxhA ';ke Js"Bk % vkidk tks ,tsaMk gS u ;g Xykscykbts'ku ds f[kykQ gSA QkflTe ds f[kykQ gS tks la?k"kZ fd;k tk, vkSj og eq>s geyksxksa dks Hkh ilan vk;k fd ,slk djuk pkfg,A D;ksafd vc fo'o Xykscykbts'ku dk [krjk bruk T;knk c<+ x;k gS fd nSV vksuyh XykscykbTM vefjdu vkSj ;wfuolZy bEisfj;fyLV dYpj py jgk gS vkSj iwjs nqfu;k ds yksxksa dks tks miHkksDrkoknh tks dYpj gS tks O;fDroknh dYpj gS tuJqfr j~;wefjax fd;k tk jgk gSA vkSj ;g dYpjy j~;wefjax cgqr [krjukd gksrs gSA og vkØe.k tks gksrs gSa vkØe.k dk rks lkeuk djrs gSaA D;ksafd mldks yksx ns[krs gSa dkSu lk ------ fn[krk gSA tehu dCtk gqvk fn[krk gSA irk yxrk gSA ij og lkaLÑfrd vkØe.k irk ugha pyrkA vopsrukA og csl baLVhaDV dks nkoh gksrk gSA ';ke Js"Bk % cny nsrk gS vkSj yksx dks ----------- vkSj ;wtysl djrk gSA blfy, tks izkslsl py jgk gS fo'o esa cgqr [krjukd gSA vkSj bldks fo'o ds yksx tks Hkh ftl izkslsl ls lpsr gS feydj lkeuk djuk pkfg,A vkSj cgqr vPNk dksf'k'k gS ftldks gekjk leFkZu gS vkSj tks gqvk D;k gS fd tks lkezkT;oknh yksx gS tks lkezkT;oknh dSEi gS rks varZfojks/k rks m/kj Hkh gSA cukuk fookn py jgk gS vkSj tks lc cgqr eqík gS ij ij viuk varZfojks/k jgrs gq, Hkh oks viuk LVªsVth esa ,d gks tkrs gSA vkSj fo'o dh vkijs'ku eas og bdëk gSA ij vkijsLM yksx tks gS fo'o ds] mlesa cgqr ladh.kZrk gSA vkSj fparu dh tks nk;jk gS cgqr ladh.kZ gS vkSj NksVk lk Hkh erfHkUurk fn[krh gSA rks mlh dks b';qt cuk dj LifyV djus esa O;Lr jgrs gSA ;wfuVh djus esa ughaA D;k gekjs chp lk>k loky T;knk gS og ns[krs ugha\ D;k gekjs chp cslk>k loky T;knk gS og ns[krs gSaA 200

';ke Js"Bk % mlh ij ckrphr djrs gSA vkSj VwV tkrs gSA ;g cgqr gekjs fy, uqdlkunk;h izo`fr gS blfy, blesa ltx gksuk pkfg, vkSj blfy, djhc pkj o"kZ vkxs yanu esa ,d daosU'ku gqvk FkkA vkSj og daosU'ku ekfDlZLV daosU'ku FkkA baVjus'kuy ekfDlZLV daosU'ku b/kj Hkh gedks m/kj ;wukbVsM fd;k x;k Fkk 1994 esa gqvk FkkA vkSj ogka tks ,tsaMk esa 'kkfey gqvk Fkk fd ofd±x Dykl brus T;knk gS fQj Hkh ge detksj D;ksa gS\ ;s bruk ekbuksfjVh gS fQj Hkh brus 'kfDr'kkyh D;ksa gS\ ,tsaMk ;g Fkk geus viuh fd;k Fkk fd ckrphr esa dgk Fkk fd ofd±x Dykl ds yksx cgqr QaMkesaVfyLV gks x;s gSA /kkfeZd QaMkesVfyLV --------A fot; izrki % fQj Hkh T;knk gSa og yksx Hkh bdës gks tkrs gS f'kolsuk vkSj ch-ts-ihfey tkrs gSaA geyksx -';ke Js"Bk % vkSj fQj geus m/kj ls ----------- fd;kA cgqr QaMkesaVfyLV gks x;s gSA vkSj geyksx ns[k ugha ik;s fd gekjs chp lk>k b';q D;k gSA geyksx ns[k ikrs gS fd cs lk>k D;k gSA vudeu b';q D;k gS og cgqr T;knk ns[k ikrs gSaA vkSj ge Mk;usfed ugha jgsA fo'o ds ifjfLFkfr esa fdruk cnyko vk jgk gSA lkbal vkSj ukyst esa fdruk cnyko vk jgk gS] fdrus bEizwoesaV gks jgk gS mldh [kcj geus j[k ugha ik;k gSA tcfd gedks Hkh Mk;usfed gksuk pkfg, FkkA ;fn lkbal Mk;usfed gS lbal xfreku gS vkSj ;s ukyst flLve Mk;usfed gS rks gS rks fo'o ds vR;k/kqfud ukyst flLVe ls ge Hkh] geyksx dks Hkh lh[kuk pkfg, Fkk mldks lejkbt djuk pkfg, Fkk] mldks flaFkslkbt djuk pkfg, FkkA vkSj gekjh tks jSfMdfyTe gS] tks ekfDlZTe gS mldks gedks mUur djuk pkfg, FkkA vkSj ;g gks ugha ik;k gSA rks iwathifr yksx Mk;usfed gks x;s ge fjftM gks x;sA og ;wukbVsM gks ldrs gSa ij ge LifyV gks ldrs gSaA vkSj mlus foKku ds vR;k/kqfud miyfC/k dks flaFkslkbt djus dk iz;Ru fd;k gS vius LokFkZ ds fy,A geus ugha fd;k gSa ;gh otg gS fd geus viuh foKku dks foKku dgrs gSA vius ekfDlZTe dks Msoyi ugha dj ik;s gSaA vkSj tgka NksM+k Fkk ogha gSA foKku rks mlls vkxs Hkh fodflr gqvk gSA ij geus flaFkslkbt ugha fd;k gSA nqfu;ka ds lkekftd vkanksyu rks mlls Hkh c<+ jgk gS ij mldh Bksdj esa ls geus f'k{kk ugha fy;k gSA blfy, ;g gks ik jgk gSA blfy, vc ukV vksuyh ekfDlZLV ;wfuVh] ;wfuVh 201

vkQ n Ogksy ,aVh bEisfj;fyLV dSEi ;g t:jr gSA vkSj blfy, geus fo'o dh tks Hkh laHko yksx gS tks lkezkT;okn ls yM+ jgs gSa vkSj yM+us esa dke;kch gS og lcyksx dks bdëk djuk pkfg,A vkSj ,aVh&bEisfj;fyLV xSnsfjax djuk pkfg,A og izLrko muyksxksa ds enn ls feyk FkkA fot; izrki % vPNk 94 esa ';ke Js"Bk % 94 esa] ;gh rks ge dg jgk gS fd vkidk vkbfM;k vkSj gekjk vkbfM;k fey jgk gSA vkSj m/kj oks izLrko loZlEefr ls ikl gqvkA oks Bhd gS] ;g vkbfM;k Vhd gS vkSj ---A fot; izrki % vPNk mldk gSA [kSj og rks gedks ckn esa Hkst nhft,xkA m"kk th dHkh Hkh] vxys eghus] ianzg fnu esa tc Hkh vkidks ekSdk gksA ';ke th us Lihp fn;k Fkk yanu esa] vaxzsth esa mldh dkih <wa<uh iM+sxhA usikyh esa rks ns jgs gSa ij vaxzsth okyh vki esjs fy, ysdj j[k yhft,xkA ';ke Js"Bk % rc og m/kj loZlEefr ls ikl] og ikfjr gqvk vkSj m/kj fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd ,d ,slk ,aVh&bEisfj;fyLV daosU'ku fd;k tk,] Xykscy vkSj laHkor% bafM;k esa ,f'k;k esa fd;k tk,A ukV vksuyh ;wjksi esa rks ge vk x;s gS vc ,f'k;k esa fd;k tk,A og izLrko--fot; izrki % mlesa lkmFk ,f'k;u FksA ikfdLrkuh] Jhyadk----A ';ke Js"Bk % gka] ikfdLrkuh] caXykns'k ds FksA caXykns'k ds Fks vkSj bafM;k ds FksA bafM;k ds ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- yksx gh vk;s FksA cl---A fot; izrki % ,d gekjs ;gka uu&ekfDlZLV cgqr cM+k usVodZ gS vktknh cpkvks vkanksyuA ';ke Js"Bk % og ugha Fkk] ugha Fkk vkSj ij tc lEesyu gqvk] lEesyu gqvk vkSj bafM;k esa gqvkA bafM;k esa ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- us gh vk;kstu fd;kA dydÙkk esa vk;kstu 1996 esa fd;kA fot; izrki % ;g dc fd;k Fkk\ 202

';ke Js"Bk % ;g 1996 esa fd;k Fkk ij mlesa og lgHkkfxrk cgqr de gks x;kA dksbZ ianzg&lksyg ns'k ds izfrfuf/k FksA fot; izrki % yanu esa fdrus ns'k ds Fks\ ';ke Js"Bk % yanu esa lsou daVªht] buDyqfMax usikyA fot; izrki % lsou ';ke Js"Bk % vksuyh lsou fot; izrki % rks og ,f'k;u dk Fkk D;k\ ';ke Js"Bk % ugha ;g lc rks ;wjksih;u Hkh FkkA bjku Hkh Fkk m/kjA bjku Fkk] VdhZ Fkk] caxykns'k Fkk] vk;jySaM Fkk] xzsV fczVsu Fkk] ;s FkkA fot; izrki % vkSj dydÙkk okys esa\ ';ke Js"Bk % dydÙkk okys esa pkj ;s og Hkh x;s FksA fot; izrki % rks flDlVhu rks T;knk gqvk lsou ls\ ';ke Js"Bk % T;knk gqvk] T;knk gqvkA fot; izrki % vki Hkh x;s Fks mlesa\ ';ke Js"Bk % gka] ge Hkh x;s FksA vkSj caxykns'k ls Fkk] teZuh ls Fkk vkSj VdhZ Fkk] csfYt;e Fkk] :l Fkk] VdhZ ds gh tks D;qck FkkA fot; izrki % D;k eksVs rkSj ij tks ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ds baVjus'kuy pkIVj ds dkejsM ikVh gS ÝsaMyh ikVhZ gS mUgh dk Fkk D;k\ eksVs rkSj ij ';ke Js"Bk % uks] dksbZ&dksbZ rks ,slk FkkA dksbZ&dksbZ ----------- Hkh Fkk og bjku ds tks ikVhZ FkkA fot; izrki % rks D;k bjku dk tks ikVhZ FkkA viu gj ikVhZ dks QeZyh feydj dg ldrs gSA vki ,slk djrk gwaA vkidks ;s lektoknh tu ifj"kn dbZ ekuksa esa tks eSaus vHkh dguk] vki bldks vU;Fkk u yhft,xkA fcuk T;knk tkus ,slh ckr dg jgk gwaA gekjs ;gka ,d lks'kfyLVksa dk ,d xzqi gS uu&ekfDlZLV lks'kfyLVksa dk tks gSA 203

lks'kfyLVksa ds gsfjVstA mldk uke lektoknh tu ifj"kn vkSj cgqr gh bEiSdscy ØsfMfcfyVh ds mlds yhMj gSA mudk uke fd'ku iVuk;dA og mlds v/;{k Hkh gSaA vkSj muds tsujy lsØsVjh gSa tks diZwjh Bkdqj ds lkFk cgqr gh bekunkj yksxksa esa ekus tkrs gSA fcuksn izlkn flag ,e-,y-,- Fks 77 esaA ,d nwljk Qksje gS yksd'kfDr ftlesa jfcjk; ukeh lks'kfyLV gSa fdlh ikVhZ esa ugha gSA gekjs yksdlHkk ds Lihdj Hkh FksA ,d yksdrkaf=d lektoknh ikVhZ gS mds ,d ;ax yhMj gSa j?kq BkdqjA rks ;s ,sls xzqIl gSa tks Dyh;j lks'kfyLV ykbu ysrs gSa ,aVh&bEisfj;fyLV LVªxy esa gSA vkSj fQj ,d usVodZ gS us'kuy ,yka;l Qkj ihiqYl eqoesaV~l es/kk ikVsdj oxSjgA og Hkh ,aVh&bEisfj;fyLV iksft'ku ysrh gSaA fQj ,d gS Hkkjr tu vkanksyu] fQj gS vktknh cpkvks vkanksyu] Hkkjr tu vkanksyu eq[;r% vkfnofl;ksa esa gSA ukie eq[;r% MsoyiesaV dks jhfMQkbu djuk pkg jgs gS izks&fiiqYl mlesa gSa mlesa ,u-th-vkst- Hkh esEcj gS ij ,st ukie ,uth-vkst- ds f[kykQ gSA eqoesaV~l QLVZ gS mldkA vkSj vktknh cpkvksa vkanksyu esa dksbZ ,u-th-vks- ugha gSA og dksbZ fons'kh iSls okys xzqIl ds lkFk dksijsV Hkh ugha djrs gSaA vkSj og eYVhus'kuYl ds f[kykQ gh flQZ dEisu djrs gSaA fganh vkSj vaxzsth esa if=dk fudkyrs gSaA mu yksxksa dks dguk pkfg, if=dk mudks Hkh ;gka Hkstus ds fy,A rks buyksxksa ls vxj vkidk xzqi QkeZy fj'rk cukrk gS vkSj fQj viu yksx feydj ,aVh&bEisfj;fyLV lkmFk ,f'k;u daosU'ku djrs gSa vkSj viu QkeZyh ;gka dh ;w-,e-,y] ,e-,y-] lsaVªy ;wfuVh ;g lc tks gS bu lcdks QkeZyh vizksp djsa fd vkids tks&tks daVSDV~l gSa lkmFk ,f'k;k esa vki Hkh vk,a vkSj vkSjksa dks Hkh Hkstsa vkSj deu ,tsaMk cuk,aA ';ke Js"Bk % oks rks vPNk gSA ,slh lksp esa gh ge vk jgs Fks vkSj og 1996 esa tc gqvkA dydÙkk esa gqvk] dydÙkk esa geus ,d u;k iziksty j[kk fd lkmFk ,f'k;k ysoy esa ,d ,slk eSdsfuTe cuk;k tk, fd lkFk feydj yM+sA ;s ,tsaMk m/kj oSpkfjd rkSj ls ,sizwo gqvk vkSj geus ------------- dj Hkh fy;k mlds fy,A geus ------------Jhyadk ds yksx Fks Jhyadk ls daVSDV fd;k og Hkh eatwj gks x;sA caxykns'k daVSDV fd;k gS og Hkh eatwj gks x;k gSA vkSj ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ls daVSDV fd;k og Hkh gks x;s vkSj geus ikfdLrku ds lkFk] ikfdLrku ds yksxksa ds lkFk daVSDV djuk pkgs ij lQy ugha gq,A 204

blh rjg ls geus m/kj izLrko j[kk vkSj mlds nks o"kZ ds ckn fQj ,d lekjksg gqvk ykLV bZ;j dydÙkk esa 97 ds ykLV esa gqvk Fkk m/kj tks Hkh bdëk gqvk Fkk m/kj og izLrko j[kk vkSj og ,sizwo gqvk gS D;k gS fd geus ns[kk gS fd ladh.kZrk T;knk gSA og vk;sxk\ fot; izrki % og vk,xk rks ge ugha vk,axsA ';ke Js"Bk % ge ugha vk,xk] og gksxk rks ge ugha gksxkA og I;ksj ekfDlZLV ugha gS] og ekfDlZLV gSA fot; izrki % dkWek] QqyLVki ;gka yxkuk gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ,slh fdLe dh tks ladh.kZrk ns[k jgs gSa mlls dqN ck/kk rks gS ij ;g djuk pkfg,A ;g dke djuk pkfg,A vkSj geus Hkh b/kj usiky esa tks Hkh b/kj ys¶VhLV xzqfiax gS mu lcdks bdëk djds ,d ,aVh&bEisfj;fyLV eqoesaV b/kj cuk;k gqvk gSa ,d Qksje cuk rks fy;k gSA fot; izrki % vki mlds daosuj gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % eSa mlds tsujy lsØsVjh gwaA fot; izrki % v/;{k\ ';ke Js"Bk % v/;{k ef.kyky Js"B gSA vkt daVSDV ugha gq, ugah rks mudks Hkh buokbV djds vkids lkFk esa ykus dh ;kstuk Fkh ij daVSDV ugha gq,A fot; izrki % Hkkjr esa ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- -------- 'kkfey Fks\ ';ke Js"Bk % Hkkjr esa] dydÙkk okys esa Hkh x;s gSA gekjk fj'rk rks lcds lkFk gSA vPNk jgk gSA gekjh fj'rk fcuksn feJk ls Hkh vPNk jgk gS pkgs lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ ls Hkh fj'rk cuk, gq, gSA fot; izrki % lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ dk pkIVj dkSu ns[k jgk gS vktdy\ ';ke Js"Bk % lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ fot; izrki % ugha lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½! ,e-,y- esa rks dkWejsM x.ks'ku ns[krs gSaA 205

';ke Js"Bk % lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ esa rks oks dkWejsM lhrkjke ;spjq h tks gSA iksfyV C;wjks esEcj muds lkFk laca/k gSA vkSj ,l-;w-lh-vkbZ- ls Hkh gS vkSj U;w fMeksØslh ls Hkh gSA fot; izrki % vki lh-ih-,e- dks tks fpëh fy[krs gSa mldk tokc vkrk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % fpëh rks ugha gqvk gSA ge m/kj tc tkrs gSa tc b/kj vkrs gSa rks feyrs gSaA fot; izrki % eSa uke ugha ysuk pkgwaxk ij vkids ;gka ds dbZ lhfu;j yksxksa us dgk gS fd fcuksn feJk gedks cgqr bftyh ,Dlsflcy Fks vkSj muls gedks cgqr enn feyrh Fkh ;gka dh nqfo/kkvksa ij cgl djus esaA ysfdu lqjthr ls vikbuesaV rd ugha feyrk gSA ';ke Js"Bk % ge Hkh m/kj tc fnYyh x;k Fkk rks m/kj geus lqjthr ls ppkZ gh ugha fd;kA ij lhrkjke ;spqjh ls fd;k vkSj ;spqjh us VkbZe rks fn;kA mruk dfBu ugha gqvk ij geus lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,y-,y-½ dh vkfQl gS ogka Hk x;s FksA fot; izrki % dkWejsM xus'ku ls feysA ';ke Js"Bk % mudk tks izdk'ku gS og Hkstrs gS gj izdk'ku ge Hkstrs gSA vknku&iznku dk laca/k gSA fot; izrki % ;g fdrkc vkidks vkfQfl;y pSuy ls Hkh vk,xhA eSaus iwNk Fkk dkWejsM xus'ku lsA mUgksaus dgk fd vki viuk er nhft,A eSa HkstwaxkA eq>s yxk fd og dc vk,xhA lc ikVhZt rks de lk/ku okyh gSa vk;sxh ugha vk,xhA dc vk,xh ij og pkgrs gSa vkidks HkstukA ';ke Js"Bk % og laca/k cuk, gqvk gS vkSj iz;Ru ;s gS fd ;g ladh.kZrk dh nk;jk ls---A fot; izrki % lh-ih-vkbZ- ls Hkh gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % lh-ih-vkbZ- ls gSA ogka ds lh-ih-vkbZ- ls gekjk fj'rk cgqr vkSipkfjd QkeZy yxrk gSA og izdk'ku Hkstrs gSa ge izd'ku Hkstrs gSA fot; izrki % fdlh O;fDr ls fMld'ku ugha gS\

206

';ke Js"Bk % fMld'ku ugha gSA fMld'ku gqvk gS lh-ih-vkbZ ¼,e-,y-½ ls] ,l-;w-lhvkbZ- ls vkSj U;w fMeksØslh xzqi lsA fot; izrki % ;s U;w fMeksØslh fdlls gqvk gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % oks dykdkj yksx gSA fu'kkar ukV~; eapA fot; izrki % oks 'ke'kqy bLyke okyh] oks vyx U;w fMeksØslh ;s vyx gSA ;g gS Qkj v U;w fMeksØslhA ';ke Js"Bk % ;s laca/k rks cuk gqvk gSA vkSj geus b/kj usiky esa D;k fd;k gS fd ;gka geus ladh.kZrk ls eqfDr djus ds fy, geus ,d gh VªsaM ds yksxk ughaA lHkh ikVhZ ds tks baVsysDpqvy gSa tks dksbZ lh-ih-vkbZ- ¼,e-,y-½ dks leFkZu djrk gS ,e-,y- dks leFkZu djrk gS dksbZ ;w-,e-,y- dks dksbZ ;wfuVh lsaVj djrk gS vkSj dksbZ ugha djrk gSA fdlh dks ugha djrk gS og lcdks bdëk djds ,d Qksje cuk;k gqvk gS vkSj og b/kj dqN gn rd ,fDVo gSa vkSj vHkh tks egkdkyh ds tks ,xzhesaV gS mlds fo:) la?k"kZ NsM+k FkkA vkSj dkyk ikuh esa gekjk tks tehu gS og tehu Hkkjrh; QkSt ls <ik gqvk gSA vkSj 1962 ls mlesa lc gekjs ikl ---------- leku gSA oh gSo eSIl] fgLVksfjdy MkD;qesaV~l] vky QSDV~l ij Hkh mUgksaus m/kj lkefjd n`f"V ls cgqr egRoiw.kZ jgk gSa mu yksxksa ds fy,A pkbuk dh frCcr ckMZj mlesa og dCtk fd, gq, gS vkSj vc ge---A fot; izrki % ;g dCtk 62 ls gh gS\ ';ke Js"Bk % 62 ls gSA tc pkbuk--A fot; izrki % igyh ckj vkids ;gka ls loky mBk 90 ds cknA ';ke Js"Bk % 90 ds cknA D;ksafd og ekywe gh ugha FkkA ekywe ugha FkkA xouZesaV dks ekywe Fkk mlus ckgj ugha fd;k tc egkdkyh laf/k dh VkbZe gqvkA rc irk pyk fd turk dks --------------------- gqvk gSA vkSj mldh LVªxy vHkh tkjh gSA vkSj mlds tks Hkh ,sfrgkfld lkexzh gS MkD;qesaVl ~ gS] tks eSi gS tks vkSj dkjsLikaMsaV gSA mldks tek djus ds fy, geus ,d dfeVh cuk;kA dfeVh vHkh py jgk gS vkSj lhek vfrØe.k izfrjks/k lfefrA og dfeVh cukgS vkSj dfeVh us cgqr dqN vPNk dke fd;k gS fd yanu ds E;qft;e esa tks eSi Fkk mldk izca/k fd;k x;k gSA vkSj tc bZLV bafM;k daiuh Hkkjr 207

dk Fkk vkSj mlus usiky xouZeaVs vkSj ;gka ds mldks jsftMsaV dks i= fy[kk Fkk rks i= esa go&og Hkkx usiky dk gS ,slk dgk x;k gSA og i= Hkh yanu ls geus eaxk;k gSA

208

20jktsUnz Hkou esa 14 tuojh 2006 dks fot; izrki th ds Hkk"k.k ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk x;k vkys[k& lanHkZ usiky vkt ge ,d dfBu nkSj ls xqt+j jgs gSaA gekjs lkeus vkt cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSA ;g pqukSrh vke turk ds fy, mruh ugha gS ftruh fd muds fy, gS tks vius fy, turk dk vxqok gksus dk nkok djrs gSaA ,sls yksx ftUgksaus fdlh fopkj/kjk ds fy, viuk thou ft;k gS ;k tks viuh fopkj/kjk gsrq viuk thou nsus dks rRij cSBs gSa] muds fy, ;g pqukSrh cgqr cM+h gksdj lkeus vkbZ gSA usiky dh ckr ij vk,a rks cgqr ls yksx tc lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa dks fpfUgr djrs gSa rks muesa Hkkjr dks Hkh 'kkfey djrs gSaA Jh okenso th ls muds tsy ls NwVus ds ckn] muds fnYyh izokl ds nkSjku tks ckrphr gqbZ] mldk fu"d"kZ dqN bl izdkj gSA igyh ckr rks mUgksaus ;g dgh fd ge ges'kk usikyh dkaxzsl dks Hkkjr dh jkT;'kfDr dk ,tsaV ekurs jgs & ;g xyr FkkA nwljh ckr mUgksaus ;g dgh fd ge usiky esa Økafr dh izfØ;k gsrq phu dks ,d nksLr jk"Vª ekurs Fks] ;g Hkh xyr FkkA rhljh ckr mUgksaus ;g dgh fd gesa vHkh bl iz'u ij Li"Vrk ugha cuh fd lalnh; yksdra=k esa lcdks jgdj Økafrdj.k djuk gS fdarq ;g dSls gksxk& bl ij lcdks feydj lkspuk gS fdarq bldk jkLrk lkiQ ugha gSA Jh okenso ds mijksDr fopkjksa dks eSaus fnYyh esa jg jgs usiky ds lkfFk;ksa ls ^'ks;j* fd;k] mu lkfFk;ksa ls ftuls esjk usiky gh ugha] vU; jktuSfrd eqíksa ij Hkh jkst+ejkZ dk laca/ gS rks mudh izfrfØ;k dqN bl izdkj dh Fkh fd tSls muds usrk ,d Nksj ls /qj nwljs Nksj dh vksj ^f'kÝV* gks jgs gSaA bl ckjs esa eSaus mUgsa ;g rdZ fn;k fd gj vkanksyu esa gj jkst+ ikst+h'ku cnyuk cgqr pqukSrh dk dke gksrk gS fdarq ;g gj vkanksyu ds vxqok yksxksa ds fy, vfuok;Z Hkh gksrk gSA nwljh vksj lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ dh fLFkfr blls fcYdqy foijhr gksrh gSA og tc fdlh vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksrk gS rks og Bhd mlh eu%fLFkfr esa gksrk gS tSls fd fdlh /kfeZd vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus okys yksx fdlh ,d xq:ea=k dh nh{kk ysdj mlh ij viuh ft+anxh ifjHkkf"kr dj nsrs gSaA yxHkx 209

blh rjg vkanksyuksa ls izfrc¼ dk;ZdrkZvksa dks vius jktuhfrdj.k ds igys pj.k esa tks ^ea=k* fn, tkrs gSa] og mUgha ea=kksa ;k izfrc¼rkvksa ds vuqlkj viuk thou thrk gSA ysfdu vkanksyu iwoZ fu/kZfjr ^ykbZu* ij gh pys] ,slk vko';d ugha gksrk & ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyrh jgrh gSa ysfdu lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ mu cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa T+;knk ugha lksprkA og rks cl vius lius ds ckjs esa lksprk gS] vius dke ds ckjs esa lksprk gS vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa ds dke ds ckjs esa lksprk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ ;g ikrk gS fd muds vkanksyu esa ;k mudh ikVhZ esa nks ^ykbZUl* ds chp la?k"kZ gksrk gS rks og vius lius ;k lksp ls vyx okyh ^ykbZu* ds f[kykiQ cgqr rh[ksiu vkSj f'kír ls yM+rk gSA lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ us cnyko dh] Økafr dh ,d ixM.Mh r; dh gksrh gS vkSj tc mls yxrk gS fd viuh gh ikVhZ dk dksbZ fgLlk ^HkVdrk* gqvk ut+j vkrk gS rks fiQj og mlls cgqr rh[ksiu ls yM+rk gSA blhfy, dE;qfuLVksa vkSj lektokfn;ksa esa tc&tc VwV gqbZ rks og cgqr dM+okgV ihNs NksM+ tkrh gSA eSa lektoknh vkanksyu esa dk;ZdrkZ ds rkSj ij jgk gwa] blfy, vius vuqHko ls crk ldrk gwa fd gekjs lektoknh usrkvksa ds VwV ds le; ds C;ku vxj ,d lkFk j[k fy, tk,a rks fiQj gekjs fojksf/;ksa dks gekjs ckjs esa dqN dgus dh t+:jr ugha iM+sxhA ysfdu vkt dh fLFkfr cgqr fHkUu gSA igys vkanksyu tc ifjfLFkfr;ka /hjs&/hjs cnyk djrh Fkha rks ;g laHko Fkk fd vki viuh ikVhZ ykbZu dks vkLFkk ds /jkry ij ft,aA vke dk;ZdrkZ ftls vius ifjokj] fj'rsnkj vkSj lekt ls rks yM+uk gh iM+rk gS] rc fiQj og ;g t+ger ugha mBkuk pkgrk fd mls jkst+ viuh ikVhZ&ykbZu ls Hkh yM+uk iM+sA ,sls esa og vius foosd ls] viuh vkLFkk ds Hkjksls gh pyus yxrk gS fdarq iwjh nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyrh tkrh gSaA vkt nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkh vthcksxjhc <ax ls cny jgh gSaA dEcksfM;k dk mnkgj.k ysa tgka ,d rjg dh yksdrkaf=kd lÙkk pykus okys yksxksa esa ls vk/s yksx oks gSa tks iksy ikWV ds lkFk dke fd;k djrs FksA buds lykgdkj gSa lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy ds ;wjksi ds yksx tks eksVs rkSj ij vkfFkZd Lrj ij rks lkezkT;oknh uhfr;ka gh pyk jgs 210

gSaA blh dM+h dk nwljk mnkgj.k gS eaxksfy;k tgka lÙkk/kjh ikVhZ dk uke vHkh Hkh ^eaxksfy;u fjoksY;w'kujh ihiYl ikVhZ* gS ftldh vkarfjd lajpuk ekDlZoknh ysfuuoknh fl¼karksa ds vk/kj ij gh gqbZ gS& bl ikVhZ us Hkh viuh vkSj vius ns'k dh vfLerk dks cpkus ds fy,] eaxksfy;k dks phu vkSj :l ds chp esa ls cpk, j[kus ds fy, vius dks lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy dk fgLlk cuk fy;kA vkt ,slh fopkj/kjk ekuus okyksa ds fy, ,d cgqr gh cM+h pqukSrh dk nkSj gS ftlesa ,slh foo'krk,a lkeus vk jgh gSa fd ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh fopkj/kjk dks ekuus okyh eaxksfy;k dh ljdkj dks lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy dks viuk lykgdkj cukuk iM+k tks eksVs rkSj vkfFkZd lkezkT;okn dks ekurh gSA uhnjySaM ds ,d fo'ks"kK lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy dh vksj ls eaxksfy;k ds jk"Vªifr dks jkst+ejkZ dh jktuhfr dh lykg nsrs gSaA ,sls esa tks yksdra=k pysxk oks yksdra=k ugha cfYd if'pe ds lkezkT;okn dk foLrkj gksxk ftlesa ;g e`xejhfpdk ges'kk jgrh gS fd tSls vesfjdk esa miHkksx dk LoxZ gS] oSlk LoxZ eaxksfy;k esa Hkh vk tk,xkA bl /ks[ks dks iQSykus esa] gks ldrk gS fd Hkwyo'k oks bls lp ekurs gksa] ;s iwoZ ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh viuh iwjh rkdr ls yxs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc fopkj/kjk bl gn rd L[kfyr gks jgh gS ;k gekjs fojksf/;ksa }kjk vius esa lesV yh tk jgh gS rks ;s fLFkfr gekjs fopkjksa ds fy,] gekjs fopkjoku usr`Ro ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA esjs fopkj esa bl pqukSrh ls fuiVus ds nks jkLrs gSa& igyk ;s fd vius cuk, ?ksjksa ls ckgj vkdj turk ls oSpkfjd Lrj ij fj'rk izxk<+ djus dk jkLrkA eSa ?ksjksa dks ;k vkn'kks± dks udkj ugha jgk fdarq fliQZ bruk dg jgk gwa fd vke turk ls T+;knk thoar fj'rk gksuk t+:jh gSA tSlk fd ekvks dgk djrs Fks fd turk ls lh[kus ds vius vkSt+kjksa dks gesa eka>uk gksxkA vc bl lanHkZ esa phu dh gh ckr ysaA phu esa tc lerkoknh <ax ls [ksrh dh xbZ] m|ksx gks x, rks ,d cM+k eè;e oxZ iSnk vkSj ;g oxZ bl ckr dks Hkwy x;k fd ogka Økafr dgka ls 'kq: gqbZ Fkh vkSj rc mudk HkkSfrd Lrj D;k FkkA ekDlZokn ds vuqlkj tc HkkSfrd ifjfLFkr;ka cnyrh gSa psruk Hkh cnyrh gSA phu esa tc Økafr ds ifj.kke 211

ls HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyha vkSj Hkkjr ls cgqr cM+s ,d e/;eoxZ dk tUe gqvk rks mlus Øe'k% Økafr ds ml cfynku dks gh >qBykuk 'kq: dj fn;k ftlesa og Lo;a 'kkfey Fkk vkSj ftlesa mlus Hkh dqckZfu;ka nh FkhaA cnyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mls yxk fd phu Hkh vesfjdk tSlk gks ldrk gSA vkt phu dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ka mlh jkg ij py jgh gS ftu ij pydj i;kZoj.k dk pkgs fdruk fouk'k] fdruk iznw"k.k iQSys] ;s /jrh cps uk cps] mlh rjg dh fo"kerk iSnk djuk vkSj miHkksxokn dks mlh rjg c<+kok nsuk ftlesa efgykvksa dks os';k cukus ls xqjst+ ugha fd;k tkrkA blhfy, esjk dguk gS fd Økafr jkst+ djuh gksrh gS vkSj jkst+ mldk n'kZu fy[kk tkuk gksrk gSA phu esa Økafr gqbZ] liQy gqbZ fdarq ,d lhek rd tkdj vVd xbZA Hkkjr ds Lokra=; vkanksyu dk mnkgj.k ysaA Hkkjr esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ us vke yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls] ,sls vke yksx ftuesa oafpr] nfyr] vkfnoklh vkfn 'kkfey Fks] bruh cM+h lkezkT;oknh rkdr ds f[kykiQ yach yM+kbZ yM+h vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ lkezkT;okn dh fojks/h rkdr ds :i eas mHkjdj lkeus vkbZA vkt blh dkaxzsl ikVhZ dk usr`Ro vesfjdh usr`Ro ds vkxs ureLrd gS] vesfjdk tkdj yksdra=k iQSykus ds fy, le>kSrk djrk gSA vkSj vesfjdk dSlk yksdra=k iQSykrk gS] ;g fdlh ls fNik ugha gSA bZjkd ij geyk] jktusrkvksa dh gR;k,a] lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa fdlh u, jk"Vª dks ugha vkus nsuk vkfn vesfjdh ds yksdra=k iQSykus ds uewus gSaA ijek.kq ekeys esa ns[k yhft, mldk yksdra=k! ckdh dksbZ ns'k ce cukrk gS rks ges'kk dgrk gS fd ge igys bldk iz;ksx ugha djsaxsA ysfdu vesfjdk us ,slk dksbZ fl¼kar ugha cuk j[kk gSA vesfjdk us lcls igys ce cuk;k] lcls igys nwljs ns'k (fczVsu) dks fn;k vkSj lcls igys gh nwljs ns'k ij fxjk;kA vkt irk ugha fdl cs'keZ eqag ls cksyrk gS fd bZjku ;s dj jgk gS] ukWFkZ dksfj;k oks dj jgk gSA rks le; dh foMEcuk nsf[k, fd dkaxzsl ikVhZ] tks fd lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ yM+us okys yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh okyh lcls cM+h ikVhZ Fkh] vkt nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s lkezkT;oknh ns'k ds lkFk ^yksdra=k* iQSykus ds fy, le>kSrs dj jgh gSA 212

ysfdu foMEcuk ;g Hkh nsf[k, fd dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks] ftls eSa lkezkT;okn dh ,d NqêðHkS;k ikVhZ eku jgk gwa] Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa fiNys vke pqukoksa ls igys] lektokfn;ksa ds chp eSaus gh igy djds] Hkktik&fojks/h ekspkZ cuk;k ftldk lh/k vFkZ dkaxzsl dks leFkZu nsuk FkkA lektokfn;ksa esa ,aVh&dkaxzsl laLdkj bruk xgjk gS fd esjk jk"Vªh; usr`Ro blds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkk ij eSaus dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ysdj ^Hkktik gjkvks* ekspkZ vyx ls cuk;k vkSj fiQj ;s nhxj ckr gS fd tc ;g ekspkZ lkoZtfud /juksa ij cSBus yxk rks gekjk jk"Vªh; usr`Ro Hkh blesa 'kkfey gqvkA eSa dguk ;s pkg jgk gwa fd ;s oDr ,slk gS ftlesa ,d nwljs ls mYVh ckrsa gedks djuh iM+ jgh gSa tSls ftl ikVhZ dks eSa lkezkT;oknh crk jgk gwa vkSj tks ikVhZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa bl ckr esa xkSjo eglwl dj jgh gS fd ge vesfjdk ds fiNyXxw gSa] mlh ikVhZ dh thr dh dkeuk eSaus dh rkfd ,d iQklhoknh ikVhZ (Hkktik) gkj tk,A vc bl ckr dks ml Hkk"kk esa dguk vklku ugha gS tks eq>s lektoknh cuus ds le; fl[kkbZ xbZ FkhA bldks dgus dk ,d gh rjhdk gS fd vkt turk ds lkeus vius }a}ksa dks] viuh fparkvksa dks lh/s rkSj ij vkSj iwjs rkSj ij j[kk tk,A turk ls j.kuhfr ;k nkao&isap] ftls ge ^VsdfVl* dgrs gSa] ds pDdj esa iM+us dh ctk; vxj lh/s&lh/s viuh ckr dgh tk, rks 'kk;n ubZ fopkj/kjk vkSj Økafr dk u;k n'kZu ge yksx x<+ ldsaxsA rks ;g gqvk] esjs fopkj esa] fopkj/kjk L[kyu ds bl nkSj dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus dk igyk jkLrkA nwljs jkLrs dh ckr ds 'kq:vkr esa vkius tks vk/kji=k j[kk gS] mldh ppkZ djuk pkgwaxk ftlds Åij gh fy[kk x;k gS fd yksdra=k] lektoknh lekt dk jkLrk gSA fgUnqLrku ds lektoknh ;g ekurs jgs gSa fd lektokn vkSj yksdra=k ,d nwljs ds vkfJr gSa vFkkZr~ yksdra=k ds fcuk lektokn laHko ugha vkSj lektokn ds fcuk yksdra=k laHko ughaA rks blfy, gekjs fy, oks isap usiky ds lkfFk;ksa dh vis{kk FkksM+k de gS ysfdu ;g tks lkearokn okyk ekeyk gS] mlds Bksl :i bl Hkw[kaM ds lHkh /eks± esa gS D;ksafd tkrh; 'kks"k.k lkearokn dk ,d Bksl :i gSA ;gka rd fd eqlyekuksa esa tkrh; 'kks"k.k gS] czkã.kokn gSA blhfy, Hkkjrh; lektoknh vkanksyu us reke rjg dh 213

vkykspuk,a lgdj Hkh nfyrksa vkSj fiNM+ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh ckr dh] eqfLye vkSj bZlkbZ lekt ds nfyrksa vkSj fiNM+ksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh ckr dhA vius bl :[k ds dkj.k mUgsa dE;qfuLV vkanksyu ls cgqr dqN lquuk iM+k tSls ;g fd ge ofd±x Dykl dh ,drk dks rksM+uk pkgrs gSa oxSjg&oxSjgA tc ;g tkfr rksM+ks okyh yM+kbZ vkSj vkj{k.k dh ckr jkeeuksgj yksfg;k us 'kq: dh Fkh rks mUgksaus blds [krjksa ij Hkh ckr dh FkhA vkt og iVy ij ugha gS vkSj mudh bl tkfr rksM+ks uhfr dk ,d cgqr NksVk lk fgLlk oh-ih- flag us eaMy deh'ku dh fliQkfj'ksa ekuus ds rkSj ij 9 vxLr 1990 dks ykxw fd;k FkkA vkt mldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd eqyk;e flag th ds lektokn dk eryc reke iwathoknh yksx] reke ukpus xkus okys yksx] reke nyky yksx vxj ,d tekoM+k cuk ysaxs vkSj ifjokj ds yksx ;kno 'kfDrdj.k dh ckr djsaxs rks cgqr eqf'dy gksxkA gkykafd esjk uk ukpus xkus ij dksbZ ,rjkt+ gS vkSj uk ;kno 'kfDrdj.k ij ysfdu vxj ;knoksa dk 'kfDrdj.k tkfr rksM+us ds dke ugha vk jgk cfYd blds myV tkfr tksM+us ds dke esa fy;k tk jgk gS rks ;g ,rjkt+ dh ckr gSA ge yksx ftl <ax ls lkearokn ls yM+s] mlesa yk[kksa&yk[k] djksM+ksa&djksM+ nfyrksa vkSj fiNM+ksa dk 'kfDrdj.k rks gqvk ij ge bl ckr dks vuns[kk ugha dj ldrs fd lektokn ds lkekftd i{k ds vykok] dkiQh vU; eqíksa ij lektoknh vkanksyuksa us eqag dh [kkbZA vkt tc vkfFkZd lokyksa ij lcls T;knk yM+kbZ dh t+:jr gS rc lektoknh vkanksyu ml /jkry ij uDdkjk lkfcr gqvk gS] mldh mifLFkfr ns'k esa ugha gSA tuojh esa eSaus vius usiky&izokl ds nkSjku dkiQh lkjs usrkvksa ls O;fDrxr ckr Hkh dh vkSj muds lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k Hkh lqus & eSaus ik;k fd lHkh yksx lekos'kh yksdra=k vkSj laiw.kZ yksdra=k dh ckr dj jgs gSa vkSj ,d gh lkal esa nfyr] fiNM+k] tutkfr & bu lc rcdksa dh ckr dj jgs gSaA ;gka rd fd jk"Vªh; vkj-ih-ih- i'kqifr jk.kk Hkh bu lc rcdksa dks lkFk ysdj pyus okyh ckr cksy jgs gSaA Hkkjr esa rjg&rjg ds vEcsMdjokfn;ksa us] xka/hokfn;ksa us] ekDlZokfn;ksa us] Lora=k ekDlZokfn;ksa us vkSj [kqn tkfr lewgksa us vius laxBu cukdj lkearokn ds dbZ rjg ds :iksa ls yM+us dh dksf'k'k dh gSA mlds vPNs vkSj cqjs ifj.kke gq, gSaA

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tSls okenso xkSÙke th us vius ,d fu"d"kZ ds ckjs esa dgk fd og vk/k gh gS fd yksdra=k rks cgqnyh; gksuk gksxk fdarq mlls Økafr dSls gksxh] ;s lkiQ ugha gSA Bhd mlh rjg tkfrokn ls yM+us ds cqjs ifj.kkeksa ds ckjs esa ogh vk/k tokc gS fd tkfr dks rksM+uk gh gksxk ysfdu lekt esa 'kksf"krksa dh ,drk dSls cuh jgs vkSj usikyh jk"Vª dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dSls cuh jgs] mlds ckjs esa vkidks lkspuk gksxkA jkT; ds iqufuZekZ.k dh ckr vki djrs gSa rks D;k og iqufuZekZ.k fdlh lafo/ku dh /kjk ls gksxk ;k jktuSfrd deZ ls gksxk\ vHkh tSls lkr nyksa vkSj ,d ny ds chp tks ckjg lw=kh; dk;ZØe cuk gS] ml ij vkidks :duk ugha gS cfYd ,d la;qDr ekspkZ cukuk gksxk vkSj fliQZ jkt'kkgh dks [kRe djus Hkj ls dke ugha pysxkA esjh viuh le> gS fd ftl fnu ;s ekspkZ cuk] ml fnu jkt'kkgh dk rks ipkZ fy[kk x;k fd bldks rks [kRe gksuk gh gSA cgqnyh; yksdra=k rks vkids ;gka vkuk gh gS ysfdu loky ;s gS fd lkearokn ls yM+kbZ dSls gksxh tks vki feydj yM+saxs ;k lc ny vdsys&vdsys yM+saxsA lkFk gh vkids bl lk>k dk;ZØe esa ,d ckr ;g Hkh dgh xbZ gS fd fons'kh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj jkt'kkgh ds nykyksa ls gesa vius&vius nyksa esa yM+uk gksxkA ,sls esa mldk dksbZ u;k jkLrk fudkyuk gksxk pkgs vki ,dnyh; jkt cuk,a ;k cgqnyh; D;ksafd blesa cgqr isphnfx;ka gSaA vHkh gky ds eghuksa esa eSa tc lhrkjke ;spqjh ds lkFk usiky vk;k Fkk rks eSaus muls et+kd esa dgk fd vxj ge vkidks MseksØsV&lks'kfyLV dgrs gSa rks vki xkyh ekurs gSa tcfd eSa vkidks ;g ^dkWEiyhesaV* ds rkSj ij dgrk gwa fd vki gekjh fopkj/kjk ds djhc vk jgs gSa vius vkpj.k esaA ysfdu nwljh vksj irk pyrk gS fd muds cq¼nso Hkêðkpk;Z th rks dkaxzsl dh Hkk"kk cksy jgs gSaA rks bu lc isphnfx;ksa ij] pkgs og lkearokn gks ;k ikVhZ esa lkearoknh ;k jkt'kkgh okyh izo`fÙk gks & bu lc lokyksa ij vkidks O;kid ekspkZ cukuk gksxkA ,slh ckrsa eap ls djuk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk gS] blds fy, vkidk usr`Ro lksp gh jgk gksxk & cSBdsa djuk] xksf"B;ka djuk] LVMh dSEi djuk & ;s lc lkrksa ikfVZ;ksa dk Hkh vkSj ckdh yksxksa dk Hkh gksuk pkfg,A ewy ckr ;g fd tks lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ gS] t+ehuh dk;ZdrkZ gS] og 215

bu lokyksa ij lksps fd lkearokn ls dSls yM+uk gSA vkt tks lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ fl;sVy esa ;k dkudqu esa] ;k ;w-,u- ds U;w;kdZ nÝrj esa ;k okf'kaxVu tkdj ;k isVh'ku nsdj ugha yM+h tk ldrhA lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ vkSj jk"VªfuekZ.k ds fy, & ;s dksbZ nks vyx&vyx yM+kbZ;ka ugha gSA ;s ,d nwljs ls xqFkh gqbZ yM+kbZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vkidks iaps'oj MSe cukuk gS rks D;k ns'k ds iwathifr dks fctyh nsus ds fy, cuk jgs gSa ;k xkao ds xjhc dks nsus gsrqA rks vxj xkao ds fdlku dks nsuk gS rks MSe dSlk gksxkA VSDuksykWth dSlh gksxhA tSls vki cM+k cka/ cuk;saxs rks tkiku] vesfjdk ;k Hkkjr dh daLVªD'ku daiuh dks iSlk nsaxs vkSj vxj NksVk cka/ cuk;saxs rks xkao ds fdlku dks] nfyr dks fctyh feysxh] mldk jgV pysxkA rks blfy, eSa dgrk gwa fd jk"VªfuekZ.k ds fy, vkSj lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ & ;s ,d nwljs ls tqM+h gqbZ ckrsa gSaA ;s nksuksa ckrsa rHkh gks ldsaxh tc fofHkUu nyksa dh jktuSfrd 'kfDr ds chp laxe gksxk vkSj ns'k esa yksdrkaf=kd vkt+knh gksuh gksxh rkfd ;fn dksbZ xyrh gks rks lcdh lk>h uSfrd 'kfDr ls] vuq'kklu dh lk>h vkSj [kqyh 'kfDr ls ml xyrh dks lq/kjk tk ldsA rHkh usiky esa lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ [kM+h gksxhA var esa ,d ckr vkSj dguk pkgwaxkA og ;g fd lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ yM+kbZ vki dsoy usikyh turk dks ykecan dj izHkkoh :i ls ugha yM+ ldsaxs cfYd blds fy, vkidks Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh reke la?k"kZ'khy turk dks vius lkFk ykecan djuk gksxk tks vius&vius {ks=kksa esa lkezkT;okn vkSj lkearokn ds Hk;kud :iksa ls tw> jgh gSA blfy, vxj lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ viuh yM+kbZ fu.kkZ;d nkSj rd ys tkuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] viQxkfuLrku] cekZ] dh la?k"kZ'khy turk ls egkxBca/u cukuk gksxkA vxj ,slk ugha gksxk rks fiQj ;s yM+kbZ vafre dxkj rd ugha igqapsxh vkSj T+;knk ls T+;knk ,d udyh lk yksdra=k vk ldrk gS ftlesa uk lektokn gksxk] uk lkezkT;okn ;k lkearoknh fojks/h yM+kbZ gksxhA esjh vkils vkSj vkids (usikyh turk ds) usr`Ro ls ;gh xqt+kfj'k gS fd ,d rks ^xzkl:V* ls ysdj varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj rd oSpkfjd cglksa dks rh[kk fd;k tk, vkSj u, oSpkfjd lokyksa dh xqfRFk;ksa dks feydj lqy>k;k tk,A nwljs] nqfu;k Hkj dh] [kkldj 216

Hkkjr dh la?k"kZ'khy turk ls fj'rk cuk,aA ;gka ds jkt&dkt pykus okyksa ls rks fj'rk vius vki cusxkA D;ksafd mudh etcwjh gS usiky ls fj'rk cukus dhA usiky esa ekvksokfn;ksa dh vdsys Hkh ljdkj gksrh rks Hkkjrh; jkT; jk"Vª dks mlls nksLrh djuh gh iM+rhA ;s Hkkjr dh etcwjh gS] blfy, lkmFk CykWd ;k fnYyh dh xíh dh fpark uk djsa cfYd fnYyh dh turk dh] Hkkjr dh turk dh fpark djsa] mlls lgdkj cuk;sa rks nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Økafr gksxh vkSj usiky esa LFkkbZ Økafr gksxh] fn[kus okyh Økafr gksxh ftldks usiky dk gj vkneh] [kkldj vkf[kjh vkneh Hkh eglwl djsxkA

217

21. India‐Nepal and South Asia ‐ A Dialogue

Vijay Pratap & Shyam Shreksha

A dialogue between Indian Social activist Shri Vijay Pratap and shri Shyam Shresktha, Convenor of the Socialist Movement, Nepal and Editor of the monthly publication Mulyankan. (In this conversation the term 'American' refers specifically to USA, unless specified otherwise). SS ‐ Presently we are the only one engaged in anti‐imperialism movement and are trying to bring all anti‐imperialist forces on a common platform. Whenever a programme or meeting is organized all of us participate in it. The idea behind evolving such a common forum is that the differences prevailing in India should not reach here. VP ‐ Which is major thrust in this ‐ Indian imperialism or American imperialism? SS ‐ Rather than focusing on any single issue, all the issues, American imperialism, Indian imperialism and globalization are included. Though we are primarily suffering from Indian repression. But the financial flow in Nepal is not from India and it is from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, USA and Japan. In addition to this newer political ways have been devised to take the money. VP ‐ Our suffering is that the ruling elite of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China and Afghanistan is protecting the American interests. They have virtually become the client state of USA. Thus, barring Nepal, India is now surrounded by pro‐American nations from all the sides. China is very active against us. Now there is a capitalist dictatorship, run by American and Japanese finances. All these forces are strengthening ruling elite of India. These forces take such steps, which assist Indian rulers, both BJP and Congress, in relegating progressive/real issues to the periphery, by raising slogans of aggressive and hollow nationalism. Thus situation in India is very complex. SS ‐ Can we help in this situation?

218

VP ‐ Certainly! You alone can help us, as your social structure is similar. All of you are Brahman. In our country, curtsey Mandalism, even a progressive Brahman is not accepted. Recently a Dalit conference was organized in Ahmadabad. The speakers publicly said from the dais that we consider all those Brahmans, which by their ideology are in favour of Dalits and are progressive they are our enemy. The similar people in Communist Party, in Socialist Parties too are our enemies as they are against the Dalit identity. But any Dalit, even ideologically against us, is our friend. Thus, the leaders of Ambedkarite and Mandalite streams doubt the progressive people belonging to higher castes and put question mark on their reliability and commitment. On the other hand, communalism has sharpened its attack on the liberal face of Hinduism. The Hindu religion has not faced such a severe threat even from British imperialism which it faces today from RSS. RSS people do not have any idea about the Hinduism ‐ neither the liberal Sufi traditions nor the classical traditions of the Hindu religion. Still they claim to be the sole flag bearer of the Hinduism. The publications of RSS namely Panchajanya and Organizer, is testimony to venom they are spitting against minorities in the name of religion. You undertake an assessment/analysis of these papers which are available in Nepal. SS ‐ We do not read these papers. VP ‐ But if you keep an eye on these papers and respond to them on ideological level, it will help us greatly. After analysing the issues of one month you write a letter to them. An American philosopher Hutington has proposed a theory of clash of civilizations it is stated that Hindu and Muslim civilizations will clash under the leadership of Indian Hindus. So the RSS has become an active tool of such imperial conspiracy aimed towards initiating clashes between us. RSS claims that Nepal is the only Hindu nation and hence any cultural response to it coming from Nepal will help us immensely. We are facing a twin attack. Ambedakarites and Mandalite too want to isolate the progressive elements. In such a situation any Nepalese opposition against the Indian ruling class will be greatly helpful to us. SS ‐ It is right and we are under no illusion about it. Our struggle is not against the Indian people. 219

VP ‐ But how to send this message to common man? The unity of rulers of Afghanistan, Myanmar, Pakistan, China and Bangladesh make the situation for Indian rulers very convenient. They club the progressive forces of Nepal with them that Nepalese too are Chinese agent. It causes problems for us. Thus on the one hand there is propoganda of the ruling class and on the other, appreciation of the Nepalese Kingship by the communal forces through Panchajanya. Whereas we are struggling in our country against the ruling tendency and samantvad as well as against the Brahmanism and higher castism. SO we are dubbed as anti Hinduism and anti nationals. Nepal is the only Hindu nation and there too are anti‐ Indian Chinese agents, American agents and these Indians are with them. They try to create this atmosphere. SS ‐ We can organize ideological debates and group actions jointly by bringing anti imperialist forces of both the countries together. A series of such programmes can be organized. This will bring the fact to the fore that people of both the countries are one. This work can also be done through media, by writing articles. Main point is people to people contact and this should be done in a very effective manner. Whenever there is attack on you we should raise our voices and when we are attacked you should raise voices. VP ‐ How the progressive forces of both the countries can jointly force their national burgeoise which claim to be nationalist to give clarification? Maithili is spoken in Nepal and India both. But its use as a contact language is reducing. In whole of north India Hindi is disappearing form the media. Only the influence of English is increasing. This is an issue of cultural onslaught. If in the border areas, research centres are established for the study of different South Asian languages, institutes be established where comparative studies and researches of all the South Asian religion be carried out from a progressive point of vies, then the communal forces will be comelled to adopt the majority line. Then it will not be easier for the fascist forces to use the tool of religion. Other akin democratic initiatives can also be undertaken. Like, Federation of Human Rights of South Asia. Similarly, the state should provide the financial assistance to the political parties as in the European democratic nations. Here political parties are run by the funds taken through commission. Instead the political parties should be nurtured through funds raised by taxation ‐ in the interest of democracy the higher class should be taxed. The current focus of discussion on SAARC, SAFTA, common market etc., is only form the point of view of the interests of ruling class 220

and MNCs/TNCs. We must evolve common forums for bonded labour, child labour, rights of indigenous communities on the natural resource base, anti‐consumerism, cultural issues and the government should also help in it. If we jointly apply pressure on the national bourgeoisie class, though it may not help us but it will certainly put them in a defensive position. SS ‐ But this will require some time. VP ‐ Surely. It is like walking on a twin‐edged sword. Otherwise our people will be co‐opted. SS ‐ What should be our priority, first two‐three steps? VP ‐ The second issue which you think will take some time, can be started immediately, even though in a formal manner. Like, the UML today is part of the ruling coalition. It can be asked from them that what is the problem? You (UML) can continue their alliance with the Indian ruling class, but you can do some good work. You do not need any peoples' movement for that but can raise these issues in your articles and speeches. At present the burgeoise ruling class is not even protecting the interests of the state. Right now it is protecting the American imperialist interests. It is no doing the minimum work for the interests of the Nepalese people. If we criticize them on this line then they will be forced to act as pro‐people. We shall think about this. SS ‐ This is possible. But we should think what we could do jointly. We should develop a Peoples' SAARC in South Asia. Along with this, we shall develop a front against the globalization, the superpower that has emerged in South Asia and imperialist MNCs/TNCs, if possible. We can try for this. I have said this in last year's conference also. A political party of Sri Lanka supported this. The Socialist Party of Bangladesh also supported this agenda. We shall develop such a mechanism. VP ‐ Can you provide us the articles published on the democratic struggles of Nepal, which should be seen in a South Asian perspective? We will publish them in the papers/magazines associated with our network. We will send you the names and addresses of non‐Marxists associated with our network like, Azadi Bachao Andolan, National Alliance of Peoples' Movement, Jan Andolan etc. You are already in touch with the Marxists. Whenever we go to Pakistan and Bangladesh, we will take your opinion on whom we should meet. What I mean 221

is that in next six months this work shall be done in a systematic manner with mutual cooperation. SS ‐ And whatever is happening over there, send that to us. We will publish it here. VP ‐ We will send you Samyik Varta, a magazine of socialists. In addition we will try to send other reports and publications. We want a basic pamphlet from you on "Marxist and Socialist engagement in the Radicalization of Democracy" in a month. The canvas has been deliberately kept wide so that an evaluation of all political parties can be done. You do not make this evaluation 'one of the many' but make it 'for all'. If the evaluation in itself becomes competitive than it will acquire the posture of a leadership and than it will fail in its role of bringing others together. Many of your well wishers have expressed this thought. Many of the friends told about you that your group is the only one which considers 'bringing others together' an important task. SS ‐ We are doing it and we consider this evaluation a medium for this. We have not allowed it to be monopolized by a single group. VP ‐ Right now Samyik Varta belongs to a group but we are evolving a powerful lobby for making this a common magazine of all the movement groups, be it, Ambedakarites, Sarvodayis involved in struggles, all kinds of Marxists and Socialists which have not become a part of the system totally and independent activists working for the betterment of the society. A powerful lobby has emerged in this favour and in next one year we will know whether it is possible or not. SS ‐ From our side we have framed Mulyankan on this line. It has been coming out since last eight years and has succeeded in influencing the people. VP ‐ What is the print number of Mulyankan? SS ‐ 15,000 to 18,000. VP ‐ 15,000 to 18,000 every month is a large number! It is equivalent to the number of Dinman. It is a big acheivement that Mulyankan is making even, without any loss and profit.

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SS ‐ Yes, without any vulgar content, based solely on the ideological and pro‐people issues we are running this from the funds generated through sales and do not take any outside assistance or subsidy. We do not publish ugly, vulgar advertisements. We have given it the shape of a forum and it can also become an international forum too. Any struggle of oppressed people, in India or elsewhere, can always find a place in this magazine. VP ‐ We have formed Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam the philosophy behind this being that there is no society part of which does not have linkages with the rest of the world. No human society can survive without accepting this concept or akin to it. People of South Asia, irrespective of their religion, have not only considered the whole world a family but also the family as a reflection of the world. Thus the Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam carries a twin meaning. One, that the whole world is like a family and the second that the family is the reflection of the whole world. It is exactly reverse to globalization. Globalization has a stepwise structure ‐ an Indian identity, a Nepalese identity. Then in Nepalese too, there is a Tamang identity, a Chamang identity etc. Opposed to this, in Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam as every family is a reflection of the whole world, at the level of basic human values, hence there is an equity among the identities. Everyone is free to define its own cultural definition still all of us belong to the same world. But American multinational culture does not have this freedom. Their cultural thinking is a cultural onslaught on us. On the other hand, our concept is, what Gandhiji called 'oceanic circle of identity'. All have a common center ‐ humanity. The different identities, being Indian, being a high caste or low caste, are in support of each other rather than being in conflict. Yet multi‐dimensionalism exist everywhere, in one form or the other. The basic thing is that all of us are multidimensional and there is scope for all. There is one center and it has many circles. Every outer circle is not attacking its inner circle but is dependent on it. There is a need to establish contact among the struggle‐groups of different countries, like groups active on the issue of Nepalese identity or Finnish identity in Europe. I have a friend in Finland, an activist‐philosopher, a very prominent person of Finland, Thomas Wolger, and we have jointly written a paper "Search of Global Responsibility". Please see that and give your comments. As a part of Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam project, I am involved with a research institute Center for the Studies of Developing Societies. Our prominent intellectual Rajni Kothari established this center in 1964. So through this center and groups of Finland, there 223

is need for a dialogue between South Asian nations on many issues like ‐ strengthening North‐South democratization, impact of foreign funding on peoples' movement, adverse effects in the area of health, attempts to capture the natural resources etc. Recently we organized a dialogue on this and plan to organize another. Vipul is writing on the ill consequences of foreign money in the field of health. Usha has promised that she will work lifetime for the unity of left‐Janvadi people. SS ‐ We undertook a campaign to spread awareness that how this imperialistic culture in its totality is dominating and adversely affecting the whole society. The whole report has been published in Mulyankan. In addition to this, our sociologist friend Dr. Chaitanya Mishra has extensively written on various like, new form of imperialism, modus operandi of imperialistic oppression, dominance of imperialism in Nepal etc. The holistic impact of imperialism on economy, culture, health has been analyzed and all this is available in Mulyankan. VP ‐ Is all this published in one article? SS ‐ No, there are different articles. It is an ideological campaign against imperialism. VP ‐ Have you not published it in the form of a booklet? SS ‐ Not so far, but we are planning to bring it in a booklet. VP ‐ It should be published as it will help in our work. If you people want to rejuvenate the local culture, than compared to us, in your country some of the common Indian languages can by reborn easily, like, Bhojpuri, Maithili or Awadhi. Because in our country Hindi is like a dominant language though Hindi itself is in a very bad shape, compared to English. It has always been my opinion that if one official publication is brought out in each district in its local language than at least on cultural level we can combat globalization very easily because then for exploiting markets they too will have to come up with the local language. If the people have to attracted and affected than local language has to be used. It will need investment. If for every 7 percent segment of population they have to invest US $ 5,000, then it will be difficult for them. Thus at the local level the local language, at the national level the link language of the nation and at international level English, all three can coexist.

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SS ‐ In Nepal we have also fought on the issue of language in addition to the struggle for democracy. Due to this struggle, in 1990 through a constitutional amendment, all regional languages were granted sub‐national status and Nepalese was given the status of National language for carrying out official work. Because of this, radio and television broadcast news in all sub‐national languages. The struggle in this direction is still continuing. We have raised the issue that all‐16 districts where Magar‐speaking population is in majority, they shall be granted autonomy by declaring them autonomous region. Similarly this should apply to other languages also. Many of the languages have lost their script due to being neglected and oppressed for a long time. Now some of them are adopting the script of Newari. VP ‐ Is it very different from Devnagari? SS ‐ Yes, totally different. It is somewhat similar to Bengali. Tamang also has its own script. VP ‐ Is it commonly used? SS ‐ Not much, but we are trying to bring it back in circulation. Right now everything is going on in Devnagari. Here on the one hand struggle is going on and secondly, earlier major political parties were leftist and revolutionaries. These parties undergone a sea change in last 8‐10 years but this change has not been in the right direction. Now these parties have become blatantly become pro‐Indian capitalist class and their tool. VP ‐ Like the Nepali Congress? SS ‐ No, More than Nepali Congress. They have become more Indian than Indian. VP ‐ Not Indian but ruling Indian class. SS ‐ Yes, like the ruling Indian class. Now the Indian Embassy is providing money for the elections to the UML. VP ‐ Is it not a rumour? SS ‐ No it is not a rumour. VP ‐ Does it also provide money to Nepali Congress? 225

SS ‐ Yes, it does. VP ‐ Does it provide finance to other groups also? SS ‐ Yes, too much. It has been published in Navyug, the mouthpiece of UML, that there is no harm in giving some land to India. We can give. This week they have repeated the same to the rulers of India. You should see that. VP ‐ What is this publication? SS ‐ It is the official publication of UML. India is dominating Nepal too much. The American imperialism was already dominant here. VP ‐ In what manner India is dominating? SS ‐ Through direct intervention. For example, recently Mahakali Treaty was signed. What happened during that period? In the central committee meeting of the party, majority was against this treaty. The Secretary General of the Party took the members opposed to the treaty to the Indian Embassy. The Indian Ambassador assured them that we will give you letters to this and that extent, please pass the treaty. For this, Indian Embassy issued publications for them ‐ that we have liked this, it is all transparent, nothing is confidential, we are not saying anything based on assumptions. VP ‐ On our side Radha Bahen is doing padyatra against the Mahakali Treaty. She has her ashram there, namely Laxmi Ashram and from there the struggle is being run. She does not speak in our jargon, does not talk about imperialism etc. and she primarily says that it will harm people and nature in both the countries. She belongs to sarvodayi movement. SS ‐ Please send us news about this. VP ‐ Her address is straight ‐ Laxmi Ashram, Kausani, District Ulmora, Uttarnchal, India. Write a letter immediately. SS ‐ A very strange happening took place. The sixth congress of the Nepal Communist Party was held in February 1998. From India, Vinod Mishra and other representatives of CPI (M) also participated and even they were surprised. In this congress voting was held on the issue that whether USA can be called imperialist and India expansionist. And after the voting the 226

view came out victorious that in both the cases that it should not be said. For the first time in the history of a communist party voting was done on the issue whether USA shall be called imperialist and there too it lost. VP ‐ Then these people can not join our anti‐American imperialist front. SS ‐ That is what is happening. Some intellectuals are on our side. VP ‐ Tell us one thing. If the member‐based political parties are provided funds from the Nepali taxpayers' money will it reduce the effect of India? Sometime we are trapped in this cycle under compulsion so we shall find some solution to this role of Indian Embassy. The size of our economy is large but here too our political leaders are also taking money from corrupt means. When I was carrying out the internal dialogue in my Samata Party, I gave in writing that election reforms should be made a major issue otherwise the 1996 elections will be the last elections conducted with the funds of Indian capitalists. Afterwards elections will be held by the funds of MNCs/TNCs and this happened eventually. Subsequent elections were held with the funds of MNCs/TNCs coming to political parties through industrial houses of Ambani and Hinduja. And this will increase in future. I do not have much idea about what Americans are doing in Nepal but I have heard that America has extensively helped leftists through NGOs, to the extent that CIA foundation has directly corrupted them. Even the Indian money will too harm the democracy in Nepal. Even if you consider democracy burgeoise but if arrival of foreign funds to political parties is stopped and it is raised from the taxpayers' money, then perhaps it will reduce the impact. Government should provide funds to the political parties for their functioning based on the criteria of membership of parties, percentage of votes a party receives in the election etc. SS ‐ Where such system exists in the world? VP ‐ Many of the democratic nations of Europe have this system like Germany, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, etc. We should also start this and it is easier to do it in Nepal. SS ‐ A dialogue has started in this direction.

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VP ‐ You should differentiate between the American imperialism and Indian dominance and use different words for them. Because the Indian imperialism has two faces. First, just like China, our ruling class too has become a part of American Imperialism. Second is a false consciousness, like a Brahman considers himself superior than a dalit. Similarly, an Indian, though not a part of ruling class yet has the consciousness of the ruling Indian class and considers you inferior, do not mix this with imperialism. Do criticize him but coin a new indigenous word for this, like, dominance, big‐brotherly treatment or inequality or something or like this. Your indigenous vocabulary and wealth is more prosperous and your political language too contains very good indigenous words like Rashtriya Sarokar Samaj, Laoktantra Samvardhan Kendra etc. So coin a new word which expresses the dominance of Indian ruling class and does not club it with the American imperialism. This is not a matter of intellectual discussion. If the common man's language does not have two different words then average Indian will think that Nepali people are part of America's anti‐indian strategy. This is the problem. The problem does not lie in your thinking but the problem is that how people in India are taking it. If you take a little precaution considering our reference, it will help us. Internally the Indian rightist forces, which are in favour of keeping Monarchy in Nepal, are attacking us. These rightist forces want to promote communal and fascist ideology in the name of nationalism. In our struggle against these forces we should not weaken ourselves and while criticizing us avoiding general slogans present the fact based real texts. The American jargon should not be our language. SS ‐ At the time of forming Anti Imperialist Front we had prepared a paper on the issue of culture. In that we did an evaluation of American imperialism which was also published. Till recently, only Nepali Congress was playing the role of collaborator of imperialist forces and all left parties were anti‐imperialism. But now the situation is that UML itself has become a partner of imperialist forces and voting is conducted on the issue of whether America is imperialist or not. On this issue the party has divided. VP ‐ Oh! Was this too an issue in the division? SS ‐ This was the main issue. 228

VP ‐ It means that ML still considers America imperialist and India expansionist. SS ‐ They say so and rest also say this. The problem is with UML only. VP ‐ The main content of this evaluation is the same or different? SS ‐ It contains mostly the same things. Here the anti‐imperialism and anti‐American feelings are very strong. UML too had these feelings but in recent times it has weakened. VP ‐ Does it exist at the top or goes right upto the field workers? SS ‐ Argument given by the leadership is that we belong to a party aiming to capture power and hence we shall be diplomatic. So we will not oppose America directly, yes, indirectly we will continue to oppose America. With this argument leadership tries to confuse its activists having an anti‐imperialist views. Here revolutionary people are now in minority. UML is getting lot of money from Mafia. This has made anti‐imperialist struggle difficult. VP ‐ But popular public sentiments and feelings are there. SS ‐ Yes that exists. There are many field activists which have anti‐imperialist views but the leadership is corrupt. VP ‐ Based on our dialogue we can enlist the tasks to be done in next six months, like, exchange of literature, published material etc. SS ‐ Secondly, we can form an anti‐imperialist forum at South Asian level. You initiate the dialogue in India, see what emerges and what are the possibilities. Send that to us. If we can conduct a joint meeting then we shall do it, either in Nepal or in India. VP ‐ It will be better to conduct it in Nepal. Pakistanis and Sri Lankans shall also feel that it is being done jointly. SS ‐ We have relations with two political parties in Bangladesh and one political party in Sri Lanka. If you are in touch with other parties then you also talk to them. VP ‐ If we talk to the groups of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka then will you have any objection? SS ‐ No, not at all. They should be anti‐imperialism.

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VP ‐ If they are willing to participate in the conference on anti‐imperialism, that should be enough as we can not evaluate their reliability. When they participate then only we can evaluate. SS ‐ Yes, we shall not be narrow. Only this should be seen that those being invited have a history of anti‐imperialism and are willing to continue struggle further. VP ‐ Can we call those groups too which call themselves anti‐imperialist, in addition to Marxist and non‐Marxist Socialists? SS ‐ Yes it is possible but care has to be taken that they are not defamed reactionary forces. VP ‐ This is right. For example in our country there is Dr. B. D. Sharma who has launched Bharat Jan Andolan. He is clearly an anti‐imperialist person. Prof. Banwari Lal Sharma of Azadi Bachao Andolan is another such person, who is distinctly anti‐imperialist but neither a socialist nor Gandhian nor Marxist, but has been active in the anti‐imperialist struggles. Medha Patkar is another name who has roots in the socialist movement and though she never discloses that identity but she is the front leader in the anti‐imperialist struggle. I feel that such persons shall be invited. What is your opinion? SS ‐ I agree with this. Irrespective of the ideology all anti‐imperialist persons shall be invited. Basically the democratic leftist type of people. VP ‐ Rather than a formal forum it should be an informal one. SS ‐ That we can decide when we sit together. VP ‐ I have no objection personally about it, but it will be convenient for you if rather than proposing the formal name of the forum, it is conducted informally. SS ‐ First, exchange of literature should be done. Second, initiative to be taken for South Asian forum. Third, anti‐imperialist forces in your contact should be can be brought to our contact. Then the ongoing anti‐imperialism struggle in Nepal needs your help. We also need your help in Kalapani. We are not against the people of India. They are our friends and we want unity with them. We want the help of Indian people in the struggle of Nepali people against the annexing of Nepali land by India. Your help is essential in bringing the Indian

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people close to Nepali people. The India‐Nepal treaty of 1950 is based on inequality and goes against the interests of Nepal. This treaty was signed when Nepal was under Monarchy. Nepal is forced to ask from India before purchase of arms. Indian industrialists are given national treatment in Nepal under this treaty. Due to this industrial development could not take place in Nepal. VP ‐ And what facilities Nepal gets under this treaty? SS ‐ Nepali industrialists can also go to India but Nepal does not have any industrialists. We are suffering from the 1950 treaty. Industrial development of Nepal has been hampered and sovereignty of Nepal has been curtailed. VP ‐ From your talk it seems that the Treaty does not contain much inequality but the inequality lies in its implementation. SS ‐ No, there is some inequality in treaty, like Nepal has to ask India regarding the purchase of arms. VP ‐ Other than this? In case of any attack both have to inform each other. Industrialists have to given national treatment by both but the level of industrial development is inequal and hence Nepal is at loss. So in Nepal‐India trade, Nepal is in great loss. So we can say the ruling class that India is a big country and claims to be a friend of Nepal and earns a lot of profit from trade hence it should provide free help to the Nepali people living below the poverty line. This should not be a loan but free assistance and Nepal should have absolute freedom is preparing programmes and schemes through which this free assistance is to be distributed. If such concrete demands are put forward than it will become easy to get popular support. Therefore if you talk in the older idiom of Indian expansionist designs then we can not move forward. For example, on the issue of Mahakali, the work being done by Radha Bahen will give same results which you want. But she is saying it in terms of ecology, natural resources, rights of Nepali people, rights of Indian people and not in terms of Indian hegemony. She does not know that language. SS ‐ It is not mandatory that all speak in the same language.

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VP ‐ It is not possible also. Many times it is essential to use one language but right now it is not possible as it can not be done by a proposal of Politbureau. A same language can only come after a joint political struggle. Secondly, this issue of funding from the Indian Embassy is very dangerous aspect. It is harmful for both the nations, Nepal and India. All these matters should reach to the common man, like, Indian money should not be disbursed clandestinely, the people to people contact should intensified, the adverse impacts of Mahakali Treaty. The Economic and Political Weekly (India) has published a good article on this subject. SS ‐ Now let us come to some other subject like the Socialist Movements of Nepal, which we have formed. It is a progressive Marxist organization. But we do not believe Marxism a dead theory. It should be scientific based. Synthesis of all the scientific development should be incorporated in it. Marxism has spread largely in Nepal and the Marxists parties also have a wide clout and effect but this has not taken the shape of ideological‐cultural movement. Ideological‐cultural movement is very weak. VP ‐ All the focus is on state power and not on social institutions. SS ‐ Yes and it is absolutely wrong. We believe in state power. This is also an agenda but this is not main agenda. Main agenda is the cultural transformation of the people. Emergence of an enlightened human beings which are not corrupt, less individualistic and more socially oriented. Only those can usher in an revolution in whose life revolution has a place. Now what is happening that the revolution is not visible in one's life. In the name of democratic centralism, too much centralization has taken place. It neither has a freedom of thoughts nor expression or any process of participation. It should be changed. VP ‐ What alternative you have thought? SS ‐ We have induced two‐three amendments. Every meeting should be participatory where all express their opinions. If one is opposed to any decision then he has a right to express it and if need be then outside too. VP ‐ Even publicly?

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SS ‐ Yes but once the decision has been taken it shall be implemented. Opposition to the decision can be express outside also, we will not stop him. Only those confidential things which shall not go out, should be checked, but not the ideological things. Ideological dialogue shall be held openly. VP ‐ How the confidential things will be determined? SS ‐ The technical information which should not reach to enemy camps only those will be kept in check. Any ideological discourse will lead the dialogue forward, leading to something good. Everyone should have a right to criticize. People should have a right to call back their elected representatives. We have reintroduced all these rights. What was happening in Nepal that none of the leftist political parties is involved in any fundamental change. They say that all that will be done after the revolution. Presently they are talking to government, conducting public meetings, organize Nepal band, poster, pamphlets, rallies and other similar work. VP ‐ They do not do any basic democratic work? SS ‐ They do not work. In the fifty year history of Nepal there has been class struggle. Struggles of labour and farmers have taken place. All this has happened but the work towards the social transformation has not been done. Consequently, reformists have become too dominant in Nepal. Reformism is not our aim but there is a distinction between reformism and reforms. Reformation is not a wrong work and it should be our aim. VP ‐ Lokayan believes that we are in an era of ideological crisis. In Indian politics forces supporting American imperialism or American hegemony are very organized, like RSS. They proclaim to be nationalistic. First they conducted atomic explosion and now in the name of that explosion they are carrying out liberalization. They say that now there are so many economic sanctions that if we do not change our patent laws, do not liberalize more, do not surrender in front of GATT and WTO, then the very survival will be at stake. BJP is straightway pushing ahead the American agenda in South Asia. If in the next elections BJP is defeated then the party coming to power that too is not a democratic one. That will be rightist under the congress leadership. Today only the revolutionary, leftist force can save democracy. The constitutional democracy too can survive only when revolutionary janwadi 233

take it in a progressive direction. For this, the people of Marxist and non‐Marxist stream have to join hands with Ambedakarites and dalit groups believing in class struggle alongwith the Gandhi's not opposed to politics. It is a paradox that on the one hand we believe that revolutionary can save democracy while on the other, for fighting against fascism we have to tolerate the rightist, economic rightists of congress. What I want to say is that we have to fight against the fascism and globalization simultaneously though there is a slight difference in the aims of the two. If all the progressive forces of the South Asia adopt a hollow anti‐India posture then it will only help the rightist forces of India. If your progressive forces can launch an ideological struggle against our communal, fascist ideology, then it will help our struggle. Because our ruling class is working in the interests of American ruling class. In your country too, some political parties are in collusion with Indian ruling class and they unitedly have surrendered in front of American ruling class. So rather than speaking against India in general, you shall speak specifically against the ruling class and it should not have the sentiments against the Indian then we the people of South Asia can join hand for our common struggle. So we want that all the left groups having a democratic thinking, be it leftists, Marxists or non‐Marxists, should be brought together under a revolutionary programme. In this way we will protect whatever we have achieved so far through our democratic struggles and aim towards being more revolutionary. To attain this a continued dialogue be initiated followed by formal study camps. Nepal‐India can take lead in this. Help of the progressive institutes engaged in this kind of work can be taken. Recently in Pakistan, some independent leftists and smaller political parties came together. We were also there and talked of cooperation. On 2‐3 March Left Workers Unity Conference was organized in Pakistan and Vinod Mishra was also invited from India. He called me and asked that what is your opinion on this. He suggested the name of SAARC Conference of Left Workers or something similar to that. My opinion is that it shall be under the banner of 'Revolutionization of Democracy in South Asia' so that no one will have any objection that I am leftist or left‐democratic. In such case it will be easier to overlook our mutual differences. This can also be named "Protection of Revolutionary Democracy from the Fascism and Globalization". On some important issues we shall reach a common understanding and then approach people jointly. Regarding mutual internal disagreements 234

we can continue our dialogue in ideological discussions and discourses. We shall not take our mutual debate to the common people as long as the danger of fascism and globalization is present in its current form. When Congress and BJP are relegated to the political periphery and the disagreement is confined among ourselves then we can decide about the form of revolution. Right now the crucial fight is that how to save the democracy? We are in the process of continuous dialogue that how to proceed together despite the disagreements, without leaving our ideological planks, how we can frame our common unity. This is our political agenda for which we have come here to talk to you people. SS ‐ I liked your agenda of struggle against fascism and globalization and it should be carried out. Now the danger of globalization has increased to the extent that the American imperialist culture has taken the whole world in its grip. The influence of consumerist, individualistic culture is ever increasing. This cultural attack is more dangerous than the direct attack as it influences the subconscious. VP ‐ It changes the level of consciousness. SS ‐ This process ongoing in the world is very dangerous and all the people aware about this shall oppose it jointly. In the imperialism block too there are inherent differences but despite it they are united in evolving strategies to exploit the world together. But people opposing the imperialism have a narrow thinking and on the slightest divergence of opinions make it a major issue leading to the division. They do not see the points of agreements but look at the contradictions. This is a very harmful tendency. Capitalists have become dynamic but we have not. We should have paid attention in making our revolution and Marxism more dynamic. This is the reason that we have not been able to develop Marxism in facing the newer challenges. On the other hand imperialist forces have evolved new ways and means for protecting their interests. Therefore the need of the hour is not only the unity of Marxists but the unity of all anti‐imperialist blocks. We have a convergence of ideas in this direction. About four years back an international Marxist Convention was organized in London. There a resolution was also passed in which all these things were said. There is was mentioned to organize an anti‐imperialist convention. This convention could be held in India or in some other South Asian country.

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VP ‐ Did South Asians participated in that convention of London, like, Pakistanis, Lankans etc.? SS ‐ Yes Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians from SUCI participated in that convention. After that convention was held in India in 1996 in Kolkatta in which people from 15‐16 countries participated. There we put forward a new proposal that a skeleton be evolved at South Asian level so that we can fight the struggle jointly. Subsequently we talked to the people of Sri Lanka and they were also of the same view. People from Bangladesh and SUCI also agreed to this. We could not contact people from Pakistan. In this way the proposal was placed which was accepted. Two years later again in Kolkatta there was a programme and we put forward the proposal on the basis of the talks conducted further in this direction. That too was accepted. But we find that people are too narrow minded. If he comes then I will not come, he is not true Marxist, he is not democratic ‐ all this kind of stuff is too much. VP ‐ We have to check this tendency. SS ‐ This kind of narrow‐mindedness puts obstacles in our work and hence it should be checked. We have also brought together the left groups of Nepal on a anti imperialism forum.

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22Jh vf[kys'k ;kno vkSj ;{k iz'u mÙkj izns'k ds ckjs esa tkudkj fo'ys"kdksa esa] fo/kku lHkk pquko esa uEcj nks ,oa uEcj rhu ij Hkk-t-ik- jgsxh ;k c-l-ik- bldks ysdj cgqr rh[kh cgl gSA vf[kys'k ;kno xBca/ku ds usrk ds crkSj uEcj ,d ij jgsaxs] bl iz'u ij dgha dksbZ vlgefr ugha nh[krhA vf[kys'k ;kno ds fy, Hkk-t- ikus vius ^j.kdkS'ky^ ls fcYdqy oSlk volj fuekZ.k fd;k gS] tSlk Jherh bafnjk xka/kh us 1977 esa turk ikVhZ ds fy, fd;k FkkA ml pquko esa loZ lekos'kh <ax ls turk gh dk;ZdÙkkZ cu xbZ FkhA mEehnokjksa dks u dsoy vius ikl ls #i;k [kpZ ugha djuk iM+k Fkk cfYd cgqr ls mEehnokjksa dks lc [kpZ djus ds ckn turk ds tqVk;s lk/kuksa esa ls iSlk cp Hkh x;k FkkA turk ikVhZ ds usrkvksa dks bruh vizR;kf'kr lQyrk dh mEehn ugha FkhA turk ikVhZ esa lektokfn;ksa ds ikl vius vkn'kZoknh vrhr ds pyrs lÙkk dks fey&ck¡V Hkksxus dh dkaxzslh vkSj la?kh laLd`fr dk dkS'ky u FkkA la?k us cgqr ;kstukiwoZd turk ikVhZ ds fofHkUu ?kVdksas esa >xM+k djok;kA <+kbZ cjl esa gh turk ikVhZ VwV xbZ ,oa Jherh bafnjk xk¡/kh ykSV vkbZaA bl ckj ,slk dksbZ rkRdkfyd [krjk nh[krk ugha gSA lektoknh ikVhZ esa vf[kys'k ;kno dh Vhe esa ,sls egRodka{kh vkSj frdM+eh yksx vc ugha cps gSa tks fcgkj dh Hkkafr thru jke eka>h gks tk;saA Jh jke xksiky ;kno ds ikl ,d bZekunkj laj{kd dh Hkwfedk fuckgus ds vfrfjä dksbZ fodYi ugha gSA ikVhZ laxBu esa eqyk;e flag th ds vfrfjDr vc dksbZ vknedn usrk cpk ugha gSA blls rkRdkfyd :i ls tgk¡ vf[kys'k ;kno dks lqfo/kk gksxh] ogha nqckjk lÙkk laHkkyus ds ckn lHkh lEiznk;ksa vkSj tkfr;ksa dh vis{kk dks iwjk djuk ,oa vkt dh xaHkhj leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djuk cgqr pqukSrhiw.kZ dke gksxkA leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh iwoZ 'kÙkZ gS fd jkT; dh lÙkk turk ds gkFk dk vkStkj dSls cusaA Jh vf[kys'k ;kno dh yksdfiz;rk dh igyh ijh{kk 2019 ds yksdlHkk ds pqukoksa esa gksxhA fudEes vkSj dkepksj Nk=] ijh{kk esa ewy iqLrdsa u i<+ dj dqaft;k¡ i<+rs gSa vkSj cus cuk;s mÙkjksa dks jV dj ijh{kk ikl djrs gSaA Jh vf[kys'k ;kno pkgsa rks og Hkh 'kkVZ dV jkLrk viuk ldrs gSaA vfer 'kkg&eksnh th dh Hkkafr tqeys ckth djsaA jktikV dh iwjh izfØ;kvksa esa laln] vius xBca/ku] foi{k] ehfM;k] etnwj&fdlku laxBuksa] ,u-th-vks-] vkanksyu lewgksa lHkh dh Hkwfedk ux.; dj iz/kkuea=h dk;kZy; dh rt+Z ij eq[;ea=h lfpoky; ds ckcwvksa ds ek/;e ls jkt pykus ds rjhds viuk ldrs gSaA /;ku jgs fd fnYyh vkSj fcgkj ds pqukoksa esa eksnh&'kkg tksM+h dk ;g rjhdk dkjxj ugha gqvkA vkSj blh O;fäoknh 'kSyh ds 237

pyrs uksVcanh dh bruh cM+h xyrh gqbZ fd vkus okys vusd n'kdksa rd Hkkjr fo'o ds foÙkh; iwathokn dk xqyke gks x;k gSA Hkfo"; esa 2008 dh vesfjdh vkfFkZd eanh vkSj cSadksa ds Mwcus tSlh ?kVuk dh iqujko`fr dh dher Hkkjrh; turk dks Hkh nsuh iM+sxhA vf[kys'k ;kno ds firk us pUnz'ks[kj th ls vyx gksus ij ikVhZ dk uke lektoknh ikVhZ j[kk FkkA 2010 esa tc MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k dh tUe 'krh ds nkSjku vusd dk;ZdÙkkZ ns'k esa ?kwe jgs Fks] rc mUgsa eqyk;e flag dh jktuSfrd le>nkjh dk vglkl gqvkA lektoknh fojklr ,d xkSjo'kkyh fojklr gS] bldk vglkl vej flag tSlksa ds pyrs lektoknh ikVhZ esa /kqa/kyk iM+ x;k gSA ,slk ugha gS fd eqyk;e flag th us ml fojklr ij pyus dh dksf'k'k u dh gksA ysfdu gekjk jkT;&ra=] pquko iz.kkyh ,oa pquko laLd`fr ,slh gS fd gj usrk ml yM+kbZ dks vafre y{; gkfly gksus rd yM+s ;g t+:jh ugha gSA eqyk;e flag th us vius Lrj ij ikVhZ ds Hkhrj u;s ^[kwu^ dks ekSdk nsus vkSj lqizheks ekWMy dks iwjs rkSj ij u viukus dh dksf'k'k rks t+:j dh Fkh] ysfdu og mlesa dke;kc ugha gq,A ;gk¡ ,d laLej.k lk>k djuk pkgw¡xkA ;g ckr gS ^95 esa tc lerk ikVhZ ¼v/;{k tktZ Qu+kZMhl½ usr`Ro us ch-ts-ihds lkFk xBca/ku dk QSlyk dj fy;k FkkA ml le; Jh jch jkW; tSls usrkvksa ds lkFk ge yksx lerk ikVhZ ls vyx gks x;s Fks ,oa geus ¼lSD;wyj½ lerk ikVhZ dk xBu fd;k FkkA dSyk'k eh.kk jktLFkku ls vyx gksus okys jk"Vªh; inkf/kdkfj;ksa esa ls ,d FksA og lektoknh ikVhZ esa 'kkfey gksuk pkgrs FksA vkxjk esa lektoknh ikVhZ ds fuekZ.k ds ckn igyh cM+h cSBd vkgwr gqbZA ml le; eSaus Jh jkexksiky ;kno ls Qksu ij ckr djds dSyk'k eh.kk dk ifjp; fn;kA mUgksaus dSyk'k eh.kk dks cSBd esa vkeaf=r dj fy;kA Jh eh.kk lEesyu esa 'kjhd gq, vkSj mUgsa jktLFkku lektoknh ikVhZ dk v/;{k cuk fn;k x;kA mu fnuksa eksckby cgqr izpfyr ugha FksA Jh dSyk'k eh.kk us esjs ?kj dk Qksu uacj eqyk;e flag dks ns j[kk FkkA lEesyu ls ykSV dj Jh eh.kk esjs ;gk¡ Bgjs gq, FksA vxys fnu jkr esa eqyk;e flag th dk dSyk'k eh.kk ds fy, Qksu vk;kA fdLlk ;ksa Fkk Jh uVoj flag lektoknh ikVhZ ls pquko yM+uk pkgrs FksA usrk th us Jh dSyk'k eh.kk ls bl ckjs esa ckr dh rks eh.kk th us dgk fd ;fn vki izfrc) lektoknh ukStokuksa dh vkSj vketu dh ikVhZ cukuk pkgrs gSa rks uVoj flag ,oa muds yksxksa dks ugha fy;k tkuk pkfg;sA eqyk;e flag th dk Qksu vk;k vkSj mUgksaus viuh ckr nksgjkbZA Jh eh.kk us dgk fd 2&1 lhVksa ij uVoj flag th ds dkj.k oksV rks vPNk fey tk;sxk ysfdu ckn esa ikVhZ ugha cu ik;sxhA eqyk;e flag th us dgk fd eSaus vkidks 20 [kkyh QkeZ gLrk{kj djds fn;s gSa] vki mfpr le>sa rks uVoj flag th ,oa mudh flQkfj'k ij dqN yksxkas dks fVdV ns nsaosA vkSj Jh dSyk'k eh.kk us 24 yksdlHkk lhVksa esa ls dsoy 9 lhVksa ij pquko yM+ok;k vkSj uVoj flag th ;k mudh 238

flQkfj'k ij dksbZ fVdV ugha fn;kA bl iwjs izlax esa egRoiw.kZ lcd gS & ,d lgt fo'okl ml le; dh jktuSfrd laLd`fr dk fgLlk FkkA esjk Jh jkexksiky ;kno ls dksbZ futh fj'rk ugha FkkA dsoy esjs Qksu Hkj ls mUgksaus Jh dSyk'k eh.kk dks Jh eqyk;e flag ,oa jkt cCoj ls feyok;kA nksuksa us laf{kIr ppkZ ds ckn mUgsa izns'k v/;{k dh ft+Eesokjh vkSj yksdlHkk fVdV ck¡Vus ds lHkh vf/kdkj lkSai fn;sA viuh jk; dks jk"Vªh; v/;{k us izkUrh; v/;{k ij ugha FkksikA ysfdu ftl dSyk'k eh.kk dks brus vf/kdkj ds lkFk ikVhZ esa inkf/kdkjh cuk;k] ogh vkt ikVhZ dk dke u djds iwjh th tku ls ,u-,-ih-,e-@ih-;w-lh-,y- vkSj lektoknh laxBuksa rFkk LFkkuh; yksdlaxBuksa ds tfj;s vius {ks= ds [kuu ekfQ;k ds f[kykQ la?k"kZjr gSaA ikfVZ;ksa dk ekStwnk <kapk la?k"kZ'khy ,oa izfrc) dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dks dgk¡ lesV ikrk gSA vkt ds rkSj rjhdksa ds fglkc ls Jh dSyk'k eh.kk dks vf/kdka'k fVdV csp@ckaV nsus pkfg;s FksA pquko esa lQyrk ds ckn ;gh nks iz'u ;{k iz'u lkfcr gksaxsA 1- lektoknh laxBu laLd`fr] ftlesa oksV] la?k"kZ] jpukRed dke] laxBu vkSj ewY; izfrc)rk rFkk uhfr fuekZ.k dk dkS'ky vkfn ik¡pksa lHkh rRoksa dk mfpr larqyu ,oa lekos'k gks mldk iqufuZek.k dSls gks\ nwljk ;{k iz'u gksxk fd turk dh vis{kkvksa ij [kjk dSls mrjk tk;s ,oa lkef;d lokyksa ij dSls Bksl dke fd;k tk;sA igys ;{k iz'u ij pquko urhtksa ds rqjar ckn [kqyh ,oa O;kid ppkZ gksuh pkfg;sA vHkh vf[kys'k ;kno ds i{k esa tks okrkoj.k cuk gS] mlds dkj.k mUgsa cgqr lk/ku ugha tqVkus iMsaxsA og ,oa muds mEehnokj lks'ky ehfM;k dk Bhd ls bLrseky djsa rks [kpZ dh dkuwuh lhek ds Hkhrj pquko yM+ ,oa thr ldsaxsA og viuh Vhe ds ek/;e ls vius vk/ks djksM+ ls T;knk Qsl cqd vuqxkfe;ksa dks fnu esa rhu ckj lans'k nsaxs rks ckdh dke leFkZd turk [kqn dj ysxhA lknxhiw.kZ pquko ls u dsoy Hkfo"; esa u;h jktuSfrd laLd`fr ds fuekZ.k esa enn feysxh cfYd eksnh&vfer 'kkg ds <dkslys dks turk ds lkeus mtkxj Hkh djsxhA Hkk-tik- vktdy ftl csrgk'kk <ax ls iSlk [kpZ djrh gS] mlds urhts iwjk ns'k Hkqxr jgk gSA pquko ds ckn lHkh xSj&,u-Mh-,- nyksa] et+nwj vkanksyu] vkanksyu lewgksa ,oa foe'kZ pkSikyksa ¼fFkad VSad~l½ ds lkFk fey dj yksdra= lao)Zu dh jktuhfr ij QkSjh igy djuh gksxhA lkFk gh le fopkjh jktuSfrd ikfVZ;ksa ,oa laxBuksa ds lkFk feydj dksbZ MseksØsfVd QsMjy ÝaV cukuk gksxkA vf[kys'k ;kno dh mez vkSj gSfl;r ds pyrs ,sls QsMjy ÝaV esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ij lkewfgd usr`Ro fodflr djuk vklku gksxkA [kSj ;g pquko ckn ds elys gSaA

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nwljk cM+k ;{k iz'u gS fd turk dh vis{kkvksa dks dSls iwjk fd;k tk;sxkA blesa vesfjdh jk"Vªifr cjkd vksckek ds fonkbZ Hkk"k.k esa ,d irs dh ckr dgh x;h gS] ogh ifjorZu laHko ,oa dkjxj gksrk gS ftlesa turk [kqn ls fgLlk ysrh gSA gekjs ;gk¡ blds fy, jkT;ra= dh iqujZpuk dk ,tsaMk jk"Vªh; ij eqÌk cukuk gksxkA lcls igys pquko iz.kkyh esa lq/kkj dj vuqikfrd pquko iz.kkyh ykxw djuh gksxhA nwljk iapk;rksa dks foÙkh; vf/kdkj nsus dh laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk djuh gksxhA rhljk ftys Lrj ij pquh gqbZ fo/kkulHkk vkSj ft+yk ljdkj dk xBu djuk gksxkA lektokfn;ksa ds pkS[kEHkk jkt ds ukjs dks ckn esa okeiafFk;ksa dk Hkh leFkZu feyk FkkA turk ikVhZ }kjk 1977 esa Jh v'kksd esgrk dh v/;{krk okyh iapk;r jkt desVh esa lh-ih-,e- ds ofj"B usrk ,oa fopkjd Jh bZ-,e-,l- uEcwnjhikn us ,d vfrfjDr uksV esa yksdra= lao)Zu gsrq ft+yksa esa pquh gqbZ ljdkj dk ,tsaMk izLrkfor fd;k FkkA lÙkk ds bl izdkj fodsUnzhdj.k ls nyksa esa dsUnzhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls fut+kr feysxh D;ksafd ft+yksa esa l'kä tu usrk cu dj mHkjs yksx lqizheksa ekWMy ds xqyke u gksdj lekos'kh yksdra= ds okgd cusaxsA vk'kk gS vf[kys'k ;kno vius pquko ?kks"k.kki= esa fd;s tkus okys ok;nksa ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vª fuekZ.k dh u;h jktuhfr ds [kM+h djus ds fy, dqN ldkjkRed ladYi Hkh ysaxsA fot; izrki laLFkkid& lks'kfyLV ÝaV

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23usiky HkwdEi =klnh vkSj gekjh laosnu'khyrk gekjk ;dhu gS fd iwjs fgUnqLrku dh Hkkafr ^'kqØokj^ dk ikBd Hkh usiky dh =klnh dks ysdj ijs'kku gSA ftlls tks cu iM+ jgk gS] og vdsys ;k lewg cukdj dqN u dqN dj jgk gSA fcu gSfl;r okys NksVs&NksVs lkekftd] /kkfeZd vkSj jktuSfrd laxBuksa us vkuu&Qkuu esa viuh&viuh Vhesa cukdj dke 'kq: dj fn;k gSA iM+kslh /keZ fuckgus dk bruk Hkwr lokj gqvk fd ftldh tks le> esa vk;k og ogh tqVkus vkSj igqapkus ds dke esa tqV x;kA HkwdEi ds fjDVj iSekus ij 7-8 vkSj 7-9 ij gksus ls bldh Hk;kogrk vkSj T+;knk nk:.k gks ldrh Fkh] ysfdu pwafd HkwdEi fnu ds le; vkSj Nqêh ds fnu vk;k] bl otg ls xk¡oksa esa yksx&ckx rqjar [kqys vkleku ds uhps vk x;sA vU;Fkk blls dgha vf/kd tkuksa dk uqdlku gks ldrk FkkA dkBekaMw ?kkVh dkQh izHkkfor FkhA Qksu ,oa baVjuSV bR;kfn lHkh lapkj ds lk/ku bldh pisV esa vk x;sA ;gka rd dgk tkrk gS fd bl otg ls usiky ds iz/kkuea=h tks fd fons'k esa Fks] mudks igyh lwpuk Hkkjr ds iz/kkuea=h ujsUnz eksnh ds V~ohV ls feyhA crk;k tkrk gS lapkj laca/k VwVus dh otg ls dkBek¡Mw esa ekStwn usr`Ro dks =klnh dh O;kidrk vkSj Hk;kogrk dk vuqeku u FkkA blhfy, Hkkjr ls cpko dk;Z ds fy, lcls igys igqapus okys foekuksa dks mrjus dh bt+ktr iz/kkuea=h lq'khy dksbZjkyk ds gLr{ksi ls gh feyhA oSls Hkkjr ds jktusrkvksa esa cgqr de yksx ;g tkurs gSa fd usiky ds jktuSfrd izHkqoxZ ds ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLls us Hkkjr dh ,slh Nfo cuk nh gS fd gj vPNs vkSj cqjs dke ds ihNs usikyh turk esa Hkkjr dk gkFk ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds lÙkk izfr"Bku ds izfr vthcksxjhc Hkko gS] ,d loZ'kfDreku&loZO;kid 'kfDr'kkyh Hkkjr ftlls usikyh jk"Vª dh lkoZHkkSfedrk dh j{kk dh tkuh gSA nwljh vksj usikyh usrkvksa ls ;fn gekjk FkksM+k Hkh xgjk fj'rk gS rks vki ik;saxs fd usiky dh gj fopkj/kkjk ds usrkvksa esa vf/kdk¡'k usrk pkgrs gSa mudh futh lÙkk dh yM+kbZ esa Hkkjr dk lÙkk izfr"Bku lfØ; 241

enn djsA nksuksa ns'kksa dh turk ds lk>s bfrgkl] laLd`fr vkSj liuksa dh otg ls dbZ ldkjkRed i{kksa ds vfrfjDr Hkkjr&usiky fj'rs esa bl izdkj dk xM+cM+>kyk 'kk;n LokHkkfod Hkh gSA

Hkkjr ls cpko vkSj jkgr dk;ksZa esa tks lewg lh/kh Hkkxhnkjh dj

jgs gSa] mUgsa bu fj'rksa ds uktqd igyqvksa dk /;ku j[kuk gksxkA cM+k HkwdEi vkus okyk gS] ;g vans'kk dkQh le; ls HkwxHkZ oSKkfudksa dks FkkA blh dkj.k la;qDr jk"Vª dh ;w-,u-Mh-ih- vkfn ,tsafl;ksa ds usr`Ro esa dkQh vjls ls vkink fuokj.k dks ysdj dbZ rjg dh rS;kjh vkSj vH;kl fd;s tk jgs FksA bu vH;klksa esa Hkkjr dks u ds cjkcj 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk] ,slk gekjs tkudkj lw= crkrs gSaA Hkkjr ds izfr ftl ekufldrk dk ftØ Åij fd;k x;k gS] mlh ds dkj.k Hkkjr dks bu vH;klksa esa iw.kZ#is.k 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;kA ljdkjksa ds vkilh fj'rs dSls Hkh gksa] bfrgkl vkSj orZeku fj'rksa dk bruk ncko gS Hkkjr ds lÙkk izfr"Bku ij fd lcls igys igqapus okyksa esa ,oa izHkkoh Hkwfedk vnk djus okyksa esa Hkkjrh; ny vkxs&vkxs FksA Hkkjrh; cpko nyksa esa vusd ds lkFk Vh-oh- pSuyksa ds i=dkj Hkh FksA nqHkkZX; ls buesa ls vf/kdka'k cMcksys] ckbV ysus okys] mÙkstuk rFkk luluh QSykus okys vkSj 'kk;n lkaLd`frd :i ls viuh ijEijkvksa ls ukokfdQ yksx FksA vius ;gka xqIr nku dh lqnh?kZ ijEijk gSA viuksa dh ladV esa dh xbZ enn dks xk;k ugha tkrk vkSj u gh nwljs enn djus okyksa ls rqyuk dh tkrh gSA ysfdu gekjs ehfM;k us vius vkidks igys&igy igqapus dh 'kkcklh nsus] eksnh xku vkSj dksbZ de QwgM+ gqvk rks Hkkjr xku dk dke cgqr HkkSaMs <ax ls fd;kA phu rFkk vU; ns'kksa ds jkgr dk;Z ds ckjs esa xSj&t+:jh rqyuk vkSj fVIif.k;k¡ dh xbZaA dqN gekjs ehfM;k ds bl O;ogkj ds pyrs vkSj dqN usikyh jkt'kkgh us Hkkjr dh tks Nfo mdsjh gS mlds pyrs Hkkjrh; lÙkk izfr"Bku vkSj ehfM;k ds izfr dkQh rh[kh udkjkRed izfrfØ;k gqbZ gSA blls e/;e vkSj nh?kZdkfyd iqufuZekZ.k ds dke esa Hkkjr dh jpukRed Hkwfedk esa fnDdr vk ldrh gSA dqN le; ckn Hkkjr ljdkj dks dqN ofj"B i=dkjksa vkSj lEikndksa dk ln~Hkkouk fe'ku usiky Hkstuk pkfg;sA

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gekjk ;g le>uk t+:jh gS fd Hkkjr ds lÙkk izfr"Bku vkSj Hkkjr dh turk nksuksa ds izfr usiky dh turk dk #[k ,dne vyx gSA turk dk turk ls vkilh nq[k&nnZ dk fj'rk vkSj xgjk cusa blesa Hkkjr ljdkj enn djus dh ctk; jksMs vVdk jgh gSA dsoy ljdkj ;k dqN cM+cksys vkj-,l-,l- okyksa ds Hkjksls usiky dh turk dks bl vkin ?kM+h esa NksM+uk Bhd ughaA gekjh rjg gh usiky Hkh LokfHkekuh ,oa fofo/k lkaLd`frd lewgksa okyk jk"Vª gSA blfy, dsoy VSaV] iSls vkSj igys ls cus edkuksa ds <+kapksa ds Hkstus ls usikyh turk dks jkgr ugha feysxhA Hkkjrh; lekt ds lHkh vaxks&mikaxksa ,oa vapyksa ls tks yksx usiky dh turk ls lh/ks tqM+uk pkgrs gSa mlesa Hkkjr ljdkj dks lsrq dk dke djuk pkfg;sA iwjh nqfu;k vkSj [kkldj Hkkjr dh turk esa usiky ds izfr tks ln~Hkkouk gS mlls tks dke lkekU;r% rhu cjl esa gks ldrk gS og rhu eghus esa gh gks tk;sxkA ns[kuk ;g gS fd gekjk lÙkk izfr"Bku vkReeqX/k gks [kqn gh lc djus dh dksf'k'k djds usiky&Hkkjr ds fj'rksa dks vkSj tfVy cukrk gS ;k usiky&Hkkjr dh turk ds lk>s ijkØe dks ekSdk nsdj vk/kqfud le; dh vkilnkjh dh ,d vuwBh felky dk;e djus esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA

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lsMsM }kjk vk;ksftr m"kk ifj[k dks lefiZr cSBd Þyksdra= lao)Zu % u;h pqukSfr;k¡ß ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;kA

4 tuojh 2017

24m"kk ifj[k 21 tqykbZ 1938 & 4 tuojh 2011 21 tqykbZ 1938 dks tUeh m’kk th gekjs o`gn~ lektoknh ifjokj dk fgLlk FkhaA muds firk ckcwyky ek[kfj;k Lora=rk lsukuh Fks] muds nknkth ds ckjs esa ;s izfl) gS fd oks dkQh le`) ifjokj ls FksA ckcwyky th vHkh ds ihjkey ifjokj ds gh fgLlk Fks] oks ekjokM+h ifjokj okfud dyk esa ikjaxr FksA Li"V dgk tk, rks oks ekfyd ifjokj ds FksA ysfdu oks vius tokuh esa gh lks'kfyLV vkUnksyu dk fgLlk cu x, FksA tc ipkl ds n'kd ds 'kq:vkrh fnuksa esa v”kksd esgrk ds usr`Ro esa igyh cM+h VsDlVkbYl LVªkbDl gqbZ] ml le; mUgksaus viuh laifÙk esa viuk fgLlk NksM+dj etnwjksa dh vksj ls gksus okyh Økafr esa fgLlk fy;kA tc m"kk th NksVh Fkh rHkh ls muds ?kj esa lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dh cSBdsa gqvk djrh FkhaA muds ?kj ij gh vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso] ;qlqQ esgj vyh vkfn yksx tkrs FksA vkpk;Z th rks dbZ ckj muds ?kj eghuksa rd jgs HkhA muds firk dh MkW jke euksgj yksfg;k ls cgqr vPNh nksLrh Fkh bl rjg m"kk th bu lHkh yksxksa dh xksnh esa [ksyh FkhaA oks reke lektoknh yksxksa ds laidZ esa vkrh Fkha muls mu eqÌksa ij yxkrkj cgl djds] laokn djds mUgksaus cgqr dqN lh[kkA yssfdu 1955 esa 244

lektoknh ikVhZ ds VwVus ls m"kk th vkSj muds ifjokj dks HkkoukRed :i ls cgqr vk?kkr yxk vkSj jktuSfrd #i esa ;s yksx vius vki esa fleV x;sA fQj vkikr fLFkfr esa rks ;s yksx le`f) ds jkLrs dks NksM+dj la?k’kZ ds jkLrs ij 'kkfey gks x,A ml l;e mudh vkfFkZd gkyr detksj gks xbZ Fkh ysfdu fQj Hkh vkikrdky esa tks Hkwfexr lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku vkSj izfrjks/k dk vkUnksyu Fkk] mlds fy, m’kkth us vius xgus rd cspdj Hkh enn dhA ml le; tkWtZ QukZafMl dks cM+ksnk Mk;usekbV dsl esa vjsLV dj fy;k x;k Fkk rks ,sls esa muds Hkwfexr dke esa Hkh m"kk th us tksf[ke ysdj dke fd;k vkSj bl rjg ls mUgksaus u dsoy vkfFkZd enn dh cfYd [kqn Hkh tksf[ke mBkdj reke Hkwfexr usrkvksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ys tkus dk dke fd;k D;ksafd oks le; vkt dh rjg efgykvkas dh Lora=rk dk nkSj ugha Fkk ml le; ,d efgyk Mªkboj dks cgqr tksf[ke mBkuk iM+rk Fkk ysfdu mUgksaus lkgl ls lHkh tksf[keksa dk eqdkcyk fd;k vkSj Hkwfexr usrkvksa dh gj laHko enn dhA 1942 esa muds iSf=d ?kj ls gh ^vktkn

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esgrk muds ?kj ls gh bls pyk;k djrs FksA vki yksxksa esa ls tks ml mez ds gksa ;k fQj bfrgkl ds tkudkj gksa mudks Kkr gksxk fd 1977 ds ckn] turk ikVhZ dh tks vis{kk,a Fkh oks fj;fyfLVd Fkha ;k ugha Fkha vkSj mlds D;k dkj.k Fks irk ugha ysfdu ,d rF; ;s gS fd mlls O;kid lekt esa ,d rjg dk eksgHkax gksus yxk Fkk ysfdu ml le; m"kk th 245

ml O;kid lekt dk fgLlk ugha FkhaA mudh tktZ QukZafMl ls cgqr vis{kk,a Fkha] tktZ QukZafMl lektoknh vkUnksyu ds izeq[k usrkvksa esa ls Fks] m|ksx ea=h FksA mUgksaus dbZ vPNs dke fd;s] tSls fd fMfLVªd m|ksx lsaVj vkSj bl rjg ds dke fd, ysfdu ml lc ds ckotwn tks fd;k oks mudh dlkSfV;ksa ij cgqr v/kwjk FkkA rks oks mlds ckn ls tks ,u-,-ih-,e- fdLe ds laxBu gSa vkSj fd”ku iVuk;d] lqjsUnz eksgu tSls yksx ftu igyqvksa esa jgrs Fks oks ml rjg ds lks'ky ewoesaV dh oks fe= cu xbZa vkSj vius vki [kkst&[kkstdj dk;ZdrkZvksa dks vius lhfer lk/kuksa ls enn djus ds lkFk&lkFk ml nkSj esa gekjh jktuSfrd fn'kk dSlh gksuh pkfg, vkfn ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls ppkZ,a djrh Fkha rFkk vius lq>ko nsrh Fkha fd gedks dSls vkSj D;k&D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj vkanksyu fdl rjg ls izHkkoh gksa vkfnA vkSj [kkldj tks vkUnksyu dk ,d ekuoh; vkSj lkaLd`frd i{k gksrk mlij oks ;qlqQ esgj vyh] vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso vkfn dk mnkgj.k nsdj ckr djrh FkhaA m"kk th dh tks Hkkjrh; ijaijkvksa vkSj laLd`fr ds ckjs esa le> Fkh vkSj ,d lkaLd`fre;&laLd`frfu’B yksxksa dk thou tSlk gksrk gksrk gS] mlds ckjs esa Hkh oks dkQh ltx Fkha vkSj foLrkj ls ckr Hkh djrh FkhaA geus ,sls cgqr ls yksxksa dks ns[kk gS tks vius ;qokdky esa dqN lius latks ysrs gSa vkSj fQj thouHkj mudks thrs gSaA ysfdu fQj mlds eksVs rkSj ij nks foHkktu fn[kus dks feyrs gSaA dqN yksxksa dks cgqr f'kdk;r jgrh gS vkSj lcls T;knk rks vius&vki ls jgrh gS fd Þgk;! vxj eq>ls ;s xyrh u gqbZ gksrh ;k 246

oks xyrh u gqbZ gksrh] ;k oks ekSdk u pqdk gksrk rks eSa Hkh bfrgkl esa dgha QqV uksV ij gksrk ;k gksrhAß vkSj nwljh f'kdk;r nqfu;k ls gksrh tSlk vDlj yksfg;koknh yksx m)r djrs gSa fd Þyksx esjh ckr lqusaxs ij esjs ejus ds cknAß rks cgqr ls yksxksa dks tks bl rjg dk vQlksl jg tkrk gS] mu yksxksa esa ls m"kk th ugha FkhaA mudks vius lektoknh gksus esa vkSj lektoknh thou thus esa dksbZ vQlksl ugha FkkA oks lektoknh fopkj/kkjk dks ,d jktuSfrd fopkj/kkjk ds rkSj ij ugha ns[krh Fkha] cfYd thus ds ,d rjhds] ,d lexz n'kZu vkSj ,d thou 'kSyh ds RkkSj ij ns[krh FkhaA oks ,d lkekU; efgyk Fkha] bl le; ehfM;k dh ,oa reke tks dlkSfV;ka py jgh gSa mlds fglkc ls rks oks ,d lkekU; x`g.kh FkhaA rks oSls yksx Hkh vius ewY;ksa dks thrs gq,] fcuk fdlh ls f”kdk;r fd;s vkSj thou ds “kqHk vkSj ldkjkRed i{k ds lao)Zu ds fy, vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, ltx jgdj mlesa viuk ;ksxnku djus dh lksprs gSa ml lwph esa m"kk th dk uke ,d cM+k uke gSA muesa lekt ds izokgksa ds foijhr viuh jkg ij pyus dk ekÌk Fkk] mudks vius vki ls ,oa vius dkeksa ls dksbZ f'kdk;rsa ugha FkhaA oks vHkh dh ikxy nkSM+ dh rjg dsoy iSls ds fy, ugha ,oa dsoy lÙkk ds fy, ugha cfYd ,d laiw.kZ Økafr dh nkSM+ esa [kqn dks 'kkfey j[kus esa xoZ eglwl djrh FkhaA

m"kk ifj[k th dks lefiZr cSBdksa esa fot; izrki }kjk dgh xbZ ckrksa ij fot; y{eh <+kSafM;ky }kjk rS;kjA

247

25usiky&Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd lekt esa laoknghurk vPNh [kcj ugha gj og Hkkjrh; tks jkT;&jk"Vª dh vo/kkj.kk esa jkT; dks gh ,dek= [kwaVk ekurk gks rks usiky&Hkkjr fj'rksa esa 90 ds n'kd ds ckn ls gh cgqr lQy nkSj dgk tk;sxkA D;k iSekuk gS bl lQyrk dks ekius dk\ gky gh esa fons'k foHkkx dh lsok ls fuo`r gq, usiky esa Hkkjr ds jktnwr Jh Tk;ar izlkn th ds ckjs esa usiky dh izk;% lHkh ikfVZ;ksa us vius izR;{k ,oa ijks{k laokn ek/;eksa ls Hkkjr ljdkj rd ;g vkxzg igqapok;k fd lafo/kku lHkk ds vkxkeh pquko rd budh lsok dk foLrkj fd;k tk;sA vkil esa dM+h izfrLi)kZ esa tqVs /kqj fojks/kh nyksa dh Hkh Tk;ar izlkn ds ckjs esa jk; ,d gh FkhA eSa djhc ,d cjl iwoZ usiky dh ,d ikVhZ ds lEesyu esa vfrfFk&izfrfuf/k ds crkSj fgLlk ysus x;k FkkA la;ksxo'k tudiqj ls dkBekaMw ykSVrs gq, esjh HksaV usiky esa :l ds jktnwr ls gks xbZA muls usiky dh jktuhfr esa fo'o'kfDr;ksa ds ckjs esa ckr gks jgh FkhA mlh ckrphr ds Øe esa mUgksaus dgk fd vkids ns'k ds jktnwr ij fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dks xoZ gksxkA D;k dkj.k gks ldrk gS & T;ar izlkn dks ysdj ,d er gksus dk\ D;k T;ar izlkn brus fu"izHkkoh Fks fd lHkh nyksa dks yxrk Fkk fd pyks vPNk gS] buds ek/;e ls ge viuh ckr Hkkjr ds lÙkk izfr"Bku dks izHkkoh :i ls igqapk ikrs gSaA esjh fouez jk; esa usiky dh turk us tu vkanksyu&2 ds ckn ls ftu&ftu eaftyksa dks gkfly fd;k gS] og vlk/kkj.k gSaA ,d tu;q) esa yxh ikVhZ dk cgqnyh; tura= dh lafo/kku lHkk ds pquko esa fgLlk ysuk] ml ikVhZ dh yM+kdw lsuk dk lekt vkSj lsuk esa lek;kstu gksuk] fcuk fdlh [kwu&[kjkc ds jktk }kjk x.kra= dh ?kks"k.kk dks Lohdkj dj ysuk igyk vkSj lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ iM+ko FkkA ekvksokfn;ksa ,oa 7 cgqnyh; tura= ekuus okyh ikfVZ;ksa ds chp le>kSrk FkkA blh dM+h esa fQygky lcls vafre dne Fkk lafo/kku lHkk ds vkxkeh 19 uoEcj dks gksus okys pqukoksa ds ekxZ dh ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy, jk"Vªifr }kjk 25 lw=h; vkns'k dk ikfjr gksukA nwljh egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k 248

bl iwjh jktuSfrd izfØ;k dks cgqnyh; tura= dks ekuus okys nyksa ds chp 11 lw=h jktuSfrd le>kSrs dk gksuk gSA izpfyr jktu; dh dlkSVh ls ij[ksa rks ;g fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds yksdrkaf=d la?k"kZ ds egRoiw.kZ iM+ko gSaA 2005 uoEcj esa lEiUu 12 lw=h le>kSrs ds ckjs essa gYyk Fkk fd bls djokus esa dqN Hkjrh; okeiaFkh usrkvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Fkh A og Hkwfedk tks Hkh jgh gks] tkudkj gydksa esa bl ckr ls dksbZ badkj ugha djrk fd fcuk [kwu&[kjkcs ds yksdra= dh izlo ihM+k dks lgt >sy ikus esa Hkkjrh; lÙkk izfr"Bku us blesa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd vkt+knh ds vkanksyu esa usikyh dkaxzsl ds f'k[kj usrk ch-ihdksbjkyk ds vfrfjDr Hkh dbZ usrkvksa us fgLlk fy;k FkkA Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn Hkkjr vkSj usiky ds yksdrkaf=d lektokfn;ksa ds chp fujarj laokn pyrk FkkA usiky esa Hkkjr ds iwoZ jktnwr fcey izlkn }kjk ts-ih- okaXe;

esa ts-ih- usikyh turk ds

yksdrkaf=d la?k"kZ ls fdl dnj tqM+s Fks] mldh ckuxh feyrh gSA 90 ds n'kd ls usiky ds izkjEHk jktuSfrd laØe.k ds u;s nkSj esa Hkh Hkkjr ds dqN jktusrk fujarj #fp ysrs jgs gSaA 1990 ds tu&vkanksyu ds le; rks Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl vkSj lektokfn;ksa ds 'kh"kZ usr`Ro us [kqys rkSj ij yksdrkaf=d vkanksyu dks leFkZu fn;k FkkA yksdrkaf=d lektoknh gh ugha usiky ds vf/kdka'k dE;qfuLV usrkvksa dk Hkh Hkkjr ds dE;qfuLVksa ls xgjk oSpkfjd fj'rk jgk gSA dE;qfuLV vkanksyu dh vUrjkZ"Vªh; [ksescanh esa Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa ds dE;qfuLV vkilh lgdkj djrs gq, tqM+rs&VwVrs jgs gSaA usiky ds dE;qfuLVksa esa ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh mi/kkjk dk Hkkjr dh uDlyoknh /kkjk ls fujarj laokn dk fj'rk jgk gSA 90 ds n'kd ds izkjEHk esa tc&rd usikyh ekDlZoknh ysfuuoknh /kkjk lÙkk ls nwj Fkh] rc rd og lh-ih-,e- ugha vfirq lh-ih-vkb-Z ¼ekys&fycjs'ku½ ds T;knk djhc dh ikVhZ FkhA usiky esa ;w-,e-,y- ds usrkvksa dk dkejsM fouksn feJ ,oa muds lkfFk;ksa ls fujarj xgu oSpkfjd laokn gksrk FkkA

249

pkgs yksdrkaf=d lektoknh gks ;k dE;qfuLV nksuksa ns'kksa ds usrkvksa ds chp lk>s liuksa dh nksLrh FkhA pwafd R;kx vkSj la?k"kZ ds nkSj dh lg;k=k esa cjkcjh] vkilh le>nkjh vkSj lEeku vko';d rRo gksrs gSa] blfy, usiky&Hkkjr ds usrkvksa ds chp Hkh fj'rk blh izdkj dk FkkA ,d&nwljs ds izfr eksgCcr vkSj lEeku dkA oLrqr% jkT;&jk"Vª ds vk/kqfud foHkktu ls ;g fj'rk foHkkftr u FkkA oLrqr% jkT; jk"Vª dh vk/kqfud jk"Vªoknh /kkjk ds cyorh gksus ls igys ls pyh vk jgh usiky&Hkkjr dh lkaLd`frd ,drk dh fujarjrk esa gh ;g fj'rs FksA bu fj'rksa esa usiky dh jkt'kkgh us 1857 esa tks fd;k mldh dkyh Nk;k dh Nki ugha FkhA mYys[kuh; gS fd 1857 ds Lora=rk laxzke esa Hkkjr ds dqNsd jtokMksa dh Hkkafr gh usiky dh lsuk Hkh jk.kk tax cgknqj ds usr`Ro esa vaxzstksa dh vksj ls Hkkjrh; Lora=rk lSfudksa ds f[kykQ yM+h FkhA tax [kRe gksus ds ckn vaxzstksa us Hkkjr ds pkj ft+ys iqjLdkj Lo:i usiky dks lkSais FksA Hkkjr ds Lora=rk laxzke esa xka/kh ds n[ky ds ckn fgalk ,oa dêjrk eq[;/kkjk u FksA bl otg ls Hkh usikyh turk ds lkFk 1857 ds lUnHkZ ds ckotwn dksbZ nqjko dk Hkko ugha FkkA 1990 esa usiky esa yksdra= ds vkxkt+ ds lkFk gh Hkkjr&usiky ds fj'rksa esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu vkus yxkA jkt'kkgh ds nkSj esa usiky ds jktk egsUnz us Hkkjr fojks/kh ekgkSy cukus ds fy, ;kstukiwoZd dke fd;kA Hkkjr esa dke dj jgs yk[kksa Jfedksa esa ls pan yksxksa ds lk{kkRdkj djds usiky jsfM;k ij mudh O;Fkk&dFkk dk izlkj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA izoklh usikfy;ksa ds chp ls lkaLd`frd Vksyh cuk dj mUgsa Hkkjr izokl ds nkSjku gksus okyh fnDdrksa dks c;ku djus ds fy, ft+ys&ft+ys esa ?kqek;k tkrk FkkA 1990 ds yksdra= ds ckn bl izpkj ds vlj esa nks rRo vkSj tqM+ x;sA igyk yksdra= ds pyrs bu Hkkjr fojks/kh fopkjksa dks Hkh T;knk [kqy dj izdV djus dk ekSdk feykA igys jktk turk ds chp ,drjQk izpkj djokrs Fks vkSj mls okrkoj.k ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr ljdkj ij ncko cukrs FksA yksdra= esa lHkh nyksa dh t:jr Fkh fd og vius dks jk"Vª HkDr lkfcr djsaA jk"Vª HkfDr dks n'kkZus dk ,d jkLrk gks ldrk Fkk fd usiky ds jktuSfrd lekt esa xaHkhj oSpkfjd var% fØ;k ds ek/;e ls ,d lkoZHkkSfed jk"Vª dh lekos'kh vkfFkZd le`f) 250

dk ,tsaMk cuk;k tkrkA vafre tu dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gq, lcdks leiks"kh ¼lLVsuscy½ fodkl dk ykHk feysA ysfdu ;g u gks ik;kA usikyh dkaxzsl esa ns'kt xa/k okys lektokn dks [kkstus okys&x<+us okys yksx gkf'k;s ij gh jgsA ns'k esa ,slk ekgkSy cuk ekuks tkxfrd nkrk laLFkkvksa vkSj nksuksa cM+s iM+ksfl;ksa dh enn cxSj usiky esa dksbZ izxfr gks gh ugha ldrhA dE;qfuLVksa ds O;ogkj ls rks dbZ ckj eu esa iz'u mBrk gS fd dgha vUrjkZ"Vªh;rkokn ds jk"Vªfgr dks vuns[kk djds Hkh jk"VªfuekZ.k dh oS/k j.kuhfr ekuk tkrk gS D;k\ bl le> ds pyrs mÙkj ds gekjs iM+kslh us usiky ds okeiaFk dk bLrseky vius jk"Vªfgr esa ,oa Hkkjr dks Ndkus esa [kwc fd;kA ysfdu vius ;gka ds lÙkk la?k"kZ dks ckgjh rkdrksa dh enn ls gy djus dh dksf'k'kksa ds urhts dk vQxkfuLrku esa] tgka okeiaFkh 'kfDr;ksa us lksfo;r la?k dh lsukvksa dks cqyk;k Fkk ds mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk gS fd bl izdkj ds utfj;s ls ns'k dk fdruk uqdlku gks ldrk gSA vkt ge ,d dfBu nkSj ls xqt+j jgs gSaA gekjs lkeus vkt cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSA ;g pqukSrh vke turk ds fy, mruh ugha gS ftruh fd muds fy, gS tks vius fy, turk dk vxqok gksus dk nkok djrs gSaA ,sls yksx ftUgksaus fdlh fopkj/kkjk ds fy, viuk thou ft;k gS ;k tks viuh fopkj/kkjk gsrq viuk thou nsus dks rRij cSBs gSa] muds fy, ;g pqukSrh cgqr cM+h gksdj lkeus vkbZ gSA usiky dh ckr ij vk,a rks cgqr ls yksx tc lkezkT;oknh ;k foLrkjoknh ns'kksa dks fpfUgr djrs gSa rks muesa Hkkjr dks Hkh 'kkfey djrs gSaA Jh okenso th] tks dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ¼,ekys½ ds usrk gSa] ls muds tsy ls NwVus ds ckn 2005 esa muds fnYyh izokl ds nkSjku tks ckrphr gqbZ] mldk fu"d"kZ dqN bl izdkj gSA igyh ckr rks mUgksaus ;g dgh fd ge ges'kk usikyh dkaxzsl dks Hkkjr dh jkT;'kfDr dk ,tsaV ekurs jgs & ;g xyr FkkA nwljh ckr mUgksaus ;g dgh fd ge usiky esa Økafr dh izfØ;k gsrq phu dks ,d nksLr jk"Vª ekurs Fks] ;g Hkh xyr FkkA rhljh ckr mUgksaus ;g dgh fd gesa vHkh bl iz'u ij Li"Vrk ugha cuh fd lalnh; yksdra= esa lcdks jgdj Økafrdj.k djuk gS fdarq ;g dSls gksxk& bl ij lcdks feydj lkspuk gS fdarq bldk jkLrk lkQ ugha gSA Jh okenso ds mijksDr fopkjksa dks eSaus fnYyh esa jg jgs usiky ds lkfFk;ksa ls ^'ks;j* fd;k] mu lkfFk;ksa ls ftuls esjk usiky gh ugha] vU; jktuSfrd eqíksa ij Hkh jkst+ejkZ dk laca/k gS rks mudh izfrfØ;k dqN bl izdkj dh Fkh fd tSls muds usrk ,d 251

Nksj ls /kqj nwljs Nksj dh vksj ihax ys jgs gSaA bl ckjs esa eSaus mUgsa ;g rdZ fn;k fd gj vkanksyu esa gj jkst+ ikst+h'ku cnyuk cgqr pqukSrh dk dke gksrk gS fdarq ;g gj vkanksyu ds vxqok yksxksa ds fy, vfuok;Z Hkh gksrk gSA nwljh vksj lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ dh fLFkfr blls fcYdqy foijhr gksrh gSA og tc fdlh vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksrk gS rks og Bhd mlh eu%fLFkfr esa gksrk gS tSls fd fdlh /kfeZd vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gksus okys yksx fdlh ,d xq:ea= dh nh{kk ysdj mlh ij viuh ft+anxh U;kSNkoj dj nsrs gSaA yxHkx blh rjg vkanksyuksa ls izfrc) dk;ZdrkZvksa dks vius jktuhfrdj.k ds igys pj.k esa tks ^ea=* fn, tkrs gSa] og mUgha ea=ksa ;k izfrc)rkvksa ds vuqlkj viuk thou thrk gSA ysfdu vkanksyu dk usr`Ro cgqr ckj iwoZ fu/kZfjr ^ykbZu* ij gh pys] ,slk ugha gksrk & ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyrh jgrh gSa ysfdu lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ mu cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa T+;knk ugha lksprkA og rks cl vius lius ds ckjs esa lksprk gS] vius dke ds ckjs esa lksprk gS vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa ds dke ds ckjs esa lksprk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ ;g ikrk gS fd muds vkanksyu esa ;k mudh ikVhZ esa nks ^ykbZUl* ds chp la?k"kZ gksrk gS rks og vius lius ;k lksp ls vyx okyh ^ykbZu* ds f[kykQ cgqr rh[ksiu vkSj f'kír ls yM+rk gSA lkekU; dk;ZdrkZ us cnyko dh] Økafr dh ,d ixM.Mh r; dh gksrh gS vkSj tc mls yxrk gS fd viuh gh ikVhZ dk dksbZ fgLlk ^HkVdrk* gqvk ut+j vkrk gS rks fQj og mlls cgqr rY[kh ls yM+rk gSA blhfy, dE;qfuLVksa vkSj lektokfn;ksa esa tc&tc VwV gqbZ rks og cgqr dM+okgV ihNs NksM+ tkrh gSA eSa lektoknh vkanksyu esa dk;ZdrkZ ds rkSj ij jgk gwa] blfy, vius vuqHko ls crk ldrk gwa fd gekjs lektoknh usrkvksa ds VwV ds le; ds Ck;ku vxj ,d lkFk j[k fy, tk,a rks fQj gekjs fojksf/;ksa dks gekjs ckjs esa dqN dgus dh t+:jr ugha iM+sxhA ysfdu vkt dh fLFkfr cgqr fHkUu gSA igys vkanksyu tc ifjfLFkfr;ka /khjs&/khjs cnyk djrh Fkha rks ;g laHko Fkk fd vki viuh ikVhZ ykbZu dks vkLFkk ds /jkry ij ft,aA vke dk;ZdrkZ ftls vius ifjokj] fj'rsnkj vkSj lekt ls rks yM+uk gh iM+rk gS] rc fQj og ;g t+ger ugha mBkuk pkgrk fd mls jkst+ viuh ikVhZ&ykbZu ls Hkh yM+uk iM+sA ,sls esa og vius foosd dh ctk;] viuh vkLFkk ds Hkjksls gh pyus yxrk gS fdarq iwjh nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyrh tkrh gSaA vkt nqfu;k dh ifjfLFkfr;ka Hkh vthcksxjhc <ax ls cny jgh gSaA dEcksfM;k dk mnkgj.k ysa tgka ,d rjg dh yksdrkaf=d lÙkk pykus okys yksxksa esa ls vk/ks yksx oks gSa tks iksy ikWV ds lkFk dke fd;k djrs FksA buds lykgdkj gSa lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy ds ;wjksi ds yksx tks eksVs rkSj ij vkfFkZd Lrj ij rks lkezkT;oknh uhfr;ka gh pyk jgs gSaA blh dM+h dk nwljk mnkgj.k gS eaxksfy;k tgka lÙkk/kjh ikVhZ dk uke vHkh Hkh ^eaxksfy;u fjoksY;w'kujh ihiYl ikVhZ* gS ftldh vkarfjd lajpuk ekDlZoknh ysfuuoknh 252

fl)karksa ds vk/kkj ij gh gqbZ gS & bl ikVhZ us Hkh viuh vkSj vius ns'k dh vfLerk dks cpkus ds fy,] eaxksfy;k dks phu vkSj :l ds chp esa ls cpk, j[kus ds fy, vius dks lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy dk fgLlk cuk fy;kA vkt ,slh lektoknh fopkj/kjk ekuus okyksa ds fy, ,d cgqr gh cM+h pqukSrh dk nkSj gS ftlesa ,slh foo'krk,a lkeus vk jgh gSa fd ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh fopkj/kjk dks ekuus okyh eaxksfy;k dh ljdkj dks lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy dks viuk lykgdkj cukuk iM+k tks eksVs rkSj vkfFkZd lkezkT;okn dks ekurh gSA uhnjySaM ds ,d fo'ks"kK lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy dh vksj ls eaxksfy;k ds jk"Vªifr dks jkst+ejkZ dh jktuhfr dh lykg nsrs gSaA ,sls esa tks yksdra= pysxk oks yksdra= ugha cfYd if'pe ds lkezkT;okn dk foLrkj gksxk ftlesa ;g e`xejhfpdk ges'kk jgrh gS fd tSls vesfjdk esa miHkksx dk LoxZ gS] oSlk LoxZ eaxksfy;k esa Hkh vk tk,xkA bl /ks[ks dks QSykus esa] gks ldrk gS fd Hkwyo'k oks bls lp ekurs gksa] ;s iwoZ ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh viuh iwjh rkdr ls yxs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa tc fopkj/kjk bl gn rd L[kfyr gks jgh gS ;k gekjs fojksf/k;ksa }kjk vius esa lesV yh tk jgh gS rks ;s fLFkfr gekjs fopkjksa ds fy,] gekjs fopkjoku usr`Ro ds fy, ,d pqukSrh gSA esjs fopkj esa bl pqukSrh ls fuiVus ds nks jkLrs gSa & igyk ;s fd vius cuk, ?ksjksa ls ckgj vkdj turk ls oSpkfjd Lrj ij fj'rk izxk<+ djus dk jkLrkA eSa ?ksjksa dks ;k vkn'kks± dks udkj ugha jgk fdarq flQZ bruk dg jgk gwa fd vke turk ls T+;knk thoar fj'rk gksuk t+:jh gSA tSlk fd ekvks dgk djrs Fks fd turk ls lh[kus ds vius vkSt+kjksa dks gesa eka>uk gksxkA vc bl lanHkZ esa phu dh gh ckr ysaA phu esa tc lerkoknh <ax ls [ksrh dh xbZ] m|ksx gks x, rks ,d cM+k eè;e oxZ iSnk vkSj ;g oxZ bl ckr dks Hkwy x;k fd ogka Økafr dgka ls 'kq: gqbZ Fkh vkSj rc mudk HkkSfrd Lrj D;k FkkA ekDlZokn ds vuqlkj tc HkkSfrd ifjfLFkr;ka cnyrh gSa psruk Hkh cnyrh gSA phu esa tc Økafr ds ifj.kke ls HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyha vkSj Hkkjr ls cgqr cM+s ,d e/;eoxZ dk tUe gqvk rks mlus Øe'k% Økafr ds ml cfynku dks gh >qBykuk 'kq: dj fn;k ftlesa og Lo;a 'kkfey Fkk vkSj ftlesa mlus Hkh dqckZfu;ka nh FkhaA cnyh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mls yxk fd phu Hkh vesfjdk tSlk gks ldrk gSA vkt phu dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ka mlh jkg ij py jgh gS ftu ij pydj i;kZoj.k dk pkgs fdruk fouk'k] fdruk iznw"k.k iQSys] ;s /kjrh cps uk cps] mlh rjg dh fo"kerk iSnk djuk vkSj miHkksxokn dks mlh rjg c<+kok nsuk ftlesa efgykvksa dks os';k cukus ls xqjst+ ugha fd;k tkrkA blhfy, esjk dguk gS fd Økafr jkst+ djuh gksrh gS vkSj jkst+ 253

mldk n'kZu fy[kk tkuk gksrk gSA phu esa Økafr gqbZ] lQy gqbZ fdarq ,d lhek rd tkdj vVd xbZA Hkkjr ds Lora=rk vkanksyu dk mnkgj.k ysaA Hkkjr esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ us vke yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls] ,sls vke yksx ftuesa oafpr] nfyr] vkfnoklh vkfn 'kkfey Fks] bruh cM+h lkezkT;oknh rkdr ds f[kykQ yach yM+kbZ yM+h vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ lkezkT;okn dh fojks/kh rkdr ds :i eas mHkjdj lkeus vkbZA vkt blh dkaxzsl ikVhZ dk usr`Ro vesfjdh usr`Ro ds vkxs ureLrd gS] vesfjdk tkdj yksdra=k QSykus ds fy, le>kSrk djrk gSA vkSj vesfjdk dSlk yksdra= QSykrk gS] ;g fdlh ls fNik ugha gSA bZjkd ij geyk] jktusrkvksa dh gR;k,a] lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa fdlh u, jk"Vª dks ugha vkus nsuk vkfn vesfjdh ds yksdra= QSykus ds uewus gSaA ijek.kq ekeys esa ns[k yhft, mldk yksdra=! ckdh dksbZ ns'k ce cukrk gS rks ges'kk dgrk gS fd ge igys bldk iz;ksx ugha djsaxsA ysfdu vesfjdk us ,slk dksbZ fl)kar ugha cuk j[kk gSA vesfjdk us lcls igys ce cuk;k] lcls igys nwljs ns'k fczVsu dks fn;k vkSj lcls igys gh nwljs ns'k ij fxjk;kA vkt irk ugha fdl cs'keZ eqag ls cksyrk gS fd bZjku ;s dj jgk gS] ukWFkZ dksfj;k oks dj jgk gSA rks le; dh foMEcuk nsf[k, fd dkaxzsl ikVhZ] tks fd lkezkT;okn ds f[kykQ yM+us okys yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh okyh lcls cM+h ikVhZ Fkh] vkt nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s lkezkT;oknh ns'k ds lkFk ^yksdra=* QSykus^ ds fy, le>kSrs dj jgh gSA ysfdu foMEcuk ;g Hkh nsf[k, fd dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks] ftls eSa lkezkT;okn dh ,d NqðHkS;k ikVhZ eku jgk gwa] Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa fiNys vke pqukoksa ls igys] lektokfn;ksa ds chp eSaus gh igy djds] Hkktik&fojks/kh ekspkZ cuk;k ftldk lh/kk vFkZ dkaxzsl dks leFkZu nsuk FkkA lektokfn;ksa esa ,aVh&dkaxzsl laLdkj bruk xgjk gS fd esjk jk"Vªh; usr`Ro blds fy, rS;kj ugha Fkk ij eSaus dk;ZdrkZvksa dks ysdj ^Hkktik gjkvks* ekspkZ vyx ls cuk;k vkSj fiQj ;s nhxj ckr gS fd tc ;g ekspkZ lkoZtfud /kjuksa ij cSBus yxk rks gekjk jk"Vªh; usr`Ro Hkh blesa 'kkfey gqvkA eSa dguk ;s pkg jgk gwa fd ;s oDr ,slk gS ftlesa ,d nwljs ls mYVh ckrsa gedks djuh iM+ jgh gSa tSls ftl ikVhZ dks eSa lkezkT;oknh crk jgk gwa vkSj tks ikVhZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa bl ckr esa xkSjo eglwl dj jgh gS fd ge vesfjdk ds fiNyXxw gSa] mlh ikVhZ dh thr dh dkeuk eSaus dh rkfd ,d Qklhoknh ikVhZ Hkktik gkj tk,A vc bl ckr dks ml Hkk"kk esa dguk vklku ugha gS tks eq>s lektoknh cuus ds le; fl[kkbZ xbZ FkhA bldks dgus dk ,d gh rjhdk gS fd vkt turk ds lkeus vius }a}ksa dks] viuh fparkvksa dks lh/s rkSj ij vkSj iwjs rkSj ij j[kk tk,A turk ls 254

j.kuhfr ;k nkao&isap] ftls ge ^VsdfVl* dgrs gSa] ds pDdj esa iM+us dh ctk; vxj lh/ks&lh/ks viuh ckr dgh tk, rks 'kk;n ubZ fopkj/kjk vkSj Økafr dk u;k n'kZu ge yksx x<+ ldsaxsA rks ;g gqvk] esjs fopkj esa] fopkj/kjk L[kyu ds bl nkSj dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus dk ,d jkLrkA vkt usiky dh lHkh ikfVZ;ka bl ds izdkj ds pØO;wg esa Qalh gSaA tks ftruk T;knk Økafrdkjh gS] og mrus gh T;knk ladksp esa gS] turk ds lkeus ;g dcwy djus esa fd lektokn ;k Økafr ds n'kZu ds pkS[kVs esa Hkkjh [kksV vk;k gS] u;s fljs ls dqN cqfu;knh ckrksa dks lkspuk iM+sxkA

usiky esa eksgu oS|] foIyo] lh-ih- xtqjsy ,oa nso xq#ax vkfn turk ds lkeus ;g dcwy djus esa ladksp dj jgs gSa fd [kqyk oksV jkt vc ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dk vko';d vax cu x;k gSA usiky ds bl oSpkfjd laØe.k esa Hkkjr D;k fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d ns'k dk lÙkk izfr"Bku enn ugha dj ldrkA ,d gh jkLrk gS usiky dh ,oa Hkkjr dh ifjorZuoknh rkdrksa ds chp lfØ; ,oa fujarj laokn gksA bl flyflys esa fo'o lkekftd eap ,d fo'oluh; pkS[kVk gS] ftlesa mu reke lokyksa ij cgl gks ldrh gS] ftu ij ikfVZ;ksa ds cus&cuk;s rkSj&rjhdksa ds vk/kkj ij bZekunkj [kkst eqefdu ughaA

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26. Meaning of AAP (Aam Aadmi Party) AAP, in less than a-year-and-a-half, has made such an impact that it occupies a prime position in the political discourse of the country. Not only in India, but world-over, it is being keenly observed. On 22 February 2014 in Brussels, the European Greens were voting on their common manifesto for European parliament elections, which are being held on 22-26 May 2014. On the sidelines of this gathering some important functionaries were holding a small meeting to understand AAP, its policy perspective and its future possibilities. This was not a formal secretariat meeting, but nevertheless, there was a consensus that European Greens must increase their contact with AAP. The majority in this small but significant group felt that this party seems to be a good possible ally for responding to global economic, ecological and other crises. This group decided to informally increase the contacts and understand more about AAP. The next day, i.e., 23rd February 2014, there was another small meeting with civil society activists, where Indian analysts from the European Commission also joined. I was present in these meetings and was amazed how keenly and systematically Europeans were watching AAP and other political developments in India.

On 25 February 2014, in the Finnish parliament’s annexe, a senior Indian political worker who is also an engaged observer of AAP, spoke to a group of activists and intellectuals on the Party. In this meeting the Foreign Minister of Finland, Hon. Erkki Tuomoija, and a Gandhian Socialist philosopher–activist, Dr. Thomas Wallgren, were formal discussants. The wellinformed discussion which followed the presentations was a pleasant surprise.

What these three meetings highlighted was not only the interest of European Union countries in India and its polity, but also the crisis in their party systems. They seem to be in search of models to renew their polity, and therefore AAP is also being keenly watched. The crisis in our party systems is about their ability to articulate and assert the aspirations of people they claim to represent. If the party system is in crisis, then the ability of governance institutions to govern also declines.

Crisis in the party system in India got accentuated with the spilt in the Congress in 1969. After this split, and particularly after emergence of Bangladesh in December 1971, Mrs. 256

Indira Gandhi undermined inner party democracy to a very significant extent. And as eminent political scientist Rajni Kothari had pointed out in his book ‘Politics in India’, the Congress Party is a party of dominance and other parties are linked to the Congress through factional chains. If we were to state this differently, we could say Congress represented a microcosm of the society and other parties linked with Congress represented sub–sets or smaller segments of the larger whole of the society. Now the way regional parties are constructed, they represent one or the other sub-set of society. Contemporary regional parties in India have a definite set caste/ethnic/regional following. They neither bother nor have the ability to develop a coherent and holistic view of the nation’s governance, development and growth agenda. In practice, they do not have inner party democracy or sometimes even the notion of justice does not seem to be fully insulated from a sense of sectarian identities. In a society where notion of justice is no longer universal, a universal tyranny of the system becomes the rule. Ordinary citizens feel helpless. The story does not end at a point where they cannot get justice, but cannot even get satisfaction of fighting this system, as there is no listening space for universal notions of justice. With sectarian attempts for justice, the system has become a prisoner of various kinds of identity fundamentalisms coupled with ever-increasing levels of corruption. It is in this context that people invented an instrument called Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). The National Convenor of this party, Arvind Kejriwal, describes emergence of AAP as “kudrat ka karishma (nature’s miracle)”. He seems to think that human beings could not have accomplished this task.

One significant fact about AAP is that it touched the moral/spiritual chord with ordinary people, across class, caste, region and religion. The party, born out of this moral and emotional crisis, has also a potential to develop as an antidote to various kinds of helplessness among the ‘aam aadmi’, i.e., ‘ordinary people’. ‘Ordinary’ according to Kejriwal is not a reflection of class, but ordinariness in the sense when you are trying to lead your life by following rules of the game and not of privilege.

On 18 March 2014 I attended a meeting organised by AAP on ‘A Roadmap for Indian Muslims’. In this meeting none of the AAP leaders were indulging in any conventional public relations exercise. They did not make populist promises, and called a spade a spade. It is worth noting that popular support to AAP is based on a broader and deeper notion of corruption. There is no denying the fact that in everyday life of ‘ordinary’ people of any class, corruption in its ordinary sense is the most hard-hitting instrument of this system’s 257

tyranny. But starting since the early eighties and getting a fillip in the early nineties, identity politics has acted as a double-edged weapon. For the hitherto oppressed S.C. and O.B.C. communities in the electoral domain, it has proved to be a positive resource of support base. This has changed the complexion of our parliament and state legislatures. At the same time, this very resource has been used by majority of the Dalit and OBC leaders to corner power for their families. Those of them who do not have families have concentrated power in their coterie. Thus inner party democracy and representation has been greatly undermined, and consequently inevitable mis-governance and corruption is becoming increasingly institutionalized. So non-alienated ‘ordinary’ people clearly experience and see a link between corruption and identity fundamentalism. Broad popular support from elite to the socially and economically most underprivileged have supported AAP, because Arvind Kejriwal articulates reaction and response to this impasse.

In the agenda-setting meeting of Muslims in Delhi on 18 March 2014, there were clearly two strands. One, which reinforces a feeling of victimhood, fears of security and facts of exclusion and discrimination all stated in a fashion that will contribute to identity fundamentalism. The other strand was linking exclusion, discrimination, security anxieties and powerlessness to larger forces, processes and institutions. One of the Lok Sabha candidates urged the older and established leadership of Muslim community to make way for younger leadership, own them and nurture them. According to him, older people had contributed whatever they could. He also urged the younger generation to make use of technology and education for empowering the community. Most significant was the speech by Mr. Gopal Rai, who often makes ideological speeches in a simple and inspiring idiom. He made no promise of any patronage or special treatment to Muslims. Instead, he said all those who want to contribute to nation building in a pluralist framework with a universal notion of justice (sense of imaan) should join AAP. He cautioned all those joining with the hope of making gains, that they will be greatly disappointed. In this party, everybody is required to join the struggle against all forms of injustice and hegemonies. Mr. Rai said if we all unite in the same spirit as that of the freedom struggle of 1857, we can not only empower the Muslim community but also serve the cause of underclass of the entire third world. Without thinking about India as a whole, we cannot even empower the Muslim community of the country.

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This kind of effort to speak the truth is not common in our political class. They cannot speak the same language to all sections of population. This new phenomenon called AAP has a fresh air of commitment to truth and learning the ways of nation building.

Vijay Pratap 147-A, Uttarakhand Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi – 110067 Tel: (011) 2674-2102

Email: vijaypratap@vsnl.net *****

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27. (Vijay Pratap’s Article of 2.1.2014)

oksV&jkt dk O;kdj.k% cnyko ds fy, ;qokvksa dk yEck lQ+j eSa vkt Hkh 31 fnlEcj 2002 dh jkr ugha Hkwyk gw¡ LohMu ds i;kZoj.k vkanksyu ds usrk VksM fc;Zd ds fy, eqf”dy gks jgk Fkk viuh glh jksd ikukA VksM fc;Zd ÝSUM~l vkWQ vFkZ uked vkanksyu dh vksj ls gSnjkckn esa vk;ksftr ,f”k;kbZ lks”ky Qksje~ esa fgLlk ysus vk;s FksA mUgsa crk;k x;k Fkk fd dy Hkkjr esa lektoknh vkanksyu dh Hkfo’; dh j.kuhfr okyh cSBd esa vkanksyu ds “kh’kZ ckSf)d lqjsUnz eksgu ;k vkanksyu fe= vkSj Hkkjr esa fo”o lkekftd eap dks ykus okys ofj’B i=dkj izHkk’k tks”kh tSls yksx oäk ugha gksaxsA dkj.k crk;k x;k fd pwafd blesa dsoy ^;qok yksx* gh cksysaxsA VksM us cksyus okys ;qokvksa dh vkSlr vk;q iwNh rFkk rks crk;k x;k fd dksbZ Hkh oäk 50&55 o’kZ ls vkf/kd vk;q dk ugha gksxkA cspkjs VksM bl mÙkj dks ikdj viuh vk”p;Z Hkjh g¡lh u jksd ik;sA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa fdlh Hkh fopkj/kkjk dh Vksih vkius iguh gks] ikVhZ ds eBk/kh”k 50&55 rd ;qok rks D;k vkidks O;Ld Hkh ugha ekursA cw<+ksa dk Dyc gh lc dqN r; djrk gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ iz/kkuea=h pUnz”ks[kj dh Vhe dks 50 ikj djus ds ckn Hkh ;qok rqdZ dh dgk tkrk FkkA jktuhfr dh ckr tkus nsa& jk’Vªh; Lo;a lsod la?k ,oa loZ lsok la?k ns”k ds cM+s vkSj viuh &2 fopkj/kkjk Øe”k% fgUnqRooknh ,oa xk¡/kh izsfjr ds ?ksjksa esa cgqr lEekfur ,uth-vks- gSa] bu laxBuksa dk gky ikfVZ;ksa ls Hkh cqjk gSA buesa rks 60 cjl ls iwoZ foosd”khy dk;ZdÙkkZ ugha] dsoy vkKkdkjh Lo;alsod ds crkSj gh ekU;rk feyrh gSA pwafd ;g nksuksa ,u-th-vks- oksV jkt dks der~j pht+ ekurs gSa] blfy, ;gk¡ lkaxBfud pquko ls Hkh r[rk iyV laHko ugha gSA

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jktuhfr esa Hkh LFkkfir ikfVZ;ksa esa ;qokvksa ds gkFk esa rkdr vkus dh laHkkouk;sa lhfer gSaA dkaxzsl esa ns”k&lekt ds ckjs esa ikVhZ v/;{k ls tks ukeh&xjkeh yksx ea=.kk djus tkrs gSa] mUgsa ckrphr ds ckn Li’V :i ls trk fn;k tkrk gS fd mUgsa ikVhZ ds ^;qok* usrk jkgqy xka/kh ls fey ysuk pkfg;sA /;ku gh gksxk fd vkt jkgqy xk¡/kh fdruh Hkh esgur dj jgs gksa og ,oa mudh ^;qok* fcxzsM [kkunkuh gksus ds dkj.k vxqvk Hkwfedk esa gSaA ^vke* ;qok bu eqdkeksa rd ugha igqap ldrs] tc rd fdlh ^[kkunkuh^ dh ml ij d`ik n`f’V u gks tk;sA Hkk-t-ik- esa Hkh in pkgs o¡”kokn ij vk/kkfjr u gksa fdUrq HkkX; dk fu.k;Z ogk¡ Hkh cw<ksa dk Dyc gh djrk gSA vkSj og Dyc Hkh ikVhZ esa vofLFkr ugha gS] ftlesa x.ks”k ifjØek] njckjh pkVqdkfjrk] dYiuk”khy esgur ds esy&tksy ls ck/kk nkSM+ ikj dh tk ldsA jk’Vªh; Lo;a lsod dk usr`Ro ,oa mUgha }kjk ukfer Hkk-t-ik- ds ^ofj’B* usrk fey&tqy dj Hkktik ds ;qokvksa dk HkkX; r; djrs gSaA eq[; dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa dk gky Hkh blls csgrj ugha gSA ysfdu dE;qfuLV vkanksyu esa ;qok ds usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk esa u gksus ds laxBu lÙkk ls fuo`r ;k ykylk eqä u gks ikuk ,dek= dkj.k ugha gSA vkj-,l-,l- ds laxBu fl)kar ^,d usrk ds ihNs gh pysaxs* ,oa dE;qfuLVksa ds yksdrkfU=d dsUnzh;rkokn esa cqfu;knh Lrj ij ;g [kksV gS fd ;qokvksa dks lgt gh vxqvk Hkwfedk dk ekSdk vkSj xqatkb”k ugha NksM+rkA ns”k dh jktuhfr esa igyh ckj ;qokvksa ds vxqvk Hkwfedk esa vkus dh laHkkouk 1942 ds Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu ds ckn 1973&74 ds Nk=&;qok vkanksyu ls mith FkhA ^^ns”k ds rhu izdk”k] v:.kk] yksfg;k] t;izdk”k** 1942 ds ;qok usrkvksa ds uke dk ukjk FkkA 1973 esa gkWLVy dh Q+hl c<+kus ls xqtjkr esa “kq: gqvk vkUnksyu fcgkj esa igys f”k{kk esa lq/kkj ds fy, 14& lw=h e¡kx i= ds lkFk vkxs vk;kA fQj tYn gh Hkz’Vkpkj dk eqík tqM+k vkSj twu 1974 esa ts-ih- us bls lEiw.kZ ØkfUr vkUnksyu dk :i ns fn;kA ftlls izsj.kk ysrs gq, lSadM+ksa ;qod vkt Hkh ny foghu jktuhfr esa fu’Bk cuk, j[krs gq, t+ehuh Lrj ij lØh; gSaA blh vkUnksyu ds xHkZ ls fudys gtkjksa yksx turk ifjokj ds foHkhUu nyksa dh jktuhfr esa lØh; gSaA 25 twu 1975 dks vkikr fLFkfr 261

yxus ,oa ns”k esa ofj’B usrkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;qok dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dh fxj¶rkjh ls iwoZ vkye ;g Fkk fd thou Hkj xjhc ds chp] xjhcksa ds fy, ,oa xjhcksa ls fudys lektoknh usrkvksa dh lkoZtfud cSBdksa esa de mifLFkfr gksrh FkhA bu usrkvksa ds de mez csVksa ,oa vuqHkoghu dk;ZdÙkkZvksa dh lHkkvksa esa T;knk mifLFkfr gksrh FkhA ysfdu 23 ekpZ 1977 esa vkikÙkfLFkfr gVus ,oa turk ikVhZ ds lÙkk esa LFkkfir gksus ds ckn cw<s&vuqHkoh vkSj tk¡ps ij[ks usr`Ro dk iw.kZ ncnck dk;e gks x;kA rc eksjkjth nslkbZ] pkS- pj.k flag ,oa txthoujke dh f=ewfrZ dh lÙkk LFkkfir gqbZA e/kq fye;s] tktZ Q+ukZMhl] lqjsUnz eksgu vkfn dks Hkh pUnz”ks[kj dh ^;qok rqdZ* Vhe ds led{k gh ekuk x;kA jktuhfr esa igyh ckj bl ekWMy ds pqukSrh feyh “kjn ;kno ls] tc mUgksaus turk ny ds lalnh; usrk ds pquko esa o’kZ ¼ ½ esa mUgsa f”kdLr nhA mlds ckn turk ny ls vyx gksdj turk ny ¼;w½ esa ikVhZ v/;{k ds in ij Hkh mUgksaus ¼lu~½ esa tktZ Q+ukZMhl~ dks f”kdLr nhA ysfdu ;g nksuksa thrsa eaMy flQkfj”kksa ds ykxw gksus ls fiNMh tkfr;ksa ds usr`Ro l”kfädj.k cxSj laHko u FkhA oSls 1989 esa Jh oh-ih- flag ds iz/kkuea=h cuus ls jkT;ksa esa vis{kkd`r ;qok usr`Ro us eq[;ea=h in lEgkykA fcgkj esa ykyw izlkn us cqt+qxZ usrk jkelqanj nkl dks turk ny ds fo/kk;d ny ds Hkhrjh pquko esa f”kdLr ns dj eq[;ea=h dh xíh gkfly dhA gfj;k.kk esa vkse izdk”k pkSVkyk dk eq[;ea=h cuuk dqN oSlk gh Fkk tSls bl ckj dsUnz dh dqlhZ ij ut+j ds pyrs eqyk;e flag ;kno us vf[kys”k ;kno dks eq[;ea=h cuk;k gSA ysfdu “kjn ;kno&ykyw izlkn dk cqt+qxZ usrkvksa dks gjk dj laxBu ;k jkT; lÙkk ij dkfct+ gksuk ,d flyflys dks tUe us ns ik;kA bu usrkvksa us vius lÙkk la?k’kZ esa viuh tkrh; igpku dks lÙkk ds ,-Vh-,e- dkMZ dh rjg bLrseky fd;kA ftlds pyrs vusdksa vkn”kZoknh lkFkh turk ny ykyw&”kjn tksMh ls vyx gksus yxsA [kqn buds dfu’B lg;ksxh uhrkh”k dqekj us tktZ Q+ukZMhl~ ds lg;ksx ls lerk ikVhZ dk xBu fd;kA ;g tqnk ckr gS fd vHkh gkWy&gkWy rd turk ny ¼;w½ us fiNMh tkfr dh igpku ,oa fgUnqRo dh igpku ls mith Nn~e jktuSfrd mtkZ dk ykHk mBk;kA

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eksVh ckr ;g fd “kjn ;kno] uhrh”k dqekj Hkh jktuhfr esa iSls] vijk/k] lkEiznkf;drk ls lh/ks vkdf’kZr djus dk dksbZ flyflyk ugha dk;e dj ik;sA uhrh”k dqekj us jktuSfrd Hkz’Vkpkj vkSj fcgkj esa taxy jkt jksdus esa ,d gn rd dke;kch rks ik;h ysfdu muds dkS”ky esa nks [kkfe;k¡ Fkha] igyk lkEiznkf;drk ls le>kSrk ,oa nwljk [kqn dh ^bekunkjh* ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfr esa bZekunkjh dks ,d /kkjk cukus dh dkSf”k”k u djukA mUgksaus /kkjk cukus dh ctk; iwjh ^^izca/ku lÙkk** vius esa fdfUnzr dj yh ,oa LFkkuh; fodkl dh cgl ls fo/kkulHkk lnL;ksa dks ckgj dj fn;kA mUgksaus fo/kkulHkk lnL;ksa ds vf/kdkj {ks= esa vkus okyh fo/kk;d fuf/k dks [kRe dj fn;kA blls ekStnw k lnL;ksa dks Hkz’Vkpkj esa fgLlk ugha feyk&;g rks Bhd gSA ysfdu blls u dsoy Hkz’Vkpkj fojks/kh jktuhfr [kM+h ugha gqbZ cfYd dsoy jktuhfr esa Hkz’V yksx gSa vkSj gekjs /kUuk lsB ,oa ukSdj”kkg nw/k ds /kqys gSa] ;g Hkze Hkh iq’V gqvkA nwljk] Hkz’Vkpkj dks iwjs rkSj ij cM+s lkaLFkkfud mik;ksa cxSj [kRe ugha fd;k tk ldrk & ;g eqík turk ds chp dk eqík cuk gh ughaA Hkz’Vkpkj ds eqís cuus vkSj bls jksdus ds fy, yksdiky tSls laLFkkxr~ mi;ksa dh t+:jr ij yksd”kfä dks la;ksftr djus ds fy, vUuk gt+kjs vkSj vjfoan dstjhoky ds vkanksyu dk b¡rtkj djuk iM+kA vkt vke vkneh ikVhZ ds vfrfjä vU; lHkh nyksa ds usr`Ro oxZ jktuSfrd vuqHko@deZ dh vk;q yxHkx mruh gS ftruh vjfoan dstjhoky dh dqy mezA 1974&77 esa tks izfØ;k “kq: gqbZ Fkh og D;kasdj vo:) gks xbZ bldk eksVk [kkdk geus [khapk gSA 1987&89 ds nks o’kZ ls Hkh de le; rd turk ifjokj us mPp LFkkuksa ij Hkz’Vkpkj dk eqík mBk;k FkkA cksQlZ ij oh-ih- flag dh dgh ckrksa dks dsUnz esa j[kdj ,d ekgkSy cuk;k x;kA usrk yksx bl loky ij fdrus xaHkhj Fks ;g ckn ds cjlksa ls lkfcr gks x;kA njvly meznjkt+ usrkvksa dks yxus yxrk gS fd Hkz’Vkpkj ls yM+k gh ugha tk ldrkA blh izdkj fdlh Hkh fopkj/kkjk pkgs og xk¡/kh izsfjr gks ;k ekDlZ izsfjr ;k lkojdj iszfjr] dks Hkh Hkz’Vkpkj ds eqís ij vk;k tu&mHkkj derj~ yxrk gSA og mudh O;oLFkk ifjorZu ds “kkL=h; Kku ds lexz fp= ls esy ugha [kkrkA ,d le; esa ,d dne t+:jh rkSj ij fopkjghu vkSj lexz dh le>nkjh ls foghu gS & ,slk izk;% 263

fopkj/kkjkoknh yksx ekurs gSaA et+snkj ckr gS fd ,d le; esa ,d dne ds lcls cM+s egkjFkh xk¡/kh dks] viuk izrhd] izsj.kk iq:’k vkSj ekxZn”kZd ekuus okys yksx Hkh izk;% blh le> dks ekurs gSaA gekjs jk’Vªh; vk¡nksyu ls ifjorZu dk tks flyflyk “kq: gq, mlesa fopkj/kkjkvksa dh egÙkh Hkwfedk FkhA QdZ dsoy O;ogkfjd j.kdkS”ky dk FkkA xk¡/kh th ds gkFk esa ns”k ds Lora=rk vkanksyu dh yxke vkus ls yxHkx ,d n”kd igys gh xk¡/kh th us viuh fo”o n`f’V] lH;rk ds ladV vkSj viuh ewY; izfrc)rkvksa dks ^fgan Lojkt* esa fyfic) dj fn;k FkkA esjk vuqeku gS fd ^vki* ikVhZ ds “kh’kZ usrkvksa ds ikl Hkh viuh&viuh lexz le> gSA ysfdu og Hkkjr ds dE;qfuLVksa ,oa lektokfn;ksa dh Hkkafr ml ij lkoZtfud cgl vkSj oSpkfjd >xM+k djrs gq, ugha nh[kuk pkgrsA blfy, usr`Ro us bl ckj ^turk* ds ikl tkus dh rduhd dk bLrseky ,d vke jk; ,oa mldh oS/krk cukus ds fy, fd;kA bl izfØ;k esa fnYyh esa ikVhZ ls tqM+s lSadM+ksa ;qokvksa dks ,d lkFkZd dke feykA bl i)fr dks ckj ckj bLrseky djuk vHkh rks O;ogkfjd ugha yxrkA ysfdu ;qok oxZ dks fcuk fujarj vkSj lkFkZd dke ds ikVhZ ds lkFk cka/k ds j[kuk eqf”dy gksxkA ikVhZ ds vc rd ds lQj esa ;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk fu.kkZ;d jgh gSA ,oa mlds uk;d fulansg vjfoan dstjhoky jgs gSaA QdZ dsoy bruk gh fd vUuk vkanksyu ds le; og usiF; uk;d Fks vkSj vc tx&tkfgjA ^vki* ikVhZ dh lQyrk dh bckjr mUgha ukStoku ;qod&;qofr;ksa us fy[kh gS ftUgsa fopkj/kkjkoknh yksx jktuhfr fojk/kh ,oa vkn”kZokn ls jhr xbZ ih<h ekurs gSaA fiNys lky 2 vDrwcj dks ikVhZ ?kksf’kr gksus ds lkFk gh ns”k esa vusdksa lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij est+s yxk dj ^vki* ikVhZ ds lnL; cuk;s x;sA ;g flyflyk dkQh yacs le; rd pykA

yksdlaxzg ds iqjkus rkSj&rjhdksa ds vfrfjä lks”ky ehfM;k&oSc lkbV] bZ-esy vkSj ,l,e-,l- dk Hkh Hkjiwj bLrseky fd;k x;kA ny cuus ,oa mlesa ;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk ds 264

foe”kZ esa ,d ukt+qd loky dh vuns[kh ugha dh tk ldrh gSA vkt ds nkSj esa ;qotuksa ds lkoZtfud thou esa iw.kZdkfyd dk;ZdÙkkZ ds crkSj dke djus okyksa ds lkeus nks eq[; fodYi gSa& igyk ;fn mudh ikl vPNh is”ksokj fMfxz;k¡ gSa rks og izkjfEHkd o’kksZa esa iSlk dek;sa vkSj lknxhiw.kZ thou fcrkrs gq, cpr djsa] “kknh ds ckn iRuh&ifr esa ls ,d O;fä ukSdjh djs] nwljk lkekftd dke vkSj nwljk fodYi gS fdlh ,u-th-vks- esa dke ds ek/;e ls lkoZtfud igpku cukus ds ckn jktuhfr ds v[kkM+s esa mrjsaA es/kk ikVdj&v:.kk jkW; dh rjg [kqn ,u~-th-vks- cuk;s cxSj viuh jk’Vªh; igpku cukuk gjsd ds cl dk ughaA blh izdkj iSrd ` lEifÙk ;k ikfjokfjd jktuSfrd iwath ds cy ij jktuhfr esa izos”k rks c[kwch feyrk gS] ysfdu ;g lq;ksx rks dqN gh ds lkFk /kfVr gksxkA blh ifjfLFkfr dks nks lh/ks QfyrkFkZ vkt dh jktuhfr ds fudyrs gSaA pwafd vkt dh eagxkbZ ds ;qx esa iw.kZdkfyd dk;ZdÙkkZ cuuk pwafd eqf”dy gS] blfy, lks”ky ehfM;k ds ek/;e ls lfØ;rk ,d lgt fodYi gSA nwljk cgqr ls lkoZtfud dke tks lkekftd n`f’V ls rks cgqr egRo ds gSa ysfdu oksV dh n`f’V ls T;knk egRo ds ugha muds fy, nyh; ?ksjksa ds ckgj lkekftd laxBuksa ds ek/;e ls gh dke djuk iMrk gSA fdUrq vkt+knh ds vkanksyu ds nkSjku ;k ts-ihvkanksyu ds nkSjku vfLrRo esa vk;s laxBu vius nk;jksa esa cgqr lhfer gks x;s gSaA blfy, u;h dk;Z”kSyh okys] u;s fdLe ds ,u-th-vks- lewgksa ds ek/;e ls gh lSadMksa ;qok lfØ; gSaA ysfdu gekjs jktuSfrd lekt esa ,u-th-vks- lewgksa ds ckjs esa foe”kZ esa cgqr Hkzkafr;k¡ vkSj dqN <ksax rFkk ubZ ifjfLFkfr esa fofo/k rjg ds vkStk+jksa dh t+:jr ds ckjs esa dksbZ cgl ugha gSA vPNs vkSj cqjs ,u-th-vks- dh y{e.kjs[kk ,oa oksV jktuhfr ls mlds lEcU/k ds ckjs esa la;r ,oa xaHkhj foe”kZ dh t+:jr gSA O;oLFkk ds fufgr LokFkZ [kkl rjg ds dkjiksjsV ,u-th-vksds vk/kkj ij iwjh ,u-th-vks- fcjknjh dks xkyh nsrs gSaA 90% ,u-th-vks esa 90% yksx ;qok gksrs gSaA yksdlHkk pquko ds ckn tc ^vki* ikVhZ ds usrkvksa dks “kk;n dqN lk¡l ysus dk ekSdk feysA rHkh xgu oSpkjhd lokyksa] fodkl dh fn”kk lEcU/kh cglksa rFkk fofHkUu jktuSfrd vkStk+jksa ds vkn”kZ Lo:i vkSj mikns;rk ij lekt dks mudk #[k lkQ gks ik,xkA

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28. (Vijay Pratap’s Article of 28.8.13) vfLerkokn dh va/kh xyh vkSj fo”o eap ij Hkkjr fot; izrki

dukZVd dh turk us iwoZ iz/kkuea=h Jh nsoxkWMk] Jh ;nqjIik ,oa jk’Vªh; ikVhZ Hkk-t-ik ds cqfu;knh fo”okl ij pksV dh gSA bu lHkh ds vkpj.k ls budk blh fl)kUr esa Hkjkslk ut+j vkrk gS fd turk esa ,dkaxh lkEiznkf;d ;k tkfroknh igpku txk dj ckdh lHkh eq|ksa dks nj fdukj fd;k tk ldrk gSA la?k ifjokj dks yxrk gS fd ;g rks vuqHko fl) ckr gS] fnYyh dh xíh geus eaMy ds lkeus deaMy dh cMh igpku dk;e djds ik;hA fdlh ns”k ds bfrgkl esa 10&15 cjl Hkh cnuqek nkx okys D;ksa gks \ dgk x;k gS fd ^pk¡n esa Hkh nkx gSA* Hkkjr dh ;qok ih<hdk fo'kky cgqer pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr] is”ks] oxZ vkSj lEiznk; ls tqMk gks vc jk’Vªh;rk vk/kkfjr fo”o ca/kqRo ;k olq/kSo dqVqEcde~ ds lius dks ewÙkZ :i nsuk pkgrh gSA ;qotu baVjuSV ds t+fj;s gh lgh] iwjh nqfu;k dh fojknjh dk fgLlk cuuk pkgrk gS] ftlesa dkuwu lHkh ij leku :i ls ykxw gksaA bl ekeys esa y[kuÅ cSap ds ekuuh; U;k;/kh”k }; dk QSlyk ljkguh; gS fd mUgksaus ogk¡ dh lÙkk ls lges fcuk csdkd dgk fd ;fn fxj¶rkjh /kkjk “kkafr Hkax dh vk”kadk dh dh /kkjk 151¼2½ ds vUrZxr gS rks 24 ?kaVs ls T;knk le; fgjklr esa ugha j[k ldrsA mruk gh lVhd Fkk ikVhZ lqizheksa Jh eqyk;e flag ,oa eq[;ea=h vf[kys”k ;kno dk lk/kq lekt ls lEeku tud <ax ls feyukA pkgs bl lk/kq lekt ds dk;ksZa ls ns”k vkSj lekt dk vfgr Hkh gks jgk gks muls laokn djuk LoLFk lekt dk pfj= gksuk pkfg,A ;qok eq[;ea=h us fcuk fgalk dk bLrseky fd;s pkSjklh ifjØek dks lkEiznkf;d mHkkj dk cgkuk cuus ls jksdkA lcls T;knk eqckfjd rks nsuh gksxh mÙkj izns”k dh turk dks] ftlus va/k vfLerkokn dh va/kh xyh esa /kdsys tkus dh dksf”k”k dks ukdke dj fn;kA vkt vesfjdk lfgr nqfu;k ds gj fgLls esa ,dkaxh vkSj dÍj vfLerkoknh izo`fr;k¡ mHkj ij gSaA mÙkj izns”k ;fn vius dks la/kh ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe ds vfLerkokn 266

ls mHkkj dj yksdrkaf=d lektokn dh jkg esa pan dne Hkh j[krk gS rks u dsoy Hkkjr vfirq iwjs fo”o ij bldk izHkko iMsxkA ikfdLrku] bjkd] fyfc;k] lhfj;k] iwoZ lksfo;r dSEi ds cgqr ls fgLlksa ,oa vÝhdk esa py jgs fgald la?k’kksZa ds ihNs dk ,d dkj.k] ^vfLerk* dh Hkzked le> Hkh gSA D;k Hkkjr bu la?k’kksZ ij vafglk ds lans”k dh ckSNkj ls bl vkx dks “kkar djus esa dksbZ jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkk ik;sxkA nqfu;k ds jaxeap dh ckr rks tkus nsa] ge yksx vius iMkSl dks Hkh ldkjkRed <ax ls izHkkfor ugha dj ik jgs gSaA ;g foMEcuk gh gS fd caxkyh Hkk’kk vkSj vfLerk ds la?k’kZ dh Hk;kud izlo ihMk ls iSnk gq, ckaXykns”k esa ;q) vijkf/k;ksa ij py jgs eqdneksa ds fojks/k esa dksydÙkk esa gh ,d cMk tywl fudkyk x;kA jktuSfrd gUYdksa esa rks ;gk¡ rd dgk x;k fd ia- caxky ds jktuSfrd usr`Ro dks eqfLye oksV dh fpark Fkh] blfy, ;g lHkh dqN fcuk jktuSfrd izfrokn ds laHko gqvkA ;g ckaXykns”k ds eqfä laxzke ds Hkkjrh; lSfudksa lfgr ftUgksus Hkh [kwu cgk;k mu lHkh dk vieku gSA Jhyadk] usiky] ikfdLrku] vQxkfuLrku] e;kauekj lHkh ns”kksa esa vfLerk dks dSls ifjHkkf’kr djsa bl ij de ;k T;knk fgald la?k’kZ py jgs gSa A igpku ds Hkkf’kd] vkapfyd] tkrh; dchykxr] ,d gh /keZ esa vyx 2 lEiznk;ksa dks jk’Vªh; igpku esa D;ksadj fgLlk feys bl iz”u ij dksbZ jk’Vªh; lgefr ugha cu ik;h gSA bu lokyksa ij foe”kZ vkSj laokn dh dksbZ xaHkhj dksf”k”k bu jk’Vªksa ds Hkhrj ;k lkdZLrj ij ut+j ugha vkrhA Hkkjr ds pkjksa vksj va/k vfLerkokn dk nkokuy gksxk vkSj Hkkjr mlls cpk jgsxk] ;g D;ksadj laHko gS \ ,d vaxszt dh cukbZ Hkkjr dh ,d jktuSfrd ikVhZ gksrh Fkh& jk’Vªh; dkaxzslA lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vktk+nh ds lexz la?k’kZ ls xqt+jus ds ckn ;g bruh LoIu”khy ikVhZ cuh fd blus ekpZ vizSy 1947 esa fnYyh esa ,f”k;u fjys”kUl dkUÝsl vk;ksftr dhA bl dkUÝsl esa egkRek xk¡/kh ,oa iafMr tokgj yky usg: }kjk x;s Hkk’k.k vkt Hkh fn”kk ladsr dk dke djrs gSaA

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vktknh ds ckn Hkh 18&24 vizSy 1955 esa ckaMqx esa ,Ýks&,f”k;k lEesyu vkSj 1&6 flrEcj 1961 esa csyxzsM esa xqVfujis{k lEesyu ls vkxkeh rhu n”kdksa ds fy, Hkkjr dh fo”o jaxeap ij Hkwfedk ifjHkkf’kr gqbZ FkhA bl pkS[kVs dks rS;kj djus esa xk/kh th dh fojklr dk deky rks Fkk gh] ysfdu dkaxzsl usr`Ro & lqHkk’k cksl] ts-ih-] yksfg;k dk Hkh mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku FkkA dkaxzsl ds vfrfjä ekDlZ izsfjr ,d iwjh fojklr Fkh] ftlus lkezkT;oknh fojks/kh la?k"kZ esa fgLlk fy;k FkkA Hkkjr&lksfo;r la?k dh fudVrk esa bl fojklr dh egrh Hkwfedk FkhA vkt ge fdl eqdke ij [kMs gSa\ vkt ge dbZ uSfrd vkSj jktuSfrd “kfäfoghu varjkf’Vªh; eapksa dk fgLlk gSaA nqfu;k ds lqij ikoj Dyc lqj{kk ifj’kn esa “kkfey gksus dks dc ls ;kpuk i= fy;s }kjs &}kjs izsexhr xk jgs gSaA la;qä jk’Vª la?k ds vUrxZr ,d&,d djds lHkh varjkZ’Vªh; eap dkjiksjsV txr }kjk gfFk;k,s tk jgs gSa] pkgs og vkbZ-,y-vks- gks ;k MCy;q-,p-vks-A [kSj fo”o cSad vkSj vUrjk’Vªh; eqnzk dks’k rks cus gh Mkyjoknh vf/kuk;dokn dh j{kk ds fy;s FksA gekjh ekStwnk jktuSfrd tekr esa ns”k dh vUrjk’Vªh; uhfr dks iqu% jk’Vªh; vkanksyu esa latks;s x;s liuksa ds vuq:i <kyus dh fdruh rkdr gS \ Hkkjr ds jktuSfrd usr`Ro dks dSlh nqfu;k pkfg;s vkSj ml esa Hkkjr fdl :i esa tkuk tk;s \ dqN Hkh vkxs dgus ls iwoZ ,d lQkbZ nsuh t+:jh gSA ;g Li’V gS fd vUrjkZ’Vªh; uhfr gok esa yVdh jaxhu ykyVsu ugha gS] ftlesa Hkkjr fo”o”kfä ds jax esa fn[ks] pkgs tSls ns[kksA vUrjk’Vªh; uhfr vrhr dh lH;rkvksa dh gekjh le>] mlesa gekjs LFkku ds lkFk&lkFk HkkSfrd] lkefjd] Kku] izkS|ksfxdh vkfn jk’Vªh; y{;ksa dk foLrkj Hkh gS vkSj dky lkis{k y{e.k js[kkvksa dk ikyu HkhA lH;rk vkSj lÙkk ds ckjs esa eSa fouksckoknh u gksdj byyksdoknh&;FkkFkZoknh gwaA ekuo fØ;kvksa dk #i /keZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k ds iq:’kkFkZ esa rel] jtl vkSj lRo dk fdl vuqikr esa lekos”k gS& mlls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA mlh izdkj iwjs ekuo lekt esa “kqHk&v”kqHk ds ikys bu iq:’kkFkksZ vkSj rRoksa dh var% fØ;k ls curs&fcxMrs gSaA vk/kqfud ^Økafrdkjh* fopkj/kkjkvksa pkgs loksZn; gks ;k LVkfyuokn dk nwljk Nksj] og lektksa dks] 268

muds orZeku] vrhr vkSj Hkfo’; dks ftl izdkj L;kg vkSj lQsn [kkuksa esa ck¡V dj ns[krk gS] crkrk gS] og fdrkch lp gh gSA fouksck th ds bl lius dh ckuxh ns[kh;s] vafgld Økafr ds eq[k&i=* ^loksZn; txr ds 16&31 vxLr ds doj i`’B ij tEew esa 1959 esa fn;s x;s Hkk’k.k esa fouksok dgrs gSa] bl le; MseksØslh gks ;k osyQs;fjTe] dE;qfuTe gks ;k lks”kkfyTe] lcdk vk/kkj gS QkSt ;g tks MseksØslh dk ,d izdkj dk <ksax py jgk gS] mlls eqfä gkfly djuh gksxh vkSj turk dh “kfä cukkuh gksxhA rHkh “kkafr gkfly gksxhA yksdra=] dY;k.kdkjh jkT;] lkE;oknh ;k lektoknh jkLrksa ds chp ek=k Hksn u djus ls egku LoIun`’Vk ds vuq;k;h Hkh ,d lEiznk; esa cny tkrs gSaA oksV jkt dh eqfänk;h rkdr dks u le>uk ,d izdkj dk czkã.kokn gh dgyk;sxkA le; dks vius liuksa ds fglkc ls fn”kk nsus ds fy, t+:jh gS fd vius le; dh lexzrk esa igpku dh tk;sA fQj vkt ds ;FkkFkZ dks dne&nj&dne /kS;ZiwoZd ml fn”kk esa Bsyk tk;sA liuksa dh ^ckjhd*] ^Li’V* le> ls ;FkkFkZ dks ihVsaxs rks laxhu fgalk dks ifjorZu dk oS/k vkSt+kj ekuus okyh fopkj/kkjk;sa ckj &2 iksy&iksV vkSj LVkfyu iSnk djsaxh x`g&;q)ks dks tUe nsaxhA blh izdkj ^vfgalk* dks ekuus okys “kfäfoghu lEiznk; iSnk djsaxs ;fn og ,d le; esa ,d dne ds dkS'ky dks vuqikr dh le> ds lkFk ugha viuk;saxsA xk¡/kh th bl dkS'ky ds egkjFkh FksA vUrjk’Vªh; uhfr@fons”k uhfr dk xgjk lEcU/k fo”o n`f’V] fopkjk/kkjk ds lkFk&2 vkt ds jktuSfrd ;FkkFkZ ls Hkh gSA gekjs ckjs esa dMok lp ;g gS fd geus vkt+knh ds la?k’kksZa ds nkSjku tks iwath dek;h Fkh] mls 1991 rd ge yksx eksVs rkSj ij Hkqukrs vk;s gSaA ^91 ds ckn yxrk gS fd nks cMh ikfVZ;ksa us ml iwath dks yqVkus ds dke dks rst+h ls feydj djus dk r; fd;k gSA gky gh esa ckaXykns”k ds mPpk;qä Jh ujsUnz eksnh ls feys rks nf{k.k ,f”k;k esa tu&,drk ds gkeh ckSf)dksa esa ,d vk”p;Z Hkko FkkA tYn gh le> vk;k fd ckaXykns”k esa Hkkjr ds izfr ln~Hkko j[kus okyh lÙkk:< ikVhZ ladV esa gS] D;ksafd mlus Hkkjr ls ftu &2 eqíksa ij lEekutud le>kSrksa dh vk”kk txkbZ Fkh] og iwjh gksrh ugha nh[k jghA vQlksl dh ckr gS fd ckaXykns”k dh fons”k ea=h i{k&foi{k ls feyus ds ckotwn fcuk fdlh Bksl urhts ds ;g¡k ls okfil ykaSVhA bl 269

ckj viuh vkt+knh dh o’kZ&xk¡B ij ,d lekjksg esa Hkk-t-ik- ds ,d cMs usrk us gels viukis ls ckr dh rks geus Hkh bl eqís ij I;kj Hkjh f”kdk;r ntZ djk nhA muds vuqlkj dkaxzsl ikVhZ [kkl rkSj ls muds iwokZapy ds dqN eq[;ea=h ckaXykns”kls fdlh Hkh le>kSrs ds f[kykQ gSaA dkaxzsl bZekunkj jk’Vªh; lgefr cukus dh ctk; Bhdjk gekjs flj QksMrh gS vkSj Js; [kqn ysuk pkgrh gSA blls rks ;gh urhtk fudyrk gS fd vc fdlh rhljs cMs ny dks ckaXykns”k] usiky] HkwVku] ikfdLrku] vQxkfuLrku vkSj Jh yadk ds ckjs esa jk’Vªh; lokZuqefr cukus dks laokn “kq: djuk gksxkA blls ,d rks gfFk;kjksa dh fQt+wy[kphZ esa dqN deh vk ldrh gS] fgeky; ds cQkZuh vfLrRo dks cpkus ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu tSls lokyksa ij dqN Bksl dj ikus ds njokt+s rks [kqysaxsa ghA lkFk gh vesfjdk fouk”kdkjh fons”k uhfr ds f[kykQ iz[kj fo”o tuer cukus esa enn feysxhA vU;Fkk if”peh ,f”k;k vkSj mÙkjh vÝhdk esa fgalk esa mÙkjksÙkj bt+kQk gksxk tks [kqn vesfjfd;ksa ds fgr esa Hkh ugha gSA nf{k.k ,f”k;k dh fn[kkoVh ugha izHkkoh ,drk ls gh phu vkSj vesfjdk dh nq:fHk laf/k ij iz”u fpUg yxsxkA loky ;g gS fd izHkkoh igy fdl dh vksj ls gks \ fQygky rks uhrh”k dqekj ,oa eqyk;e flag ds lŸkk LokFkZ vkSj ijekFkZ ¼fo”o dY;k.k@Hkkjr tudk dY;k.k½ fcanq ,d gks jgs gSaA ;g nksuksa usrk igys Hkkjr esa loZnyh; cSBd cqyk;sa vkSj eksVh lgefr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fQj nf{k.k ,f”k;k ds lEiw.kZ jktuSfrd usr`Ro dk lEesyu cqyk;saA LokHkkfod rkSj ij ;g dke eq[; lÙkk:< ikVhZ ;k eq[; foi{kh ikVhZ dks djuk pkfg;s FkkA ysfdu ;g Hkh lp gS fd eq[; foi{kh ny esa 10 yksx iz/kkuea=h cuus ds dkfcy rks gSa] ysfdu deku ,sls O;fä ds gkFk esa gS tks liuk rks ns”k ds iz/kkuea=h cuus dk ns[krs gSa] ysfdu ckr xqtjkr xkSjo ;k cgqla[;d jk’Vªokn dh djrs gSaA dkaxzsl ds fljekSj rks vc vuardky ds fy, fons”kh dEiuh jkt dks vkefU=r djds vkrs gSaA 'kh"kZ usr`Ro dh pkgs tks etcwfj;k¡ gks] ;g nksuksa ikfVZ;ks¡ jk’VªHkä “kwU; ugha gSA gkf”k;s ls dh xbZ izekf.kd igy eq[;/kkjk ij viuk jax p<k;sxh ghA vkSj oSls uhrh”k dqekj ,oa eqyk;e flag gkf”k;sa dh rkdrs ugha gSa] Hkfo’; dh rkdrsa gSa] c”kÙksZ fd vius dne viuh lektoknh fojklr ds vuq:i mBk;sa u fd dsoy rkRdkfyd “krjat ds ncko esa ,d lko/kkuh rks cjruh gh gksxh] jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dh fojklr ds vuq#i dne rks mBk;s tk;sa] ysfdu dky cká eqgkojksa vkSj ukjksa dh rksrk jVUr ugha] jk"Vª ds lkewfgd foods dks txkuk gksxkA 270

29Hkkjr&ikd fj'rksa dh csgrjh ds Qk;ns &fot; izrki Hkkjr&ikd fj'rs csgrj gksus ij j.kuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd :i esa cgqr Qk;nk gksxk ;s le>us ds fy, j{kk@j.kuhfr fo'ks"kK ;k vkfFkZd fo'ks"kK gksuk t+:jh ugha gSA lkekU; cqf) ds vk/kkj ij Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd izd`fr us gesa ,d bZdkbZ cuk;k gSA fgeky; dh nf{k.kh iu<+ky ¼okVj 'kSM½ ds lHkh ns'kksa dh rdnhj lk>h gSA blfy, gekjs fj'rs lkekU; vFkkZr izd`fr fu/kkZfjr ,drk ds vuq:i ugha gkasxs rks eksVs rkSj ij tks uqdlku gksaxs mldh le> gksuh t+:jh gSA vktdy fdlh Hkh foe'kZ dks ysa mlesa vFkZokn dh dlkSVh ij gh lHkh fu.kZ; fy, tkrs gSaA tcfd fganw 'kkL=h; ijEijk esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ka pkj esa ls dsoy ,d igyw gSA /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k pkjksa iq#"kkFkksZa dks fuckgus ;k djus okyk O;fDr gh lgt vkSj lkekU; O;fDr ekuk tk;sxkA lgt&lkekU; O;fDr;ksa ds lewg ls gh LoLFk lekt dh jpuk gks ldrh gSA

ikfdLrku ls csgrj fj'rksa ds Qk;ns fxuus ls iwoZ fj'rksa dh izd`fr ,oa tfVyrk ij fopkj vko';d gSa dsoy izd`fr dh ugha] bfrgkl vkSj lekt jpuk us Hkh gesa ,d cuk;k gSA izd`fr] bfrgkl vkSj lekt ds Lrj ij gekjs chp tks ,drk gS mls udkjus ds dkj.k nks cM+s uqdlku gq, gSaA igyk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls jktuSfrd eqfDr rks feyh ysfdu vkSifuosf'kd ekufldrk] <kapksa] laLFkkvksa] izfØ;kvksa ,oa Kkura= ls eqfDr ugha feyhA bruk gh ugha ge yksx viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj vius lekt] jkt vkSj vFkZra= dks fodflr ugha dj ik;sA fodkl dh fn'kk eq[;r% fczVsu vkSj vesfjdk dh udy ls r; gqbZA bl otg ls vkt rd nksuksa ns'k xjhch] Hkq[kejh] fcekjh vkSj dqiks"k.k ls eqDr ugha gks ik;s gSaA

271

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa gh ds j{kk ctV ij cgqr O;; gksrk gSA Hkkjr

vkSj

ikfdLrku ds fj'rs csgrj gksus ij bl ctV esa Lor% deh rks ugha vk;sxhA D;ksafd fo'o jktuhfr esa egk'kfDr;ksa dk vkf/kiR; vkSj le`f)] vkUrfjd jkstxkj vkfn vkt ds vkfFkZd rkus&ckus esa gfFk;kjksa ds mRiknu ,oa fu;kZr ij fuHkZj gSaA blfy, rhljh nqfu;k ds Hkkjr&ikfdLrku tSls nks iM+kslh ns'kksa ds chp nksLrh gks Hkh tk;s rks phu dk nknkfxjh dk joS;k vkSj la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj ;wjksi dh miHkksx dh Hkw[k gfFk;kj m|ksx ds pyrs gekjs gfFk;kjksa ij gksus okys [kpZ dks vklkuh ls de ugha gksus nsxhA ysfdu Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds fj'rs csgrj gksus ij fo'o jaxeap ij fj'rksa vkSj lÙkk lehdj.kksa dks cnyus ds fy, nksuksa ns'k fey dj dke dj ldrs gSaA dYiuk dhft;s if'pe ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku fey dj dke djus yxsaxs rks iwjs {ks= esa 'kkafr dk;e djus] vjcksa ds muds lgt vf/kdkj ,oa fQfyLrhu&bt+jk;y ds lgt lgvfLrRo ds fy, t+ehu rS;kj gksxhA if'peh rkdrksa }kjk bZjku] bjkd vkSj lhfj;k esa viuh gjdrksa ls ckt+ vk;saxsA mlh izdkj vkt fo;ruke] nf{k.k dksfj;k] baMksusf'k;k] fQyhfial] eysf'k;k vkfn lHkh ns'k phu dh nknkfxjh ls =Lr gSaA E;kaekj] e/; ,f'k;k] vQxkfuLrku vkfn fo'o dh egk'kfDr;ksa dh izfrLi)kZ dks Hkqxr jgs gSaA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds fj'rs ;fn csgrj gks tk;sa vkSj nksuksa vCnqy x¶Qkj [kka ,oa egkRek xka/kh }kjk fn[kk;s x;s jkLrs ds vuq#i viuh vkUrfjd uhfr;ka cuk;saxs rks fo'o jaxeap ij Hkh mUgha ewY;ksa ,ao mlh fo'o n`f"V ds vuqlkj vkt ls ,dne QdZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ik;saxsA rc vesfjdk vkSj phu }kjk fdlh ij nknkfxjh trkuk mruk vklku ugha gksxk ftruk vkt gSA ikBdksa dks /;ku gksxk Hkkjr&ikd ds fj'rs csgrj cukus ds fy, 7&8 flrEcj 2012 dks bLykekckn eas Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds fons'k eaf=;ksa us fn'kk ladsr fu/kkZfjr fd;s FksA mlds vuqlkj fnlEcj 2012 eas Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds x`geaf=;ksa us ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s FksA /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd 3 twu 2013 rd ikfdLrku esa ihiYl ikVhZ dh ljdkj Fkh] ysfdu uokt+ 'kjhQ dh ikVhZ us bl ckrphr vkSj le>kSrs dk Lokxr fd;k FkkA ysfdu tuojh 2013 ds igys i[kokM+s esa fu;a=.k js[kk ij gqbZ nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ?kVukvksa ds dkj.k xkM+h dqN le; ds fy, iVjh ls mrj x;h FkhA ofj"B 272

ukxfjdksa dks ohlk fn;s tkus dk QSlyk tuojh 2013 dh ctk; vizSy 2013 esa gh ykxw gks ldkA blds vfrfjDr fpfUgr dneksa ij Hkh fo'ks"k izxfr ugha gqbZ gSA tcfd vkSj Qk;nksa dks rks tkusa nsa] nksuksa ns'kksa esa Lojkt vkSj lq'kklu dh cqfu;knh 'krZ gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa ds fj'rs csgrj gksaA vc Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa ns'kksa esa jkt pykus okys vf/kdka'k yksx 1947 ds foHkktu ds ckn iSnk gq, gSaA blfy, muds fy, ml le; ds euksHkko ls eqDr gksdj nks Lora= jk"Vªksa ds chp fj'rs dks lekurk ,oa lk>s fgrksa ds vk/kkj ij x<+uk gksxk ftudk bfrgkl] lekt vkSj laLd`fr lk>h gS] oSls lekt nqfu;k ds dqN vkSj fgLlksa eas Hkh vyx&vyx jkT; jk"Vªksa dh lhekvksa esa ca/ks gSaA ysfdu vius jktuSfrd dkS'ky dks fj'rs lq/kkjus ij dsfUnzr djuk gS ;k 1947 dh Hkwy lq/kkjus ij dsfUnzr djuk gSA gekjs ls iwoZorhZ fganqLrkuh ih<+h dh izkekf.kdrk bl ckr ij fuHkZj Fkh og 1947 dks ,d xyrh ekurs gSa ;k ughaA ysfdu esjh fouez jk; esa yksfg;kokfn;ksa ,oa la?k okyksa dks 1947 ds foHkktu dks lgt Lohdkj dj Hkkjr&ikd ds fj'rksa dk u;k 'kkL= x<+uk gksxkA ;g jkLrk tfVy gS vkSj pqukSfr;ksa Hkjk gSA ysfdu blds vfrfjDr dksbZ pkjk Hkh ugha gSA la?k ifjokj [kkl rkSj ij fj'rksa dks csgrj cukus okys jkLrs ds izfr mnklhu jgk gSA vVy fcgkjh oktis;h bl ek;us esa viokn FksA bl ckj Jh ujsUnz eksnh }kjk lkdZ ns'kksa dks cqyk;s tkus dks ,d cgqr cM+s fn'kk ifjorZu ds crkSj ns[kk tk jgk gS] [kkl rkSj ij ikfdLrku ls fj'rs csgrj cukus ds iz;kl ds crkSj bls ns[kk tk jgk gSA ftl izdkj ehfM;k mRlkfgr gS vkSj ;g eku dj py jgk fd cl vc uokt+ 'kjhQ viuh lSU; izfr"Bku vkfn ls lgefr ysdj vk x;s gSa vkSj vc Lor% fj'rs lkekU;&lgt vkSj csgrj gks tk;saxsA ;g ,d rjg dh [k+q'kQgeh gSA flrEcj 2012 esa gekjs fons'k eaf=;ksa us tks [kkdk [khapk Fkk vkSj fnlEcj 2012 esa fnYyh x`geaf=;ksa us ftl le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd;s Fks nksuksa ij ljljh fuxkg Mkyus ij lkQ gS fd fj'rs csgrj cukus ds fy, dbZ lrr~ dne mBkus gksaxsA gesa vius bfrgkl dh dM+oh lPpkb;ksa dks Lohdkj djus ds lkFk&lkFk nksuksa ns'kksa dh ukStoku ih<+h dks Hkh ogh lp lEizsf"kr djuk gksxkA vHkh nksuksa ns'kksa dk f'k{kk ra= cgq/kk gekjs iwokZxzg vkSj nwfj;ksa dks c<+krk gSA lwpuk ,oa Kku&ra= ds dfeZ;ksa dks ,d 273

nwljs ds ;gka tkus ;k feydj dke djus ds ekSds ugha gSaA izrhdkRed dneksa] vkilh ;k=kvksa vkSj ukjksa ds lkFk&lkFk fj'rksa dks csgrj cukus dk jktuSfrd ladYi pkfg;sA bl ekeys esa ikfdLrku gekjs ls T;knk csgrj gkykr esa gSA Hkkjr esa Hkk-t-ik- okys dkaxzsl ij ikfdLrku ijLr gksus dk vkjksi yxkrs vk, gSaA ,sls esa LokHkkfod gS ekStwnk ljdkj ds usr`Ro dks ;k rks nksgjh uhfr viukuh gksxhA xqipqi cSd pSuyl~ esa vyx ckr gksxh ,oa turk ds lkeus vyxA ;k fQj mudh iksy [kqy tk;sxh fd og dsoy lÙkk#<+ ;w-ih-,s- dks uhpk fn[kkus ds fy, bl izdkj dh c;kuckt+h djrs FksA nwljh laHkkouk ;g Hkh gks ldrh gS fd ,d ckj 'kiFk xzg.k lekjksg esa vkefU=r dj fy;k x;k] vkSj vc Hkkjr&ikd fj'rksa dh xkM+h iqjkus <jsZ ij gh pysxh rks fQj Qk;nksa dh fxurh djus dk mRlkg ugha curkA Hkkjr&ikd ds fj'rs lq/kjus ls nksuksa ns'kksa dh [ksrh] m|ksx] izkS|ksfxdh vkfn rks csgrj gksxh ghA iM+ksl esa pkgs og usiky gks] ckaXykns'k ;k vQxkfuLrku lHkh txg nksuksa ns'k vke yksxksa dh csgrjh esa fu.kkZ;d ;ksxnku dj ik;saxsA ;fn nksuksa ns'kksa esa fj'rs csgrj gksrs rks vQxkfuLrku esa ftl izdkj rkfycku dh rkdr cuh gS] og u cu ikrhA vHkh Hkh ;fn ge yksx vkilh fj'rs fcuk le; xaok;s csgrj ugha cuk;saxs rks vQxkfuLrku esa rkfycku dks jksduk yxHkx ukeqefdu gksxkA vQxkfuLrku esa rkfyckuh jkt gks tk;s rks Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku vkt ls T;knk xgjs ladV esa vk tk;saxsA ,d ckr vkSj dM+oh lPpkbZ ;g gS fd vc bLyke dh ladh.kZ O;k[;k ds pyrs ikfdLrku esa vk;s fnu tks fgalk gks jgh gS] mlds nq"ifj.kke gesa Hkh Hkqxrus iM+saxsA blfy, ikfdLrku esa fgalk dk rkaMo ukp #ds] blh esa gekjk LokFkZ gSA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds fj'rs csgrj gksus ij gh Hkkjr ikfdLrku dks ekStwnk fLFkfr ls fuiVus esa enn dj ldrk gSA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh vkfFkZd le`f) csgrj fj'rksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS] ysfdu iz'u ;g gS fd D;k nksuksa ns'kksa dh jktuhfr vkt tgka [kM+h gS ogka ls csgrj fj'rs cukus dh ;k=k 'kq: djus dk ladYi fd;k tk ldrk gSA twu 2013 ikfdLrku esa laiUu pqukoksa esa uokt+ 'kjhQ dh ikVhZ us ikfdLrku dh turk ls Hkkjr ls fj'rs csgrj cukus dk ok;nk fd;k FkkA ysfdu ikfdLrkuh lSU; izfr"Bku] eqfLye dêjiafFk;ksa ,oa Hkkjr esa eq[; foi{kh ny ds #[k ds pyrs ,slk gks ugha ik;kA vc ns[kus dh ckr ;g gS fd lÙkk esa vkus ds ckn 274

Hkktik usr`Ro dks ;g ckr rks le> vk gh tk;sxh fd ikfdLrku ds ckjs esa vVy fcgkjh ykbu O;ogkfjd LokFkZ tfur ykbu Fkh u fd fdlh detksjh ds dkj.kA nqvk djuh pkfg;s fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds usrkvksa esa bruh ladYi 'kfDr vkSj /kS;Z gks fd og Hkkjr&ikd fj'rksa dks csgrj cuk ldsa rkfd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa le`f) ds jkLrs ij vkxs c<+ ldsaA

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Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds chp f}i{kh; O;kikj c<+us ls nksuksa ns'k vkarfjd&vkfFkZd ladVksa ls yM+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh f}i{kh; O;kikj ds ek/;e ls lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] jktuSfrd iVy dh vkilh nwfj;ksa dks feVk;k tk ldsxkA cgqr ls fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;fn Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds f}i{kh; O;kikfjd fj'rksa esa lq/kkj gksrk gS rks ;s nksuksa ns'k nf{k.k ,f'k;k gh ugha] ,f'k;k iz'kkar vkSj e/;&if'pe ,f'k;k esa Hkh vkfFkZd n`f"V ls et+cwr cusaxsA blds fy, ;s t+:jh gS fd izkphu ikjaifjd O;kikfjd ekxksZa dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk;sA vHkh Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds f}i{kh; O;kikj ds rhu eq[; ekxZ gSa & d'ehj] ok?kk ¼iatkc½ vkSj leqnzA fla/k vkSj xqtjkr ds jkLrs dks f}i{kh; O;kikj ds fy, [kksydj ,d ubZ 'kq:vkr dh tkuh pkfg, ftldh odkyr dkQh le; ls fo'ks"kK djrs vk jgs gSaA

Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ds f}i{kh; laca/kksa esa ruko ds dkj.k oks vkil esa izR;{k O;kikfjd laca/k LFkkfir ugha dj ik jgs gSa ftlds dkj.k gky ds fnuksa esa nqcbZ ¼la;qDr vjc 275

vehjkr½ vkSj [kkM+h ds vU; {ks= ,sls le`) dsUnzksa ds rkSj ij mHkjdj lkeus vk, gSa tks vukSipkfjd :i ls Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds f}i{kh; O;kikj djokus esa e/;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA ;fn Hkkjr&ikfdLrku izR;{k f}i{kh; O;kikfjd lEcU/kksa dks LFkkfir dj ikrs gSa rks fuf'pr gh nksuksa ns'kksa esa vHkko vkSj

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29 ebZ 2014

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30jtuh dksBkjh O;oLFkk ds fl)kardkj ls okeiaFk dh iquiZfjHkk"kk ds ckSf)d iqjks/kk &fot; izrki 19 tuojh dks izksjtuh dksBkjh bl nqfu;k ls fonk gks x,A 16 vxLr 1928 esa xqtjkr ds ,d ghjk O;kikjh ds ?kj tUes Jh dksBkjh 70 ds n'kd ds e/; ls ns'k ds yksdra= ds Hkk";dkj ls yksdra= ds Økafrdj.k ds izrhd cu x, FksA ^60 ds n'kd ls 'kq: dj ^70 ds e/; rd lHkh rjg ds okeiafFk;ksa] fofHkUu ekDlZoknh izsj.kkvksa ls dke djus okys lewgksa ;k lektoknh izsj.kkvksa ls dke djus okys lHkh yksx izksjtuh dksBkjh dks O;oLFkk dk cfYd lkQ&lkQ dgsa rks dkaxzsl dk Hkk";dkj ekurs FksA mUgksaus ^iksfyfVDl bu bafM;k^ uked iqLrd esa Hkkjr dh nyh; O;oLFkk dh O;k[;k djrs gq, crk;k fd ^bls dkaxzsl O;oLFkk Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA^ muds vuqlkj ;gka dh nyh; O;oLFkk dk eq[; [kwaVk ml le; dkaxzsl gh FkhA vo/kkj.kk ds Lrj ij Hkh vU; lHkh jktuSfrd izo`fr;ka dkaxzsl ls dgha u dgha tqM+h gqbZ FkhaA ;g izo`fr;ka okeiaFkh gksa ;k nf{k.kiaFkh budk dksbZ Lora= vfLrRo u gksdj ;s dkaxzsl ds vyx&vyx xqVksa ls ca/kh Fkha] laoknjr~ FkhaA dkaxzsl gh muds fodklØe dks vkSj jktuSfrd O;ogkj dks cgqr fu.kkZ;d gn rd izHkkfor djrh Fkh ;kfu vo/kkj.kk ds Lrj ij Hkh jtuh dksBkjh nf{k.kiaFkh gksa ;k okeiaFkh muds Lora= vfLrRo dks egRoghu fl) djrs gq, fn[krs FksA eq>s /;ku gS fnYyh Ldwy vkWQ bdksukWfeDl tSls izfrf"Br laLFkku ds lekt'kkL= foHkkx esa mudks ,d rjg ls ljdkjh ckSf)d tSlk fpf=r fd;k tkrk FkkA dqN okeiaFkh rks viuh ckrphr esa mUgas lhvkbZ, dk ,tsaV rd ?kksf"kr djrs FksA blds ihNs mudk ,d ,sls laLFkku ¼Qksje QkWj dYpjy ÝhMe½ ls fj'rk Fkk ftlds ckjs esa ckn esa ;g irk pyk fd bl laLFkku dks lhvkbZ, vius utfj, dks izfrikfnr djus dh mEehn ls Nn~e :i ls vkfFkZd enn Hkh djrk FkkA tc ;g rF; lkoZtfud gqvk rks izksjtuh dksBkjh cgqr fpafrr gksdj Jherh bafnjk xka/kh ls feysA eq>s vkt Hkh ;kn gS fd 277

O;fDrxr ckrphr esa bafnjk xka/kh yxHkx bl vankt esa eqLdqjk nhsa ekuksa dg jgh gksa ^lhvkbZ, ;s lc rks djrk gh jgrk gS] mlesa vkidk D;k nks"k gS vkSj oSls Hkh vc vkius vius lc fj'rs bl eap ls rksM+ gh fy, gSaA^ ysfdu 1974 esa 'kq: gq, tsih vkUnksyu rd O;oLFkk dk Hkk";dkj gksus dk vkSj dqN gYdksa esa lhvkbZ, ls izHkkfor gksus dk vkjksi muij vukSipkfjd ckrphr ds nkSjku pLik dj gh fn;k tkrk FkkA twu ^75 esa vkikr fLFkfr yxus ls igys ds nks&rhu o"kksZa esa og dkaxzsl ,oa O;oLFkk dh fQlyu vkSj ;FkkfLFkfr dks cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'kksa ds f[kykQ [kqydj fy[kus yxs FksA tsih vkUnksyu dks Hkh og yksdra= ds lao/kZu dh fn'kk esa vke ;qotuksa dh dksf'k'k ds rkSj ij ns[krs FksA vkikr fLFkfr yxus ij Hkh jtuh dksBkjh ,oa muds fe=ksa us vkikr fLFkfr ds f[kykQ ftl gn rd laHko Fkk fy[kk vkSj cksykA tYnh gh mUgsa fxj¶rkjh ls cpus ds fy, ns'k ls ckgj tkuk iM+kA bl nkSjku mUgksaus la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk ds dbZ eapksa vkSj fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ns'k dh ifjfLFkfr ds ckjs esa Hkk"k.k fn, vkSj vkikr fLFkfr dh okLrfodrk dks mtkxj fd;kA Jherh bafnjk xka/kh vius vf/kuk;doknh #>ku ds ckotwn varjkZ"Vªh; izpkj&izlkj ds ckjs esa dkQh ltx vkSj fpafrr jgrh FkhaA 23 ekpZ 1977 dks turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj us 'kiFk yh vkSj dksBkjh lkgc Hkkjr ykSVdj turk ikVhZ ds vukSipkfjd ^fpard lewg^ ¼fFkad VSad½ ds egRoiw.kZ lnL; cu x,A Økafrdkjh fdLe ds lektoknh vkSj ekDlZoknh rc Hkh mUgsa 'kadk dh fuxkg ls gh ns[krs FksA tqykbZ ^79 esa turk ikVhZ ds VwVus ds ckn ns'k ds yksdra=okfn;ksa esa] tsih vkUnksyu ds dk;ZdrkZ laxBuksa tSls Nk= ;qok la?k"kZ okfguh vkSj turk ikVhZ ds dbZ lektoknh #>ku ds ;qok laxBuksa ds foy; ls cuh ;qok turk ds ukStokuksa esa ,d rjg dk fdadrZO;ew<+ ekul cu jgk FkkA turk ikVhZ ds lkewfgd usr`Ro esas ifjorZuoknh ukStokuksa dk Hkjkslk ugha jgkA mlh izdkj vkikr fLFkfr ds fojks/k esa dke djus ds nkSjku ekDlZoknh&ysfuuoknh izsj.kkvksa ls dke djus okys lewgksa esa ^cqtqZvk yksdra=^ ds ckjs esa iqufoZpkj gks jgk FkkA og vc vkSipkfjd yksdra= ds dk;nks&dkuwuksa ds egRo dks Lohdkj djus yxs FksA ysfdu LFkkfir dE;qfuLV usr`Ro vius vkSipkfjd izLrkoksa esa vHkh Hkh loZgkjk dh rkuk'kkgh dh ckr djrk FkkA lkekftd Lrj ij Hkh nLrdkj] 278

fdlku] f'Yidkj ,oa nfyr tkfr;ksa rFkk vkfnokfl;ksa esa Hkh ,d ubZ psruk izLQqfVr gks jgh FkhA ysfdu ekDlZokn dh izpfyr foe'kZ ijaijk esa tkfr] lkekftd U;k; vkSj vfLerk ds lokyksa ij dksbZ cuh&cukbZ le> ugha FkhA LokHkkfod :i ls ;g dke nyksa ds vuq'kklu vkSj <+kaps ds ckgj ds ckSf)d vkSj lkaLd`frd deZ ds ek/;e ls laHko FkkA jtuh dksBkjh viuh ;qokoLFkk esa ,e,u jkW; okfn;ksa] VªkVLdhokfn;ksa vkSj tsih ls izHkkfor FksA lkFk gh og fdlh ny esa ugha FksA mudh vkReNfo ,d Lok;Ùk yksdrkaf=d ckSf)d dh FkhA og yksdra= dks Økafrdj.k dk lgt ,oa lcls mi;qDr vkStkj ekurs FksA ^70 ds e/; ds n'kd rd tc mUgsa gekjs tSls yksx O;oLFkk dk Hkk";dkj ekurs Fks rc Hkh og yksdra= dks nwljs ntsZ dh etcwjh u ekudj oks dSls Hkkjr esa QyhHkwr gks jgk gS] O;ogkfjd /kjkry ij mldk foLrkj gks jgk gS vkSj mlesa xgjkbZ vk jgh gS ,slk og LFkkfir dj jgs FksA ;gka ;g uksV djus dkfcy rF; gS fd ml le; if'pe ds [kkldj vesfjdk vkSj fczVsu ds jktuhfr'kkL=h ;g Q+rok ns jgs Fks fd rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa esa yksdra= laHko ugha gSA ,sls esa vius if'peh f'k{k.k ds ckotwn dksBkjh lkgc muls ckSf)d /kjkry ij cjkcjh ds Lrj ij VDdj ys jgs FksA bu dkj.kksa ls og ;g ekurs Fks fd og vius ckSf)d deZ ds ek/;e ls Hkh vius le; esa gLr{ksi dj jgs gSaA bl dkj.k ^70 ds n'kd ds var esa tc turk ikVhZ ls vke turk dk eksg Hkax gqvk ,oa reke okeiafFk;ksa esa dbZ lokyksa ij cqfu;knh iqufpZaru 'kq: gqvk rc og ,sls lewgksa dks lgt :i ls miyC/k FksA fopkj/kkjk vk/kkfjr] cqfu;knh ifjorZuoknh lewgksa esa vius laxBu dh vfLerk ds ?ksjksa ds ckjs esa ,d fdLe dh dêjrk gksrh gS muds fy, laxBu ls ckgj cqfu;knh lokyksa ij [kqydj foe'kZ djuk lgt ugha gksrkA ,sls esa dksBkjh lkgc tks ^80 ds iwokZ) esa gh Jh /kh: HkkbZ 'ksB] Jh jkekJ; jk;] Jh vk'kh"k uanh }kjk lh,lMh,l esa yksdra=] fodkl vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k ij 'kq: gqbZ laokn Ja[kyk ls tqM+ pqds FksA eSa blesa izkjaHk ls gh tsih vkUnksyu ls tqM+s lewgksa dks laokn esa 'kkfey djus dk dke dj jgk FkkA bldh igyh vkSipkfjd cSBd lh,lMh,l dh ykbczsjh esa 16 ebZ 1980 eas gqbZ FkhA izkjafHkd fnuksa esa ewy :i ls ;g /kh: HkkbZ 'ksB dh igy Fkh ysfdu tYn gh mUgksaus izksjtuh dksBkjh dks blesa I;kj Hkjh ft+n djds 'kkfey fd;k FkkA rc rd lkoZtfud 279

thou esa viuh ckr j[kus ds fy, dksBkjh lkgc dks dbZ O;kid eap miyC/k Fks blfy, tgka rd eq>s /;ku iM+rk gS og 'kq:&'kq: esa blds izfr cgqr mRlkfgr ugha FksA izkajfHkd tqM+ko ds ckn gh tc mUgsa ,glkl gqvk fd nyksa ds ckgj vkSj vklikl ifjorZuoknh ;qok jktuSfrd dk;ZdrkZvksa dks viuh O;kid igpku ds fy,] vius xzkl:V dke ds nkSjku iSnk gq, iz'uksa ds fy, vkSj O;oLFkk ds neudkjh dneksa ds f[kykQ vkokt mBkus esa enn ds fy, O;kid eapksa dh ryk'k gSA yksdk;u gkykafd ,d ckSf)d laLFkku ¼lh,lMh,l½ dk laokn dk izdYi Hkj Fkk ysfdu dk;ZdrkZ lekt bls viusiu ls viuk eap ekuus yxk Fkk ftlesa mijksDr mÌs';ksa esa enn dh vis{kk ds lkFkA ofj"B tuksa esa Jh jtuh dksBkjh bl eap ds lcls izeq[k psgjs vkSj izks- /kh: HkkbZ 'ksB blds eq[; vk/kkj [kwaVs cu x, FksA ns'kHkj ls lHkh ifjorZuoknh /kkjkvksa ds lewg bu nksuksa ds ikl vkrs FksA iqjkus lektokfn;ksa] xka/khokfn;ksa vkSj ^iwoZ^ uDlyokfn;ksa ds vfrfjDr oanuk f'kok ¼ml le; dukZVd½] T;ar ca|ksik/;k; ¼ml le; dukZVd½] gsear vkSj uwru ¼fcgkj½] dykWM vYokfjl&uksjek vYokfjl ¼xksok½] th- ujsUnzukFk vkSj mek 'kadjh ¼gSnjkckn½] vP;qr ;kKfud ¼vgenkckn½] euksgju~ ¼pSUubZ½] T;lSu ¼dksydÙkk½ vkfn blls 16 ebZ 1980 dh cSBd ds ckn tYnh gh tqM+rs pys x,A 16 ebZ okyh cSBd esa geus Jh fd'kksj lar ¼lsok eafnj] mn;iqj½ Økafrdkjh /keZfpard QkWnj ,l dIiu] QkWnj ihds tkWu ,oa Jherh bZyk Hkê vkfn ds lkFk ;g cSBd dh FkhA bl cSBd dk lapkyu eSaus fd;k Fkk vkSj uoEcj ^81 esa lh,lMh,l esa bl laokn J`a[kyk ¼yksdk;u½ dk izFke lEesyu gqvk FkkA /khjs&/khjs yksdk;u dh igpku jktuSfrd curh tk jgh FkhA blfy, vxLr 1982 esa eqEcbZ esa ih;wlh,y lEesyu ds nkSjku yksdk;u ds tks lkFkh 'kjhd gq, Fks muds chp cSBdj ge yksxksa us yksdk;u dks yksdra= ds Økafrdj.k dh ,d Lora= pkSiky ds :i esa pykus dk QSlyk fd;kA lh,lMh,l ds ofj"B tuksa esa dkSu] D;k vkSj D;ksa pkgrk Fkk ;g esjs fy, dguk eqf'dy gSA ysfdu eSa] izks- lqjs'k 'kekZ vkSj Jh ujsUnzukFk rhuksa lfØ; :i ls bl jk; ij vU; lkfFk;ksa dks eukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs FksA okLro esa dksBkjh lkgc dks ,d Li"V okeiaFkh #>ku ds jktuSfrd vkStkj dh t+:jr eglwl gksus yxh FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd lektoknh vkSj okfguh okyksa ls 280

T;knk jktuSfrd ÅtkZ iwoZ uDlyoknh lkfFk;ksa esa gksxhA ;fn eSa vius lektoknh laxBuksa ls dsoy oSpkfjd fj'rk j[kwa vkSj lkaxBfud nwjh cuk ywa rks ,sls O;fDr;ksa vkSj laxBuksa ds fy, yksdk;u ls tqM+uk vklku gksxkA yksdk;u ds ckdh yksxksa us dksBkjh lkgc dh bl bPNk dks cgqr xaHkhjrk ls ugha fy;k vkSj ;gka rd fd yksxksa ds /;ku esa Hkh ;g ckr u jghA eSaus mUgsa viuh etcwjh crkbZ fd tsy esa eSaus ,d cgqLrjh; lektoknh laxBu cukus ds fy, vius dks [kikus dk eu cuk;k gS blfy, eSa pkgdj Hkh ,slk u dj ikÅaxkA dksBkjh lkgc dk ekuuk Fkk fd esjh lektoknh lkaxBfud igpku dh ctk; lektoknh fopkjd dh igpku ,d O;kid vkanksyu [kM+k djus esa T;knk mi;ksxh gksxhA tcfd eSa tsih dh bl ckr dks ekurk Fkk fd gj Økafr viuk 'kkL= [kqn fy[krh gS vkSj eSa bl rjg ds ckSf)ddeZ ds fy, O;fDrxr Lrj ij vius dks cgqr l{ke ugha ikrk gwaA esjs vykok mUgksaus yksdk;u ds ,d&nks vU; la;kstdksa ls Hkh bl izdkj dk ,d laxBu cukus vkSj 500 iw.kZdkfyd dk;ZdrkZvksa dh O;oLFkk djus dks viuk y{; cukus dk lkspk FkkA dksBkjh lkgc dks ogka Hkh dksbZ mRlkgtud tokc ugha feykA ftl ,d lkFkh ds uke eSaus bl vk'k; dh fpëh ns[kh Fkh og ckn esa [kqn ,d egRoiw.kZ lkoZtfud vkokt+@O;fDr ds rkSj ij LFkkfir gqvkA dksBkjh lkgc ds bl rjg ds jktuSfrd vkStkj esa dksbZ ck/kk u vk, mlds fy, eSaus 1985 ds var esa yksdk;u ds dke ls ^vodk'k^ ys fy;k FkkA ysfdu tYn gh yksdk;u esa dqN ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka iSnk gqbZa fd Jh fLerq dksBkjh] Jh g"kZ lsBh] Jh f'kofo'oukFku~] Jh /kh: HkkbZ 'ksB vkfn fe=ksa ds dgus ij eSa fQj ls yksdk;u esa lfØ; gqvkA yksdk;u ij oa'kokn dk vkjksi u yxs vkSj muds cM+s iq= tks vc rd yksdk;u ls lkaxBfud ds vykok xgjs HkkoukRed Lrj ij Hkh tqM+ pqds Fks mUgsa Lora= :i ls fodflr gksus dk ekSdk feys bl dkj.k dksBkjh lkgc yksdk;u ds jkstejkZ ds dkeksa ls vyx gks x,A oSls Hkh muds ikVhZ cukus ds lius esa ge yksx udkjk lkfcr gks jgs FksA

oSpkfjd :i ls mudk yksdk;u dh fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth cqysfVu ls yxko vkSj Hkkxhnkjh cuh jghA yksdk;u dh lkIrkfgd vkSj vkarfjd fopkj xks"Bh muds dejs esa gh gksrh FkhA Jh ohih flag ds dkaxzsl NksM+us ds ckn tuekspkZ dh izfØ;k 'kq: djus ij 281

og mlds ckSf)d fparu lewg dk fgLlk cusA ljdkj cuus ij ;kstuk vk;ksx esa lnL; cuk, x, ysfdu eq>s vkt Hkh ;kn gS fd dksbZ Hkh vkanksyu lewgksa dk Kkiu gks ;k py jgs neu ds ckjs esa gLr{ksi djus dh t:jr og vkanksyu lewgksa dks lnk miyC/k jgrs FksA mUgksaus vius mnkj eu vkSj ckSf)d rstfLork ls okeiafFk;ksa dh fofHkUu /kkjkvksa dks u,&u, lokyksa ij lkspus esa enn dh vkSj muds chp vkilh lgdkj dk ,d oSpkfjd lkapk fodflr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA fofHkUu oSpkfjd izsj.kkvksa okys lewg mudks viuk vkneh ekurs FksA ,d O;oLFkkoknh ckSf)d ls ,d ifjorZuoknh ckSf)d cuus dh ;g ;k=k vkt Hkh ,d izdk'kLraHk dk dke djrh gSA vk'kk gS orZeku ;qok ih<+h vkt ds ;{k iz'uksa dk mÙkj fparu vkSj deZ ds /kjkry ij O;kid Qyd esa [kkstsxhA ;gh muds fy, J)katyh Hkh gksxhA

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