Affidavit #1 of David Schindler Affirmed/Sworn the 31st day of January, 2018 No.: 18 0247 Victoria Registry IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
BETWEEN: WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS, and ROLAND WILLSON ON HIS OWN BEHALF AND ON BEHALF OF ALL OTHER WEST MOBERLY FIRST NATIONS BENEFICIARIES OF TREATY NO. 8
PLAINTIFFS AND:
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA, and BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO AND POWER AUTHORITY DEFENDANTS AFFIDAVIT #1 OF DAVID SCHINDLER
I, David Schindler, of PO Box 81, Brisco, British Columbia, Killam Memorial Chair and Professor of Ecology (Emeritus) at the Department of Biological Sciences of the University of Alberta, AFFIRM or MAKE OATH AND SAY AS FOLLOWS: 1.
I have personal knowledge of the things I say in this affidavit, except where stated to be based on information and belief and where so stated I verily believe the same to be true.
2.
I received my doctorate in Ecology at Oxford University in 1966, where I was a Rhodes
Scholar. After beginning my career as an assistant professor at Trent University, 1joined the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, founding and directing the internationally-
renowned Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in northwestern Ontario, where the impacts of pollutants can be studied in whole ecosystems. In 1989 I took the University of Alberta's
Killam Memorial Chair in Ecology. I have served as President of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), and as Canadian National Representative to the International Limnological Society. I am the author of 335 scientific publications, which have been cited over 124,000 times. I have received a number of international and Canadian awards, including the GE Hutchinson Medal of the Association
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for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) and the 2001 Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal, Canada's highest honor for science and engineering. I am a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, an Officer in the Order of Canada, and a founding member of the International Water Academy. I have fourteen honorary doctorates from Canada and the
U.S. My recent studies on the Athabasca River and Peace-Athabasca Delta, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, showed that the oil sands industry is contributing significantly to the contaminant burden of the Athabasca River, contrary to the claims of industry and government. As a result, monitoring of the river has been upgraded, and more stringent management of the oilsands industry is occurring. A copy of my full
curriculum vitae is attached to this Affidavit as Exhibit "A".
3.
I have been asked by Tim Thielmann on of Sage Legal behalf of the Plaintiffs' to prepare a report setting out my expert opinion, as an Ecologist with specific experience and
specialization in limnology and environmental contamination, on the following: a.
potential sources, causes, or concerns associated with elevated mercury levels observed in Bull Trout at the Crooked River in British Columbia and the construction
of the Site C hydroelectric dam; and b.
potential effects of the Site C hydroelectric dam on fish and fish habitat, including
the effectiveness of related mitigation measures.
4.
Attached to this Affidavit as Exhibit "B" is a copy of the report I have written responsive to the above questions, dated January 31, 2018 and entitled "Assessments of Site C Mercury and Fish Population Issues" (the "Expert Report").
5.
I hereby adopt the Expert Report as my expert evidence in this proceeding.
6.
The facts and assumptions made, and documents relied upon, in forming my opinions are set out in the Expert Report.
7.
1 certify that I am aware of my duty as an expert witness to assist the court and not be an
advocate for any party. This duty prevails over any obligation that I may owe to any party, including West Moberly First Nations on whose behalf I have been engaged.
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8.
I further certify that I have made this affidavit in conformity with this duty and will, if called on to give oral or written testimony, give that testimony in conformity with this duty.
9.
In particular, in preparing this affidavit, I acknowledge that it is my duty to provide: evidence that is fair, objective and non-partisan; evidence that is only related to my area of expertise; and, such additional assistance as may reasonably be required to determine a matter at issue.
AFIRMED/SWORN BEFORE ME at Invermere, in the Province of British Columbia, on this 31st day of
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January, 2018
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Commissiwpr
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Affidavits
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DAVID SCHINDLER
10. JAMES F.JUDIESCH Student*t-Law 1018 - 7* Avenue, P.O. Box 2400 Inveripere, B.C VOA 1K0 PH: (250) 342-6927
FAX: (250) 342-3237
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JAMES F.JUDIESCH Student-at-Law David If
1018-7*" Avenue, P.O. Box 2400
Scltindler
Invertpere, B.C. VOA 1 K0 2012 PH: (250) 342-6921 FAX: (250) 342-321/
DAVID W. SCHINDLER t'Curriculum Vitae
This is Exhibit." A " referred to in the NAME:
David William Schindler
DATE OF BIRTH:
3 August 1940
PLACE OF BIRTH:
Fargo, North Dakota, USA
affidavit of...
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sworn before me at.4(i.uc.££..K££.S£r in the Province of British Columbia, this
day
A.D. 20.i.§
HHNHKMIHt* tifac-i
A
ffuiBjoner for taking affidavits for British Columbia.
MARITAL STATUS:
Married, three children
CITIZENSHIP:
Canada, USA (dual citizen); resident of Canada since 1 966.
Degrees
1962 1966
B.Sc., Zoology - North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
D. Phil., Ecology - Bureau of Animal Population - Oxford University, England (C.S. Elton, supervisor)
1978
D. Sc. (Honorary) - North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
1990
D. Sc. (Honorary) - University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
1992
D. Sc. (Honorary) - Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
1995
D. Laws (Honorary) - Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario
2001
D. Sc. (Honorary) - Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario
2002
D.Sc. (Honorary) - University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba
2002
D. Laws (Honorary) - University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario
2003
D. Sc. (Honorary) - Acadia University, Wolfeville, Nova Scotia
2005
D. Sc. (Honorary) - Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
2006
D. Sc. (Honorary) - University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta
2012
D. Laws (Honorary) - Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick
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David ff. Schindler
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2016
D. Sc. (Honorary)—University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC
2016
D. Sc. (Honorary)—University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
Scientific Employment 1989-2013
Killam Memorial Chair and Professor of Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
1968-1989
Research Scientist and Program Leader, Experimental Lakes Program, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 1968-1987
1983-1989
Adjunct Senior Research Scientist, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia
University 1980-1989 1977-1983
Adjunct Professor, Department of Botany, University of Manitoba Visiting Senior Research Associate, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University
1971-1989
Adjunct Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Manitoba
1966-1968
Assistant Professor of Biology, Trent University
1964-1965
National Institute of Health Fellow, North Dakota State University
1959-1962
Undergraduate Research Assistant, National Science Foundation, North Dakota State University
Awards and Scholarships for Scientific Accomplishments
International Awards - 21 1962-1966
Rhodes Scholarship, Oxford University, England.
1984
Outstanding Achievement Award of the American Institute of Fisheries Research Biologists.
1985
G.E. Hutchinson Medal, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.
1987
Baldi Lecturer, 23rd International Limnology Congress, Hamilton, New Zealand.
1989
Naumann-Thienemann Medal, International Limnological Society .
1991
First Stockholm Water Prize, Stockholm Water Foundation.
1998
Volvo Environment Prize.
1999
Distinguished Member, International Water Academy, Oslo, Norway.
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2001
Fellow, Royal Society of London (UK).
2002
Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences (USA).
2003
Elected Foreign Member, Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.
2006
Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement.
2006
Ruth Patrick Award for Environmental Problem Solving, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.
2006
Zayed International Prize for the Environment (awarded to the authors of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment).
2010
Edward T. LaRoe Memorial Award, Society for Conservation Biology.
2013
Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography named its new award for accomplishments by a young scientist the Yensch-Schindler Award.
2015
A.C. Redfield Award for Lifetime Achievement, Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography.
2015 2015
NatureServe Conservation Award. A "Legend in Canadian Fisheries Science and Management," American Fisheries Society.
2016
2017
Rachel Carson Award, Society for Environmental Toxicity and Chemistry (SETAC). Henry L. Bolley Alumni Award for Distinguished Academic Achievement, North
Dakota State University .
National and Regional Awards -Canada 1982
Co-recipient, Doan Award for best publication in 1982, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
1983
Fellow, Royal Society of Canada.
1984
Frank Rigler Award, Canadian Society of Limnologists.
1985
Co-recipient, Doan Award for best publication in 1985, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
1988
Co-recipient, Doan Award for best publication in 1988, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
1989
Co-recipient, Doan Award for best publication in 1989, Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
1990
Co-recipient, Doan Award for best publication in 1990, Canadian Department of
Fisheries and Oceans. 1991
City of Edmonton, Outstanding Achievement Award.
1991
Citation of Appreciation, Environment Canada Atmospheric Environment Service.
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1993
Manning Distinguished Achievement Award.
1994
First Romanowski Medal, Royal Society of Canada.
1996
Walter Bean-Canada Trust Award for Environmental Sciences.
1999
J Gordin Kaplan Award for Excellence in Research (University of Alberta).
1999
ASTech (Alberta Science and Technology) Award for Outstanding Leadership in Science.
1999
Award of Excellence, and finalist, Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
(Canada). 2001
R.A. Vollenweider Lectureship, National Water Research Institute.
2001
Douglas H. Pimlott Award for Conservation, Canadian Nature Federation.
2001
Award of Excellence, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
(Canada). 2001
Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada).
2002
Environment Canada, EcoLogo/Natural Marine Environmental Award.
2002
City of Edmonton, Award of Distinction.
2002
Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal, Office of the Governor General of Canada.
2003
Killam Prize for Science, Canada Council for the Arts.
2004
Officer of the Order of Canada, Office of the Governor General of Canada.
2004
Elected as one of 100 Edmontonians of the Century, in honour of Edmonton's 2004 centennial year.
2004
Lifetime Achievement Award, Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy.
2005
Alberta Centennial Medal.
2008
Alberta Order of Excellence.
2008
David Schindler Endowed Professorship in Aquatic Sciences established at Trent University.
2009
Sandford Fleming Award, Royal Canadian Institute for the Advancement of Science, in recognition of outstanding contributions to the public understanding of science.
2011
President's Award, Canadian Society for Ecology and Evolution.
2011
Alberta Venture Magazine: selected for list of Alberta's 50 most influential people.
2012
Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal. Office of the Governor General of Canada.
2013
Population Institute of Canada (patron).
2014
William Rowan Award, International Wildlife Society, Alberta Chapter.
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2012
Distinguished Academic Award, Canadian Association of University Teachers.
Scientific Societies and Committees (including offices held} 1 . International Biological Program Char Lake Project Steering Committee, 1967-1973. 2.
International Joint Commission Standing Committee on Eutrophication, Chair 1973-1976.
3.
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Editorial Board, 1973-1976. Standing Committee on Policy and Resolutions, 1976-1977.
Board of Directors, 1981-1984. Vice-President, 1981-1982 . President, 1982-1983. Program Chairman, 1983 meeting.
Past-President, 1983-1984. Committee on Future of ASLO, 1988-89. Program Chairman, 1 992 meeting.
Program Committee Member, 1993 meeting. Journal Committee Member, 1997-2009. 4.
American Association for Advancement of Science
5.
Sigma Xi
6.
U.S.E.P.A. Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory, Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island Steering Committee, 1975-1980.
7.
International Joint Commission, Expert Committee on Ecology and Biochemistry Chairman, 1976-1979.
8.
Freshwater Institute
Advisory Council, 1976-1977. 9.
10.
International Joint Commission - Committee on Great Lakes Water Quality Research Needs, 1976. International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology. Canadian National Representative and Canadian Secretary, 1977-1979.
1 1 . Advances in Water Resources Editorial Board, 1977-1986. 12.
U.S. Rhodes Scholarship Selection Committee, 1978-89.
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13. Journal of the International Association for Great Lakes Research Associate Editor, 1979-1989 14.
U.S. National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Atmosphere and the Biosphere, Chair, 1979-1981.
15.
Ecosystem Research Council, Cornell University Advisory Panel, 1980-1990.
16. Argonne University Association Review Committee, Argonne National Laboratory, 19791981.
1 7. Joint Canadian Royal Society - U.S. National Academy of Sciences Committee on Acid Rain Member, 1981-1983. 18. Tri-academy Committee on Acid Precipitation, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Canada, National Academy of Sciences of Mexico, 1983-1986. 19. Biogeochemistry, Consulting Editor, 1983-2000. 20. American Institute for Biological Science.
2 1 . American Geophysical Union. 22.
Ecological Society of America Public Affairs Committee.
23. North American Lake Management Society. 24. American Forestry Association Task Force on Forest Health Advisory Panel, 1986-1989. 25. Royal Society of Canada Committee on Climate Change, 1986-1996. Chairman, Committee on Acid Rain, 1989-1996. Miller Medal Selection Committee, 1992-1995.
Nominations Committee, 1993-1996. Nominations Committee, 2008 - 201 1 . Romanowski Medal Selection Committee, 2008 -2010. 26. Editorial Board, Aqua Fennica, 1988-1995. 27.
Editorial Board, Aquatic Sciences, 1 988-20 1 5.
28.
Ecosystem Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA
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Advisory panel, 1989-1991. 29.
Alberta-Pacific Environmental Impact Assessment Review Board Federal Government Appointee, 1989-1990.
30.
Adjudication panel for the Financial Post Environmental Award for Business.
31.
Province of Ontario Old Growth Forestry Project
Scientific Advisory Committee, 1991-1994. 32. Northern Rivers Basin Study Scientific Advisory Committee, 1991-1996. 33.
Great Bear Aboriginal Health Study
Scientific Advisory Committee, 1992-1994. 34. National Round Table on Pulp and Paper, 1 992-1995. 35.
Committee on Inland Aquatic Ecosystems, Water Science and Technology Board, U.S. National Research Council.
36. Committee on Acid Deposition in Alberta, Alberta Environmental Protection, 1995-1996. 37.
Expert Ecology Panel, Banff-Bow Valley Task Force, 1 995- 1 997.
38.
Federal Endangered Species Act, Task Force, 1995- 1997.
39.
Scientific Advisory Panel, Alberta Health (on Swan Hills Waste Treatment Plant) 1996-1999.
40. Regional Air Quality Assessment Panel, Wood Buffalo Region, 1997-2000. 41 .
Editorial Board, Canadian Journal Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1 997-2005.
42. Advisory Board, Ecosystems, 1 997-present. 43. Advisory Committee on the Management of Toxic Substances, Auditor General & Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development, Government of Canada,
1997-1999. 44. Organising Committee, EcoSummit '99, Parliament Hill, Ottawa May 1999. 45.
Canadian Arctic Resources Committee (CARC): Chair, Cumulative Effects Committee, 1 999-2004; Board of Directors, 1 999-2004.
46.
Yukon to Yellowstone (Y2Y): Aquatic Sciences Committee, referee for grants program, 1999-2003, Scientific Advisory Committee 1999-2003.
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47. National Center for Ecological Analyses and Synthesis (USA) - Panel on Ecological Forecasting, 1999-2001. 48.
Board of Directors, Biosphere Institute (USA), 1999-2001.
49.
Environment Canada, Science and Technology Advisory Board, 2000-2003.
50. Organising Committee, EcoSummit 2000, Parliament Hill, Ottawa May 2000. 51. Organising Committee, International Mountain Symposium, Austria 2000. 52. Reallocation Committee, NSERC, 2001-2002. 53. Member, Advisory Panel to the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development, Government of Canada, 2001-2003. 54. Safe Drinking Water Foundation, Chairman of the Board, 2002-present
55. Lake Wabamun Scientific Committee - Chair (Appointed by Lome Taylor, Alberta Minister of Environment), 2003 - 2004 56. NSERC Circle, 2003 57. Pekisko Group - Scientific Advisor, 2004 58. Associate Editor, Limnology and Oceanography, 2004-2007 59. Editorial Board, Environmental Reviews, 2004-present
60. Advisor, Euro-limpacs (European climate-freshwater program, 37 partners) 2004-2005 61. Member, Baltic Sea Review Panel for Eutrophication, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2005-2006 62. Member, Environmental Protection Advisory Committee (Alberta Environment), 2005-2009 63. Member, Scientific Advisory Board, World Wildlife Fund, 2006-present 64. Member, Advisory Panel, Alberta Safety, Security and Environment Institute, 2006-2010 65. Editorial Board, Proceedings ofthe National Academy ofSciences, 2006-present 66. Board of Reviewing Editors, Science, 2007-2009.
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David fl. Schindkr
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67. Chair, International Research Advisory Committee and Member, Management Advisory Board, Alberta Ingenuity Water Research Institute, 2007-201 1
68. Review Committee member, USGS National Water-Quality Assessment program, 20092012. 69. Member, American Society Limnology & Oceanography Hutchinson Award Committee, 2011-2012.
70. Member, Environment Canada Review Committee, Athabasca Monitoring Program 201 1 — 2012. 71.
Trudeau Foundation, Mentor 2014-2016.
72. International Boreal Conservation Science Panel 2009-present. 73. David Suzuki Foundation, Board Member 2015-present.
Graduate Students supervised or co-supervised: PhD- 18 MSc-22
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Publications and Reports
Citations-31 August 2017 Total Citations (Google Scholar) 127,344 h-index Aug 2017 162 ilO index 533 The following list contains all publications, including books and book chapters. 1.
Comita, G.W. and D.W. Schindler. 1963. Calorific values of Microcrustacea. Science (Wash., DC) 140: 1394-1396.
2.
Schindler, D.W. 1966. A liquid scintillation method for measuring carbon-14 uptake in
photosynthesis. Nature 211: 844-845. 3.
Schindler, D.W. 1966. Energy relations at three trophic levels in an aquatic food chain. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford Univ., England. 238 p.
4.
Schindler, D.W. 1968. Feeding, assimilation and respiration rates ofDaphnia magna under
various environmental conditions and their relation to production estimates. J. Anim. Ecol. 37: 369-385. 5.
Schindler, D.W. 1969. Two useful devices for vertical plankton and water sampling. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 26: 1948-1955.
6.
Schindler, D.W. 1970. Production of phytoplankton and zooplankton in Canadian Shield lakes, pp. 31 1-331. In: Z. Kajak and A. Hillbrich-Ifikowska (eds.). Productivity Problems of
Freshwaters. Proceedings IBP-UNESCO Symposium, Kazimierz Dolny, May 1970. Warszawa. 7.
Schindler, D.W. and J.E. Nighswander. 1970. Nutrient supply and primary production in Clear Lake, eastern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 2009-2036.
8.
Schindler, D.W. 1971 . Light, temperature and oxygen regimes of selected lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 1 57170.
9.
Schindler, D.W. 1971 . A hypothesis to explain differences and similarities among lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. board Can. 28: 295-301.
10.
Schindler, D.W. 1971. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and the eutrophication of freshwater
lakes. J. Phycol. 7: 321-329. 11.
Schindler, D.W., F.A.J. Armstrong. S.K. Holmgren and G.J. Brunskill. 1971. Eutrophication of Lake 227, Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario, by
addition of phosphate and nitrate. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 1 763-1 782.
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Schindier, D.W., A.S. Clark and J.R. Gray. 1971. Seasonal calorific values of freshwater zooplankton, as determined with a Phillipson bomb calorimeter modified for small samples. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 559-564,
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Schindler, D.W. and S.K. Holmgren. 1971 . Primary production and phytoplankton in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario, and other low-carbonate waters and
a liquid scintillation method for determining l4C activity in photosynthesis. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 189-201. 14.
Schindler, D.W. and B. Noven. 1971. Vertical distribution and seasonal abundance of zooplankton in two shallow lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 245-256.
15.
Armstrong, F.A.J, and D.W. Schindler. 1971. A preliminary chemical characterization of waters in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28: 171-187.
16.
Brunskill, G.J. and D.W. Schindler. 1971 . Geography and bathymetry of selected lake basins in the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 28: 139-155.
17.
Schindler, D.W., G.J. Brunskill, S. Emerson, W.S. Broecker and T.-H. Peng. 1972. Atmospheric carbon dioxide: Its role in maintaining phytoplankton standing crops. Science (Wash., DC) 177: 1192-1194.
1 8.
Schindler, D.W. and G.W. Comita. 1972. The dependence of primary production upon physical and chemical factors in a small senescing lake, including the effects of complete winter oxygen depletion. Arch. Hydrobiol. 69: 413-451.
19.
Schindler, D.W., R.V. Schmidt and R. Reid. 1972. Acidification and bubbling as an
alternative to filtration in determining phytoplankton production by the ,4C method. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 1627-1631. 20.
Schindler, D.W. 1973. Experimental approaches to limnology - an overview. Can. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1409-1413.
21.
Schindler, D.W. 1973. Experimental environments. Nutrients in a lake, pp. 175-182. In: N. Calder (ed.). Nature in the Round; A Guide to Environmental Science. Wedenfield and Nicholson, London.
22.
Emerson, S., W.S. Broecker and D.W. Schindler. 1973. Gas exchange rates in a small lake as determined by the radon method. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1475-1484.
23.
Schindler, D.W. and E.J. Fee. 1973. Diumal variation of dissolved inorganic carbon and its use in estimating primary production and CO2 invasion in Lake 227. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1501-1510.
24.
Schindler, D.W., V.E. Frost and R.V. Schmidt. 1973. Production of epilithiphyton in two lakes of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), northwestern Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
30: 1511-1524.
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Schindler, D.W., H. Kling, R.V. Schmidt, J. Prokopowich, V.E. Frost, R.A. Reid and M. Capel. 1973. Eutrophication of Lake 227 by addition of phosphate and nitrate: The second, third and fourth years of enrichment 1970, 1971 and 1972. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1415-1440.
26.
Schindler, D.W. 1974. Review of Hydrobiological Studies, Vol. 2 and 3. Limnoi. Oceanogr. 18: 819-820.
27.
Schindler, D.W. 1974. Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes: Implications for lake management. Science (Wash., DC) 184: 897-899.
28.
Schindler, D.W. 1974. Eutrophication, pp. 255-267. In: Allocative Conflicts in Water Resource Management. Agassiz Center for Water Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB.
29.
Schindler, D.W. and E.J. Fee. 1974. The Experimental Lakes Area: Whole-lake experiments in eutrophication. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 937-953.
30.
Schindler, D.W. and E.J. Fee. 1974. Primary production in freshwater, pp. 155-158. In: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Ecology, Structures, Functioning and Management of Ecosystems. Centre for Agricultural Publication and Documentation. The Hague, The Netherlands, September 8-14, 1974. Wagcningen.
31.
Schindler, D.W., J. Kalff, H.E. Welch, G.J. Brunskill, H. Kling and N. Kritsch. 1974. Eutrophication in the high Arctic: Meretta Lake, Comwallis Island (75° N. Lat.). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 3 1 : 647-662.
32.
Schindler, D.W., J. Moore and R.A. Vollenweider. 1974. Liquid scintillation techniques, pp. 76-80. In: R.A. Vollenweider (ed.). A Manual on Methods for Measuring Primary
Production in Aquatic Environments. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England. 33.
Schindler, D.W. and D. Lean. 1974. Biological and chemical mechanisms in eutrophication of freshwater lakes. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 250: 129-135.
34.
Schindler, D.W., H.E. Welch, J. Kalff, G.J. Brunskill and N. Kritsch. 1974. Physical and chemical limnology of Char Lake, Comwallis Island (75° N. Lat.). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:585-607.
35.
Coey, J.M.D., D.W. Schindler and F. Weber. 1974. Iron compounds in lake sediments. Can
J. Earth ScL 11: 1489-1493. 36.
Schindler, D.W. 1975. Modelling the eutrophication process. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 1673-1674. (Book review).
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37.
Schindler, D.W. 1975. Factors affecting gas exchange in natural water. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 1053-1055.
38.
Schindler, D.W. 1975. Chemical oceanography. Limnol. Oceanogr. 20: 299. (Book review).
39.
Schindler, D.W. 1975. Whole-lake eutrophication experiments with phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 19: 3221-3231.
40.
Schindler, D.W. and E.J. Fee. 1975. The roles of nutrient cycling and radiant energy in aquatic communities, pp. 323-343. In: J.P. Cooper (ed.). Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments. Cambridge University Press. (International Biological Programme,
3). 41.
Schindler, D.W., D. Lean and E. Fee. 1975. Nutrient cycling in freshwater ecosystems, pp. 96-105. In: Productivity of World Ecosystems. Proceedings of a Symposium. August 31September 1 , 1 972, Seattle, Washington. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
42.
Jackson, T.A. and D.W. Schindler. 1975. The biogeochemistry of phosphorus in an experimental lake environment: Evidence of humic-metal-phosphate complexes. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19: 211-221.
43.
Reid, R.A., D.W. Schindler and R.V. Schmidt. 1975. Phytoplankton production in the Experimental lakes Area, 1969-72. Can. Fish Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 560: 164 p.
44.
Reid, R.A., D.W. Schindler and R.V. Schmidt. 1975. Light measurements in the Experimental Lakes Area, 1969-1973. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. No. 559. iv + 167 P.
45.
Schindler, D.W. 1976. Biogeochemical evolution of phosphorus limitation in nutrientenriched lakes of the Precambrian Shield, pp. 647-664. In: J. Nriagu (ed.). Environmental
Biogeochemistry. Volume 2. Metals Transfer and Ecological Mass Balances. Ann Arbor Science Publ., Ann Arbor, MI. 46.
Schindler, D.W. 1976. The impact statement boondoggle. Science (Wash., DC) 192: 509. (Response 193: 188,248, 251).
47.
Schindler, D.W., R.W. Newbury, K..G. Beaty and P. Campbell. 1976. Natural water and chemical budgets for a small Precambrian lake basin in central Canada. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 2526-2543.
48.
Nalewajko, C. and D.W. Schindler. 1976. Primary production, extracellular release, and heterotrophy in two lakes in the ELA, northwestern Ontario. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 219-226.
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Schindler, D.W. 1977. Evolution of phosphorus limitation in lakes: Natural mechanisms compensate for deficiencies of nitrogen and carbon in eutrophied lakes. Science (Wash.,
DC) 195: 260-262. 50.
Schindler, D.W., R.H. Hesslein and G. Kipphut. 1977. Interactions between sediments and overlying waters in an experimentally eutrophied Precambrian Shield lake, pp. 235-243. In: H.L. Golterman (ed.). Interactions Between Sediments and Fresh Water: Proceedings of an International Symposium in Amsterdam, September 6-10, 1976. The Hague, Junk & Wageningen, PUDOC.
51.
Schindler, D.W., R. Wagemann and R.H. Hesslein. 1977. The acidification of Lake 223, Experimental Lakes Area. 1 . Background data, the first year of acidification, 1976, and pilot experiments. AOSERP. Subproject AF 2.3.1. 84 p.
52.
Coey, J.M.D. and D.W. Schindler. 1977. Magnetic order in freshwater ferromanganese nodules. Physica 86-88B: 823-824.
53.
Schindler, D.W. 1 978. Factors regulating phytoplankton production and standing crop in the world's freshwaters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 478-486.
54.
Schindler, D.W. 1978. Predictive eutrophication models. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23: 10801081.
55.
Schindler, D.W. 1978. Chemical budgets and watershed acidification. Ch. IV. In Rep. International Workshop in Limnological Aspects of Acid Precipitation, Sagamore Lake, NY. Sept. 25-28, 1978. 4 p.
56.
Schindler, D.W., E.J. Fee and T. Ruszczynski. 1978. Phosphorus input and its consequences for phytoplankton standing crop and production in the Experimental Lakes Area and in similar lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 190-196.
57.
Schindler, D.W. and et al. 1978. Modelling the recovery of Lake Ontario. Report from the Expert Committee on Ecology and Geochemistry to the International Joint Commission. 25 P-
58.
Quay, P.D., R.H. Hesslein, W.S. Broecker and D.W. Schindler. 1978. The vertical and horizontal distribution of injections of tritiated water in experimental lakes and limnocorrals. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Data Rep. 43: IV + 39 p.
59.
Welch, H.E., J.W.M. Rudd and D.W. Schindler. 1978. Methane addition to an arctic lake in winter. Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, ESCOM Report AI-29: vi + 33 p.
60.
Schindler, D.W. 1979. Effects of acid deposition on Canadian lakes and fisheries, pp. 61 63. In: Proceedings of the Action Seminar on Acid Precipitation, Toronto, ON, Nov. 1-3, 1979. A.S.A.P. Organizing Committee, Federation of Ontario Naturalists, Don Mills, On.
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Brunskill, G.J., D.W. Schindler, S.E.M. Elliott and P. Campbell. 1979. The attenuation of light in Lake Winnipeg waters. Can. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 1522: v + 79 p. Brunskill, F.J., D.W. Schindler, S.K. Holmgren, H. Kling, P. Campbell, M.P. Stainton, F.A.J. Armstrong and B.W. Graham. 1979. Nutrients, chlorophyll, phytoplankton, and primary production in Lake Winnipeg. Report to Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
63.
Hesslein, R.H., D.W. Schindler, W.S. Broecker and G. Kipphut. 1979. Fates of metal radiotracer additions in experimental enclosures in lakes and in a whole lake (extended synopsis), pp. 261. In: Isotopes in Lake Studies. Proc. of an Advisory Group Meeting on the Application of Nuclear Techniques to the Study of Lake Dynamics. Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Aug. 29-Sept. 2, 1977.
64.
Quay, P.D., W.S. Broecker, R.H. Hesslein and D.W. Schindler. 1979. Vertical diffusion rates determined by tritium tracer experiments in the thermocline and hypolimnion of two
lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22: 201-218. 65.
Quay, P.D., W.S. Broecker, R.H. Hesslein, E.J. Fee and D.W. Schindler. 1979. Whole-lake tritium spikes to measure horizontal and vertical mixing rates, isotopes in lake studies, IAEA, Vienna 175-194.
66.
Flett, R.J., D.W. Schindler, R.D. Hamilton and N.E.R. Campbell. 1980. Nitrogen fixation in Canadian Precambrian Shield lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 494-505.
67.
Hesslein, R.H., W.S. Broecker, P.D. Quay and D.W. Schindler. 1980. Whole-lake radiocarbon experiment in an oligotrophic lake at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 454-463.
68.
Schindler, D.W. 1980. Evolution of the Experimental Lakes Project. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 313-319.
69.
Schindler, D.W. 1980. Chemical budgets and watershed acidification, pp. 13-14. In: G.R. Hendrey (ed.). Limnological Aspects of Acid Precipitation. BNL 51074 UCII, Environmental Control Technology and Earth Sciences. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N.Y.
70.
Schindler, D.W. 1980. Implications of regional-scale lake acidification, pp. 533-538. ]n: D.S. Shriner, C.R. Richmond and S. Lindberg (eds.). Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition: Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Ann Arbor Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. 568pp.
71.
Schindler, D.W. 1980. The effect of fertilization with phosphorus and nitrogen versus phosphorus alone on eutrophication of experimental lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 1 1491152.
72.
Schindler, D.W. 1980. Ecological effects of experimental whole-lake acidification, pp. 453462. In: D.S. Shriner, C.R. Richmond and S. Lindberg (eds.). Atmospheric Sulfur
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Deposition: Environmental Impact and Health Effects. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, ML 73.
Schindler, D.W. 1980. Experimental acidification of a whole lake: A test of the
oligotrophication hypothesis, pp. 370-374. In: D. Drablos and E. Tollan (eds.). Ecological Impact of Acid Precipitation. Proceedings of an International Conference, Sandefjord, Norway, March 11-14, 1980, SNSF Project, Oslo. 74.
Schindler, D.W., R.H. Hesslein, R. Wagemann and W.S. Broecker. 1980. Effects of
acidification on mobilization of heavy metals and radionuclides from the sediments of a freshwater lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 373-377. 75.
Schindler, D.W., R.W. Newbury, K.G. Beaty, J. Prokopowich, T. Ruszczynski and J.A. Dalton. 1980. Effects of a windstorm and forest fire on chemical losses from forested watersheds and on the quality of receiving streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 328-334.
76.
Schindler, D.W., T. Ruszczynski and E.J. Fee. 1980. Hypolimnion injection of nutrient effluents as method for reducing eutrophication. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 320-327.
77.
Schindler, D.W., R. Wagemann, R. Cook, T. Ruszczynski and J. Prokopowich. 1980.
Experimental acidification of Lake 223, Experimental Lakes Area: Background data and the first three years of acidification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 342-354. 78.
Hesslein, R.H., W.S. Broecker and D.W. Schindler. 1980. Fates of metal radiotracers added to a whole lake: Sediment-water interactions. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 378-386.
79.
Jackson, T.A., G. Kipphut, R.H. Hesslein and D.W. Schindler. 1980. Experimental study of trace metal chemistry in soft-water lakes at different pH levels. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 387-402.
80.
Levine, S.N. and D.W. Schindler. 1980. Radiochemical analysis of orthophosphate concentrations and seasonal changes in the flux of orthophosphate to seston in two Canadian Shield lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 479-487.
81.
Quay, P.D., W.S. Broecker, R.H. Hesslein and D.W. Schindler. 1980. Vertical diffusion rates determined by tritium tracer experiments in the thermocline and hypolimnion of two lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 201-218.
82.
Welch, H.E., J.W.M. Rudd and D.W. Schindler. 1980. Methane addition to an arctic lake in winter. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25: 100-113.
83.
Schindler, D.W. 1981 . Sulfur dioxide emissions (letter). Science (Wash., DC) 21 : 1074.
84.
Schindler, D.W. 1981. Ecology of Freshwaters. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38: 1015. (Book review).
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85.
Schindler, D. W. 1 98 1 . Studies of eutrophication in lakes and their relevance to the estuarine environment, pp. 71-82. In: B.J. Neilson and L.E. Cronin (eds.). Estuaries and Nutrients. Humana Press, Clifton, NJ.
86.
Schindler, D.W. 1981. Experimental manipulation of whole lakes, pp. 269-283. In: Acidification in the Canadian Aquatic Environment. Ottawa, National Research Council (NRCCNo. 18475).
87.
Schindler, D.W. and twelve others. 1981. Atmosphere-biosphere interactions: toward a better understanding of the ecological consequences of fossil fuel combustion. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. National Academy of Science. 263 p.
88.
Schindler, D.W. 1981. Review of Phosphorus Management Strategies for Lakes. In: R.C. Loehr et al. (eds). Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.
89.
Schindler, D.W. 1981. Interrelationships between the cycles of elements in freshwater ecosystems, pp. 1 13-123. In: G.E. Likens (ed.). Some Perspectives of the Major
Biogeochemical Cycles. SCOPE 1 7, John Wiley & Sons, NY. 90.
Schindler, D.W. 1982. Experimental, whole ecosystem studies of lake acidification, pp. 74 91. In: Acid Rain Reappraised. Proceedings of a Public Conference, April 26, 1983. John Carroll University, University Heights, OH.
91.
Schindler, D.W. and M.A. Turner. 1982. Biological, chemical and physical responses of lakes to experimental acidification. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1 8: 259-271 .
92.
Kelly, C.A., J.W.M. Rudd, R.B. Cook and D.W. Schindler. 1982. The potential importance of bacterial processes in regulating rate of lake acidification. Limnol. Oceanogr. 27: 868882.
93.
Ponce, S.L., D.W. Schindler and R.C. Averett. 1982. The use of the two paired basin techniques in flow-related wildland water-quality studies. Paper WSDG-TP-00004. USDA
Forest Service, Watershed Systems Development Group, Ft. Collins. 16 pp. 94.
Cook, R.B. and D.W. Schindler. 1983. The biogeochemistry of sulfur in an experimentally acidified lake. In: R.O. Halberg (ed.). Ecol. Bull. (Stockholm) 35: 1 15-127.
95.
Nero, R.W. and D.W. Schindler. 1983. Decline of Mvsis relicta during the acidification of Lake 223. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 1905-191 1.
96.
Schindler, D.W. and T. Ruszczynski. 1983. A test of Iimnological data from the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern Ontario, for evidence of acidification. Can. Tech. Relp. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1 147: iv+ 17 p.
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Turner, M.A., D.W. Schindler and R.W. Graham. 1983. Photosynthesis-irradiance
relationships of epilithic algae measured in the laboratory and in situ, pp. 73-87. In: R.G. Wetzel (ed.). Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague. 98.
Gorham, E., S.E. Bayley and D.W. Schindler. 1984. Ecological effects of acid deposition upon peatlands: A neglected field in "acid-rain" research. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41: 1256-1268.
99.
Kelly, C.A., J.W.M. Rudd, A. Furutani and D.W. Schindler. 1984. Effects of lake
acidification on rates of organic matter decomposition in sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 687-694. 100. Schindler, D.W. 1985. The coupling of elemental cycles by organisms: Evidence from
whole lake chemical perturbations, pp. 225-250. In: W. Stumm (ed.). Chemical Processes in Lakes. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 101. Schindler, D.W., K.H. Mills, D.F. Malley, D.L. Findlay, J.A. Shearer, I.J. Davies, M.A. Turner, G.A. Linsey and D.R. Cruikshank. 1985. Long-term ecosystem stress: The effects
of years of experimental acidification on a small lake. Science (Wash., DC) 228: 1395-1401 . 102. Schindler, D.W., M.A. Turner and R.H. Hesslein. 1985. Acidification and alkalinization of
lakes by experimental addition of nitrogen compounds. Biogeochemistry 1: 1 17-133. 103. Schindler, D.W. and six others. 1985. Is there scientific consensus on acid rain? U. of Rhode Island Press. 13 p. 104. Herczeg, A.L., W.S. Broecker, R.F. Anderson, S.L. Schiff and D.W. Schindler. 1985. A
new method for monitoring temporal trends in the acidity of freshwaters. Nature 315: 133135. 105. Shearer, J.A., E.R. DeBruyn, D.R. DeClercq, D.W. Schindler and E.J. Fee. 1985. Manual of
phytoplankton primary production methodology. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1341: iv + 58 p. 106. Schindler, D.W. 1986. Recovery of Canadian lakes from acidification, pp. 1 1-22. In:
Effects of Air Pollution on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems. Proceedings of Workshop on Reversibility of Acidification, Grimstad, Norway 9-1 1 June 1986.
107. Schindler, D.W. 1986. The significance ofin-lake production of alkalinity. Water Air Soil Pollut. 30: 931-944. 108. Schindler, D.W., M.A. Turner, M.P. Stainton and G.A. Linsey. 1986. Natural sources of acid neutralizing capacity in low alkalinity lakes of the Precambrian Shield. Science (Wash., DC) 232: 844-847.
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109. Cook, R.B., C.A. Kelly, D.W. Schindler and M.A. Turner. 1986. Mechanisms of hydrogen ion neutralization in an experimentally acidified lake. Limnol. Oceanogr. 3 1 : 134-148. 1 10. Hesslein, R.H., D.W. Schindler, S.E. Bayley and G.J. Brunskill. 1986. Freshwaters as waste disposal systems: An interpretation of the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada wholeecosystem experiments. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Scientific Basis for the
Role of Oceans as a Waste Disposal Option. Willamoura, Portugal 23-30 April, 1985. 111. Levine, S.N., M.P. Stainton and D.W. Schindler. 1 986. A radiotracer study of phosphorus cycling in a eutrophic Canadian Shield lake, Lake 227, northwestern Ontario. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 366-378. 1 12. Mills, K.H. and D.W. Schindler. 1986. Biological indicators of lake acidification. Water
Air Soil Pollut. 30: 779-789. 1 13. Bower, P.M., C.A. Kelly, E.J. Fee, J.A. Shearer, D.R. DeClercq and D.W. Schindler. 1987.
Simultaneous measurement of primary production by whole-lake and bottle radiocarbon additions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32: 299-312. 1 14. Linsey, G.A., D.W. Schindler and M.P. Stainton. 1987. Atmospheric deposition of nutrients
and major ions at the Experimental Lakes Area in northwestern Ontario, 1970-1982. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 206-214. 1 15. Bayley, S.E. and D.W. Schindler. 1987. Sources of alkalinity in Precambrian Shield
watersheds under natural conditions and after fire or acidification, pp. 53 1-548. ]n: T.C. Hutchinson and K.M. Meema (eds.). Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York. 1 16. Schindler, D.W. 1987. Detecting ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 6-25. 1 17. Schindler, D.W., R.H. Hesslein and M.A. Turner. 1987. Exchange of nutrients between sediments and water after 15 years of experimental eutrophication. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 26-33. 1 1 8. Kelly, C.A., J.W.M. Rudd, R.H. Hesslein, D.W. Schindler, P.J. Dillon, C.T. Driscoll, S.A.
Gherini and R.E. Hecky. 1987. Prediction of biological acid neutralization in acid-sensitive lakes. Biogeochemistry 3: 129-140. 1 19. Mills, K.H. and D.W. Schindler. 1987. Preface. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44 (Suppl. 1): 3-5. 120. Kelly, C.A., J.W.M. Rudd and D.W. Schindler. 1988. Carbon and electron flow via
methanogenesis, SO42", NO3", Fe3+ and Mn4+ reduction in the anoxic hypolimnia of three lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. Berh. Ergebn. Limnol. 31: 333-344.
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121. Schindler, D.W. 1988. Effects of acid rain on freshwater ecosystems. Science (Wash., DC) 239: 149-157. 122. Schindler, D.W. 1988. Experimental studies of chemical stressors on whole lake ecosystems. Baldi Lecture. Verh. Intemat. Verein. Limnol. 23: 11-41. 123. Malley, D.F., P.S.S. Chang and D.W. Schindler. 1988. Decline of zooplankton populations following eutrophication of Lake 227, Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario: 1969-1974. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1619. 124. Rudd, J.W.M., C.A. Kelly, D.W. Schindler and M.A. Turner. 1988. Disruption of the
nitrogen cycle in acidified lakes. Science (Wash., DC) 240: 1515-1517. 125.
Schindler, D.W. 1988. Confusion over the sources of alkalinity in lakes. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 33: 1637-1640. 126. Rudd, J.W.M., C.A. Kelly and D.W. Schindler. 1988. Comment on "Dynamic model of inlake alkalinity generation" by L.A. Baker and P.L. Brezonik. Wat. Resour. Res. 24: 1 8251827. 127. Levine, S.N. and D.W. Schindler. 1989. Phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon dynamics of Lake
303 during recovery from eutrophication. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 2-10. 128. Schindler, D.W., S.E.M. Kasian and R.H. Hesslein. 1989. Biological impoverishment in lakes of the midwestem and northeastern United States from acid rain. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23: 573-579. 129. Schindler, D.W., S.E.M. Kasian and R.H. Hesslein. 1989. Losses of biota from American aquatic communities due to acid rain. Proc. World Wildlife Conf., Estes Park, CO, 14-18 September 1987. Environ. Monit. Assess. 12: 269-285. 130. Schindler, D.W. 1989. Different interpretations of the importance of internal alkalinity
generation in the alkalinity budgets of lakes and watersheds: A response to Schaffer etal. Water Air Soil Pollut. 47: 175-177. 131. Schindler, D.W. 1 989. Breaking new waters. Science 245: 200-20 1 . 132. Schindler, D.W. 1989. Biotic impoverishment at home and abroad. Bioscience 39: 426.
133. Minns, C.K., J.E. Moore, D.W. Schindler and M.L. Jones. 1990. Assessing the potential extent of damage to inland lakes in eastern Canada due to acidic deposition. III. Predicted impacts on species richness in seven groups of aquatic biota. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 821-830.
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134. Rudd, J.W.M., C.A. Kelly, D.W. Schindler and M.A. Turner. 1990. A comparison of the acidification efficiencies of nitric and sulfuric acids by two whole-lake addition experiments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35: 663-679.
135. Kelly, C.A., J.W.M. Rudd and D.W. Schindler. 1990. Lake acidification by nitric acid future considerations. Water Air Soil Pollut. 50: 49-61. 136. Schindler, D.W. and S.E. Bayley. 1990. Fresh waters in cycle, pp. 149-167. Ch. 10. ]n: C. Mungall and D. McLaren (eds.). Planet Under Stress. Oxford University Press. 137. Schindler, D.W. 1990. Experimental perturbations of whole lakes as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. Proceedings of 1987 Crafoord Symposium. Oikos 57: 25-41. 138. Schindler, D.W., S.E.M. Kasian and R.H. Hesslein. 1990. Reply to Vance et al. Environmental Science Technology 24: 1 107.
139. Schindler, D.W., K.G. Beaty, E.J. Fee, D.R. Cruikshank, E.D. DeBruyn, D.L. Findlay, G.A. Linsey, J.A. Shearer, M.P. Stainton and M.A. Turner. 1990. Effects of climatic warming on lakes of the central boreal forest. Science 250: 967-970. 140. Schindler, D.W. 1990. Natural and anthropogenically imposed limitations to biotic richness in freshwaters, pp. 425-462. Ch. 21, In: G. Woodwell (ed.). The Earth in Transition: Patterns and Processes of Biotic Impoverishment. Cambridge University Press. 141 . Schindler, D.W. 1991 . Whole-lake experiments in the Experimental Lakes Area, pp. 122 139. Ch. 7. In: H.A. Mooney, E. Medina, D.W. Schindler, E.-D. Schulze and B.H. Walker (eds.). Ecosystem Experiments: Scope 45. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 142. Mooney, H.A., E. Medina, D.W. Schindler, E.-D. Schulze and B.H. Walker. 1991. Ecosystem Experiments: Scope 45. John Wiley & Sons, NY. 304 pp. 143. Bayley, S.E. and D.W. Schindler. 1991 . The role of fire in determining stream water chemistry in northern coniferous forests, pp. 141-165. Ch. 8. In: H.A. Mooney, E. Medina, D.W. Schindler, E.-D. Schulze and B.H. Walker (eds.). Ecosystem Experiments: Scope 45. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 144. Carpenter, S.R., T.M. Frost, J.F. Kitchell, T.K. Kratz, D.W. Schindler, J.A. Shearer, W.G. Sprules, M.J. Vanni and A.P. Zimmerman. 1991 . Patterns of primary production and herbivory in 25 North American lake ecosystems, pp. 67-96. In: J. Cole, S. Findlay and G. Lovett (eds.). Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms and Theories. Springer-Verlag, NY.
145. Schindler, D.W. 1991. Lakes and oceans as functional wholes, pp. 91-107. Ch. 5. In: R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann (eds.). Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecology, 2nd Edition. Blackwells, Oxford, U.K.
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146. Schindier, D.W. 1991. Aquatic ecosystems and global ecology, pp. 108-122. Ch. 6. In: R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann (eds.). Fundamentals of Aquatic Ecology, 2nd Edition.
Blackwells, Oxford, U.K. 147.
Schindier, D.W., T.M. Frost, K.H. Mills, P.S.S. Chang, I.J. Davis, F.L. Findlay, D.F. Malley,
J.A. Shearer, M.A. Turner, P.J. Garrison, C.J. Watras, K. Webster, J.M. Gunn, P.L. Brezonik and W.A. Swenson. 1991 . Comparisons between experimentally- and atmospherically-
acidified lakes during stress and recovery. In: F.T. Last and R. Watling (eds.). Acidic Deposition: Its Nature and Impacts. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 97B: 193-226.
148.
Schindier, D.W. 1991. Comments on the sustainable biosphere initiative. Conserv. Biol. 5: 550-551.
149.
Schindier, D.W. 1991. The Stockholm Water Prize and the Experimental Lakes Area. Can.
J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 2292. 150.
Schindier, D.W., S.E. Bayley, P.J. Curtis, B.R. Parker, M.P. Stainton and C.A. Kelly. 1992.
Natural and man-caused factors affecting the abundance and cycling of dissolved organic substances in Precambrian Shield lakes. Hydrobiologia 229: 1-21. 151.
Bayley, S.E., D.W. Schindier, K.G. Beaty, B.R. Parker and M.P. Stainton. 1992. Effects of multiple fires on nutrient yields from streams draining boreal forest and fen watersheds:
Nitrogen and phosphorus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49(3): 584-596. 152.
Schindier, D.W. 1992. A view of NAPAP from north of the border. Ecological
Applications 2(2): 124-130. 153. Levine, S.N. and D.W. Schindier. 1992. Modification of the N:P ratio in lakes through in-
situ processes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37:917-935. 154.
Schindier, D.W. 1992. Review of: Acidic Precipitation: International Overview and Assessment. In: A.H.M. Bresser and W. Salomons (eds.). Quart Rev. Biol. Vol 5, 334 pp.
Springer-Verlag, New York.
155. Minns, C.K., J.E. Moore, Schindier, D.W., P.G.C. Campbell, P.J. Dillon, J.K. Underwood and D.M. Whelpdale. 1992. Expected reduction in damage to Canadian lakes under legislated and proposed decreases in sulphur dioxide emissions. Rpt. 92-1, Committee on
Acid Deposition, Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa. ISSN 1 188-91 1x37. 37 pp. 156.
Bayley, S.E., D.W. Schindier, B.R. Parker, M.P. Stainton and K.G. Beaty. 1992. Effect of
forest fire and drought on acidity of a base-poor boreal forest stream: Similarities between climatic warming and acidic precipitation. Biogeochemistry 17:191-204.
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157. Miskimmin, B.M. and D.W. Schindler. 1993. Reconstructing the effect of toxaphene treatment and fish stocking on invertebrates in a Western Canadian Lake. Verh. Inter. Verein. Limnol. 25:1055-1058. 158. Schindler, D.W., R.E. Hecky and K.H. Mills. 1993. Two decades of whole lake
eutrophication and acidification experiments, pp. 294-304. In: L. Rasmussen, T. Brydges and P. Mathy (eds.). Experimental Manipulations of Biota and Biogeochemical Cycling in Ecosystems. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels. 159. Schindler, D.W. and S.E. Bayley. 1993. The biosphere as an increasing sink for
atmospheric carbon: estimates from increased nitrogen deposition. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 7:717-733. 160. Schindler, D.W. 1994. Changes caused by acidification to the biodiversity: productivity and
biogeochemical cycles of lakes, pp. 153-164. In: C.E.W. Steinberg and R.W. Wright (eds.). Acidification of Freshwater Ecosystems: Implications for the future. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 161. Schindler, D.W. 1994. Linking species and communities to ecosystem management, pp.
313-325. In: C. Jones and J.H. Lawton (eds.). Linking Species and Ecosystems. Chapman & Hall, New York. 162. Miskimmin, B.M. and D.W. Schindler. 1994. Long-term invertebrate community response
to toxaphene treatment in two lakes: 50 year records reconstructed from lake sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 923-932. 163. Lamontagne, S. and D.W. Schindler. 1994. Historical status of fish populations in Canadian Rocky Mountain lakes inferred from subfossil Chaoborus mandibles. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 1376-1383. 164. Lamontagne, S., D.B. Donald and D.W. Schindler. 1994. The distribution of four Chaoborus species (Diptera: Chaoboridae) along an elevation gradient in Canadian Rocky Mountain lakes. Can. J. Zoology. 72:1531-1537. 165. Paul, A.J. and D.W. Schindler. 1994. Regulation of rotifers by predatory calanoid copepods
(subgenus: Hesperodiaptomusl in lakes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 2520-2528. 166. Leavitt, P.R., D.E. Schindler, A.J. Paul, A.K. Hardie and D.W. Schindler. 1994. Fossil pigment records of phytoplankton in trout-stocked alpine lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51 : 2411-2423. 167. Schindler, D.W., K.A. Kidd, D. Muir and L. Lockhart. 1995. The effects of ecosystem characteristics on contaminant distribution in northern freshwater lakes. Sci. Tot. Environ. 160/161: 1-17.
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168. Kidd, K.A., D.W. Schindler, R.H. Hesslein and D.C.G. Muir. 1995. Correlation between stable nitrogen isotope ratios and concentrations of organochlorines in biota from a freshwater food web. Sci. Tot. Environ. 160/161 : 381-390.
169. Parker, B.R. and D.W. Schindler. 1995. Ecological effects of trout stocking in alpine lakes in BanffNational Park. Alberta Naturalist 25: 3-5.
170. Kelly, C.A., J.A. Amaral, M.A. Turner, J.W.M. Rudd, D.W. Schindler and M.P. Stainton. 1995. Disruption of sulfur cycling and acid neutralization in lakes at low pH. Biogeochemistry 28: 115-130.
171. Kidd, K.A., D.W. Schindler, D.C.G. Muir, W.L. Lockhart and R.H. Hesslein. 1995. High concentrations of toxaphene in fishes from a subarctic lake. Science 269: 240-242.
172. Carpenter, S.R., S.W. Chisholm, C.J. Krebs, D.W. Schindler, R.F. Wright. 1995. Ecosystem experiments. Science 269: 324-327.
173. Miskimmin, B.M., P.R. Leavitt and D.W. Schindler. 1995. Fossil record of the response of cladoceran and algal assemblages to fishery management practices. Freshwater Biology 34: 177-190.
174. Miskimmin, B.M., D.C.G. Muir, D.W. Schindler, G.A. Stern and N.P. Grift. 1995. Chlorobornanes in sediments and fish thirty years after toxaphene treatment of lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29: 2490-2495.
1 75. Paul, A.J., P.R. Leavitt, D.W. Schindler and A.K. Hardie. 1995. Direct and indirect effect of predation by a calanoid copepod (subgenus: HesperodiaotomusL and of nutrients in a Ashless alpine lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 2628-2638.
1 76. Wright, R.F. and D.W. Schindler. 1995. Interaction of acid rain and global changes: effects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85: 89-99. 1 77. Parker, B.R. and D.W. Schindler. 1995. Biotic impoverishment: the results of sport fish stocking during Banff's early years are still with us today. Research Links 2(3): 1 . 178. Holling, C.S., D.W. Schindler, B.W. Walker and J. Roughgarden. 1995. Biodiversity in the functioning of ecosystems: an ecological synthesis, pp. 44-83, Ch. 2. ]n: C. Perrings, K.-G. Maler, C. Folke, C.S. Holling and B.-W. Jansson (eds.). Biodiversity Loss, Economic and Ecological Issues. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. 179. Schindler, D.W. 1996. The response of aquatic ecosystems in Alberta to acidifying deposition. Section 2 of the Scientific Appendix to the Final Report of the Target Loading Subgroup on Critical and Target Loading in Alberta. 47 pp.
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180. Turner, M.A., D.W. Schindier, D.L. Findlay, M.B. Jackson, G.G.C. Robinson. 1995. Disruption of littoral algal associations by Experimental Lake acidification to pH 4.5. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 2238-2250. 181. Schindier, D. W., P.J. Curtis, B. Parker and M.P. Stainton. 1 996. Consequences of climate warming and lake acidification for UV-b penetration in North American boreal lakes. Nature 379: 705-708. 1 82. Schindier, D.W. 1 996. The environment, carrying capacity and economic growth. Ecological Applications 6: 17-19.
183. Miskimmin, B.M., P.J. Curtis, D.W. Schindier and N. Lafaut. 1996. A new hammer-driven freeze corer. J. Paleolimnol. 15:265-269. 1 84. Parker, B.R., F.M. Wilhelm and D.W. Schindier. 1996. Recovery of Hesperodiaptomus populations from diapausing eggs following elimination by stocked salmonids. Can. J. Zool. 74: 1292-1297.
185. Schindier, D.W., S.E. Bayley, B.R. Parker, K.G. Beaty, D.R. Cruikshank, E.J. Fee, E.U. Schindier and M.P. Stainton. 1996. The effects of climatic warming on the properties of boreal lakes and streams at the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41:1 004- 1017.
186. National Research Council, Committee on Inland Aquatic Ecosystems. 1996. Freshwater Ecosystems. Revitalising Educational Programs in Limnology. National Academy Press, Washington DC. 364 pp.
187. Parker, B.R. and D.W. Schindier. 1996. Ecological effects of trout stocking in alpine lakes in Banff National Park. PICA 16: 22-26.
1 88. Wilhelm, F.M. and D.W. Schindier. 1996. Life at the top. The biology of amphipod Gammarus /. lacustris in alpine lakes. Research Links 4: 7. 1 89. Schindier, D.W. and C. Pacas. 1996. Cumulative effects of human activity on aquatic ecosystems in the Bow Valley of Banff national Park, Ch. 5. In: J. Green, C. Pacas, S. Bayley and L. Comwell (eds.). Ecological Outlooks Project. A Cumulative Effects Assessment and Futures Outlook of the Banff Bow Valley. Prepared for the Banff-Bow Valley Study. Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, Ontario. 74 pp. 190. Schindier, D.W. 1996. Ecosystems and ecotoxicology: a personal perspective, pp. 371-398, Ch. 13. ]n: M.C. Newman and C.H. Jagoe (eds.). Ecotoxicology A Hierarchical Treatment. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.
191. Schindier, D.W. and P.J. Curtis. 1997. The role of DOC in protecting freshwaters subjected to climatic warming and acidification from UV exposure. Biogeochemistry 36: 1-8.
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192. Schindler, D.W., P.J. Curtis, S.E. Bayley, B.R. Parker, K.G. Beaty and M.P. Stainton. 1997. Climate-induced changes in the dissolved organic carbon budgets of boreal lakes. Biogeochemistry 36: 9-28.
193. Curtis, P.J. and D.W. Schindler. 1997. Hydrologic control of dissolved organic matter in low-order Precambrian Shield lakes, northwestern Ontario. Biogeochemistry 36: 125-138.
194. Schindler, D.W. 1997. Liming to restore acidified lakes and streams: a typical approach to restoring damaged ecosystems. Invited commentary to Restoration Ecology 5: 1-6. 195. Vitousek, P.M., J.D. Aber, R.W. Howarth, G.E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D.W. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, and D. Tilman. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences. Issues in Ecology 1 .
196. Vitousek, P.M., J.D. Aber, R.W. Howarth, G.E. Likens, P.A. Matson, D.W. Schindler, W.H. Schlesinger, and D. Tilman. 1 997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences. Ecological Applications 7: 737-750.
197. Schindler, D.W. 1997. Widespread effects of climatic warming on freshwater ecosystems. Hydrological Processes 11: 1043-1067.
198. Leavitt, P., R.D. Vinebrooke, D.B. Donald, J.P. Smol and D.W. Schindler. 1997. Past ultraviolet radiation environments in lakes derived from fossil pigments. Nature 388: 457459.
199. Magnuson, J. J., K.E. Webster, R.A. Assel, C.J. Bowser, P.J. Dillon, J.G. Eaton, H.E. Evans, E.J. Fee, R.I. Hall, L.D. Mortsch, D.W. Schindler and F.H. Quinn. 1997. Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian Shield region. Hydrological Processes 1 1 : 825-872.
200. Schindler, D.W. 1998. A dim future for boreal waters and landscapes. Bioscience 48: 157164.
201 . Sellers, T.J., B.R. Parker , D.W. Schindler and W.M. Tonn. 1998. The pelagic distribution of lake trout (Salvelinus ncimaycush) in small Canadian Shield lakes with respect to temperature, dissolved oxygen and light. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 170-179.
202. Schindler, D.W. 1998. Aquatic issues in the Yellowstone to Yukon, pp. 93-96. In: B.R. Wilcox and A. Harvey (eds.). A Sense of Place: Issues, Attitudes and Resources in the Yellowstone to Yukon Ecoregion.
203. Kidd, K.A., D.W. Schindler, R.H. Hesslein and D.C.G. Muir. 1998. Effects of trophic position and lipid on organochlorine concentrations in fishes for subarctic lakes in Yukon Territory. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 869-881.
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204. Schindler, D.W. and S. R. Carpenter. 1998. Editorial: Workshop on ecosystem manipulation. Ecosystems 1:321-322. 205. Schindler, D.W. 1998. Replication versus realism: the need for ecosystem-scale experiments. Ecosystems 1 : 323-334.
206. Schindler, D.W. 1998. New Journal Review: Boreal Environmental Research, Editors-in chief, Lehtonen, H. and S. Joffre, Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. Nature 395: 130-131.
207. Donahue, W.F., D.W. Schindler, S.J. Page and M.P. Stainton. 1998. Acid-induced changes in DOC quality in an experimental whole-lake manipulation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32: 2954-2960.
208. Blais, J.M., D.W. Schindler, D.C.G. Muir, D.B. Donald and B. Rosenberg. 1998. Accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds in mountains of western Canada. Nature 395: 585-588.
209. Donahue, W.F. and D.W. Schindler. 1998. Diel emigration and colonization responses by black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) to ultraviolet radiation. Freshwater Biology 40: 357-365. 210. Schindler, D.W. 1998. Another look at the little ice age (letter of response). Bioscience 48: 884.
21 1. Schindler, D.W. 1998. Sustaining aquatic ecosystems in boreal regions. Conservation Ecology 2: httD://www.ecologvandsocietv.org/vol2/iss2/artl8/
212. McNaught, A.S., D.W. Schindler, B.R. Parker, A.J. Paul, R.S. Anderson, D.B. Donald and M. Agbeti. 1999. Restoration of the food web of an alpine lake following fish stocking. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 127-136. 213. Wilhelm, F.M., B.R. Parker and D.W. Schindler. 1999. Harrison Lake bull trout: a rare gem in the Canadian Rockies. Banff National Park Research Updates 1 : 6-7. 214. Schindler, D.W. 1999. The mysterious missing sink. Nature 398: 105-106.
215. Levine, S.N. and D.W. Schindler. 1999. Influence of nitrogen:phosphorus supply ratios and physicochemical conditions on cyanobacteria and phytoplankton species composition in the Experimental Lakes Area, Canada. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 451-466.
216. Donald, D.B., J. Syrgiannis, R.W. Crosley, G. Holdsworth, D.C.G. Muir, B. Rosenberg, A. Sole and D.W. Schindler. 1999. Delayed deposition of organochlorine pesticides at a temperate glacier. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 1794-1798.
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217. Schindler, D.W. 1999. From acid rain to toxic snow (Volvo Environmental Prize Lecture). Ambio 28: 350-355. 218. Hudson, J.J., W.D. Taylor and D.W. Schindler. 1999. Planktonic nutrient regeneration and cycling efficiency along a trophic gradient of temperate lakes. Nature 400: 659-661 .
219. Wilhelm, F.M. and D.W. Schindler. 1999. Effects of Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea: Amphipoda) on plankton community structure in an alpine lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1401-1408. 220. Wilhelm, F.M., J.J. Hudson and D.W. Schindler. 1999. The contribution of Gammarus lacustris to phosphorus recycling in a Ashless alpine lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 16791686. 221. Wilhelm, F.M., B.R. Parker, D.W. Schindler and D.B. Donald. 1999. Seasonal food habits of
bull trout from a small alpine lake in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 128: 1176-1192. 222. Schindler, D.W. 2000. The ecological rights of humans, pp. 1 19-126. In: G.S. Bhatia, J.S. O'Neill, G.L. Gall and P.D. Bendin (eds.). Peace, Justice and Freedom: Human Rights Challenges in the New Millenium. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton Alberta. 223. Campbell, L.M., D.W. Schindler, D.B. Donald and D.C.G. Muir. 2000. Organochlorine transfer in the food web of subalpine Bow Lake, Banff National Park. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 1-12. 224. Hudson, J.J., W.D. Taylor and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Phosphate concentration in lakes. Nature 406: 54-56 225. Schindler, D.W. 2000. Canadian freshwaters in a climate of change. EnCompass 4: 5-7. 226. Schindler, D.W. 2000. Book review. Successes, Limitations and Frontiers in Ecosystem Science. J. Paleolimnol. 23: 337-339. 227. Elser, J.J., R.W. Sterner, A.E. Galford, T.H. Chrzanowski, D.L. Findlay, K.H. Mills, M.J. Paterson, M.P. Stainton and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Pelagic C:N:P stoichiometry in a eutrophied lake: responses to a whole-lake food-web manipulation. Ecosystems 3: 293307.
228. Schindler, D.W. 2000. Book review. Management of lakes and reservoirs during global climate change. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44: 1594. 229. Schindler, D.W. 2000. Aquatic problems caused by human activities in Banff National Park.
Ambio 29: 401-407.
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230.
Donald, D.B., J. Syrgiannis, R.W. Crosley, G. Holdsworth, D.C.G. Muir, B. Rosenberg, A. Sole and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Response to comment on "Delayed deposition of organochlorine pesticides in a temperate glacier. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 2873-2874.
231.
Parker, B.R. and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Square hooks for exotic brooks: Experimental gillnet removal of brook trout from Bighorn Lake, Banff National Park. Research Links 8: 1, 7 & 1 1.
232.
Wilhelm, F.M., D.W. Schindler and A.S. McNaught. 2000. The influence of experimental scale on estimating the predation rate of Gammarus Icicustris (Crustacea: Amphipoda) on Daphnia in an alpine lake. J. Plankton Res. 22: 1719-1734.
233. Wilhelm, F.M. and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Reproductive strategies of Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea: Amphipoda) along an elevation gradient. Functional Ecology 14: 413-422. 234. Blais, J.M., K.E. Duff, D.W. Schindler, J.P. Smol, P.R. Leavitt and M. Agbeti. 2000. Recent eutrophication histories in Lac Ste. Anne and Lake Isle, Alberta, Canada, inferred using paleolimnological methods. J. Lakes Reserv. Manag. 16: 292-304. 235.
McNaught, A.S., D. Pavlik and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Patterns of zooplankton biodiversity in the mountain lakes of Banff National Park, Canada. Verh. Intemat. Verein. Limnol. 27: 494-499.
236.
Wilhelm, F.M. and D.W. Schindler. 2000. Gammarus lacustris (Crustacea: Amphipoda) zooplankton predation in a Canadian Rocky Mountain Lake. Verh. Intemat. Verein. Limnol. 27: 1-2 (extended abstract).
237. Muir, D., J. Blais, K. Froese, D. Schindler and K. McDonald. 2000. Assessment and characterization of PCBs in snow, plants and sediment following a major accidental release from the Alberta Special Waste Treatment Centre near Swan Hills, Alberta. NWRI Contribution No. 00-3 1 5.
238. Schindler, D.W. 2001 . The cumulative effects of climate warming and other human stresses on Canadian freshwaters in the new millennium. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 18-29. 239. Tilman, D. J. Farglione, B. Wolff, C. D'Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff and D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting agriculturally-driven global environmental change. Science 292: 281-284. 240. Parker, B.R., D.W. Schindler, D.B. Donald and R.S. Anderson. 2001. The effects of stocking and removal of non-native brook trout on the plankton populations of an alpine lake. Ecosystems 4: 334-345.
241. Xenopoulos, M.A. and D.W. Schindler. 2001. Physical factors determining ultraviolet radiation flux into ecosystems, pp. 36-62. In: C.S. Cockell and A.R. Blaustein (eds). Ecosystems, Evolution, and Ultraviolet Radiation. Springer: New York.
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242. Watkins, E.M., D.W. Schindler, M.A. Turner, D. Findlay. 2001. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation on epilithic metabolism, nutrient and community composition in a clear-water boreal lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 2059-2070.
243. Schindler, D.W. 2001. The urgent need for endangered species legislation in Canada, pp. 9 14. In: M.K. Brewin, A.J. Paul and M. Monita (eds). Ecology and Management of Northwest Salmonids: Bull Trout II Conference Proceedings. Trout Unlimited: Calgary, Alberta. http://books.googie.ca/books/'about Proceedings of Second Bull Trout Confere.html?id=m R86NAEACAAJ&redir esc-v
244. Xenopoulos, M.A. and D.W. Schindler. 2001 . The environmental control of near-surface thermoclines in boreal lakes. Ecosystems 4: 699-707. 245. Vinebrooke, R.D., M.A. Turner, K.A. Kidd, B.J. Hann and D.W. Schindler. 2001. Truncated foodweb effects of omnivorous minnows in a recovering acidified lake. J. North Amer. Benth. Soc. 20: 629-642.
246. Blais, J.M., D.W. Schindler, M. Sharp, E. Braekevelt, M. Lafreniere, D.C.G. Muir, W. Strachan, M. Comba and S. Backus. 2001 . Fluxes of semi-volatile organochlorines in Bow Lake, a remote high altitude, glacier-fed sub-alpine lake in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 2019-2031.
247. Blais, J.M., D.W. Schindler, D.C.G. Muir, M. Sharp, D. Donald, M. Lafreniere, E. Braekevelt, M. Comba and S. Backus. 2001. Melting glaciers are a dominant source of
persistent organochlorines to subalpine Bow Lake in Banff National Park, Canada. Ambio 30:410-415.
248. Schindler, D.W. 2001. Ecological concerns relating to the diversion, damming and export of freshwater. PICA 21:5-11.
249. Schindler, D.W. and B.R. Parker. 2002. Biological pollutants: Alien fishes in mountain lakes. Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus 2: 379-397.
250. Schindler, D.W. 2002. The eastern slopes of the Canadian Rockies: Must we follow the American blueprint, pp. 285-299. In: J. Baron (ed.). Rocky Mountain Futures. Island Press: Covelo, CA.
251. Xenopoulos, M.A. and D.W. Schindler. 2003. Differential responses to UVR by bacterioplankton and phytoplankton from the surface and the base of the mixed layer. Freshwater Biology 48: 108-122.
252. Blais, J.M., K..L. Froese, L.E. Kimpe, D.C.G. Muir, S. Backus, M. Comba and D.W. Schindler. 2003. Assessment and characterization of polychlorinated biphenyls near a
hazardous waste incinerator: analysis of vegetation, snow, and sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.22: 126-133.
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253. Davidson, D.A., A.C. Wilkinson, J.M. Blais, L.E. Kimpe, K.M. Mcdonald and D.W. Schindler. 2003. Orographic cold-trapping of persistent organic pollutants by vegetation in mountains of western Canada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37: 209-215.
254. Vinebrooke, R.D., D.W. Schindler, D.L. Findlay, M.A. Turner, M. Paterson and K..H. Mills.
2003. Trophic dependence of ecosystem resistance and species compensation in experimentally acidified Lake 302S (Canada). Ecosystems 6: 101-113. 255. Schindler, D.W. 2003. Balancing planets and molecules. Book review. Nature 423: 225 226.
256. Schindler, D.W. 2003. The myth of unlimited water. Nature Canada 32: 38. 257.
Schindler, D.W. 2003. High and dry. Flushing our water down the toilet. Alberta Views May/June 48-51.
258. Schindler, D.W. 2003. The effects of climate warming and cumulative human activity on Canada's freshwater in the 21st century. In: P. Gallaugher and L. Wood (eds). Water and the Future of Life. http://www.sfu.ca/cstudies/science/water/pdf/Water.pdf
259. Baulch, H.E., T.W. Nord, M.Y. Ackerman, J.D. Dale, R.R.O. Hazewinkel, D.W. Schindler and R.D. Vinebrooke. 2003. Climate warming experiments: design of a mesocosm heating system. Limnol. Oceanogr: Methods 1: 10-15. 260.
Kelly, D.J., M.L. Bothwell and D.W. Schindler. 2003. Effects of solar ultraviolet radiation
on stream benthic communities: an intersite comparison. Ecology 84: 2724-2740. 261. Tank, S.E., D.W. Schindler and M.T. Arts. 2003. Direct and indirect effects of UV radiation
on benthic communities: Epilithic food quality and invertebrate growth in four montane lakes. Oikos 103: 651-667.
262. Blais, J.M., F. Wilhelm, K.A. Kidd, D.C.G. Muir, D.B. Donald and D.W. Schindler. 2003. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in amphipods (Gammarus lacustris) along an elevation gradient in mountain lakes of western Canada. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22:2605-2613.
263. Schindler, D.W. 2003. Mountain water: lifeblood of the prairies, pp. 163-175. In: B. McDonald and D. Jehl (eds.). Whose Water is it? The Unquenchable Thirst of a WaterHungry World. National Geographic: Washington, DC.
264. Schindler, D.W. and J.M. Gunn. 2004. Dissolved organic carbon as a controlling variable in lake trout and other Boreal Shield lakes, pp. 1 33-145. In: J.M. Gunn, R.J. Steedman and
R.A. Dyer (eds.). Boreal Shield Watersheds: lake trout ecosystems in a changing environment. CRC Press: Boca Raton, USA.
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265. Thormann, M.N., P.Y. Bernier, N. W. Foster, D.W. Schindler and F.D. Beall. 2004. Landuse practices and changes - forestry, pp. 57-65. In: L. Brannen and A.T. Bielak (eds.). Threats to Water Availability in Canada. NWRI Scientific Assessment Report Series No. 3 and ACSD Science Assessment Series No. 1 . National Water Research Institute: Burlington, ON. 266. Swackhamer, D.L., H.W. Paerl, S.J. Eisenreich, J. Hurley, K.C. Hombuckle, M. McLachlan, D. Mount, D. Muir and D.W. Schindler. 2004. Impacts of atmospheric pollutants on aquatic ecosystems. Issues in Ecology, Number 12, 24 pp. 267. Tank, S.E. and D.W. Schindler. 2004. The role of ultraviolet radiation in structuring epilithic
algal communities in montane lakes of the Rocky Mountains: Evidence from pigments and taxonomy. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 61: 1461-1474. 268. Schindler, D.W., A.-M. Anderson, J. Brzustowski, W.F. Donahue, G. Goss, J. Nelson, V.
St. Louis, M. Sullivan and S. Swanson. 2004. Lake Wabamun: A review of scientific studies and environmental impacts. Publication No. T769 prepared for the Minister of Alberta Environment. 269. Schindler, D.W. and A. Hurley. 2004. Potential problems with cross-border water issues: the
U.S. and Canada in the 21st Century. On-line http://globalcentres.ortz/can-us/bn.html. 270. Bowman, M., P. Chambers and D.W. Schindler. 2005, Epilithic algal abundance in relation
to anthropogenic changes in phosphorus bioavailability and limitation in mountain rivers. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic. Sci. 62: 174-184. 271. McMaster, N.L. and D.W. Schindler. 2005. Planktonic and epipelic algal communities and
their relationship to physical and chemical variables in alpine ponds in Banff National Park, Canada. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research 37: 337-347. 272. Baulch, H., D.W. Schindler, M.A. Turner, D.L. Findlay, M.J, Paterson and R.D. Vinebrooke.
2005. Effects of warming on benthic communities in a boreal lake: implications of climate change. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50: 1377-1392. 273. Bowman, M.F., P.A. Chambers and D.W. Schindler. 2005. Changes in the stoichiometric constraints on epilithon and benthic macroinvertebrates caused by low-level eutrophication
of cold-water rivers. Special Issue, Freshwater Biology 50: 1836-1852. 274. Koemer, C., Ohsawa, M. et al. 2005. Mountain Systems, Chapter 24. In: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Current State and Trends Working Group. Ecosystems and
Human Well-being, Vol. 1. Island Press, Washington DC. 275. Donahue, W.F., E. W. Allen and D.W. Schindler. 2006. Impacts of coal-fired power plants on trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lake sediments in central Alberta, Canada. J. Paleolimnol. 35: 1 1 1-128.
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276. Schindler, D.W. 2006. Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr. 51: 356-363. 277. Swanson, H.K. T.A. Johnston, D.W. Schindler, R.A. Bodaly and D.M. Whittle. 2006. Mercury bioaccumulation in forage fish communities invaded by rainbow smelt {Osmerus mordctx). Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 1439-1446. 278. Parker, B.R. and D.W. Schindler. 2006. Cascading trophic interactions in an oligotrophic species-poor alpine lake. Ecosystems 9: 157-166.
279. Schindler, D.W. and W.F. Donahue. 2006. An impending water crisis in Canada's western prairie provinces. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 7210-7216. 280. Schindler, D.W., P J. Dillon and H. Schreier. 2006. A review of anthropogenic sources of nitrogen in Canada and their effects on Canadian aquatic ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 79: 25-44.
281 . Boesch, D., R. Hecky, C. O'Melia, D.W. Schindler and S. Seitzinger. 2006. Eutrophication of Swedish seas. Final Report. Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm
Sweden. 282. Alberta Environmental Protection Commission. 2006. A review of Alberta's environmental emergency response capacity. Learning the lesson and building change. Alberta Environment, Edmonton, AB. 283. Schindler, D.W. and J.P. Smol. 2006. Cumulative effects of climate warming and other human activities on freshwaters of Arctic and Subarctic North America. Ambio 35:160-168.
284. Martinelli, L.A., R.W. Howarth, E. Cuevas, S. Filoso, A.T. Austen, L. Donoso, V. Huszar, K. Keeney, L.L. Lara, C. Llarena, G. Mclssac, E. Medina, J. Ortiz-Zayas, D. Scavia, D.W. Schindler, D. Soto and A. Townsend. 2006. Sources of reactive nitrogen affecting ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean: current trends and future perspectives. Biogeochemistry 79: 3-24.
285. Lafreniere, M.J., J.M. Blais, M.J. Sharp and D.W. Schindler. 2006. Organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in snow, snowmelt, and runoff at Bow Lake, Alberta. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 4909-4915.
286. Kelly, E.N., D.W. Schindler, V.L. St. Louis, D.B. Donald and K.E. Vladicka. 2006. Forest fire increases mercury accumulation by fishes via food web restructuring and increased mercury inputs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 19380-19385. 287. Schindler, D.W. 2007. The cumulative effects of climate warming and human demands on the freshwaters of Canada's Western Prairies. Can. Soc. Environ. Biologists Newsletter/Bulletin 64: 21-27.
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288. Demers, M.N., E.N., Kelly, J.M. Blais, F.R. Pick, V. St. Louis and D.W. Schindler. 2007. Organochlorines in trout from lakes over a 1600 meter elevation gradient in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Env. Sci. Technol. 41: 2723-2729.
289. Parker, B.R., D.W. Schindler, D.B. Donald and F.M. Wilhelm. 2007. Bull trout population responses to reductions in angler effort and retention limits. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27: 848-859.
290. Bowman, M.F., P.A. Chambers and D.W. Schindler. 2007. Constraints on benthic algal response to nutrient addition in oligotrophic mountain rivers. River Research and Applications 23: 858-876.
291. Schindler, D.W., R.E. Hecky, D.L. Findlay, M.P. Stainton, B.R. Parker, M. Paterson, K.G. Beaty, M. Lyng and S.E.M. Kasian. 2008. Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input: Results of a 37 year whole ecosystem experiment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 11254-11258.
292. Schindler, D.W. and R.E. Hecky. 2008. Reply to Howarth and Paerl: Is control of both nitrogen and phosphorus necessary? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: no. 49, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/ 1 0. 1 073/pnas.08Q9744 1 05
293. Schindler, D.W. 2008. The role of science in making sound environmental policy. Killam Annual Lecture http://.killamIaureates.ca/doc/Killam Annual Report 2008.pdf 294. Schindler, D.W. and R.E. Hecky. 2009. Reply to Bryhn and Hakanson: models for the Baltic agree with our experiments and observations in lakes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: no. 1, www.pnas.ore/cgi/doi/ 1 0. 1 073/pnas.08 1 1 576 1 06
295. Parker, B.R., R.D. Vinebrooke and D.W. Schindler. 2008. Recent climate extremes alter alpine lake ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 12927-12931.
296. Schindler, D.W. and J.R. Vallentyne. 2008. The Algal Bowl: Overfertilization of the World's Freshwaters and Estuaries. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta.
297. Schindler, D.W., A.P. Wolfe, R. Vinebrooke, A. Crowe, J.M. Blais, B. Miskimmin, R. Freed and B. Perren. 2008. The cultural eutrophication of Lac la Biche: A paleoecological study. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 65: 221 1-2223.
298. Williamson, C.E., J.E. Saros and D.W. Schindler. 2009. Sentinels of change. Science 323: 887-888.
299. Smith, V.H. and D.W. Schindler. 2009. Eutrophication science: Where do we go from here? TREE 24: 201-207.
300. Schindler, D.W. and R.E. Hecky. 2009. Eutrophication: more nitrogen data needed. Science 324: 721-722.
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301.
Schindler, D.W. 2009. Managing nutrient mobilization and eutrophication, pp. 712-717. In: S.A. Levin, (ed). The Princeton Guide to Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.
302.
Xenopoulos, M.A., P.R. Leavitt and D.W. Schindler. 2009. Ecosystem-level regulation of boreal lake phytoplankton by ultraviolet radiation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66: 2002-2010.
303. Schindler, D.W. 2009. A personal history of the Experimental Lakes Project. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66: 1837-1847. 304.
Blanchfield, P.J., M.J. Paterson, J.A. Shearer, and D.W. Schindler. 2009. Johnson and Vallentyne's legacy: 40 years of aquatic research at the Experimental Lakes Area. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 66: 1831-1836.
305.
Parker, B.R., D.W. Schindler, K. Beaty, M.P. Stainton, and S. Kasian. 2009. Long-term changes in climate, streamflow and nutrient budgets for first-order catchments at the Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 66: 1848-1863.
306. Schindler, D.W. 2009. Lakes as sentinels and integrators for the effects of climate change on watersheds, airsheds and landscapes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54 (6 part 2): 2349-2358. 307. Tranvik, L. J., J.A. Downing, J.B. Cotner, S.A. Loiselle, R.G. Striegl, T.J. Ballatore, P. Dillon, K. Finlay, K. Fortino, L.B. Knoll, P.L. Kortelainen, T. Kutser, S. Larsen, I. Laurion, D.M. Leech, S.L. McCallister, D.M. McKnight, J.M. Melack, E. Overholt, J.A. Porter, Y. Prairie, W.H. Renwick, F. Roland, B.S. Sherman, D.W. Schindler, S. Sobek, A. Tremblay, M.J. Vanni, A.M. Verschoor, E. von Wachenfeldt, and G.A. Weyhenmeyer. 2009. Lakes and impoundments as regulators of carbon cycling and climate. Limnol. Oceanogr. 54 (6 part 2): 2298-2314. 308.
Kelly, E.N., J.W. Short, D.W. Schindler, P.V. Hodson, M. Ma, A.K. Kwan, and B.L. Fortin. 2009. Oil sands development contributes polycyclic aromatic compounds to the Athabasca
River and its tributaries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106: 22346-22351. 309. Vaux, H Jr. , J. Bergstrom, K. Boyd, H. Ingram, D. Schindler and R. Sandford. 2009. Report of the Rosenberg International Forum on Water Policy to the Government of the Northwest Territories. 28 p. http:/ ciwr.ucanr.edu/files 168637.pdf 3 1 0.
Schindler, D. W., and P.G. Lee. 20 1 0. Comprehensive conservation planning to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services in Canadian boreal regions under a warming climate.
Biol. Conserv. 143: 1571-1586. 311.
Kelly, E.N., D.W. Schindler, P.V. Hodson, J.W. Short, R. Radmanovich, and C.C. Nielsen. 2010. Oil sands development contributes toxic elements at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 16178-16183.
312.
Gleick, P., et al. 2010. Climate change and the integrity of science. Science 328: 689-690.
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313. Schindler, D.W. 2010. Tar sands need solid science. Invited Comment. Nature 468: 499501.
314. Weidman, P., D.W. Schindler and R.D. Vinebrooke. 201 1 . Pelagic food web interactions among benthic invertebrates and trout in mountain lakes. Freshwater Biol. 56: 1081-1094. 315. Paterson, M.J., D.W. Schindler, R.E. Hecky, D.L. Findlay and K.J. Rondeau. 201 1. Comment: Lake 227 shows clearly that controlling inputs of nitrogen will not reduce or prevent the eutrophication of lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 56: 1545-1547. 3 1 6. Schindler, D.W., M. Weld and S.H. Hurlbert. 201 1 . American Association for the Advancement of Silence (On National Population Policies) Muffles Obnoxious Canadians Too. The Social Contract. Winter 2012 ppl 1-25.
3 1 7. Rooney, R.C., S.E. Bayley and D.W. Schindler. 2012. Oil sands mining and reclamation cause massive loss of peatland and stored carbon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109: 49334937.
3 1 8. Schindler, D.W., R.E. Hecky and G.K. McCullough. 2012. The rapid eutrophication of Lake Winnipeg: Greening under global change. J. Great Lakes Res. 38: 6-13.
319. Schindler, D.W. 2012. The dilemma of controlling cultural eutrophication. Proc. R. Soc. B. 279: 4322-4333.
320. National Research Council of the National Academies (USA). NAWQA Review Committee. 2012. Preparing for the Third Decade (Cycle 3) of the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 185 pp.
321. Schindler, D.W. 2013. Water quality issues in the oil sands region of the Lower Athabasca River, Alberta. Geosciences Canada 40: 201-214.
322. Weld, M., D.W. Schindler, and T. Murray, (eds.) 2013. The manic quest to grow Canada's population. The Social Contract. 23(3). 323. Weld, M., T. Murray and D.W. Schindler. 2013. Promoting a big Canada: The scientific
arguments. The Social Contract 23(3): 4-6. 324. Schindler, D.W. 2013. The ecological rights of humans. (Updated from 2000). The Social Contract 23(3) 25-29.
325. Badiou, P. and 23 others. 2013. Conserving the World's Last Great Forest Is Possible: Here's How. 22p. http://borealscience.on2/wp-content/uploads/20 13/07 'conservina-last-greatforestsl.pdf
326. Vaux, H Jr. and 8 others. 2013. Report of the Rosenberg International Forum on Transboundary Relations in the Mackenzie River Basin. 78 p. http:flciwr.ucanr.edu/files/l68679.pdf
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327. Schindler, D.W. 2014. Unravelling the complexity of pollution by the oil sands industry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. http: www.pnas.org/cgj doi 10.1 073/pnas. 140051 1 1 1 1 328.
Weidman, P., D.W. Schindler, P.L. Thompson, and R.D. Vinebrooke. 2014. Interactive
effects of higher temperature and dissolved organic carbon on planktonic communities in Ashless mountain lakes. Freshwater Biology 59: 889-904. doi: 10.1 1 1 1/fwb. 1 23 1 3 329.
Orihel, D., Schindler, D.W., Ballard, N.C., Graham, M.D., O'Connell, D.W., Wilson, L.R., and R.D. Vinebrooke. 2015. The "nutrient pump": Iron-poor sediments and polymixis fuel low nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios and cyanobacterial blooms in shallow lakes. Limnol,
Oceanogr. 60: 1-25. doi: 10.1002. lno. 1 0076 330. Schindler D.W. 201 5. Human-caused ecological changes and threats to the Peace-Athabasca Delta and Wood Buffalo National Park. Summary of current scientific findings and asssessments. An independent technical summary prepared for the Mikisew Cree First Nation. 34pp. (This review triggered a 2016 review by UNESCO that listed 17 improvements Canada must make to retain World Heritage status for the National Park).
33 1. Mantyka-Pringle, C.S., Westman, C.N., Kythreotis, A.P., and D.W. Schindler. 2015. Honouring indigenous treaty rights for climate justice. Nature Climate Change 5:798-801.
doi : 1 0. 1 03 8/ncl imate 27 1 4 332. Wells J., Schindler, D.W., Pimm S., Courtois V., Smith K., Schaefer J., Jacobs J., and P. Raven 201 5. Domestic Policy Focus Highly Important For Protecting Primary Forests. Conservation Letters, doi: 10.1 1 1 l/conl.12165 333. Orihel, D.M., Schindler, D.W., Ballard, N.C,, Wilson, L.R., and R.D. Vinebrooke. 2016. Experimental iron amendment suppresses toxic cyanobacteria in a hypereutrophic lake. Ecol.
Applic. DOI: 10.1890/15-1928. 334.
Schindler, D.W., Carpenter, S.R., Chapra, S., Hecky, R.E. and D. Orihel. 2016. Reducing
phosphorus to curb lake eutrophication is a success. Environ. Sci. Technol. (invited feature). DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02204 335.
Manzano, C. , Muir, D., Kirk, J., Teixeira, C., Sui, M., Wang, X., Charland, J.-P., Schindler, D.W., and E. N. Kelly, 2016. Deposition of polycyclic aromatic compounds in snow in the Athabasca oil sands area of Alberta. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188:542
DOI: 10.1 007/sl 066 1 -0 1 6-5500-3. 336.
Schindler, D.W., Carpenter, S.R., Chapra, S., Hecky, R.E. and D. Orihel. 2016. Response to
the letter "Nitrogen is not a House of Cards." Environ. Sci. Technol. DOI: 1 0. 1 02 1 /acs.est.6b06 1 06. 337.
Schindler, D.W. 201 7.
Facts don't matter: A critique of government environmental policy.
Alberta Views July-August. Pp 36-40.
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338. Higgins, S. et al. 201 7. Ecosystems L 227
339. Schindler, D. W. 201 8. Will Canada's Future be Dammed? Site C could be the Tip of the Iceberg. In W. Holm (ed.) Site C. James Lorimer, Ltd. Toronto (in press).
39
JAMES F.JUDIESCH Student-at-Law
1018 - T Avenue, P.O. Box 2400 Inveripere, B.C. VOA 1 K0
PH: (250) 342-6921
FAX: (250)342-3237
Assessments of Site C Mercury and Fish Population Issues D.W. Schindler, OC, AOE, FRS, FRSGpjjjg js Fyhihj,
& Âť referred to in the V
Killam Memorial Professor of Ecology Em^ft48vit of\/dQ University of Alberta January 31,2018
in the Province of British Columbia, this
...^i....day of A
Introduction
lilt*
irissfoaer for taking affidavits for British Columbia.
I have been asked by Tim Thielmann on of Sage Legal behalf of the Plaintiffs in West Moberly First Nations v. HNITO et al BCSC Victoria Registry #18 0247 to prepare a report setting out my expert opinion, as an Ecologist with specific experience and specialization in limnology and environmental contamination, on the following: 1.
Potential sources, causes, or concerns associated with elevated mercury levels observed in Bull Trout at the Crooked River in British Columbia and the construction of the Site C hydroelectric dam; and
2.
Potential effects of the Site C hydroelectric dam on fish or fish habitat, including the effectiveness of related mitigation measures.
My opinions on the questions above are based in over 50 years of experience with aquatic sciences and the references cited at the end of this report. I have reviewed relevant sections from the following documents: 1.
BC Hydro. 201 3. Site C Clean Energy Project, complete environmental impact statement including amendments (Aug 7, 2013).
2.
DFO. 2014. Technical Review of the Effects of the Site C Clean Energy Project on Fish and Fish Habitat of the Peace River, British Columbia. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Resp. 2014/011
3.
Williston-Dinosaur Watershed Fish Mercury Investigation 2016 Report
4.
Report of the joint review panel: Site C clean energy project, B.C. Hydro and power
authority, British Columbia, May, 2014 5.
Site C Clean energy project fish and fish habitat technical report, Mainstream Aquatics,
6.
Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Management Plan, Site C Clean Energy Project, Revision
December 2012
June 1, 2015
7.
8.
&
sworn before me at. .
Final Report on the Study on the Human Exposure to Fish Contaminants and Direct Impacts on Human Health and Fish Consumption in the Peace River Region of Northeast British Columbia. West Moberly First Nations. 2013. Aboriginal Health Risk Assessment of Mercury in Bull Trout Harvested from the Crooked River, British Columbia. Prepared for West Moberly First Nations by ERM Consultants Canada Ltd., Vancouver, British Columbia. 2015.
High Mercury in Crooked River Bull Trout
High current mercury in bull trout in the Crooked River is almost certainly the result of the extensive time the fish spend feeding in Williston Reservoir, where mercury remains high even though 50 years have passed since the Reservoir was flooded. Mass migration into streams is largely a seasonal phenomenon.
The long persistences of high mercury in Crooked River bull trout, and in lake trout and bull trout from Williston Reservoir are exceptional. They would not have been predicted by any of today's mercury models, even if a contemporary EIA had been done before flooding. The
longest cases of mercury persistence following reservoir flooding that have been welldocumented show a return of mercury concentrations to near-baseline conditions in 20-30 years or less (for example, Bodaly et al. 2007; Munthe et al. 2007; Green et al. 2016. This suggests that there is something unknown and unique about Williston Reservoir or the Peace River system that is not included in current predictive mercury models. As a result, predictions for reservoirs in the area, including Site C, that are based on models from other ecosystems should be interpreted with caution. Indeed, even BC Hydro's modellers have stated that they expect "substantial variability" in results and that "more research is needed" for Site C.
One such factor that contributes to this result may be the extreme "ultra-oligotrophy" of the site, as noted by DFO. In general, larger, slower growing fish will have higher mercury than younger, faster growing fish of the same size in any given location. Even the northern sites in Quebec and Manitoba appear to be more productive than the waters of Williston Reservoir and
the adjacent Peace River. Another possible reason for the higher than modeled mercury values might be changes in the food chain leading to bull trout that were caused by flooding. Fisheries surveys in Williston from the 1 990s showed that there was a large increase in kokanee in the reservoir. This is also one of the proponent's predictions for Site C. If bull trout feed heavily on kokanee (as is the case in Kootenay Lake and the upper and lower Arrow Lakes, all BC Hydro reservoirs that have been well studied), it may mean that the food web leading to bull trout has effectively increased by one trophic level compared to pre-flood conditions, because kokanee are predators, not
herbivores. This would cause a several-fold increase in bull trout mercury over what would otherwise be expected. Higher mercury contamination caused by changes in predation to higher trophic levels has been documented at other sites with more complete data, for example, Kelly et al. 2006 at Moab Lake in Jasper National Park (attached) and Kidd et al. 1995 in Lake Laberge in the Yukon. Traditional Knowledge may assist here, if Indigenous People have examined stomach contents of their catch over time since Williston Reservoir was flooded. Kokanee may be more prevalent in bull trout stomachs than they were before flooding. There is good reason to be extra cautious about the Site C case. Predatory fish species, including bull trout, have already been compromised by high mercury in Williston Reservoir for 50 years. Both subsistence benefits and cultural practices to Indigenous Peoples have thus been
compromised for 2-3 generations. With Williston and and Crooked River bull trout certain to be over health consumption limits for the foreseeable future, no additional risks to indigenous subsistence and cultural traditions should be taken, such as Site C. As DFO has noted, predictions for increased fish production in the reservoir were obtained with a model that is designed for lakes, which has not been tested in reservoirs or rivers, and projected increases in
fish production are overly optimistic. The predicted increases in fish production would also be in species that are not valued as highly as bull and lake trout by Indigenous users. Many Indigenous People will cease eating fish if they hear that contaminant levels have increased at all. Guidelines and concentration limits have little effect. While some may call this
reaction irrational, it is really no less rational than white society's resistance to building nuclear power plants, in the face of strong evidence that nuclear power is almost always safe. In both cases, the fears are based on a lack of real technical knowledge. In both cases, cultural practices and desires should be respected. Systems with chronic mercury problems cannot be mitigated with confidence, so if mercury predictions are wrong, damage to fisheries at Site C will be long term, as in the Williston case. For example, after a chlor-alkali plant on the Wabigoon River in Ontario was found to be causing mercury poisoning and Minimata disease in residents of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog downstream, the source of the mercury was eliminated. In 2017, over 50 years later, mercury in fish of the river system is still high and Minimata Disease has affected three
generations of Indigenous People (Harada, M., et al., 201 1; Takaoka et al. 2014, attached). How to mitigate the mercury problem at Grassy Narrows is unknown, and research proposals currently under review to attempt mitigation are costing millions of dollars. In short, we do not have the science to mitigate mercury contamination effectively once it has happened,
and it must be regarded as irreversible damage. It has caused a major problem for Indigenous People who rely on fish near hydroelectric facilities throughout Canada (reviewed by Calder et al. 2016). There appear to have been no studies of the risk of Minimata Disease to Indigenous People in the Site C/Williston Reservoir area. Fish and Fish Habitat
The EIS section on this topic could have been written anytime in the past 50 years. Mitigation models have not improved very much over that time period. Because hearing panels have grown accustomed to hearing that dams cause severe damage to fisheries. Planned mitigation for upstream movement of fish in the Peace is focused on one species, bull trout, and even that is for seasonal mitigation only, concentrating only on mature specimens. Other species will be moved upstream only if they are incidentally caught in the bull trout scheme. Several other prominent fish species in the river are known to undergo seasonal
migrations of up to hundreds of kilometers, as stated in the EIS reports and DFO's assessment. Burbot, goldeye and mountain whitefish are examples. Moving bull trout as described would be also be rather traumatic for the fish, treating them with anaesthetic, followed by hand sorting and truck transport. Some mortality is to be expected. There is no mention of any special considerations of bull trouts' unusually low
temperature preference and tolerance, which can be problems during the summer months. Analogous measures have been tried for moving salmon on the Columbia River, where I live, to bypass dams. They have been totally unsuccessful, despite hatchery supplementation of stocks. As a result, there are no anadromous salmon in the Canadian reaches of the Columbia, indicating that the methods are totally unsuccessful. This has been a source of long-term concern to
Indigenous People in the upper Columbia, who used to rely heavily on salmon, as the West Moberly people appear to do on bull trout. In the only case where the transport of bull trout around dams has been studied, on Montana's Clark Fork River, attempts to move fish upstream have been of limited success, reportedly because unlike other species, bull trout avoid man-made structures
https://www.desmog.ca/2016/04/04/bc-hvdro-s-bizarre-multi-million-dollar-boondoggle-savefish-site-c-dam . There appear to be no recent scientific studies of how effective the techniques have been. In a recent review of trap and haul methods for moving fish around dams throughout the United States, Lusardi and Moyle (2017) found that success was limited, and urged that any new trap and haul programs "should proceed with extreme caution." Pelicice and Agostinho
(2008) reviewed the effectiveness of fish passage facilities in the USA and concluded that they are "fish traps" that do not accomplish what they claim.
There is vague mention in the Site C EIS of studies of genetic exchange, and of "monitoring and adaptive management." No details are given, and these statements could mean anything. Fish moving downstream will pass through hydro turbines, with >90% survival predicted for fish <400mm in fork length to >60% survival for large fish. The description can only be described as "fish carnage." Is this really considered acceptable mitigation for a valued fishery in
the 21sl century? It is not in my view. Work on older dams has documented well a number of other problems: destruction of ecological and geological flows that maintain the integrity of biological communities and river channel form, erosion of deltas, declines in the flooding that rejuvenates deltas, replacement of riverine fisheries with lacustrine ones, and many others, including destruction of native cultures. Cooper et al. (2017, Sci. Tot. Environ.) have reviewed the effects of 5000 dams in the USA, concluding that they are one of the very largest landscape-scale stressors to the environment. Few First-World countries are still building large dams, and some are beginning to dismantle
older ones. The latest country to announce a moratorium on large hydro projects is Brazil, previously one of the world's largest dam builders:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/ian/Q4/brazil-raises-hopes-of-a-retreat-fromnew-mega-dam-construction. One must ask: Is Canada's continued building of hydroelectric facilities really in the best interests of ecosystem and human health, and inclusion of Indigenous People in our reputedly multicultural society? My answer is no.
References Bodaly RA, Jansen WA. Majewski AR, Fudge RJP, Strange NE, Derksen AJ. 2007. Postimpoundment time course of increased mercury concentrations in fish in hydroelectric
reservoirs of northern Manitoba, Canada. Arch Environ Contain Toxicol 53:379-389. Cooper, AR and 5 others. 2017. Assessment of dam effects on streams and fish assemblages of the conterminous USA. Sci. Tot. Environ. 586: 879-889. Erin N. Kelly, David W. Schindler, Vincent L. St. Louis, et al. , Serin; Schindler, David; Louis, Vincent L. et al. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta. November 6, 2006. Forest fire increases mercury accumulation by fishes via food web restructuring and increased
mercury inputs. Green, DJ. Duffy. Jan/-, DM, McCullum, K, Carriere, G. Jardine, TD. 2016. Historical and
Contemporary Patterns of Mercury in a Hydroelectric Reservoir and Downstream Fishery: Concentration Decline in Water and Fishes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol (2016) 71: 157. https://doi.org/ 1 0. 1 007/s00244-0 1 6-0287-3. Harada, M. et al. 201 1. Mercury Pollution in First Nations Groups in Ontario, Canada: 35 years of Canadian Minamata Disease. Journal of Minamata Studies 3: 3-30. KA Kidd, RH Hesslein, RJP Fudge, KA Hallard. 1995. The influence of trophic level as
measured by 81 5N on mercury concentrations in freshwater organisms. Mercury as a Global Pollutant, Springer, The Netherlands, p. 101 1-1015. Munthe, J, Bodaly, RA, Branfireun, BA, Driscoll. CT, Gilmour, CC, Harris, R, Horvat, M, Lucotte, M, and Malm, O. 2007. Recovery of mercury-contaminated fisheries. Ambio 36: 33-44. Pelicice, FM, and Agostinho AA. 2008. Fish-Passage Facilities as Ecological Traps in Large Neotropical Rivers. Conservation Biology 22:180-186 Robert A. Lusardi & Peter B. Moyle (2017) Two-Way Trap and Haul as a Conservation Strategy for Anadromous Salmonids, Fisheries, 42:9, 478-487, DOI: 10.1080/03632415.2017.1356124
Shigeru Takaoka, Tadashi Fujino, and Nobuyuki Hotta et al. Science of Total Environment 468 469 (2014) 950-957. Signs and symptoms of methylmercury contamination in a First Nations community in Northwestern Ontario, Canada.