Journal PartA Sagarika Sanjay 646360 by Sagarika Sanjay

CONTENTS 4 Introduction PART A: Conceptualisation 8 12 19 24 25 26

A.1 Design Futurisation A.2 Design Computation A.3 Composition VS. Generation A.4 Conclusion A.5 Learning Outcome A.6 Appendix- Algorithmic Sketchbook

28 References

INTRODUCTION

My name is Sagarika. Born in Bangalore, India- I grew up in Jakarta, Indonesia, the country I call home. One of the greatest self-achievements by far would be moving out of home in order to pursuit my further studies at the University of Melbourne at the age of seventeen. I am currently in my third year, studying Architecture. Regardless of the competition it imposes and how strenuous the course is, I enjoy learning about something that makes most of our lives. Becoming an architect is definitely a challenge but the idea of not only giving someone a home to come to but incorporating other factors concerning sustainability, development of different pathways and research going into creating designs that standout is exciting. With milestones achieved in innovation and technology, I believe that digital architecture is taking over the industry in creating variation in design and achieving design optimization in comparision to traditional methods. It is truly fascinating to be part of this technologically advanced era and see the parallel shift in the approach manifested towards designing for a better future. I am keen on pursuitig sustainable design in architecture as it is one of the emerging fields. I look forward to learning parametric design and how I could potentially use it in the forthcoming years of my education and career.

CONCEPTUALIZATION

A. 1 D E S I G N F U T U R I N G Pearl river tower, Ganghzou, China Skidmore Owings & Merril (SOM Architects)

The pearl river tower is known to be a seventy-one

story building that is one of the most energy efficient skyscrapers in the world. The Chinese government set the goal of reducing carbon emission by ten percent by the end of 2010 as Guangzhou experiences the worst air pollution and is the major focus of an environmental initiative. The pearl river tower is designed in such a way that it consumes 60% less energy than a traditional building in order to accomplish "high performance"1.

A number of measures were adopted in order to reduce the building's dependency on the city's electrical grid. In applying the design effectively, certain considerations such as the interaction of the whole building structure and systems and its site location. Other features taken into account were the site, energy sources both active and passive, materials, indoor air quafeatures constituted in the design of the Pearl river tower are that it is the world’s first onsite wind generating skyscraper, has radiant cooling and under-floor ventilation system, heating option, high efficacy lighting, high performance shading, 30 mm high performance double-glazing envelope as a thermal regulator, daylight reflector greatly reduces energy expense from the effect of direct sunlight and an intelligent shading system. Furthermore, the building integrates photovoltaic’s as an integral part of the building envelope, serving as the external weather skin otherwise known as BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic’s)- a study is done to determine the distribution of BIPV where it would be optimize solar power.2 The BIPV not only provides electrical energy supply for the building but also functions a solar shade for that part of the building that is most susceptible to negative impacts of direct solar radiation. It therefore results in an innovative green initiative which substantiates the concept of “zero energy consumption” although this is very difficult to achieve for a high rise building3.

1 2 3

Josre, 2015 Frechette & Gilchrist, 2015 Frechette & Gilchrist, 2015

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

“Structural engineering solutions must be integrated with the architectural and sustainable engineering designs so that they are inseparable. It is the collaboration between our structural engineering, architecture and sustainable engineering practices that allow a building such as Pearl River Tower to become reality.”- Bill Baker, Structural engineer partner1 The main catch of the design would be the four large openings. The facades are shaped to decrease the drag forces and optimize wind velocity passing these openings which maximizes the wind power which in turn is translated into power potential through the vertical axis wind turbines5. More recent developments in technology have enabled wind turbines to be utilized in the building design. The building design definitely deviates from the traditional concept of designing and accommodating various sustainable strategies yet the architects and structural engineers could not completely attain “zero energy consumption” because of the reliance of micro-turbines on the electrical grid. If the micro-turbines would have been effectively incorporated into the design, it would become net zero energy as it was designed to be6. However, the pearl tower is a remarkable innovation at the time it was built and is an example of how sustainable strategies can be induced in the building’s design regardless of its size. The tower is an example of China’s goal to reduce the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions per unit GDP by 2020 by 45%7. There is definite scope in working towards eliminating embodied energy and delivering sustainably efficient buildings.

4 5 6 7

E-architect, 2015 Frechette & Gilchrist, 2015 Frechette & Gilchrist, 2015 Business week, 2007

CONCEPTUALIZATION

Astana’s Khan Shatyr Norman Foster and Architects

Khan Shatyr is an entertainment centre that is

The design of the building has been successive as it serves as a public space for gathering and provides an endless number of recreational options for the people of Astana. It not only is an emblematic architecture of Norman Foster and for the world to remember. While the building does not necessarily revolutionize architecture, the experimentation of different materials used in the form of cladding which is a remarkable approach in combating the inhospitable environment of Astana. Nevertheless, it fits the purpose of what would be perfectly described as an environmentally spatial solution.

A tubular steel tripod structure supports a suspended net of steel radial and circumferential cables, which is cladding of three layers of EFTE envelope in the form of cushions- very light, economical and thermally efficient solution. The translucent material allows daylight to filtrate the interiors while still sheltering them from weather extremes13. The open circulation areas are environmentally tempered with target temperature of 14 degrees in winter and 29 in summer. Low-level jets direct cool air across the space, while vents at the apex of the structure induce natural stack-effect ventilation14. An issue during winter is the formation of ice on the inside of the envelope which is negated by a combination of temperature control and directing warm air currents up the inner fabric surface, a strategy which also prevents downdraughts15.

Projects like these give incentive to future research on how architecture can withstand external factors that are uncontrollable and the continuous derivation of materials and methods of construction to promote sustainable design.

150m high cable structure onto which ETFE foil cushions is suspended to provide protection from harsh climate, where temperatures range from 35°C to +35°C11. This is a perfect illustration of recreating a suitable internal environment to that of the austere eastern landscape with an inhospitable climate. With global warming becoming a pressing issue, it reflects in the fluctuation of the global climate and the Shatyr entertainment that structures can be built regardless of external temperatures12. Buro Happold developed Tensyl software was used to form find and analyze the shape of the cable net roof.

“Everything we design is a response to the specific climate and culture of a particular place”- Norman Foster

The presence of plantings within the structure

11 12 13 14 15

Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre, 2015 Dunne & Raby, n.d.,pp. 2 Fosterandpartners.com, 2006 Solaripedia, 2015 Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre, 2015

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

A. 2 D E S I G N C O M P U T A T I O N

In the growing era of technological advancements, the use of

computational design is becoming more prominent in architecture where there is paradigm shift in the logic of design thinking and making through the “Vitruvian effect”16. As Brady Peters discusses in his article “Computation Works”: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’. Computation is not to be confused with computerization. Computerization is the use of the computer as a drafting medium, while computation is the use of the computer to generate modeling information as algorithms17. In simpler words, computerization is the design medium/ process in which pre-conceptualized data, often in the forms of Computer-Aided design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) in architecture is used18. On the contrary, in terms of parametric design, computing produces a variety of outcomes with a given input of data in accordance to manipulating the parameters set for a given geometry. The capability of optimizing in the process of generating highly, complex curvilinear forms is what is greatly achieved through form-finding with the use of non-uniform rational b-splines (NURBS)19. In support, Kolarevic states that morphological design gives rise to new possibilities and helps motivate the process of construction, operation and selection20. The architect plays an important role who essentially becomes the designer, fabricator of materials, engineer, craftsman and the surveyor21.

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Oxman & Oxman, 2014. Peters & De Kestelier, 2013. Kolarevic, 2003 Kolarevic, 2003 Kolarevic, 2003 Oxman & Oxman, 2014 Oxman & Oxman, 2014 Kolaveric, 2003

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

Furthermore, generation of integrated stimulation software for energy and structural calculations is emerging22. Computing is increasingly being accepted however, it does not exclusively re-define or reform architectural design, but building and construction industries as large. In addition, there is an integration of materiality and tectonics in building performance as a guiding design principle and adopting technologies of quantitative and qualitative performance-based stimulation as previously mentioned to a comprehensive approach to the design of the built environment23.

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

Metropol Parasaol, Seville, Spain J. Mayer H. Architects

The metropol parasol in Spain is one of the

largest ever wood structures that is put in place with the use of glue and steel rods. To avoid disturbing roman ruins, columns supporting the roof could only come down in a few places, requiring a mega structure- designed with the help of engineers Arup. The design went through a number of structural iterations through the design development process in conjunction with the engineers, but it was decided to go with a hybrid composite approach that dealt with the building’s structural demands on an ad-hoc basis24. Besides, providing a space that promotes action and interaction, it also behaves as a shading device because of Seville’s inhospitable environment during summers. It is a prominent feature in Jurgen Mayer H’s projects where he relates to concepts of nature in his design.

“The decision to go for LVL was based on economics as well as its inherent strength, stiffness and durability. The form was developed using 3D finite element analysis using an iterative tool that automatically analyzed and optimized the thickness of each timber element to create a static calculation model of the whole structure” -Dr Volker Schmid, Arup consultant on the Parasol project.

24 25 26 27

The structure is designed for optimization in curvature as to evenly distribute the loads. An automated iterative structural analysis was obtained initially where geometric data for the 3D architectural model is the input data for the structural analysis25. The iteration tool calculated the thickness of each timber element that can be determined and optimized at each intersection of the structure which is why it has 3000 connections. After the collection and integration of data from the architectural model, structural engineer and the data from production and detailed planning. The free-formed pre-defined curved shapes of the timber panels are cut by a computer-controlled robot from large rectangular pieces, and glued together by external engineers26. Metropol Parasol is an innovation at the forefront of sustainable construction by long lasting durability of various programs, unique architectural design of highest standard, efficient construction and environmental concerns27. Its intelligent use of logistics in planning and construction in combination with craftsmanship joins both extremes of production methods. It is a perfect example of optimization of morphogenesis as the variation of outcome hence, the structure does not have repetitive geometry. In addition, the collaboration of the architect and the engineer is strongly established to produce an efficiently functional structure.

Arcspace, 2013 Solaripedia, 2015 Divisare, 2015 Metropol Parasol, 2015

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

ICD/TKE research based pavilion Stuttgart University

There is a constant drive to expand on knowl-

edge through research and the betterment of design integrated with technology in reaching beyond boundaries. In recent years, members of the Stuttgart university have produced a variety of pavilions to encase simulation and fabrication processes in architecture. During investigations, the elytron, a protective shell for beetles wings and abdomen, has proved to be a suitable role model for highly material efficient construction. Computational design tools were developed that informed the design process through the integration of biomimetric construction principles, constraints, and possibilities of the robotic filament winding process, material characteristics, and structural performance while still being applicable to a wide range of architectural application scenarios28. There is a paradigm shift in architectural design and fabrication which enables the implementation of novel design and construction concepts that were previously not feasible. Using production automization via CNC enables fiber composite parts to be highly differential in their geometrical articulation and contributes to the material efficiency in architectural construction.

With the utilisation of 3-d modelling programs, various iterations are produced with attention to the 36 individual elements that were fabricated as a result of geometries based on structural principles abstracted from the beetle30. This would have been nearly possible if it were approached by traditional methods of architecture which is why computing leads to optimization which suggests efficiency. In light of technological advancements adopted, this project also reflects the ability of architects and engineers to design and model in a fraction of time. Altogether, the research pavilion shows how computational synthesis of biological structural principles and robotic fabrication can lead to the generation of innovative fiber composite construction. It also explores materiality of lightweight constructions and gives scope to spatial qualities and expands tectonic possibilities of architecture31.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;It is based on the development of a robotic fabrication process for modular, double layered fibre composite structures, which reduces the required formwork to a minimum while maintaining a large degree of geometric freedom. This enabled the transfer of functional principles of natural lightweight systems to architectural structuresâ&#x20AC;? - ICD researcher and team member Marshall

Prado29. 28 29 30 31

designboom | architecture & design magazine, 2014 Dezeen, 2014 Icd.uni-stuttgart.de, 2015 Icd.uni-stuttgart.de, 2015 C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

A.3 C O M P O S I T I O N x G E N E R A T I O N The digital age has essentially changed the

theme of architecture in term of design and manufacturing as well as the ways of practicing architecture when compared to a decade ago. With the conventional method of using digital softwares to create designs from preconcieved information of clients and the designer himself manipulates the data to produce outcomes to the architects liking. Through the development of technology and methods of fabrication, more complex hybrid designs are produced as a result of computation which has led to less material wastage, cost-effective procedure and time efficiency.

“In contemporary architectural design,digital media is increasingly being used not as a representational tool for visualization but as a regenerative tool for the diversion of form and its transportation”. - Kolarevic32

In essence of the above statement, Kolaveric is defining computational design through the use of algorithms. It enables the designer to explore more options through generation with the ability to speculate on futher design potentials. The process of generating and de-generating several codes is part of the design process and becomes an integral part of the design itself. Brady emphasizes on the importance of “flexibility”33 as a design is required to accomodate change and adapt continuously through changing parameters of architectural design. With rising demands for additional spaces as a consequence of over-population, the tool of scripting cultures and parametric modelling can help alleviate problems of congestion and create more efficient structures to accomodate this urban spawl.

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

32 33

Kolarevic, 2003 Peters, B., 2013

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

Endesawood Fab Condenser Margen Lab

The ENDESA World Fab condenser is a thermodynamic prototype, a bioclimatic dome installed at the fast-changing PlaĂ§a de Glories, within the framework of the BCN FAB 10 congress34.

The prototype explores connections between parametric design, passive environmental strategies and local digital fabrication. It was designed globally, sourced locally (using only local organic materials, grown with the sun, linen and wood) and produced in proximity industries and Barcelona laboratories35. Digital computing is transforming conventional ways of understanding pre-fabrication to the method of industry managed production. In the process of this technological movement, the relationship between the designers, industries and raw material sourcing is changing. Parametric design as discussed previously enables the designer to achieve geometric variation, while the identical component logics and digital fabrication technologies speed up communications and production process36. In exploring parametric design, passive climate strategies and local CNC manufacturing, this example serves as an exemplary instance of experimenting with computation to simulate building performance with the incorporation of knowledge about material, tectonics and parametrs of producing machinery in their design drawings37. Generation of various outcomes creates feasible outcomes to suit the parameters of the design context, therefore, obtaining more â&#x20AC;&#x153;responsive designsâ&#x20AC;?. 34 35 36 37

Domusweb.it, 2015 Domusweb.it, 2015 ArchDaily, 2014 Peters, B., 2013

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

Astana National Library BIG | BJARK INGLES GROUP ASTANA, KAZAKHSTANT, 2009

Astana National Library is one of the exem-

plary architectural structures built. It is said to represent the Kazakh national identity. It is also a representation of the history of Kazakh and a stepping stone in providing a foundation for new futures for the nation and its new capital.38

BIG’s design merges four forms - a circle, a rotunda, an arch and a yurt to create an “infinite loop” with a single double-looping surface plane covering the entire building.39 The material used fabricated over the structure is Möbius40. With the use of computational design, simulation is carried out to investigate the thermal exposure on the building’s envelope. Due to the warping and continuous twisiting of the geometry, the thermal imprint on the facade is varying in intensity41. The process of generation of multiple designs has facilitated the translatopn of climatic information into the facade patttern. It creates a form of ecological ornament that regulates the solar impact according to thermal requirements in order to adopt sustainable materials for fabrication.

38 39 40 41

Arch2o.com, 2015 Fairs, 2009 Arch2o.com, 2015 ArchDaily, 2015

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

A.4 C O N C L U S I O N Reflecting on Part A of the journal, overall, it has broad-

ened my knowledge over different ways architecture can be approached in terms of design and with the shift in technological advancements, how various geometries can be generated in resolving to find the optimum one from the multiple sets of data. In discovering computation, it opens an endless field of possibilities by testing different parameters and even though it has not become the determining factor that leads to the entire process of designing, it is an important determinant in the process as a whole. The incoporation of tectonics, materiality, climate suitability into the design process is intruiging as this is a potentially efficient method of designing despite its drawbacks that were discovered in A.2 and A.3. Architecture cannot help aleviate issues related to global warming but it can certainly have a widespread impact on reducing any further harm caused to the planet and its species.

A.5 L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E The imapct of technology is immense on our generation and a plausible evolution that can sustain for prosterity. To come to think of it, when I began my course, I approached architectural design through conventional methods of drawing and using that as my medium for representation and communication. The studios pushed me to further develop my designs using computer aided softwares and as of now, pushing boundaries to embark on a remarkable adventure of lerning paramertic design through grasshopper which I believe is the future of architecture. It is definitely a new experience for me as I have never resorted to using either rhinoceros or grasshopper in my previous design studios. This subject has indeed a lot of offer in terms of advancing my programming and desgning skills and knowledge in architectural practice. Part A of the journal has really given me an insight into what I am about to expect and be working on for the next twelve weeks.

I am keen on exploring different geometrical designs in the name of biomimicry as explored through several examples in A.2 and A.3 as I, for one think it is an innovative strategy in the field of on-going research.

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

A.6 A P P E N D I X

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N

REFERENCES Arch2o.com,. (2015). National Library of Kazakhstan|BIG. Retrieved 11 August 2015, from http://www.arch2o.com/national-library-of-kazakhstan-big/

Fosterandpartners.com,. (2006). Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre | Projects | Foster + Partners. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/khan-shatyr-entertainment-centre/

ArchDaily,. (2014). Endesa World Fab Condenser / MARGEN-LAB. Retrieved 11 August 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/549830/endesa-world-fab-condenser-margen-lab

Frechette, R., & Gilchrist, R. (2015). CTBUH research paper (1st ed.). Dubai. Retrieved from http:// global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/453-case-study-pearl-river-tower-guangzhou-china.pdf

ArchDaily,. (2015). National Library in Astana, Kazakhstan / BIG. Retrieved 12 August 2015, from e-architect,. (2015). Pearl River Tower, China. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www.e-architect.co.uk/china/pearl-river-tower

Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 1–16

Arcspace.com,. (2013). Metropol Parasol - J. Mayer H. Architects. Retrieved 9 August 2015, from http://www.arcspace.com/features/j-mayer-h-architects/metropol-parasol/

Design (ICD). Retrieved 10 August 2015, from http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=11187 josre,. (2015). strategies for seeking zero energy. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www.josre.org/ wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Pearl-River-Case-Study-China.pdf

Businessweek.com,. (2007). China’s Ultra-Green Pearl River Tower. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2007-05-14/chinas-ultra-green-pearl-river-towerbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice

Icd.uni-stuttgart.de,. (2015). ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 Â« Institute for Computational

Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25

Colliers.com,. (2015). PEARL RIVER TOWER. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www. colliers.com/p-chn13000262

Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. (2015) (1st ed.). London. Retrieved from http://file:///C:/Users/ fujitsu/Downloads/Khan_Shatyr_Entertainment_Centre__Foster_Partners.pdf.pdf

Definition of ‘Algorithm’ in Wilson, Robert A. and Frank C. Keil, eds (1999). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (London: MIT Press), pp. 11, 12

Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) Suggested start with pp. 3-62

Designboom | architecture & design magazine,. (2014). interview with ICD/ITKE team on fiber-woven research pavilion 2013-14. Retrieved 9 August 2015, from http://www.designboom.com/architecture/icd-itke-research-pavilion-2013-14-interview-08-18-2014/

Kolarevic B., ed., 2005. Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. New York: Taylor & Francis group.

Dezeen,. (2014). University of Stuttgart unveils woven pavilion based on beetle shells. Retrieved 10 August 2015, from http://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/26/icd-itke-pavilion-beetle-shells-university-of-stuttgart/ Divisare.com,. (2015). J. MAYER H. Architects, Metropol Parasol. Retrieved 9 August 2015, from http://www.divisare.com/projects/166459-Metropol-Parasol domusweb.it,. (2015). ENDESA Condenser. Retrieved 11 August 2015, from http://www.domusweb.it/en/news/2014/09/25/iacc_endesa_pavilion_2014_fab10_condenser.html Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona (2013) Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press) pp. 1-9, 33-45 e-architect,. (2015). Pearl River Tower, China. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www.e-architect.co.uk/china/pearl-river-tower

Metropol Parasol. (2015) (1st ed., pp. 2-11). Germany. Retrieved from http://www.pavillon-arsenal. com/data_plateforme/journee/journee_journee/5/fichier/100519_sev_projectbookletlight_fd6c2.pdf Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 1–10Peters, B., & De Kestelier, X. Computation works. Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15 Solaripedia,. (2015). Green Architecture & Building. Retrieved 8 August 2015, from http://www.solaripedia.com/13/325/khan_shatyr_sizzles_in_asia_(kazakhstan).html Solaripedia.com,. (2015). Green Architecture & Building. Retrieved 9 August 2015, from http://www. solaripedia.com/13/393/metropol_parasol_shades_sunny_seville.html

Fairs, M. (2009). Astana National Library by BIG - Dezeen. Dezeen. Retrieved 11 August 2015, from http://www.dezeen.com/2009/08/25/astana-national-library-by-big/

C O N C E P T U A L I ZA T I O N