Zero energy developement

ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT

ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT ZERO ENERGY FUTURE CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

SAHIL VIRMANI B.ARCH

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1

OVERVIEW 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

CHAPTER 2

Introduction Summary Aim Objectives Need Of The Study Scope Limitations Methodology

ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2.1 Energy Consumption By Building Sector 2.2 Green House Gas Emission From Building Sector 2.3 The Move Towards Energy Efficiency And Zero Energy

CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION 3.1 Zero Energy Architecture….. What Is It..??

3.2 Modern Evolution 3.3 Energy Plus Movement

CHAPTER 4

DEFINATION 4.1 defining zero energy building 4.2 types of zero energy building definations

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT

CHAPTER 5

5.1 overview 5.2 energy harvest 5.3 Energy Harvest Vs Energy Consumption 5.4 Sustainable Architecture 5.5 Green Architecture 5.6 Green Vs Zero Energy… The Difference

CHAPTER 6

6.1 Technologies And Techniques 6.2 Designing For Renewable Energy 6.3 Eco Design Stratergies 6.4 The Passive Solar Building Design 6.5 Renewable Technologies

CHAPTER 7

7.1 Development Effoerts 7.2 architecture 2030

CHAPTER 8

CASE STUDIES 8.1 BedZED – Beddington Zero Energy Development, London 8.2 Masdar City , Abu Dhabi 8.3 Retreat: Resource Efficient Teri Retreat For Environmental Awareness And Training, Gurgaon 8.4 Vasundara Appartment , Dwarka

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 10

REFERENCES

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT

CHAPTER 1 1.1 INTRODUCTIO Zero – Energy Architecture can be termed as a practice that exemplifies energy usage at optimum needs and also serves as a flag-bearer for ―off the grid energy production practices. The usage of such a practice in the modern world is a big boost for the human populace as it deals in curbing the energy crisis being faced by the globe, but at the same time providing enough energy so that the living environment is not disturbed, and also to help in cutting down the levels of green-house-gas emissions to a very minute level.

“A net zero energy building is defined as a highly energy efficient building which on annual basis consumes as much energy as it produces energy at site using renewable energy sources”. In other words, a building is said to be NZEB, when the difference between is annual energy consumption and its on site generation through renewable sources is zero.

With the theme of creating buildings that consume and produce the same amount of energy in a year & that in huge numbers is quite an eye-opening concept and a formidable proposition for the current global energy consumption scene and for developers. Hence, it won‘t be long enough that the ZERO ENERGY BUILDING concept finds a permanent foothold in the building industry which it is currently gaining on.

Through an extensive study of existing zero energy buildings and technologies, this research elaborates on the essence to zero-energy building design. It has been shown by the study of various examples that varied approaches to zero-energy architecture may lead to different outcomes in terms of overall sustainability or regenerative potential. `

Figure 1.1 Masdar Headquarters Building, Masdar City, U.A.E – a zero emission building

http://www.masdarcity.ae/en/index.aspx

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 1.2 AIM Zero energy architecture for future development

1.3 OBJECTIVES 

To get a picture of the global energy consumption and energy emissions scenario with a specific reference to the energy consumption and green house gas emissions for buildings.



To comprehend what the term zero-energy architecture/building means and relate it with terms like energy-plus building and ultra-low energy building.



To understand and compare the various definitions of zero-energy architecture with respect to site energy, source energy, energy costs & energy emissions.



To highlight in brief the theme of energy harvest and energy consumption.



To discuss the association of the term zero-energy architecture with green architecture and sustainable architecture.



To recognize and highlight the role of organizations dealing in the promotion of this ideology like ―Architecture 2030.



To discuss in depth the design techniques used to make a zero-energy building supplemented with relevant secondary case studies.



Primary case study to understand the design techniques used to achieve zero energy development through retrofication in housing schemes.



To evolve a conclusion that signifies the relevance of the ―zero-energy theory in the modern urban context.

1.4 SCOPE The research emphasizes upon the ideology of designing a zero-energy building or inculcating the practice of zero-energy architecture as a solution to increasing urban concerns with clearly indicating various definitions, techniques and examples. This is a nessesary endevor in today’s world because of the excessive consumption of non-renewable resources

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 1.5 NEED OF A STUDY The need for alternative energy sources is getting urgent, hence the development of renewable energy is moving fast. Nationally and internationally various individuals and research companies are creating new and exciting energy systems.

The first problem is that the fossil fuels are depleting in a rapid rate and are harder to retrieve. The consequence is that we can be facing an energy crisis in the future if we are not careful today. The energy prices will sky rocket and not be available for many individuals or countries. To avoid this doom scenario we need to find alternatives and used them to their full potential. Luckily this is already happening.

The second problem is that the fossil fuels that widely used today are harmful for the environment. In the early seventies and eighties there were people and even scientist who preached otherwise, but today the negative effects are visible. The earth is warming up and climate is changing. There are parts in the world were there be more rain and sunshine and other parts will become dryer then they already are furthermore, the depletion of the ozone layer leads to the warming up of the earth. These two effects compliment each other and make it even more crucial to take another step in a different direction. This step leads us to the use of renewable energy

1.6 LIMITATION 1.

Limited awareness on the concept of NZEB .

2.

Policy and Program on NZEB not existing.

3.

Market for commercial NZEBs does not exist.

4.

Absence of public awareness on residential NZEBs.

5.

Higher costs of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies for NZEB.

6.

Limited design expertise in the market.

7.

Lack of specialized energ y simulation and modeling skills.

8.

Management constraints among collaborating partners.

9.

Inadequate implementation services for on-site integration.

10.

Inadequate technology and products testing facilities.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 1.7 METHDOLOGY For the purpose of this document, the data, by means of internet and library, has been collected for the following topics of discussion:- Energy consumption as well GHG emissions for the building industry.

- Varied definitions evolved for zero energy buildings.

- Zero-energy architecture – green architecture - Techniques to make a zero-energy building or a net zero-energy building or to regulate the energy consumption of a building.

- Overall energy regulation data for buildings by means of examples of existing buildings or of proposed buildings.

- The significance of the concept in the current scenario with relation to climatic changes as well the mounting urbanization.

- By means of retrofitting, old buildings can also tends towards zero.

By the roadmap of Indian strategy all new building constructed in india after 2030 should be zero energy building and till 2030 every building should be coming under zero energy development or it should be tending towards zero.

So on the basis of that from the present ceteria it is possible to build zero energy building so by 2030 every new building would come under zero energy development but the main problem isto rectify the problem of present building or old building. What about the old building these building should also come under zero energy development. It is very difficult to achieve zero energy development for old built building. But we can cut down the maximum energy consumption and by the means of retrofitting we can able to tends towards zero.

By the examples or secondary case study and on its data basis and its design techniques and technologies we can able to achieve the zero energy development for future construction of building. So our main focus is on retrofitting of the present building and make them energy efficient or which can tends towards zero.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT

CHAPTER 2 2.1 Energy Consumption By Building Sector The construction industry is one of the globe‘s most important economic sector. More than US $3 trillion are expended annually in the world, which is equal to 1/10 th of the global economy and as far as construction businesses are concerned, it constitutes 30% of the businesses in Europe, 22% of the businesses in USA, 21% in Japan and 23% in the developing countries.

Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the environment. Globally speaking on an average, the construction and building sector uses almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately 70% of the electricity produced globally with the commercial buildings contributing to this percentage in amounts more than half that is contributed by the residential sector. The WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) identified buildings as one of the five main users of energy where ―mega trends‖ are needed to transform energy efficiency. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that current trends in energy demand for buildings will stimulate about half of energy supply investments to 2030.

The energy used by the building sector continues to increase primarily because new buildings are constructed faster than old ones are retired. It was observed that electricity consumption in the commercial building sector doubled between 1980 and 2000, and is expected to increase another 50% by 2025 (EIA 2005). Energy consumption in the commercial building sector will continue to increase until buildings can be designed to produce enough energy to offset the growing energy demand of these buildings.

One significant fact that accompanies the usage of the conventional resources of energy to supply our energy requirements is their contribution to the green house gas (GHG) emissions, leading to the commonly observed phenomenon of global warming.

With so much attention being given to transportation emissions, many people are surprised to learn that buildings are the single largest contributor to global warming. For instance, Data from the US Energy Information Administration illustrates that buildings are responsible for almost half (48%) of all energy consumption and GHG emissions annually. Seventy-six percent (76%) of all power plant generated electricity is used just to operate buildings.

Furthermore, the annual building construction and materials embodied energy estimate for residential buildings sector, the commercial building sector and the industrial buildings sector was computed. It was found that the total annual 2000 Building Sector consumption was 48.17 QBtu and the total annual 2000 US Energy consumption was 99.38 QBtu , more than 50%.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 2.3 Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from the building sector GHG are released in the atmosphere during each stage of buildings life: - Building construction - Building operation - Building renovation and deconstruction

Building Construction: GHG emissions associated with buildings construction are mainly coming from: - Materials manufacturing (e.g., concrete) - Materials transport - Demolition wastes transport - Demolition wastes treatment The construction, renovation, and deconstruction of a typical building are on average responsible for the emissions of 1,000-1,500 kg CO2e/m2 (around 500 kg CO2e/m2 for construction only).

Operation: GHG emissions associated with buildings operation are mainly coming from: 1-Electricity consumption 2-Consumption of fossil fuels on-site for the production of electricity, hot water, heat etc.

3-On-site waste water treatment 4-On-site solid wastes treatment 5-Industrial processes housed in the buildings

2.4 The move towards energy efficiency and zero energy As the construction scene is booming, the absolute figure regarding energy consumption continues to rise quickly especially in countries like India and China. It is essential to act now, because buildings can make a major contribution to tackling climate change and energy use. Progress can begin immediately because knowledge and technology exist today to slash the energy buildings use, while at the same time improving levels of comfort. Behavioral, organizational and financial barriers stand in the way of immediate action, and three approaches can help overcome them: • Encourage interdependence by adopting holistic,integrated approaches among the stakeholders that assure a shared responsibility and accountability toward improved energy performance in buildings and their communities. • Make energy more valued by those involved in the development, operation and use of buildings

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT • Transform behavior by educating and motivating the professionals involved in building transactions to alter their course toward improved energy efficiency in buildings.

The drive towards energy efficient and net-zero energy buildings is the latest phase in the ongoing process of raising the bar on sustain-ably designed buildings. Since the 1990‘s the LEED rating system has increased the adoption of green building technologies and spurred competition to reach sustainable building goals. However many LEED-certified buildings did not improve energy efficiency beyond code allowances. Nowadays, a number of architecture firms and organizations are striving for the ambitious goal of creating zero-energy buildings that fully offset their energy consumption and carbon emissions by generating electricity and/or heat onsite using renewable resources.

A number of factors, some which are under the possible control of human beings as well as some that are not in control of the human beings, contribute towards this re- thinking or re-inventing process. The devastation that accompanies natural calamities like typhoons, hurricanes (hurricane ―Katrina‖ for instance), evidences about the melting polar ice cap have increased the concern regarding the rapid global climate change. This was demonstrated in ―An Inconvenient Truth‖, an eye-opening documentary

by AlGore regarding the climate change and the mounting concern about global warming.

The documentary lead to or rather initiated a change in the numerous energy policies in the United States to transform its electrical grid to rely solely on renewable energy sources within a decade and change its tax policies to encourage use of renewable sources of energy.

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CHAPTER 3 3.1 Zero – Energy Architecture :: What is it??

With the mounting concern raised by global warming, architectural organizations and firms have adopted many new design practices keen to impede the growing stockpile of environmental problems that the buildings are adding on to and concurrently do not substantially alter the standard of living conditions to which we are so familiar with. Some of these practices/solutions heavily involve the optimal usage of energy by the building, principally emphasizing the usage of renewable sources of energy as prime energy generation sources; using the features of the site such as bio-climatic conditions, wind direction, sun paths etc and the inclusion of certain measures that can regulate the energy utilization for a building like fenestration material and control, use of shading devices to regulate the entry of sunlight etc.

Of the typical practices that are applied in the current design processes are green architecture, sustainable architecture, energy –efficient architecture and a new and not so-old practice – zero - energy architecture.

For anyone who hears the term zero-energy architecture or zero-energy building or event the term zero energy, he/she‘s foremost interpretation of the term would be an edifice that operates on no energy at all. Imagine, a building running on no energy, wouldn‘t that be a sight to see! But the fact remains that the only building or structure or edifice ever to be built that uses no energy is……. a cave (figure 3.11), and taking into consideration the luxury Fig.3.11: The Cave – earliest form of a Zero-energy building

or the standard of living conditions that people have grown accustomed to, no one would be too enthusiastic to go back to the stone-age life-style.

So the question remains, what is a zero-energy building??

Before going further, let‘s just clear one question of skepticism. The term zero in reality refers to ―netzero‖, meaning, the amount of energy consumed is also produced and it implies no zero flows. So a zeroenergy building will be any structure be it residential or commercial that operates on greatly reduced needs of energy by means of efficiency gains such that the balance of the energy needs can be supplied by renewable technologies. It can further refer to a building's use with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually or in short a zero energy building will be a structure with highly reduced energy needs such that the amount of energy it consumes in a year is also produced by the building in the span of one year accompanied by zero carbon emissions.

Source: National Geographic

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Zero energy buildings or ZEB‘s can be used autonomously from the energy grid supply– energy can be harvested onsite.The net zero design principle is overlaid on the requested comfort of the building occupant. Generally, the more extreme the exposure to the elements the more energy is needed to achieve a comfortable environment of human use.

Fig.3.12: Marin Country Day School – a Zero Energy Building

3.2 MODERN EVOLUTION Driven on by the extensive use of fossil energy, zero energy buildings are being regarded as the prime solution to zero fossil energy consumption and as a promoter of renewable energy harvesting to cut down on the green-house gas emissions The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible not only through the progress made in new construction technologies and techniques, but it has also been significantly improved by academic research on traditional and experimental buildings, which collected precise energy performance data. Today's advanced computer models can show the efficacy of engineering design decisions.

Energy use can be measured in different ways (relating to cost, energy, or carbon emissions) and, irrespective of the definition used, different views are taken on the relative importance of energy harvest and energy conservation to achieve a net energy balance. Although zero energy buildings remain uncommon in developed countries, they are gaining in importance and popularity.

Most ZEB definitions do not include the emissions generated in the construction of the building and the embodied energy of the structure. So much energy is used in the construction of a new building that this can dwarf the operational energy savings over its useful life.

Using ZEB design goals takes us out of designing low-energy buildings with a percent energy savings goal and into the realm of a sustainable energy endpoint. The goals that are set and how those goals are defined are critical to the design process. The definition of the goal will influence designers who strive to meet it (Deru and Torcellini 2004). Because design goals are so important to achieving highperformance buildings, the way a ZEB goal is defined is crucial to understanding the combination of applicable efficiency measures and renewable energy supply options.

A building approaching net zero-energy use may be called a near-zero energy building or ultra-low energy building. Buildings that produce a surplus of energy during a portion of the year may be known as energy-plus buildings.

http://www.zeroenergycbc.org

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 3.3 The Energy-Plus Movement Another movement that accompanies the zero-energy movement is the positive-energy or energy plus buildings consisting of buildings that work on the essential principle of zero energy buildings but they produce a significantly higher amount of energy than they consume, thus enabling them to be called as mini- transformer units.

Some of their features of this movement include :- a very high energy efficiency - highly intensified use of renewable sources for energy production - production of more energy than consumption Certain elements that will be a key element behind this movement are :- Reduction of transmission losses Reduction of ventilation losses - Increase of solar gains - Increased efficiency of heat and cold generation - Increased daylight availability and efficiency of luminaires - Measures for avoiding air conditioning - Consideration of the life cycle analysis and adequate busi

Fig.3.31: Pearl Tower an energy plus building

Though this concept is still yet to stretch its wings in the real-world scene but in theory it sounds like a highly cost effective solution for any locality to meet its any energy shortages by using the surplus energy from the buildings around it instead of importing from an external grid supply.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy buildings

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CHAPTER 4 4.1 Defining a Zero Energy Building When energy goals are set as percent savings, an energy scale is implied. The question of ―savings from what?‖ is often asked. Zero is the crossover point between a building that consumes a resource and one that produces the resource. Conceptually, it is envisioned as the point where the energy needs of the building has no impact.

A zero energy building can be defined in several ways, depending on the boundary definition and the quantum of energy flow. Different definitions may be appropriate, depending on the project goals and the values of the design team and building owner. For example, building owners typically care about energy costs. Organizations such as DOE are concerned with national energy numbers, and are typically interested in primary or source energy. A building designer may be interested in site energy use for energy code requirements. Finally, those who are concerned about pollution from power plants and the burning of fossil fuels may be interested in reducing emissions.

The zero energy definition affects how buildings are designed to achieve the goal. It can emphasize energy efficiency, supply-side strategies, purchased energy sources, utility rate structures, or whether fuelswitching and conversion accounting can help meet the goal.

The following concepts and assumptions have been established to help guide definitions for ZEBs :-

1. Grid Connection Is Allowed and Necessary for Energy Balances A ZEB typically uses traditional energy sources such as the electric and natural gas utilities when on-site generation does not meet the loads. When the on-site generation is greater than the building‘s loads, excess electricity is exported to the utility grid. By using the grid to account for the energy balance, excess production can offset later energy use. Achieving a ZEB without the grid would be very difficult, as the current generation of storage technologies is limited. Despite the electric energy independence of off-grid buildings, they usually rely on outside energy sources such as propane (and other fuels) for cooking, space heating, water heating, and backup generators.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 2. Prioritize Supply-Side Technologies to Those Available On Site and within the Footprint Various supply-side renewable energy technologies are available for ZEBs. Typical examples of technologies available today include PV, solar hot water, wind, hydroelectric, and bio-fuels. All these renewable sources are favorable over conventional energy sources such as coal and natural gas; however, experts have developed a ranking of renewable energy sources in the ZEB context. Table 4.1 shows this ranking in order of preferred application. The principles that have been applied to develop this ranking are based on technologies that: • Minimize overall environmental impact by encouraging energy-efficient building designs and reducing transportation and conversion losses.

• Will be available over the lifetime of the building.

• Are widely available and have high replication potential for future ZEBs

Option Number

ZEB Supply-Side Options

1.

Reduce site energy use through low-energy building technologies

2.

Use renewable energy sources available within the building’s footprint Use renewable energy sources available at the site

Examples Day-lighting, high-efficiency HVAC equipment, natural ventilation, evaporative cooling, etc.

On-Site Supply Options

3.

PV, solar hot water, and wind located on the building.

PV, solar hot water, low-impact hydro, and wind located on-site, but not on the building.

Off-Site Supply Options

4.

Use renewable energy sources available off site to generate energy on site

5.

Purchase off-site renewable energy sources

Biomass, wood pellets, ethanol, or bio diesel that can be imported from off site, or waste streams from on-site processes that can be used on-site to generate electricity and heat.

Utility-based wind, PV, emissions credits, or other “green” purchasing options. Hydroelectric is sometimes considered.

Table 4.1: ZEB Renewable Energy Supply Option Hierarchy

This hierarchy is weighted toward renewable technologies that are available within the building footprint and at the site. Rooftop PV and solar water heating are the most applicable supply-side technologies for widespread application of ZEBs. Other supply- side technologies such as parking lotbased wind or PV systems may be available for limited applications. Renewable energy resources from outside the boundary of the building site could arguably also be used to achieve a ZEB. This approach may achieve a building with net zero energy consumption, but it is not the same as one that generates the energy on site and should be classified as such. Hence for a building of such a nature is termed as an off-site ZEB as it uses renewable energy from sources outside the boundaries of the building site Page 15

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.4.2

The types of Zero Energy Building definitions

Four commonly used definitions are: 1. Net Zero Site Energy Building 2. Net Zero Source Energy Building 3. Net Zero Energy Costs Building 4. Net Zero Energy Emissions Building

- Net Zero Site Energy Building A net zero site energy building produces as much energy as it uses when measured at the site.

This definition as a goal is useful, as it can be verified through on-site metering. It tends to encourage energy-efficient designs. However, it does not distinguish between fuel types or account for inefficiencies in the utility grid. The site must also be defined. Is the site just the building footprint, or does it include the entire property? What happens if you cover a parking lot with photovoltaic (PV) panels to achieve your zero energy building, only to develop that space later into a new building? This would give higher priority to PV systems that are within the building footprint because it is always part of the building.

- Net Zero Source Energy Building A net zero source energy building produces as much energy as it uses compared to the energy content at the energy source. The system boundary is drawn around the building, the transmission system, the power plant, and the energy required getting the fuel source to the power plant. It tends to be a better representation of the total energy impact. However, it is challenged by difficulties in acquiring site-to-source conversions and by the limitations of these conversions. Fixed conversion factors do not account for dispatch of energy with time of day, and the changes in dispatch as new buildings and the new power plants to supply them come on-line.

This definition can depend on how the utility is buying or producing the power, rather than on the energy performance of the building. So, if someone wants to construct a building in an area with a large percentage of hydroelectric energy, it may have a low source energy impact. However, placing the building in that location may necessitate new fossil fuel generation plants and the building may actually use the new generation capacity, which is coal. This analysis is very difficult.

- Net Zero Energy Cost Building Building owners are typically most interested in net zero energy cost buildings, and tend to use energy efficiency and renewable energy as part of their business plans. This definition, like the site ZEB definition, is easy to verify with the utility bills. Market forces provide a good balance between fuel types based on fuel availability. Costs also tend to include the impact of the infrastructure. Reaching zero may be difficult or impossible because of utility rate structures.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Many rate structures will give credit for energy returned to the grid, but will not allow this number to go below zero on an annual basis. As a result, no way exists to recover costs incurred by fixed and demand charges. Finally, imagine a day when all buildings approach zero energy. Utility rates will need to be changed to maintain a reliable utility grid.

- Net Zero Energy Emissions Building A net zero emissions building, looks at the emissions that were produced by the energy needs of the building. This is probably a better model for sustainable energy sources. However, like the source ZEB definition, it can be difficult to calculate.

People often use definitions to meet their own needs but it is ultimately the design team that must determine, as part of the goal setting process, which definition is being used. Each definition uses the grid for net use accounting and has different applicable renewable energy sources. The definitions do apply for grid independent structures. In support of DOE‘s ZEB research needs, the above listed definitions refer to ZEBs that use supply-side options available on site.

For ZEBs that have a portion of the renewable generation supplied by off-site sources, these buildings are referred to as ―off-site ZEBs.‖ Off-site ZEBs can be achieved by purchasing renewable energy from off-site sources, or in the case of an off-site zero emissions building, purchasing emissions credits. A table on the following page summarizes all aspects of the 4 types of definitions.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Definition

Site ZEB

Positives

Negatives

• Easy to implement.

• Verifiable through on-site measurements.

• Conservative approach to achieving ZEB. • No externalities affect performance, can track success over time.

• Easy for the building community to understand and communicate.

• Encourages energy-efficient building designs.

•Requires more PV export to offset natural gas.

• Does not consider all utility costs (can have a low load factor).

• Not able to equate fuel types.

• Does not account for non energy differences between fuel types (supply availability, pollution).

•Able to equate energy value of fuel types used at the site.

• Better model for impact on national energy system.

• Easier ZEB to reach.

• Does not account for non energy differences between fuel types (supply availability, pollution).

• Source calculations too broad (do not account for regional or daily variations in electricity generation heat rates).

• Source energy use accounting and fuel switching can have a larger impact than efficiency technologies.

• Does not consider all energy costs (can have a low load factor).

• ed to develop site-to-source conversion factors, which require significant amounts of information to define.

• asy to implement and measure.

• Market forces result in a good balance between fuel types.

• Allows for demandresponsive control.

• Verifiable from utility bills.

• ay not reflect impact to national grid for demand, as extra PV generation can be more valuable for reducing demand with on-site storage than exporting to the grid.

• Requires net-metering agreements such that exported electricity can offset energy and non- energy charges.

• Highly volatile energy rates make for difficult tracking over time.

• Offsetting monthly service and infrastructure charges require going beyond ZEB. • Net metering is not well established, often with capacity limits and at buyback rates lower than retail rates.

Source ZEB

Cost ZEB

Emissions ZEB

• Better model for green power.

• Accounts for non energy differences between fuel types (pollution, greenhouse gases).

Other Issues

•Need appropriate emission factors.

• Easier ZEB to reach.

Table 4.2: ZEB Definitions Summary

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CHAPTER 5 5.1 Overview If anybody takes a look at the essentials of the numerous construction practices that focus on prolonging the overall life-span of the earth and the human race, one can easily find a common motto among all these practices – their prime objective is to reduce the impact of the built environment on the human health as well as the natural environment using techniques that are environmentally conscious and are mostly driven by the economic as well as political issues that are at present creating a havoc for this planet.

One will also find that all these methods are actually the branches of a single tree and they are in a way linked to each other in a cyclic manner. In order to make a building sustainable, more than one of these practices can be amalgamated together to create a structure whose foot-print in totality has a very insignificant damaging impact on the environment.

So the issue that arises is that if they all proceed to reducing the negative impact of the built environment on nature and humans, how is it that they are still different from each other??

5.2 Energy Harvest ZEBs harvest available energy to meet their electricity and heating or cooling needs. In the case of individual houses, various micro-generation technologies may be used to provide heat and electricity to the building, using solar cells or wind turbines for electricity, and biofuels or solar collectors linked to seasonal thermal stores for space heating. To cope with fluctuations in demand, zero energy buildings are frequently connected to the electricity grid, export electricity to the grid when there is a surplus, and drawing electricity when not enough electricity is being produced. Other buildings may be fully autonomous.

Energy harvesting is most often more effective (in cost and resource utilization) when done on a local but combined scale, for example, a group of houses, co-housing, local district, village, etc. rather than an individual basis, an example being the BedZED development in the U.K. An energy benefit of such localized energy harvesting is the virtual elimination of electrical transmission and electricity distribution losses. These losses amount to about 7.2%-7.4% of the energy transferred.

Fig.5.21: The BedZED Development, a zero energy neighborhood

Energy harvesting in commercial and industrial applications is chiefly benefited from the topography of each location. The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, micro-hydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy buildings

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT The ZEB technologies are getting an immense support from the energy harvest phenomenon in establishing cities that are totally off the electricity supply grid, i.e. : net zero energy use cities, with their districts functioning by means of distributed energy generation schemes which, in some cases, may include district heating, community chilled water, shared wind turbines, etc.

5.3 Energy Harvest VS Energy Consumption One of the key areas of debate in zero energy building design is over the balance between energy conservation and the distributed point-of-use harvesting of renewable energy (solar energy and wind energy). Most zero energy homes use a combination of the two strategies. As a result of significant government subsidies for photovoltaic solar electric systems, wind turbines, etc., there are those who suggest that a ZEB is a conventional house with distributed renewable energy harvesting technologies.

Entire additions of such homes have appeared in locations where photovoltaic (PV) subsidies are significant, but many so called "Zero Energy Homes" still have utility bills. This type of energy harvesting without added energy conservation may not be cost effective with the current price of electricity generated with photovoltaic equipment (depending on the local price of power company electricity), and may also require greater embodied energy and greater resources, thus it will be the less ecological approach.

Since the 1980s, passive solar building design and passive house have demonstrated heating energy consumption reductions of 70% to 90% in many locations, without active energy harvesting. For new builds, and with expert design, this can be accomplished with little additional construction cost for materials over a conventional building.

Fig.5.31: A Passive House

many locations, without active energy harvesting. For new builds, and with expert design, this can be accomplished with little additional construction cost for materials over a conventional building.

Very few industry experts have the skills or experience to fully capture benefits of the passive design. Passive solar designs are much more cost effective than adding expensive photovoltaic panels on the roof of a conventional inefficient building. A few kilowatt-hours of photovoltaic panels (costing 2 to 3 dollars per annual kW-hr production, U.S. dollar equivalent) may only reduce external energy requirements by 15% to 30%. A 100,000 BTU (110 MJ) high seasonal energy efficiency ratio 14 conventional air conditioner requires over 7 kW of photovoltaic electricity while it is operating, and that does not include enough for off-the-grid night-time operation.

Passive cooling, and superior system engineering techniques, can reduce the air conditioning requirement by 70% to 90%. Photovoltaic generated electricity becomes more cost-effective when the overall demand for electricity is lower.

Page 20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy buildings

ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 5.4 Sustainable Architecture In general, this term describes the nature conscious design techniques formed to emphasize the minimization of negative impacts of buildings by highlighting energy efficiency and moderation in using materials, energy and space development; in a nutshell – it lays emphasis on an ecologically conscious approach to design.

Often used as a broad term it is a collection of many of the current practices of sustainability in architecture like green architecture, energy efficient architecture. However though, its emphasis lies in energy efficiency- reduction of energy consumption for a building and increasing the building‘s energy capture and generation potential.

Its key aspects of concern are sustainable energy use, sustainable construction techniques and materials, waste and water management, negating carbon emissions, site aspect and their influence on design.

5.5 Green Architecture This practice, that dates back to the 1970‘s, aims at creating an environmentally responsible and resource-efficient architecture for a building‘s entire life-cycle taking into prior consideration all aspects of a building‘s life like design, siting, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition.

It emphasizes on taking advantage of the renewable resources lie PV‘s for solar energy, wind turbines etc. It works by combining one or even more than one principles that reduce the buildings‘ negative impact on the environment like siting, water as well as materials efficiency, indoor environment quality, waste and toxics reduction etc.

5.6 Green VS Zero-Energy:: The Difference Energy efficiency is one part of Green Architecture which may or may not include any measures that may make a building a net-zero energy building. For example, to increase the energy efficiency of the building, the designer may use high efficiency windows as well as insulation for walls, ceilings, floors or include active or passive solar design systems to increase energy efficiency for the building. If the building meets its annual energy requirements from either onsite or off-site sources with very low carbon emissions, it may be termed as a zero-energy building.

The difference between Green architecture and Zero-Energy architecture lies in the fact that Zero energy buildings achieve one key green-building goal of completely or very significantly reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for the life of the building.

Zero energy buildings may or may not be considered "green" in all areas, such as reducing waste, using recycled building materials, etc. However, zero energy, or net- zero buildings do tend to have a much lower ecological impact over the life of the building compared with other 'green' buildings that require imported energy and/or fossil fuel to be habitable and meet the needs of occupants.

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CHAPTER 6 6.1 Technologies & Techniques Designing a building in the present scenario is considered as an environmental hazard. The energy use in buildings at an excessive rate is causing parallel damage to the environment. The implementation of energy intensive solutions to meet a buildings‘ demand for cooling, heating, ventilation & lighting is causing severe depletion of environmental resources.

However, an integrated approach can increase energy resource efficiency in construction and fulfill the occupants‘ thermal and visual comfort requirements at reduced energy levels. Some steps are:-

Incorporation of solar passive techniques to minimize load on conventional systems Energy efficient design of HVAC & lighting systems Use of renewable energy systems to share building load Use of low energy materials, construction methods & transportation energy.

Designing of a NZEB typically requires successful integration and optimization of several architectural concepts and strategies such as building orientation with respect to sun path, natural ventilation, solar shading, day-lighting, solar heat gains, thermal comfort as well as deployment of well proven insulation practices, energy efficient glazing, air conditioning and lighting systems, and incorporation of renewable energy technologies for on-site power generation.

There is a growing realization internationally that major breakthroughs in reducing energy use in buildings will entail combining whole-building design approaches with state of the art energyefficient technologies (e.g. super-efficient building envelope, low-energy comfort air conditioning and lighting systems, advanced metering and control systems, etc.) and on- site renewable energy technologies (e.g. building integrated photovoltaic, solar thermal, etc.).

Looking into the current trends, cooling load is going to be major energy consuming component particularly in air conditioned commercial buildings such as large private establishments and public sector/government offices, high end hotels, multi specialty hospitals, shopping malls, etc. in the State capitals and other major cities falling particularly in warm-humid and composite climate zones.

Cities falling under hot-dry climate zone however may have the option of using evaporating cooling and ceiling fans to meet thermal comfort in the buildings. Water availability could be an issue in some cities

Low energy consumption in buildings can be achieved by studying site macro & micro climate, applying bioclimatic architectural principles to combat adverse conditions and taking advantage of desirable conditions.

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Certain elements that help in affecting thermal comfort conditions and the energy consumption are:-

Landscaping Ratio of built form to open spaces Location of water bodies Orientation Plan form Building envelope & fenestration

6.1.1 Landscaping It alters the micro-climate and reduces direct sun striking and heating of the building, can cause a pressure difference, reduce air temperature using trees, grass, shrubs etc.

6.1.2 Ratio of Built Form to Open Spaces & Building Plan Form For any given building form, the more compact the design the less wasteful it is in gaining/losing heat.

6.1.3 Location of Water Bodies Water bodies modify the micro-climate, taking in large amount of heat in evaporation and causes significant cooling especially in the dry climates.

6.1.4 Orientation Building orientation is affected by the various site features and the orientation depends on the site climate taking into account aspects of sunlight and wind direction so as to make these aspects desirable or undesirable to the different parts of the building.

6.1.5 Building Envelope & Fenestration The various elements like building materials, roofing systems, walls, finishes, amount of fenestrations and shading determine the heat gains and losses and are quintessential in determining the effective building envelope performance.

ZEBs are normally optimized to use passive solar heat gain and shading, combined with thermal mass to stabilize diurnal temperature variations throughout the day, and in most climates are super-insulated. All the technologies needed to create zero energy buildings are available off-theshelf today .

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Zero-Energy Buildings are built with significant energy-saving features. The heating and cooling loads are lowered by using high-efficiency equipment, added insulation, high- efficiency windows, natural ventilation, and other techniques. These features vary depending on climate zones in which the construction occurs.

Water heating loads can be lowered by using water conservation fixtures, heat recovery units on waste water, and by using solar water heating, and high-efficiency water heating equipment.

In addition, day-lighting with sky-lights or solar-tubes can provide 100% of daytime illumination within the home. Nighttime illumination is typically done with fluorescent LED lighting that use 1/3 or less power then incandescent lights, without adding unwanted heat. And miscellaneous electric loads can be lessened by choosing efficient appliances and minimizing phantom loads or standby power.

6.2 Designing for Renewable Energy 1. Designing buildings with Solar PV System on building roof/ terrace, while ensuring availability of required space for solar panels 2. Inclusion of Building Integrated PV system particularly on south facing building façade 3. Selection of Solar PV modules with high efficiency of solar panels. Currently mono crystalline cells (230 Wp or more) with solar panel efficiency (13% or more) are available in the market. Extensive research has been going on world-wide to produce modules with efficiencies more than 20% for commercial applications 4. Deployment of solar water heating systems in hospitals, hotels, which need hot water throughout the year 5. Generation of on-site electricity from locally available wastes for meeting building’s own electricity requirement.

6.3 Eco-Design Strategies The International Energy Agency, keen to promote the use of the most abundant energy source of all, the sun, has started a Solar Heating and Cooling Programme. Solar thermal energy is appropriate for both uses.

Key applications for solar technologies are those that require low temperature heat, such as domestic water heating, space heating, pool heating, drying processes, and some industrial processes, Solar cooling works where the supply of sunny summer days is well matched with the demand – the desire for coolness indoors.

The following table briefly describes certain eco-design strategies which are very commonly in the current practice:-

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Super insulation High-performance windows Ventilation heat recovery systems Ground couple heat exchangers Sunspaces/ Solarium Materials with high thermal storage capacities Active solar water systems Photovoltaic systems Integrated mechanical system Home automation systems Energy-efficient lights and appliances

High efficiency insulation materials, often including gases with extremely low heat transfer values Windows combining high level of light penetration with low level of heat transfer, for example double-glazed windows.

Ventilation system that uses outgoing heated indoor air to pre-heat incoming cold air.

Uses the more stable ground temperature (cooler on hot days and warmer of cold days) to adjust the temperature of incoming air.

Spaces heated by direct sun light.

Materials that keep their temperature for extended periods of time, even if the surrounding air temperature changes, hence storing heat gained during a hot day to heat the building during a cold night, and vice versa.

Water heating through direct sunlight, for example by leading water through pipes located in the centre of concave steel mirrors focusing sun light on the pipes.

Panels with semi-conductor cells convert sun light to electricity Automated features of a building, e.g. sunshades, responding to incoming sun light or indoor temperature so as to maintain comfortable conditions.

Computer controlled heating, cooling and ventilation adjusting the indoor temperature and ventilation according to pre-set parameters, often designed to minimize energy use.

Appliances and lights meeting minimum criteria for energy use per output. For example, low-energy lamps often use about 30-40% less energy to provide the same levels of light as ordinary lamps do.

Table 6.31 design statergies

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6.4 The Passive Solar Building Design Passive solar building design uses a structure's windows, walls, and floors to collect, store, and distribute the sun's heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. It can also maximize the use of sunlight for interior illumination.

Passive solar buildings aim to maintain interior thermal comfort throughout the sun's daily and annual cycles whilst reducing the requirement for active heating and cooling systems. Passive solar building design is one part of low energy building design, and does not include active systems such as mechanical ventilation or photo-voltaics.

Main Elements: As the figure 8.31 shows, every passive solar building includes five distinct design elements: - An aperture or collector — the large glass area through which sunlight enters the building.

- An absorber — the dark surface of the storage element that absorbs the solar heat.

- A thermal mass — the material that stores the absorbed heat. This can be masonry materials such as concrete, stone, and brick; or a water tank.

- A distribution method — the natural tendency of heat to move from warmer materials to cooler ones (through conduction, convection, and radiation) until there is no longer a temperature difference between the two. In some buildings, this strictly passive distribution method is augmented with fans, ducts, and blowers to circulate the heat.

- A control mechanism — to regulate the amount of sunlight entering the aperture.

This can be as simple as roof overhang designed to allow more sunlight to enter in the winter, less in the summer.

Passive design techniques include elements like:- Trombe walls (thermal mass walls, fig 6.32) - Daylighting systems - Water walls - Wind towers - Earth air tunnels -

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Fig 6.41: Design Strategies

Fig 6.42: Trombe Walls

Fig 6.43: skylight providing internal illumination

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 6.5 Renewable Technologies Zero energy building design or any sustainable building design primarily incorporates renewable energy technologies as the first primary solution towards achieving zero- energy or energy efficiency. Technologies like BIPV’s(Building Integrated Photo- voltaics) and Wind Energy are the pre-dominant renewable technologies used extensively in building design. Other such technologies are:CHP system – CHP or the Combined heat and power system is an integrated system that provides a portion of the electrical load and recycles the thermal energy for space heating / cooling, process heating / cooling, dehumidification, domestic hot water.

Biomass & Biofuels – these are essentially organic wastes like food wastes and garbage, pulp and paper materials, sawdust, rice, wheat, flax straw, alfalfa , potato/sugar beet and other residues which are used as sources of energy production.

Fig 6.51:wind energy

Fig 6.52:photovoltaics

Fig 6.53:bio-fuels

Cliff Haefke , Energy Resources Center / University of Illinois at Chicago

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CHAPTER 7 7.1 Development Efforts Wide acceptance of zero energy building technology requires more government incentives or building code regulations, the development of recognized standards, or significant increases in the cost of conventional energy.

In this section we shall analyze the contribution of certain organizations that are seen as stepping stones for promoting the net zero-energy culture as well as sustainable development as a whole. Some of these are:-

1. WBCSD - World Business Council for Sustainable Development 2. The “ Architecture 2030 ” Organization

7 .2 The “ Architecture 2 0 3 0 ” Organisation

Architecture 2030 is a U.S. based, non-traditional and flexible environmental advocacy group focused on protecting the global environment by using innovation and common sense to develop, and quickly implement, bold solutions to global warming as well as energy consumption. The organization was founded by Edward Mazria in 2003 in response to rapidly accelerating climate change. Locally, nationally and globally, Edward Mazria and Architecture 2030 have been responsible for reshaping the debate surrounding climate change, energy consumption and global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by identifying the ‗Building Sector‘. The Energy Information Administration illustrates that buildings are responsible for almost half of all greenhouse gas emissions annually; globally, the percentage is even greater. The organization helped in bringing together the architects/planners, scientists, politicians, the media and academia to learn about and discuss the Building Sector and its role in global warming.

Architecture 2030‘s mission is to create, and quickly respond to, opportunities that shape the dialogue and address the crisis situation surrounding the Building Sector and its contribution to global warming. As discussed earlier, the Building Sector is the major source of demand for energy and materials that produce by-product greenhouse gases (GHG). Stabilizing and reversing emissions in this sector is key to keeping future global warming under control.

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7.21 'The 20 30 Challeng e’ To accomplish this, and avoid dangerous climate change, Architecture 2030 has issued 'The 2030 Challenge‘ foresees that the global architecture and building community adopt to the following targets:

All new buildings, developments and major renovations be designed to meet a fossil fuel, greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.

At a minimum, an amount of existing building area equal to that of new construction be renovated annually to meet a fossil fuel, greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting, energy consumption performance standard of 50% of the regional (or country) average for that building type.

The fossil fuel reduction standard for all new buildings be increased to: - 60% in 2010 - 70% in 2015 - 80% in 2020 - 90% in 2025 - Carbon-neutral by 2030 (zero fossil-fuel, GHG emitting energy to operate).

These targets may be accomplished through innovative design strategies epitomizing sustainable design, application of renewable technologies generating on-site renewable power and/or the purchase (maximum 20%) of renewable energy or certified energy credits.

To successfully impact global warming and world resource depletion, it is imperative that ecological literacy become a central tenet of design education. Yet today, the interdependent relationship between ecology and design is virtually absent in many professional curricula. To meet the immediate and future challenges facing our professions, a major transformation of the academic design community must begin today.

Role Of Government : NZEBS Policies And Program The Government at the Central as well as at the State level need to form a unified policy and program towards NZEBs, giving its enhanced commitment towards integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy at the design stage of the buildings. The Government also needs to establish NZEB targets for commercial and residential building sectors. Government also needs to promote and endorse the constitution of NZEB Consortium. It needs to support the design and construction of NZEB buildings belonging to the government and public sector as well as the building developers in the private sector. To demonstrate its commitment, it should initiate pilot projects in new government buildings in different States and also facilitate private builders in doing so through the enhancement of existing fiscal incentives.

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Milestones

2011

• Government of India (GOI) recognizes NZEB concepts and formally takes initiatives to develop a roadmap to achieve the proposed NZEB vision by 2030 • Ground work is started for forming NZEB Consortium – comprising of key stakeholders from private sector, government, and academic institutions • Process for identifying potential government buildings and private buildings for undertaking NZEB pilot projects is started

2012

• A Government directive that announces that by 2030, all new buildings are to be NZEBs, is put in place. This announcement includes intent to move in this direction by 2030 through a well drawn NZEB roadmap • NZEB Consortium is in place – engagement with all key stakeholders is well under way • National level NZEB roadmap till 2030 including 5-year NZEB targets is in place • GOI reviews the existing fiscal and financial incentives on energy efficient technologies and renewable energy technologies from NZEB perspectives • First set of 4-5 pilot projects (Government buildings) are identified, and design process for pilot projects starts • First set of 4-5 pilot projects (Privately owned buildings) are identified, and design process for pilot projects starts

2013

• GOI issues newer fiscal/financial incentives and policies that promote NZEBs • Pilot projects are under implementation • A few pilot projects start being operational

2015

• All identified pilot projects are constructed and are made operational for demonstration • Experiences including achievements of targets are documented and disseminated • On the basis of experiences, newer set of incentives and support are introduced by GOI • Second set of new 4-5 pilot projects (with higher efficiency levels in comparison with the first two sets) each from the government and private segments identified, and design process starts

2020

• Second set of pilot projects are made operational • Experiences and achievements of targets are documented and disseminated • Third set of pilot projects with higher emphasis on energy efficiency and renewable energy are initiated • GOI starts the process of mandating that all new buildings that constructed in 2030 onwards are to be NZEBs

2025

• Third set of pilot projects are operational, experiences and achievements documented and disseminated • Fourth set of pilot projects which are designed almost very close to NZEB are identified and initiated • GOI enforces the mandates that all new buildings constructed after 2030 are NZEBs

2030

• Fourth set of pilot projects are operational, experiences and achievements documented and disseminated • Stakeholders are fully equipped to meet GOI mandates on NZEB • Construction of NZEBs becomes a norm in reality Table 7.21 NZEB path for india

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Fig 7.21 electricity consumption

By the roadmap of Indian strategy all new building constructed in india after 2030 should be zero energy building and till 2030 every building should be coming under zero energy development or it should be tending towards zero.

So on the basis of that from the present ceteria it is possible to build zero energy building so by 2030 every new building would come under zero energy development but the main problem isto rectify the problem of present building or old building. What about the old building these building should also come under zero energy development. It is very difficult to achieve zero energy development for old built building. But we can cut down the maximum energy consumption and by the means of retrofitting we can able to tends towards zero.

By the examples or secondary case study and on its data basis and its design techniques and technologies we can able to achieve the zero energy development for future construction of building. So our main focus is on retrofitting of the present building and make them energy efficient or which can tends towards zero.

So that basis we have done three secondary study which includes bedzed, mazdar city, retreat and one primary case study which include housing unit vasundhara apartment

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CHAPTER 8 Case Studies The section illustrates the growth of zero energy architecture and the scale of each of the project is also quite remarkable as they vary from a building to an entire city. These studies illustrate an effective decline in the carbon emissions and demonstrate a highly regulated energy consumption. These case studies are:1. BedZED – Beddington Zero Energy Development, London .

2. Masdar City, Abu Dhabi .

3. The TERI Retreat Building, Gurgaon, India .

4. Vasundhara Apartment , Dwarka , India.

8.1 BedZED – Beddington Zero Energy Development, London Introduction: Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) is an environmentally-friendly housing development in Hackbridge, London, England. It is in the London Borough of Sutton. It was designed by the architect Bill Dunster to support a more sustainable lifestyle.

The 99 homes, and 1,405 square metres of work space were built in 2000–2002.

Fig 8.1.1:BedZED, Street View ,Source : Wikipedia

Design principles : -Zero energy—The project is designed to use only energy from renewable sources generated on site.There are 777 m² of solar panels. Tree waste fuels the development's cogeneration plant (downdraft gasifier) to provide district heating and electricity.

Fig 8.1.2:BedZED ,Source : Wikipedia

-High quality—The apartments are finished to a high standard to attract the urban professional.Energy efficient—The houses face south to take advantage of solar gain, are triple glazed, and have high thermal insulation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BedZED

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Water efficient—Most rain water falling on the site is collected and reused. Appliances are chosen to be water-efficient and use recycled water when possible. A "Living Machine" system of recycling waste water was installed, but is not operating.

-Low-impact materials—Building materials were selected from renewable or recycled sources within 35 miles of the site, to minimize the energy required for transportation.

-Waste recycling—Refuse-collection facilities are designed to support recycling.

-Transport—The development works in partnership with the United Kingdom's leading carsharingoperator, City Car Club. Residents are encouraged to use this environmentally friendly alternative to car ownership; an on-site selection of vehicles is available for use.

-Encourage eco-friendly transport—Electric and liquefied-petroleum-gas cars have priority over cars that burn petrol and diesel, and electricity is provided in parking spaces for charging electric cars.

Performance : Monitoring conducted in 2003 found that BedZED had achieved these reductions in comparison to UK averages: - Space-heating requirements were 88% less - Hot-water consumption was 57% less - The electrical power used, at 3 kilowatt hours per person per day, was 25% less than the UK average; 11% of this was produced by solar panels. The remainder normally would be produced by a combined-heat-and-power plant fueled by wood chips, but the installation company's financial problems have delayed use of the plant.

- Mains-water consumption has been reduced by 50%, or 67% compared to a power-shower household.

Fig 8.1.3:BedZED Roofs, Source : Wikipedia

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 8.2 Masdar City , Abu Dhabi Introduction: Masdar City is a 6 sq km sustainable development that uses traditional Arabic planning principals, together with existing and future technologies, that will redefine the design and construction of cities in the future. Masdar has 5 integrated units :1 Masdar City A living city that will house around 1,500 Cleantech companies with 40,000 residents and 50,000 commuters, and provide a research and test base for its technologies.

2 Masdar Institute of Science and Technology Developed in cooperation with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), The Masdar Institute will eventually host 800 students and 200 faculty members.

3 Utilities and Asset Management The Utilities team is a renewable energy project developer focusing on concentrated solar power (CSP), photovoltaic (PV), wind, and waste-to-energy both locally and internationally. A hydrogen fi red power plant in Abu Dhabi will be the world‘s first and produce over 500MW of power.

4 Carbon Management Aims to drive the progress of low carbon economies around the world while capitalising on monetizing carbon emission reduction projects. The Carbon Management Unit is also developing a carbon capture and storage network within the Emirate of Abu Dhabi.

5 Industries Developing large-scale, strategic clean energy projects locally and internationally including a PV production facility in Germany and Abu Dhabi and a 4 sq km solar manufacturing cluster also in Abu Dhabi.

It‘s salient features include: • 100% renewable energy • Carbon neutral city • Zero waste • Highest quality of life • Global exemplar of sustainability research and development in practice planning • Best-in-class technology, thinking, architecture and planning

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Fig 8.2.1: the Masdar City

Fig 8.2.2: the Masdar City Master Plan

Environmental Features: Responsive to the culture and spirit of Abu Dhabi, the design of the city is inspired by the traditional Arabic architecture and urban planning of the region and includes many examples of where traditional design techniques help to reduce energy consumption and to improve the quality of the environment.

Shaded walkways and narrow streets reduce glare and solar gain, and create pleasant and attractive outside green spaces. The diagonal orientation of the streets and public spaces makes best use of the cooling night breezes and lessens the effect of hot daytime winds, whilst further reducing the effects of direct sunlight.

Traditional passive features such as wind towers and blinds and solar shades help to further improve comfort levels. The buildings in the city are amongst the most advanced in the world. Intelligent design of residential and commercial spaces reduces the need for artificial lighting and air conditioning.

All buildings will surpass the highest standards currently set by internationally recognized organizations and Masdar City is a key partner in the Estidama programme which sets new benchmarks in planning, design and building within cities.

http://www.masdarcity.ae/en/index.aspx

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Power: A standard city would draw power from a distant power station fired by coal, oil, gas or nuclear fuel. At Masdar, the following technologies are used: 1.Photovoltaic technology - Extensive use of photovoltaic technology is proposed, both to provide the base power load during the construction phase and integrated into the city at roof level.

2.Concentrating solar power(CSP) - CSP technology will be used to provide electricity and heat for the production of cooling with absorption chillers. The high temperature heat produced can be stored for overnight use with molten salt technology.

3.Evacuated tube collectors(ETC) - ETC will be integrated into buildings to provide hot water and a base load which can be used for cooling.

4.Geothermal- This will provide a constant source of high temperature water or steam for the production of 24-hour cooling.

5.Waste to energy- Products that cannot be recycled can be converted into energy by incineration using a number of technologies including gasification, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification.

Fig 8.2.3: the Masdar City Power Energy Diagram

Fig 8.2.3: the Masdar City Solar street light

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 8.3 RETREAT: Resource Efficient TERI Retreat for Environmental Awareness and Training, Gurgaon Introduction: The RETREAT building is a major step taken forward by TERI to create a model sustainable building complex. This building in quite honesty does not put any pressure on the already depleting natural resources and the ecosystems and actually regenerates what it consumes in terms of energy. The building offer‘s a high level of visual as well as thermal comfort with a minimum environmental footprint and is replicable in part or in whole.

Project details Project description- 30-room training hostel with conference and ancilliary facilities Climate – Composite Building type- Institutional Architects- Sanjay Prakash and TERI Year of start/completion- 1997–2000 Client/owner- Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi Covered area- 3000 m² Cost of the project- Civil works - Rs 23.6 million; Electrical works - Rs 2.5million; Cost of various technologies - Rs 18.54 million

Fig 8.3.1: the TERI Rtreat front entrance, Source: TERI

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Design features: - Wall and roof insulation - Building oriented to maximise winter gains; summer gains offset using shading.

- East and west walls devoid of openings and are shaded - Earth air tunnel for rooms – four tunnels of 70-m length and 70-cm diameter each laid at a depth of 4 m below the ground to supply conditioned air to the rooms - Four fans of 2 hp each force the air in and solar chimneys force the air out of rooms

Fig 8.3.2: the TERI Rtreat rear view, Source: TERI

- Hybrid system with 50 kW biomass gasifier and 10.7 kWp solar photovoltaic with inverter and battery backup to power the building - 2000 lpd building integrated solar water heating system - Energy-efficient lighting provided by compact fluorescent lamp, high efficiency fluorescent tubes with electronic chokes

Fig 8.3.3: Red Stone Jali as External Facade, Source: TERI

- Daylighting and lighting controls to reduce consumption - Waste water management by root zone system

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT 8.4 vasundhara apartments , dwarka the increasing energy demand in the building sector has been covered by increasing the energy supply. Yet, one of the common ways applied by developed countries to reduce energy consumption in the building sector is the policy of energy efficiency. Thus it may be maintained that energy efficiency ought to become the main policy for the existing building sector. In other words, more energy can be saved in a short period of time by applying effective and case-specific retrofitting scenarios to existing buildings.

So by the means of retrofitting we can able to rectify the problem of enegy efficiency of old built or present existing building and by this we can tends towards zero energy to fullfill our goals. The retrofitting of an existing building may thus provide permanent reductions in energy consumption.

By doing retrofitting we can increase building operation performance as a result of decrease energy consumption and energy cost, develop thermal comfort So by taking the example of vasundhara apartments we will rectify the problems and retrofit accordingly.

Fig.8.4.1 Arial view of apartment

Vasundhara apartments, plot no.16, sector 6, phase 1, dwarka. The apartment block with building height of 17.74m . The selected apartment block lies in the north-south axis, which allows for high solar exposure from east and west respectively in mornings and afternoons.

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT The sun path diagram of the case area indicates that the neighbouring houses do not obstruct the sun exposures of the selected apartment block in the winter season . It means that the apartment block bears potential for taking greater advantages of the morning and afternoon sun throughout winter. However, this poses a disadvantage in the summer as solar radiation hits the apartment block directly. This causes overheating problems in all the zones of the building block.

Fig 8.4.2 Sun path diagram of the case area with Ecotect v 5.50

The main structural parts are made of exposed reinforced concrete. The numerical information related to the apartment block is shown in Table. The total area of flats is approximately 100 m2. Flats typically include a living room, kitchen, bathroom, WC and three bedrooms. Living room and kitchen, facing southwest, share a balcony providing shading in the summer time. The bathroom and bedroom on the northwest lie adjacent to the neighboring apartment block as may be observed in the detailed technical drawing of plans, sections and elevations of the apartment block. In addition, the bedrooms of the apartment block face the courtyard

Shape

Rectangular (almost 22.5 m × 11 m)

Height

Five storey (17.74 m)

Heated Volume

2751 m³

External wall area

866.142 m²

Roof area

205,9 m²

Floor area

190.8 m²

Window area

80 m² Table 8.4.1

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. fig. 8.4.3 Distribution of spaces on floor plan

Fig 8.4.4 Southwest (entrance) faรงade of th apartment block

8.4.5 Diagonal view of southwest faรงade of the apartment block

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Fig 8.4.6 3D major zone configuration of selected apartment block drawn in Ecotect v 5.50

.

Fig 8.4.7 Northeast faรงade of the apartment block facing the courtyard

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT In each flat, there is a large living room window facing the southwest. There are no windows or any other kind of openings on the southeastern faรงade of the apartment block with the result that, each storey the flat lying on the southeast receives solar radiation through the southwest and northeast. There are no windows or any other openings on that section of the northeastern faรงade of the apartment block corresponding to the external wall of the flat lying on the northwest of a storey. These flats receive solar radiation through the northwest and southwest alone In addition, the bedrooms have small windows and every space within a flat has only one window. Glazing : floor area ratio per flat is approximately 8.5% in the apartment block.

However, adequate glazing area is an essential parameter for passive use of solar gain for heating and daylight penetration for illumination of buildings. This ratio is low in the case building with 8.5%, while 12-15% is suitable for similar temperate climates.

Orientation Southwest Southeast Northwest Northeast Total

Size

0.90 x 1.25=1.125m2 2 1 3

1.50 x 1.25=2.25m2 1 2 3

2.25 x 1.25=2.81m2 2 2

Table 8.4.2 Number and size of windows in the selected apartment block

Orientation, shape, thermal properties of building components, internal loads and internal climatic conditions affect the thermal performance of a building. In this context, all properties of the selected building in Ecotect v5.50 are specified, with respect to the location of the apartment block, as latitude, longitude, time zone and orientation, the zone properties of the apartment block in terms of set point temperature, air infiltration rate, and humidity, the physical properties and orientation of the building, shading like balconies, and properties of the materials which are used in the building components.

Various retrofitting scenarios were defined. Main objectives of these scenarios were the following; 1. Reduction of heat loss through the building envelope by insulating the

external walls, floors in unheated zones, and roof, 2. Reduction of heat loss through windows and doors by replacing these with energy efficient ones, 3. Reduction of infiltration rate, 4. Regulation of indoor set point temperature in different zones.

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CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS With the energy crisis rising at a steady rate, the question one has to ask is:: ―are zero energy buildings the much needed solution??‖. Like any sustainable technology this too has its drawbacks and its plusses, hence, a list of features has been jotted down below that serve as a definite conclusion for this dissertation:-

Advantages:-

isolation for building owners from future energy price increase increased comfort due to more-uniform interior temperatures reduced requirement for energy austerity reduced total net monthly cost of living improved reliability the value of a ZEB building relative to similar conventional building should increase every time energy costs increase extra cost is minimized for new construction compared to an afterthought retrofit

Disadvantages:-

initial costs can be higher very few designers or builders have the necessary skills or experience to build a ZEB possible declines in future utility company renewable energy costs may lessen the value of capital invested in energy efficiency it is a challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of building climate-specific design may limit future ability to respond to rising-or-falling ambient temperatures without an optimized thermal envelope the embodied energy, heating and cooling energy and resource usage is higher than needed. ZEB by definition do not mandate a minimum heating and cooling performance level thus allowing oversized renewable energy systems to fill the energy gap.

The backbone of zero energy architecture depends severely on the monitoring process as well as the improvement of operations which can either make or break the zero- energy goals, but rest assured, as various zero-energy projects are being completed, occupied and monitored; the building industry has raised the bar for sustainable development, and many developers and building industry professionals are eager to compete and take on these challenges. These targets are also spurring substantial investment from clean tech investors that may lead to disruptive industry breakthroughs and make these goals more achievable

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ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT ANALYSIS So on the basis of that from the present ceteria it is possible to build zero energy building so by 2030 every new building would come under zero energy development but the main problem is to rectify the problem of present building or old building. What about the old building, these building should also come under zero energy development. It is very difficult to achieve zero energy development for old built building. But we can cut down the maximum energy consumption and by the means of retrofitting we can able to tends towards zero. .

So on that basis we have done three secondary study which includes bedzed, mazdar city, retreat and one primary case study which include housing unit vasundhara apartment.

As we compare our all case studies, we conclude that The BEDZED is more mass housing development full filling the efficiency of zero energy development. Where in mazdar city, it is more city development fulfilling the efficiency of zero energy development. And in RETREAT it is more a individual building development which also fulfilling the efficiency of zero energy development and lastly in vasundhara apartments , it is group housing which is tending towards zero.

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CHAPTER 10 BIBLOGRAPHY Documents - Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition- P. Torcellini, S. Pless, and M. Deru National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

- understanding zero energy architecture Buildings -By Paul A. Torcellini, Ph.D., P.E., Member ASHRAE and Drury B.Crawley,Menber ASHRAE - Net zero energy buildings: definitions, issues and experience – European Council for an energy efficient economy - Energy-Efficient Buildings in India – Mili Majumder Tata Energy Research Institute - India: The Way Towards Energy and resource efficient buildings- Bureau of Energy Efficiency - Renewables for Net Zero Energy Installation- Dr. Andy Walker, NREL, "Renewable Energy Optimization for Net-Zero" - Power & Energy Architecture for NZE University of Illinois at Chicago

- Cliff Haefke, Energy Resources Center /

- Power & Energy Architecture for NZE Buildings: Thermal Management - Dr. Stephan Richter, GEF Ingenieur AG - Biofuels and Bioenergy on U.S. Military Bases - Chris J. Zygarlicke, Energy & Environmental Research Center University of North Dakota - Engineering Analysis of Fuel Cells and Hybrid Technologies for Support of the Net-Zero Energy Concept - Jack Brouwer, Ph.D., Associate Director, National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California - Net Zero Energy Building - Paul Hutton & Pete Jefferson - BIPV for NZE Installations & Deployed Bases - Cécile Warner, P.E.NREL - Wind Energy: Technology & Applications – Tony Jiminez -Zero Net Energy Buildings - Ellen Watts AIA, LEED AP Architerra Inc. -centerline- Newsletter of the Center for the Built Environtment at the University of Page 48

ZERO ENERGY DEVELOPEMENT Carlifornia, Belrkeley - Energy Efficiency in Buildings- business realities & opportunities - World Business Council for Sustainable Development - Getting to Zero Energy Buidings : AEDG’ s to ZEB’ s – Drury B Crawley, U.S. Department of Energy -Developments in Photovoltaics - Kevin Lynn, Senior Research Engineer; FLORIDA SOLAR ENERGY CENTER. - Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, 2010. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

Government of India. New Delhi.

-National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, 2010. Ministry of Urban Development.

Government of India. New Delhi.

Weblinks - http://www.Architecture2030.com/Why - http://www.zeroenergycbc.org - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy buildings - http://www.wbcsd.org/ - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcihtecture 2030 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable architecture - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green buildings - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive solar building design - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BedZED - http://www.masdarcity.ae/en/index.aspx

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