BIBLIOGRAPHY

Therefore, the result of rapid population growth, following urban planning from top-down planners, shows the opposite of land use from the past where agricultural land was consumed to be brownfields and buildings. The major role of Bangkok's transportation was previously set along canals where are now filling and replacing to be road transportation. The inappropriate planning affects citizens socially and physically. So, these urban problems slowly demonstrate the failure of Bangkok land-use plan throughout each generation which emphasizes the side effect from top-down urban planning.

04 - THE COMPROMISE BETWEEN TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM -UP URBAN PLANNING

New York and Bangkok have been demonstrated that the top-down urban planning has produced imprudently failure urban plan. As urban article published by Urboteca in 2018 claimed that bottom-up planning is a strategy to solve the side effect from top-down planning. The power of urban planning should be owned by residents to make ideal city for citizens. However, it seems to be endless urban design process because there might be infinite needs to reply all inhabitants' request. Throughout history, top-down and bottom-up urban planning have been compromising. Urboteca evidenced that people presently can propose through social pressure, economic force, or strategic alliance as agencies to expect how their built environment would be changed. In the late twentieth century, the forms of global government have changed to be mostly democracy which urbanism also adapted the concept of predominant political system. Civil rights and power have granted equally to citizens, urban schools have become to consider the issues of sociospatial justice and public participation in order to propose the city as new imperative. Urboteca proposed that the development of city should be planned mindful spatial plan with appropriated data from the diversity of city users. This compromise would solve the problems, which are social tensions, ecological pressure, displacement, segregation, sprawl, impoverishment, and poor health, from top-down urban planning. The synthesis from 'the top' urban designs processes for 'the bottom' may engage in co-producing urban planning. Therefore, professionals and residents would be together to work countering the failure of top-down urban planning.

From New York, the 'Grid' mapping on Manhattan island has been demonstrated the side effect of 2,028 blocks, which currently generates congestions and pollutions by its limitation as urban problems to habitants. This could emphasize the failure of top-down urban planning. The history of Bangkok land-use plan evidenced the urban problems that slowly presents the failure of Bangkok land-use plan throughout each generation, which highlights the effect from top-down urban planning. The synthesis from 'the top' urban designs processes to 'the bottom' is the summary of the compromise between top-down and bottom-up urban planning. It would engage in co-producing urban planning which professionals and residents should be together to work countering the failure of topdown urban planning. In conclusion, this essay has been discussed the failure of top-down urban planning and its side effect throughout my researches in semester 1 and the dissertation. The compromise between these two urban planning has been summarized as a suggestion for urban design process. A city should be planned with a clear and embodied rational social order, where society would translate spatially its hierarchies, from access to spaces not from a planner who imagines a city by individual visualization. Therefore, these will be a suggestion for the future of urban design process to counter and avoid the failure from top-down urban planning.

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