SPECTRUM Journal of Student Research at Saint Francis University Abstracts of the Second Annual Saint Francis University Research Day
Volume 3 (2) Fall 2012
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SPECTRUM Journal of Student Research at Saint Francis University Fall 2012 Volume 3 (2) SECOND ANNUAL SAINT FRANCIS UNIVERSITY RESEARCH DAY ABSTRACTS November 29. 2012 John F. Kennedy Student Center
Schedule 12:30 pm – 1:30 pm
Poster session A (Odd Abstract Numbers)
1:30 pm – 2:30 pm
Poster session B (Even Abstract Numbers)
2:45 pm – 4:00 pm
Lecture session
Cover photo by Balazs Hargittai
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ORAL PRESENTATIONS 2:45 pm
Johnson, Amanda A.; Rozansky, Zachary A.; Loya, Lane J. Does AMD Affect Cross-System Subsidies of Riparian Arthropods in Blacklick Creek? Poster abstract P41
2:55 pm
Keith, Timothy A.; Timmons, Edward Monetary Policy and Durable Goods Poster abstract P20
3:05 pm
Wingard, Lauren S.; Kindel, Heather R.; LoRusso, Stephen M. Urinary Incontinence: The Silent Embarrassment of Female Athletes Poster abstract P30
3:15 pm
Alemu, Abenezer S.; Bandstra, Joel Z. Meta-Analysis of Bacterial Iron Reduction Rates Poster abstract P39
3:25 pm
Tedeschi, Nicholas E.; Moist, Marnie L. Effects of Concussions Location and Severity on Memory and Learning Poster abstract P38
3:35 pm
McWilliams, Thomas J.; Wolf, Irene M. Heat shock proteins as possible stress biomarkers in acid mine drainage remediation Poster abstract P26
3:45 pm
Felski, Andrea M.; Bandstra, Joel Z. Screening Water Quality Data for Influences from Marcellus Shale Drilling: An ARMABased Approach Poster abstract P21
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POSTER PRESENTATIONS P1
Dellinger, Lindsey; Moist, Marnie L. The Effect of Family Structure and Received Attention on Daily Stress This study investigates how family structure type and number of occupants living in a household will affect daily stress of an individual and the amount of attention from their parents that they will receive. A survey was conducted focusing on a minimum of 40 college students aged 18-23. Family structure types included two-parent biological, single mother, single father, step-parent with a biological parent and no biological parent homes. Daily stress will be reported using a five point rating scale and the amount of attention received will be measured using the percentage of times the participants recalled their parents forgetting their personal information and preferences. I predict that the results will be statistically significant and show a strong causal effect between family structure and received attention and the amount of daily stress that one feels on average. I also predict there will be a strong correlational effect between the amount of people living in ones’ primary residence and the amount of daily stress. The results can be applied to aide parents in understanding how to help relieve stress in their children.
P2
Ciraula, Stephanie M.; McConnell, Lauren E.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis of Chiral Cation Selective Crown Ethers Many practical reagents in organic synthesis are soluble in water due to their ionic nature, but this also makes them insoluble in organic solvents. Crown ethers may play an important role in organic syntheses by making many insoluble substances soluble in a wide range of reactions. Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that can coordinate metal ions in non-polar solvents. Thus the metal ions are separated from their anions, forming salts that are soluble in the organic solvents and are highly reactive. Crown ether selectivity for cations depends on the relative size of the cavity, the size of the cation, and the number of donor atoms. In our research we are attempting to synthesize crown ethers containing multiple adjacent tetrahydrofuran rings. Introduction of a structural constraint into the crown ring can result in some rigidity. This rigidity may result in higher selectivity for cation-binding, since some of the donor atoms are locked in a specific direction. The introduction of tetrahydrofuran (THF) rings as the structural constraints can also cause stronger binding due to the increased basic character of the ring oxygens over the ordinary crown oxygens. The introduction of chiral centers into the crown ring can lead to selective separation of optical isomers of chiral organic cations, which can be useful for selective ion extractions, ion exchange chromatography, selective transport through membranes and in asymmetric reactions. The novelty of our research is that these crown ethers contain the tetrahydrofuran rings at neighboring oxygen atoms. Our syntheses are based on two hypotheses proposed for the formation of adjoining THF rings. One suggests that these rings can be synthesized through successive steps of epoxidations and anti-epoxide openings by starting from an all-E-triene. The second approach proposes that rings can be formed by a metal-oxo reagent directed syn-oxidative cyclization reaction, starting from an all-Z-triene.
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Peer, Rebecca A.M.; Nairn, Robert W.; Winfrey, Brandon K.; Strosnider, William H.J. Passive Co-treatment of Zn-Rich Acid Mine Drainage and Raw Municipal Wastewater A laboratory-scale three-stage batch reactor treatment system was designed to passively cotreat acid mine drainage from an abandoned adit and raw municipal waste water, both from Potosi, Bolivia. To further illuminate treatment mechanisms, the results for each unit process and the overall system were modeled using the PHREEQC geochemical modeling system. Metal contaminant species were evaluated throughout the treatment system to determine precipitation and dissolution using saturation indices from the modeling program. The results from the geochemical analysis were contributed to a research article to be published in the Journal of Geochemical Exploration.
P4
Vaughn, Michael V., Jr.; Damico, Denise H. Remembering Lost Pennsylvania History: “The San” The Cresson Sanatorium (or “The San”) was a facility to house and treat those infected with tuberculosis (TB). The San was located in Cresson, Pennsylvania; roughly 140 miles from Harrisburg, between the cities of Johnstown and Altoona. Thousands of patients, between the years of roughly 1913-1964, were sent there for treatment. Because of the disease people were sent to these locations, like The San, to be kept away from the public and to quarantine the disease. “Tuberculosis is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of the lungs. It was a dreaded diagnosis up until the early 1960s. By that time, widespread vaccination and better treatments had nearly wiped it out in the United States. ”Depending on how the patient reacted to treatment, some patients stayed for years but also some died while fighting the battle for a cure. Due to the fear and the humiliation of the TB disease, some families refused to claim family members once they had passed away from the disease. They remain unclaimed to this day. The San stands out when compared to other locations in the state of Pennsylvania and also to other locations throughout the rest of the country. Some elements that The San had that made it standout were: medical advances with medical treatments & medical staff, and also the number of people who fought the battle against TB. When compared to other locations nationally, the number of people who died at The San was relatively low. The number of patients who lost the battle with TB at The San are never forgotten! As we remember them, we fight for a dedication.
P5
Grasser, Elyse M.; Damico, Denise H. No Hope Without Dope: Drug Use in the Tour De France According to some professional cyclists and fans, there is no hope without dope if a cyclist wishes to be a successful athlete in the Tour de France. This research project is focused on the history of the Tour de France, and the evolution of drug use within the race. The project charts the Tour from its beginning, through the technological and social changes that occurred over the years, in addition to discussing the various drugs and their methods of use throughout the history of the Tour. Drug use has been on the rise in all sports in the past few decades, and most people feel that it is the wrong direction to support within the professional sports field. But
6 others feel that, as long as the fans of the sport are entertained, then the athletes should be allowed to do whatever they wish to their own bodies in order to attempt to gain the recognition they desire. So, this begs the question: if everyone is doing it, is it cheating? What should it matter to spectators if athletes are performing inhuman acts of strength with or without knowing about the aid of performance enhancing drugs? Evidence includes primary and secondary sources from and about cyclists who have ridden the Tour. Some cyclists are of the opinion that drug use should be permitted in order to actually accomplish the physical feat of the Tour. Others feel the race should be pure and clean, and some teams even build their identity around that belief. Therefore, while the International Cycling Union is currently still very much against doping, should drug use be permitted in the Tour, other cycling events, and even all sports in general?
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Orr, Veronica M.; Print, Paul R.; Farabaugh, Patrick G. 'Merica's Media: White is Right, Black is Whack ... And So Are Most Other Minorities ... The U.S. mass media has become increasingly adept in its ability to warp white America's views of people of other races and cultures, thus perpetuating prejudices and stereotypes in its messages. Our research examines how different media outlets - both consciously and unconsciously - assist in fostering racist stereotypes. Following a comprehensive review of recent literature exploring this topic, our poster will demonstrate that many Americans especially those who do not live in racially and culturally diverse areas - come to see the televised world as the real world. Examples abound: from the language of journalism to dramas to sitcoms on television, as well as many other examples.
P7
Brantner, Caleb P.; Timmons, Edward The Powers of the Yield Curve The purpose of this paper is to explore the characteristics as well as the predicting power of the yield curve. After exploring what exactly the yield curve is (the spread between the ten-year U.S. Treasury note and the U.S. three-month Treasury bill) and what it indicates, I will explain the ability of the yield curve to predict both GDP (with a 1-year lag) and upcoming economic recessions (within 2-years). “As a recession predicting tool the yield curve is simple to use and significantly outperforms other financial and macroeconomic indicators in predicting recessions two to six quarters ahead,� (Mishkin & Estrella, Page 1).
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Kebede, Bemnet A.; McWilliams, Thomas J.; Mundy, Paige C.; Zahumensky, Amanda M.; Wolf, Irene M.; Strosnider, William H.J.; Zovinka, Edward P. Evaluation of an Acid Mine Drainage Passive Treatment System: Lilly, Pennsylvania We are studying a passive treatment system for acid mine drainage at an abandoned coal mine in Lilly PA to determine if it was working to eliminate metal ion discharge and raising the pH. To investigate system performance, water samples were collected and tested using ion chromatography and flame atomic absorption methods using standard curve techniques to
7 determine concentrations. The Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used to determine the concentration of Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in the water samples. Ion Chromatography was used to analyze for specific anions in the water samples. The anions that were analyzed include: nitrate (NO3⁻), phosphate (PO4⁻3), sulfate (SO4⁻2), and chloride (Cl⁻). The pH, conductivity, and amount of dissolved oxygen was found using Thermo Scientific Orion 5 star multimeter. From the collected samples the concentration of Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) was high. Although the concentration is above the acceptable level the concentration of these metals decreases as they go through each ponds. The concentration of the anions present in the water is in high level but the concentration decreases as they go through each pond. All data collected indicates that the system is still working well after over a decade of constant service. All the samples were collected from the Lilly site during the summer of 2012. The water samples were collected two different times and the samples were collected from the discharge, the weir, and at the 4 pond’s outflow.
P9
Houston, William C.; Damico, Denise H. JFK Assassination Was there only one shooter or two? Perhaps a magic bullet was the cause of death to one of the most beloved presidents of all time. On November 22nd, 1963, the president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was assassinated while driving thru the streets of Dallas, Texas. Kennedy’s assassination remains to be a mystery to this very day. The alleged assassin of the president was Lee Harvey Oswald. With the ongoing conspiracy theories and general assumptions about the assassination, I like to discuss some of these theories and assumptions. From having more than one shooter, to the magic bullet theory, to many believing that Oswald was not the shooter is many rumors that are floating around. With this shooting having such a huge impact on that generation and on the country, it is baffling to me that they are still very unsure about what exactly happened that day in Dallas, Texas. This project I would like to compare all of the findings throughout different theories about the assassinations. Throughout the different sources I have read, I have discovered various amounts of information pertaining to certain theories. One thing is that a majority of the article completely cancel out any other theory to the assassination. One article states that there was only one shooter and Oswald did the whole. Even though other information is well presented, his argument for one shooter makes almost seem impossible to believe.
P10
Mundy, Paige C.; McWilliams, Thomas J.; Zahumensky, Amanda M; Wolf, Irene, M. The Effects of Acid Mine Drainage Remediation on Plant Stress Proteins and Cell Viability Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a known source of abiotic. After a mine has closed, the water tables rise allowing contaminated groundwater to discharge into the environment. These contaminated waters are often acidic and contain elevated concentrations of metals and metalloids. We are currently examining an area of AMD that is in the process of being passively remediated. Here the runoff is collected into a shallow basin; whereby, iron precipitates out. The water then flows downhill to collect into two more ponds to further remove pollutants. A final pond lined with limestone is used to offset any remaining acidity before joining a tributary of the Little Conemaugh. Upon gross inspection between the ponds,
8 there is a noticeable difference in plant height of cattails (Typha latifolia). Cattails from pond 1 which receives the AMD runoff had an average height of 40 cm; whereas; cattails from pond 4 had an average height of 140 cm. Cattail cellular extracts were used to determine the levels of HSP70, a stress protein, via western blot. Interestingly, results indicate the ponds with the cleaner water have higher levels of HSP70, suggesting HSP70 may assist with plant growth. In efforts to study specific components of AMD we submerged Elodea densa in distilled water with varying levels of pH (2-7) or arsenic (0-250 ÂľM). Cytoplasmic streaming decreased following a 7-day exposure to pH levels 3 and below. Chloroplast aggregation increased following a 7-day exposure to 250 ÂľM arsenic. DNA degradation was observed by PCR amplification of the gene rubisco. Degradation appeared in all samples subjected to pH 6 or lower after two days. Future experiments are aimed at quantifying the levels of HSP70 in the elodea; as well as, fluorescent cell viability assays.
P11
Jones, Maura J.; Bailey, Jenna, M.; Perrone, Trina M.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis of Novel Cyclic Amino Acids with Basic Side-Chain The cyclic amino acid proline is limited by steric constraints and has a strong structural effect orienting two sections of a peptide or protein chain in specific directions and limiting possible structures for the whole molecule. The objective of our research is to synthesize a novel cyclic proline derivative with a basic side-chain and then incorporate this novel amino acid into peptide sequences. It has been shown that the presence of a basic amino acid in certain positions of our model peptides greatly enhance their binding ability, while the presence of a cyclic amino acid in the same position can lead to the formation of their natural isomers with good selectivity.
P12
George, Venessa R.; Cadwallader, Robin L. Crimes Against Women The poster focuses on various crimes that women still have to combat in our country on a daily basis. When most people hear these words, the first crime against women that comes to mind is rape or some form of sexual assault. However, the purpose of my poster is to present people with ideas of other crimes that women have come to deal with in various categories such as their corporate, military, political, and religious lives. No matter what type of crime is committed, they are limiting to the person they effect. Women have gained so much throughout history and I believe that it’s important for people to learn and recognize less obvious ways the women are being restricted in our country today so that possibly one day women can attain the same view of equality as men.
P13
Imbrogno, Robert M., Jr.; Damico, Denise H. Can modern video games teach history? Millions of people play some form of game every day. Over the past twenty years video games have skyrocketed into being one of the biggest technological sensations in all of history. While
9 many who do not understand what video games are about think of them as being simple childish diversions. Gaming has quickly become part of life not only here in America but also in many places around the world. What I propose is that video games should be treated as an art form and a base for teaching and learning many historical events. Since the earliest days of video games, when “Oregon Trail” was popular in the 1980s, video game universes have drawn from history. Using examples of games like “Assassin’s Creed” and the “Call of Duty” series, I hope to show that video games can teach history as well as creative thinking. For example, “Assassin’s Creed” vividly portrays everyday social life in Jerusalem in the 1100’s. Video games should not just be considered just a fun diversion for people to play when they are bored but can also be used to teach history by using an entertaining form of art. Video games literally put one into a time that is difficult to understand from today’s point of view.
P14
Dumm, Caroline F.; Gdula, Sean A.; Gibson, Rebecca; Simko, Julia A.; Sieber, Kristen M.; Terchanik, Alexandra M.; Malek, Kay Do Physical Therapists and Patients Perceive Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Differently? The purpose of this study is to explore perceptual differences between physical therapists (PT) and patients in reference to CAM interventions. With personal wellness on the rise, this research aims to discover what prevents and what encourages the use of complementary and alternative therapies in conjunction with mainstream medicine. Subjects included the CCCE’s, directors or physical therapists at any of the clinical sites that were eligible to complete the survey, as well as, current patients over the age of 18 at each clinical site. A purposeful nonrandom sampling method was used to select clinics from a majority of counties across the state of Pennsylvania. The list was established from a sampling of recent clinical education sites from Saint Francis University Physical Therapy Department. A package of five physical therapist surveys, five patient surveys, and informed consent forms with cover letter requesting participation were sent to 76 clinics. The researchers sent a questionnaire to physical therapists and asked that they administer the questionnaire to five of their patients and return all completed surveys in a pre-postages envelope. Results were calculated using an ANOVA t-test. Physical therapists (n=42) and patients (n=30) completed the surveys. Two physical therapist surveys were removed due to being physical therapist assistants (n=40). Physical therapist age vs. hours of CAM education (P=0.00058), perceived fitness vs. exercise habits (P=5.80-11), and perceived fitness vs. CAM use (P=1.58-33) were tested for significance. Patient perceived fitness vs. exercise habits (P=7.18-06) and perceived fitness vs. CAM use (P=3.14-07) were also tested for significance. There was no difference found between rural and urban locations in either group. Statistically it was shown that PTs with less CAM education were not pursuing any further education in the area and it was shown that there is a perceived lack of continuing education in the field. PTs level of fitness was shown to be important to the majority of therapists; however, it did not increase the usage or referral of CAM. Statistics have also shown that therapists are not referring to CAM practitioners, possibly because PTs have a neutral perception that CAM practitioners should be included in the health care team. As for patients, the results have also shown that physical fitness is important, but patients were neutral on the decision to utilize CAM. Statistically significant results have shown that patients were neutral in their decision to utilize CAM or to pursue CAM through their therapist and rely more on traditional, mainstream types of medicine. The perception, although negative, is similar between the PT and the patient, but for different reasons. Identified gaps can be addressed in
10 the future to provide better holistic health care to patients. The research demonstrated perceptual differences that include both PTs and patients not seeking CAM as well as not considering CAM as medically necessary. Factors that can be further researched and addressed include education and the availability of CAM education to both therapists and patients.
P15
Baluta, Marni; Brown, Mary C.; LaBella, Katlyn M.; Orr, Veronica M.; Print, Paul R.; Vasilko, Rachel M.; Farabaugh, Patrick G. How Informed and Engaged Are Saint Francis Students in National Politics and the 2012 Presidential Election? College students are one of the most influential demographic groups in any presidential race. In the 2008 election, between 22 and 24 million Americans ages 18 to 29 voted, resulting in an estimated “youth voter turnout” – the percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a vote – of between 49.3 and 54.5 percent. It was the second-highest youth voter turnout ever, eclipsed only by the 1972 presidential election, which marked the first time that 18-years-old could vote. In a national study conducted earlier this year by the Campus Media Group, this organization found that 76 percent of today’s college students are “interested” in national politics and 87 percent of today’s students claim that they will vote in the 2012 presidential election. How interested are SFU students in the current presidential race? How likely are they to vote? And where do they go for their political news? Students in the “Theories, Social Issues and Effects of Mass Media” course conducted a survey, seeking answers to these and other questions. The survey was administered to students currently enrolled in the University’s public speaking courses. These courses include a mix of students from different majors and different classes (Fr., So., Jr., Sr., Gr.). The poster will highlight some of the key findings from this survey.
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Hines, Daniel C.; Price, Grant N.; Urgolites, Holli A.; Wolfe, Benjamin A.; Lehman, Betsy Stevens Company - Establishing a service presence Under the guidance of Professor Betsy Lehman, students are assigned a client for whom they are to conduct Marketing Research. The students spend much time in the classroom learning the extensive steps of Marketing Research. These steps are carried out during the secondary research phase, survey development, sampling, data analysis, and recommendation stages. The group then reveals its findings to the client. Becky Stevens, President of Stevens Company, requested the SFU students conduct marketing research with current and potential customers to determine if any changes should be made with Stevens’ service department. By conducting research, Ms. Stevens gained a better understanding of the current market characteristics and needs in the industrial cleaning equipment service industry. With this information Stevens Company was able to assess whether a new component of service would be a beneficial addition to the business, or if in the end it will be unnecessary to hire more employees. Upon conducting the research, a plethora of actionable competitive information was found to assist with decision-making. Participants rated service providers according to levels of satisfaction, rated the most important service characteristics to be offered by a service provider, as well as provide a series of demographic questions to give Stevens an understanding of the profile current customers. Among the information the survey provided was the undesired, and lack of awareness on service contracts, the importance of work quality to equipment users, and
11 Stevens’ stellar satisfaction ratings among varying types and sizes of businesses. The research findings indicate a strong potential for Stevens to introduce a revamped service department, as well as providing information on how to structure the service department to maximize customer satisfaction.
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Ritchey, Laura E.; Perrone, Trina M.; Clark, Rose A. Cytochrome c and Nanowires: Characterizing the Surface Properties of Carboxylic Acid/Alcohol Self-Assembled Monolayers at Electrochemically Deposited Surfaces. For any living cell, proteins are indispensable as they allow the cell to function properly. Because of their critical nature, it is extremely important to study them further. Cytochrome c (cyt c), a protein found in the mitochondria, transfers electrons with its protein partners during cellular respiration. Oppositely charged protein surfaces allow the protein partners to orient properly during electron transfer. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) can be used to mimic the natural surroundings exhibited by the two opposing proteins. A SAM is a monolayer of diluent thiols (hydroxyl end group) and alkanethiol derivatives (carboxylic acid end group) on a surface of gold. Cytochrome c can adsorb to the monolayer as the carboxylic acid groups give a negative charge and the lysine groups on the cyt c are positively charged; studying this system gives a better understanding of the cyt c’s natural function in the adsorbed state. While adsorbed to the SAM surface, the electron transfer occurs between the heme iron in cyt c and the gold surface. Since continually using new gold electrodes to study and attach SAMs and cyt c becomes relatively expensive, it is beneficial to find a new method to produce reliable electrochemical data for cyt c adsorbed to a SAM surface. To study this, we grew gold nanowires onto used gold electrodes using an applied reduction current at various deposition times. These nanowires were grown in HAuCl4 plating solution both with and without anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. This research focused on developing a procedure to grow nanowires, assembling SAMs onto the nanowire, and subsequently adsorbing cyt c onto the SAMs.
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Mitarnowski, Stephen A.; Waldron, Margaret C.; Hargittai, Michele R.S. Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A binds double-stranded DNA Critical to eukaryotic life -- mitochondria are responsible for regenerating ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to numerous diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and cardiovascular disease. Mitochondria contain its own genetic material, which is structurally and functionally different from nuclear DNA. Unlike nuclear transcription which uses in excess of 150 proteins, mitochondrial transcription requires only two transcription factors (TFAM and TFB2) to recruit the mitochondrial RNA polymerase. TFAM binds double-stranded mitochondrial DNA in a sequence-specific manner to recruit the transcription complex, as well as in a nonspecific manner to package and protect the mitochondrial genome. Our research focuses on investigating how the light strand promoter of mitochondrial DNA influences these two types of binding. Using polyacrylamide gel mobility shift assays, we have shown that TFAM binds to DNA in a sequence-specific manner more tightly than in a nonspecific manner.
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Felts, Jesse L.; Wolf, Irene M. The effect of the heat shock protein FKBP52 in planarian regeneration The ability of stem cells to differentiate into specific cell types is an exciting focus in regenerative research. Consequently, planarians, which have this regenerative capacity, are being given a lot of attention in molecular research. A previous study demonstrated how a specific heat shock protein, FKBP52, was involved mammalian neuronal regeneration (Gold 1995). In order to observe the effect of this mammalian heat shock protein on planarian regeneration, an overexpression plasmid of FKBP52 tagged with GFP will be introduced to planaria. A method for feeding the planaria E. coli that contain a pGLO plasmid (Bio-Rad) has been adapted from a previous study (Alvarado 2003) and further developed to suit the lab’s needs. Our lab will continue to develop a method that will allow for the constitutive expression of the FKBP52 overexpression plasmid in order to observe its effects on planarian regeneration.
P20
Keith, Timothy A.; Timmons, Edward Monetary Policy and Durable Goods Durable goods are a staple of the developed world. Due to their nature the price of durable goods is expensive relative to most consumers’ income. In turn, the purchase of such goods are not only a large part of a consumers overall consumption, but also require the consideration of other factors besides price before purchase. Often consumers purchase durable goods only when their expectations of the future are good, and consumption of durable goods is one of the first items to forgo in bad economic times. Therefore new orders of durable goods are considered a leading indicator of an economy. In America the Federal Reserve is tasked with keeping an economy intact by keeping inflation low and employment high using monetary policy. The results of monetary policy are often hard to measure. By looking at historical data and running various regressions, this paper attempts to measure the effect of different aspects of monetary policy on durable goods, because of the variable’s important place in the economy. When not looking at time series data ordinary least square regression was used. When looking at time series this paper used the Cochrane-Orcutt method. Using these methods it was found that the setting of the Federal Funds rate had the strongest effect on durable goods.
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Felski, Andrea M.; Bandstra, Joel Z. Screening Water Quality Data for Influences from Marcellus Shale Drilling: An ARMA-Based Approach In response to drilling of the Marcellus Shale formation, citizen groups and government agencies are placing water quality data loggers in a growing number of Pennsylvania’s streams and rivers. The data sets collected by these devices are large and show a complex structure of peaks and troughs over time even in the absence of drilling influences. New data analysis techniques are needed that efficiently identify irregular behavior of streams or increases in pollution. Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models are a potential solution to analyze the rich data both quickly and without the need for knowledge of the site-specific hydrology, geochemistry, and land-use. ARMA creates a model of the future process based on previous
13 data. We applied single variable ARMA to representative data sets collected in the KiskiConemaugh watershed. Our results indicate that ARMA sufficiently fit the data lying outside of the peak regions and that misfit between the ARMA model and the data is representative of a peak. Therefore, residual analysis can be used to assign probabilities to potential pollution signals conditioned on the base-line data. Currently we are refining our modeling approach using multivariate techniques that incorporate seasonal or even driven data such as temperature and water level.
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LaBella, Katlyn M.; Vasilko, Rachel M.; Farabaugh, Patrick G. An Absolut World: The Effects of Alcohol Advertising on Children As many media scholars have documented, advertising - since its inception - has influenced and shaped society's perceptions, especially those of children. In today's advertising-saturated media environment, U.S. children are exposed to roughly 2,000 alcohol advertisements each year. After reviewing the literature exploring this subject, we have concluded that constant bombardment of alcohol advertisements often results in more cases of underage drinking. As a result of their exposure to alcohol and advertising, research suggests that children are more likely to consume massive amounts of alcohol more often. Recently, there has been an increase in alcohol advertising directed toward youths. Our poster will demonstrate that it is necessary to impose stricter regulations on advertising, specifically alcohol advertisements targeting underage consumers.
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Steinmiller, Mark D.; Blair, Abigail E.; Morra, D. Sue Clam, Tridacna derasa, Utilization of Phosphates and Nitrates in an Aquaculture System Concentrations of phosphate and nitrate will vary in aquarium settings. To keep these levels from becoming toxic to inhabitants, aquarists must add filters to their systems. It has been hypothesized that filter feeding organisms, such as clams, can assist with the filtration process. To test this hypothesis, the utilization of nutrients by Tridacna derasa clams has been measured by following the concentrations of phosphate and nitrate in the aquaria for four weeks. Two tanks were identically set up with equal parameters. Each had five Fundulus heteroclitus heteroclitus supplying the organic nutrients to the system. Fish were fed equal amounts of TetraColor Tropical flake food daily which added addition nutrients from uneaten food. One tank housed a T. derasa clam while the other did not serving as the control. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were measured on a daily basis using HACH chemical reagent tests. A second experiment using eight tanks was run also measuring phosphate and nitrate levels. Final results of the first experiment were inconclusive. It was found that phosphate levels did not greatly vary between the experimental tank and the control. Nitrate began to show signs of differing between the tanks, but longer testing was needed to confirm results. A second experiment measuring phosphate and nitrate levels showed that nitrate levels were lower in the clam systems.
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Mountain, Gregory A.; Albright, Christopher A.; Dameron, Charles T. Creation of an Enzyme Assay to Quantitate GAD2 Activity Amino acid analysis of proteins is used to estimate purity, determine concentrations, cofactor stoichiometry, and to monitor reactions in which amino acids are modified. There are two components to amino acid analysis: 1) hydrolysis of proteins to their respective amino acid constituents and 2) modification of the amino acids to aid in their isolation and detection. The initial goal of these studies was to adapt a published procedure to work in the SFU laboratory setting. Existing hydrolysis and modification methodology was adapted and applied to an amino acid standard and an unknown test protein. The long term goal of this study is to gain a quantitative method of analyzing and identifying purified proteins and to develop a simple, rapid assay for the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase-2 (GAD2). GAD2 is an enzyme that modifies and decarboxylates glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as part of normal synapse function in biology.
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Dotts, Daniel C.; Hurley, Caitlyn M.; Hutchinson, Brittany L.; Magalski, Michael E.; Murphy, Erin T.; LoRusso, Stephen M. Determining Cross Education Changes in 1RM Strength in a Contralateral Untrained Limb Following Bilateral Training The purpose of our study is to determine the strength changes associated with cross education in the quadriceps musculature in a contralateral limb following periods of bilateral, unilateral and no training periods. Data was collected from randomized control and experimental group consisting of seven subjects following the DAPRE Protocol (6 RM) on a Cybex leg extension machine. The study consisted of an initial bilateral training period followed by unilateral (right quadriceps) training or no training performed for nine sessions each over a total of six weeks. The predicted initial 1 RM values for all subjects’ right and left lower extremities were not significantly different (p>0.05). Following the 3 week training session, significant changes to the subjects’ strength occurred. The predicted 1RM for the right quadriceps increased from 71.277 lbs. (std. dev. = 8.563) to 86.273 lbs. (std. dev. =7.243) (p-value = 0.004), while the predicted 1RM value for the left quadriceps increased from 70.644 lbs. (std. dev. = 8.734) to 87.657 lbs. (std. dev. = 5.334) (p-value = 0.001). There was a significant difference found in the percent change value from the mid-assessment and final assessment between the left lower extremities of the control group and experimental group. For the control group, the percent change was -6.823% (std dev= 3.608), while the percent change for the experimental group was 9.388% (std dev. = 6.671) (p-value=0.009). For the right lower extremity, the 1 RM for the experimental group was 118.66 lbs. (std dev.= 4.82) while the 1RM for the control group was 75.78 lbs. (std dev= 3.67) (p-value = 0.000). This data supports recent research that indicates unilateral strength training may prevent strength loss in the contralateral limb followed by bilateral strength training through the effect of cross education.
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McWilliams, Thomas J.; Wolf, Irene M. Heat shock proteins as possible stress biomarkers in acid mine drainage remediation Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the outflow of acidified water from abandoned mines which also contains other contaminants and can have adverse effects upon flora and fauna. A member of the heat shock family that will be used as a biomarker for stress is HSP70. The AMD remediation site, Bear Rock Run, is located just outside of Lilly in Western Pennsylvania and has four remediation ponds. The first pond receives the AMD effluent and the water that exits pond four is treated water that returns to the creek. The flora sample that was analyzed for HSP70 is the local Cattail plant (Typha latifolia). It has been observed that there is a difference in the height of the Cattail plants in each pond. Western analysis was conducted using antihsp70/hsc70 antibody with anti-actin loading control. Analysis of samples has shown that there is a correlation between the height of the plant and amount of HSP70. The smallest plants located in pond one have the lowest levels of HSP70. Cattail height increases from ponds 1-4 and so does the amount of HSP70 detected. All Cattails had levels of HSP70 below that of the control pond not affected by AMD.
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Albright, Christopher A.; Mountain, Gregory A.; Dameron, Charles T. GC-MS Analysis of Derivatized GABA Samples An assay of glutamate decarboxylase being developed will be used to facilitate the production of GABA, which will in turn be analyzed by GC-MS. The original glutamate decarboxylase assay was too problematic for the purposes of this experiment, therefore a new assay is under development. To facilitate GABA detection by GC-MS it is being derivatized with MTBSTFA. Derivatization and separation protocols were evaluated through the analysis of a commercial amino acid standard mixture by GC-MS. Subsequently, the GC-MS was used to quantify derivatized GABA produced in time and temperature studies to determine the optimum time and temperature for modification. A standard amino acid chromatogram was successfully reproduced indicating the GC-MS methodology was sufficient for the scope of this experiment. According to the results obtained by the time and temperature study, 70°C and 1 hour are suitable for GABA modification.
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Anderson, Liam B.; Damico, Denise H. American Civil War The Civil War is an essential part of American history, and it had a definitive impact on world history. How can secondary education teacher’s best bring this conflict to life for students? Can teachers simultaneously make the topic interesting and incorporate the latest trends in historical scholarship? The Civil War encompasses a wide variety of topics including slavery, cessation, states’ rights, economic change, and many others. This conflict was years and years in the making. Its roots stretch back to the country’s beginning following the ratification of the Constitution. My unit plan begins with these roots and moves into a series of questions that high school students are not normally presented. For example, how did President Lincoln’s positions change over the course of the war? Did Union soldiers really agree with what they
16 were fighting for? How did General Lee cope with the losses of so many Americans on both sides of the conflict? These are things that we do not normally see when lessons are being taught about the Civil War, and this is what I intend to teach my own students on the subject of the American Civil War. These questions are relevant because they focus on the individual experiences rather than the big picture, which is what is mostly taught in high school settings. Though a picture can be worth a thousand words, photographs are only useful as teaching tools when they are properly contextualized. While there are many Civil War photographs freely available on the internet, there are even more novels, articles, letters, and speeches that give a first-hand intimate view of the experiences of so many people during an important time in our nation’s history. These are the types of sources that I gather information from, and teach the Civil War from those perspectives. Learning from the personal experiences of those involved helps bring the past alive for high school students.
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Studds, Meghan J.; Merry, Justin Visual Capabilities of Sea Urchins Sea urchins have modest visual capabilities, meaning that they have the ability to detect dark objects against a light background via photoreceptors distributed around the test, or body. Previous research suggests that sea urchins’ spines play a role in determining the acceptance angle of each photoreceptor, thereby improving visual acuity in a similar way to the function of a “cup eye.” However, there have been no direct studies supporting or rejecting this hypothesis. This study tests a prediction stemming from this hypothesis: it is meant to test how the factors of visual acuity should vary with spine density across species of sea urchins. The two species were chosen based on their differences in spine density: the Rock Urchin, or Echinometra viridis and the Pencil Urchin, Eucidaris tribuloides. E. viridis has spine that are long, slender, and in close proximity to one another. In contrast, the spines of E. tribuloides are much denser and situated farther away from one another around the body. In order to test the visual capabilities of these urchins, subjects were placed in the center of a circular tank containing a target. A camera, suspended above the tank, took a photo of the subject at the beginning and the end of a five minute trial, and the approximate angle of the urchin’s movement was recorded during the trial. This procedure was then repeated for different sized targets. We then assessed whether urchins consistently moved toward the target. Consistent taxis toward a target of a given size was used as an indication that the animals could resolve the target against the background. We could then calculate the minimum resolvable angle by an urchin based on the smallest target to which it displayed taxis and the distance between the urchin and the target at the beginning of the trial.
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Wingard, Lauren S.; Kindel, Heather R.; LoRusso, Stephen M. Urinary Incontinence: The Silent Embarrassment of Female Athletes The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of urinary incontinence among Division I female athletes at Saint Francis University and to determine if a correlation exists between the presence of incontinence and the athlete’s sport. In order to accomplish this, surveys were distributed to each team either electronically or personally at the team’s practice. The sports that participated in this study included basketball, bowling, cheerleading, field hockey,
17 lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track, and volleyball. Overall, thirty-one percent of the athletes surveyed experienced stress urinary incontinence when participating in their given sports. Athletes who reported the greatest incidence of urinary incontinence while participating in their sport were those athletes whose sports involved the greatest amount of high impact activity. The largest percentage of reported urine leakage was found in participants of high impact sports during walking, running or exercising. Stress incontinence was evidenced by the report of incontinence while walking, running or exercising, as well as with coughing, laughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects. Reports indicative of urge incontinence were found as well. Incontinence with urge correlated with seeing, hearing or feeling running water, as well as with athletes reporting stress incontinence. Surprisingly the greatest percentage of participants reporting urine leakage when moving from a seated to a standing position was from a low impact sport. As a whole, the majority of the athletes surveyed were not well informed on how to practice pelvic floor strengthening exercises to prevent incontinence, but for those who did know, they did practice. In conclusion, urinary incontinence does occur in female athletes at Saint Francis University. This suggests that during conditioning, pelvic floor exercise should be included in order to prevent stress urinary incontinence in female athletes.
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Print, Paul R.; Woods, Lori; Damico, Denise H. The Line that We All Identify With: Consciously or Unconsciously Race relations have been an interesting subject matter throughout America’s history. I have been interested in the issue, but also of how Americans have different perspectives on interracial marriage. In addition to that, I am a product of a couple who decided to cross the color line despite if others opposed their marriage or were happy for the newlywed. My project uses primary sources, particularly court cases, along with scholarly literature, to contextualize interracial marriage in American history. The court case of Loving v. Virginia that took place back in 1967, but the court case originally began on January 6, 1959 in Caroline County Virginia Circuit Court. They were charged with breaking the miscegenation laws, because they had an illegal marriage since it was Mildred an African-American (black) woman with Richard an American (white) and was not a same race couple. I also examine the court case of Perez v. Sharp in 1948. My research, including a survey of Saint Francis University students' attitudes toward interracial romance, shows how various influences of our environment have impacted our outlook on different races here in America when comes to the issue of dating or marrying into a race different from an individual’s own. In the end it is more than just a race issue. While all multiracial families are different from one another, they all face certain similar challenges. These challenges include: family structure, neighborhood, physical features, politics, education levels, as well as many others. Perhaps the greatest challenge for interracial married couples and their children make is living in a society where they are taught to pick a side. Ultimately, it is interracial love allows people to rise above what history has taught us about interracial relationships and stereotypes about different groups of races. As we continue to progress in our country, hopefully we will see the controversially surrounding interracial marriage fade into history.
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Baluta, Marni; Brown, Mary C.; Farabaugh, Patrick G. Monkey See, Monkey Do: Media Violence's Effect on Today's Youth As any parent can attest, children often imitate what they see. If they are constantly viewing violence - whether it be at home, at school, or in the media - they are more likely to participate in violent acts and demonstrate more aggressive behavior. Following a comprehensive review of the recent literature on media's effects on today's youth, we have concluded that much of today's mass media - particularly televised, violent messages - do have a subconscious effect on children. Through our research, we have uncovered multiple studies demonstrating that, after viewing violent acts on television, children have developed a distorted view of reality. This distorted view - as a result of their media consumption - is then incorporated into their lives.
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Bailey, Jenna M.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis and Clinical Use of LS-2616, a Drug Used to Treat Ocular Cancer The purpose of the research project is to propose an efficient organic synthesis of LS-2616, a drug used to treat ocular cancer, and to study how this compound is used in the clinical treatment of ocular cancer. The scope of the work is to propose a synthesis as well as to conduct phone interviews with ocular cancer patients, which will be used to write case studies. The significance of this study is to compare the effect of LS-2616 with other drugs that are used today to treat ocular cancer in order to determine whether it may be used successfully for that purpose. A novel multistep synthesis will be proposed in this research and various reaction conditions will be tested for each step of the synthesis. The patients to be interviewed are of different age groups, so information can be collected and conclusions can be drawn from different perspectives.
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Stiglich, Heather E.; Damico, Denise H. The Freedom Riders The Civil Rights Movement was a social movement in the United States, starting in the 1950s and lasting through the 1960s, whose purpose was to banish racial discrimination against African Americans and restore their voting rights. The Civil Rights Movement had numerous sub-movements and demonstrations within the larger movement. The Freedom Rides was one of the most significant sub-movements. The Freedom Rides were trips organized by CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) and taken by Civil Rights activists from all over the country and of different races who called themselves the ‘Freedom Riders.’ The Freedom Riders would take trips on interstate buses, starting from the North and ending in the Deep South, where segregation was at its worst. On May 4, 1961 the first Freedom Ride left Washington D.C. and was scheduled to arrive on May 17, in New Orleans. Once the bus crossed into the Deep South it was met by members of Ku Klux Klan who firebombed one bus and then proceeded to attack the fleeing Freedom Riders. While the Freedom Riders never made their destination, their efforts were not left unseen. The Freedom Rides were an important piece of the Civil Rights Movement because this was one of the first times whites and blacks came together for a common goal. The original thirteen Freedom Riders courageous acts received country wide
19 publicity and support. The violent acts committed by the Ku Klux Klan in the Deep South were published in newspapers and magazines across the country which caused the Kennedy administration to take action. The Kennedy administration introduced the Interstate Commerce Commission; which allowed bus passengers to sit wherever they pleased. The ICC also desegregated bus terminals, their waiting rooms and also bus station lunch counters. The Freedom Rides solidified the seriousness of the Civil Rights Movement and indicated to the country that Civil Rights activists wouldn’t stop until their objective was reached.
P35
Hegarty, Cory R.; Hollstadt, Kayla M.; Kowalski, Stephen D.; Kudlawiec, Brett D.; Robine, Mark A.; Weidner, Robyn M.; Guzic, Brenda L. How familiar/confident are civilian physical therapists in treating military soldiers/veterans and in using resources of telemedicine that can augment treatment? The purpose of our study is to objectively and subjectively measure civilian physical therapist competence/confidence in treating patients with military diagnoses, and in using telemedicine during this treatment. Our hypothesis is that there are civilian physical therapist disparities between personal and sufficient competence/confidence in treating patients with militarily related diagnoses. A questionnaire comprised of 13 demographic questions, 22 objective questions related to military diagnosis and telemedicine information (asked in multiple-choice format), and 7 subjective questions related to practitioner confidence in treatment situations (presented in Likert scale format ranging from 0-100% self-confidence) was constructed to evaluate potential clinical performance of therapists with regard to the research question. Additionally, an online educational piece, in the form of test question analysis, was provided for participants to review personal performance on the questionnaire. Question material was derived from evidence-based information contained in accredited physical therapy curriculums in the United States. The research questionnaire was administered to physical therapists at the “2012 Combined Sections Meeting� in Chicago, Illinois. Participants were given the option of completing the questionnaire either online (via four computer terminals) or by hand using a paper format. Researchers informed the potential participants of the benefits and risks associated with the study and had each individual complete an informed consent. This was done prior to any data collection, and no personal identifying information was connected with this study to link specific participants to respective scores. A total of 341 participants met inclusion/exclusion criteria and completed the questionnaire. Performance percentages were calculated for individual subjective and objective sections of the questionnaire, and for all objective sections combined. Questionnaire responses resulted in the subsequent average scores for each of the following categories: Patient Friendly Language in the Military Setting- average confidence of 33.19% using this terminology, and an average score of 69.50% on factual questions; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - average confidence of 41.50% in treating these patients, and an average score of 86.37% on factual questions; War-Related Traumatic Brain Injury - average confidence of 48.25% in treating these patients, and an average score of 57.04% on factual questions; Poly-trauma - average confidence of 47.69% in treating these patients, and an average score of 71.48% on factual questions; Telemedicine - average confidence of 48.88% in using telemedicine during treatment, and an average score of 57.54% on factual questions. For the entire questionnaire, participants scored an average of 70.26% on factual questions. Objectively and subjectively reported percentages indicate disparities in practitioner knowledge when compared to acceptable performance standards used in educational institutions across the United States. Further education/information may improve
20 treatment quality for this patient population in the future. With the announced withdrawal of military personnel from overseas war efforts, the healthcare system will experience a significant surge in patient population size, potentially with one or more militarily related diagnoses – as some of these soldiers may be reintegrated into public healthcare, an analysis of civilian practitioner competence/confidence in this area is pertinent to ensure quality care.
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Zahumensky, Amanda M.; Wolf, Irene M. Soil Microorganisms in an Acid Mine Drainage The differences of microorganisms in the soil of four ponds of a passively remediated acid mine drain (AMD) were tested by using a Biolog EcoPlate. It was found that the height of cattails found in each of these ponds were significantly different so this experiment was run to determine if the soil inhabitants had an effect on height. The EcoPlates test for 31 different carbon sources in a 96 well plate thus allowing for three tests of the soil in each run. Soil was tested from the four ponds of the AMD as well as a control pond here at Saint Francis University and was pulled from as close to the cattail roots as possible to ensure the microorganisms were in contact with the actual plant. These plates allowed for a determination of different soil organisms in each of the five total ponds tested.
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Cortis, Mallory B.; Shaikh, Amber H.; Malavolti, Nathan L. Development of a HPLC Method with Fluorescence and UV Detection for the Determination of Natural Steroidal Estrogen Hormones Estrogen hormones are steroidal compounds that have widespread use as hormone replacements, contraceptives, and animal meat/milk production regulators. Too much estrogen can have adverse effects on both human and animals. Normal functions of the endocrine pathways can be disrupted by excess amounts of estrogen. A number of aquatic species, for example, turtles, trout, and minnows, may be sexually inhibited or reversed by the presence of these compounds, even concentrations as low as a few tens of ng/mL can be significantly harmful to aquatic life. This leads to the experimentation of water samples locally in the Altoona area. Water samples were taken from various locations near Altoona, Pa. Most samples were taken from rural farming areas that have manure spread on fields near water sources. Using HPLC with fluorescence detection (with λ excitation= 280nm and λ emission= 312nm), calibration curves were established for the estrogen hormones 17β-Estradiol (E2) and Estriol (E3) over the concentration ranges of 1-100ppm. The HPLC showed possible small amounts of estrogen in some samples collected. This sets the stage for further analysis of water samples for these hormones. Further analysis will provide more information on exactly how much estrogen is in the local water samples. Pre-concentration actual water samples will be attempted to provide a measurable level with the calibration curves already constructed.
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Tedeschi, Nicholas E.; Moist, Marnie L. Effects of Concussions Location and Severity on Memory and Learning Differences in cognitive function in capacity to learn, verbal working memory skills and visual and spatial working memory skills are being examined in a population of student athletes from a small rural college campus. Participants vary in primary impact location and concussion severity. Primary impact location is participant-reported and was generalized to the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the frontal lobe. Concussion severity is derived from the amount of time that the athlete took to return to normal, baseline function. Those who spent seven days or less recovering were assigned to the mild severity group. Athletes spending more than seven days but less than thirty-one days were assigned to the moderate severity group, while those requiring thirty-one days or more to recover were assigned to the severe severity group. These results are also being compared to a control group consisting of studentathletes who have never experienced a concussion. Those experiencing more severe concussions are expected to have decreased function in all three cognitive categories that those experiencing low severity concussions, or those with no history of concussions. Athletes experiencing concussions in the occipital regions are expected to score lower in the spatial memory test than athletes with the primary area of impact of other brain lobes, while those experiencing concussions in the temporal regions are expected to struggle with verbal working memory more than other athletes with a primary impact location in another area of the brain. Finally, those with severe concussions in the frontal region are expected to have the most difficult time with learning a new task, and consequently improve their score the least when attempting to learn a new task, compared to other athletes.
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Alemu, Abenezer S.; Bandstra, Joel Z. Meta-Analysis of Bacterial Iron Reduction Rates Dissimalatory iron reducing bacteria (DIRBs) are organisms that utilize iron oxides as a terminal electron acceptor during respiration. In subsurface environments these microbes can serve to impede the mobility of toxic and radioactive metals. Over the past two decades numerous studies have reported time-series iron concentration data from batch experiments conducted with DIRBs. In almost all cases, however, the data were not fit to any rate equation. Therefore, the technical literature is largely devoid of the rate constants for DIRB activity that are needed for predicting the extent to which DIRBs will influence subsurface contaminants. We have gathered a large sub-set of the relevant articles, compiled the time-series data and experimental meta-data, and fit the data to appropriate rate equations. We have also performed statistical “meta-analysis� to identify relationships between iron reduction rate and experimental conditions. Our results indicate that the zero- and first-order rate constants follow a log-normal distribution with median values of 0.03 mM hr-1 and 0.06 hr-1, respectively. The distribution of observed rate constants and relationships between rate and conditions will enable DIRB activity to be incorporated more accurately in predictions of heavy metal and actinide fate and transport in the subsurface.
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Garman, Dustien E.; Lehman, Betsy M. InquireStyle Under the guidance and teachings of Professor Betsy Lehman, students are assigned a client for whom they are to develop a full Marketing Plan. The students spend much time in the classroom learning the extensive steps in this development. These steps are conducted via smaller projects involving positioning statements and positions, branding positions, and the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). Each step is designed to get the group closer to the final project of a Marketing Plan for the client.
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Johnson, Amanda A.; Rozansky, Zachary A.; Loya, Lane J. Does AMD Affect Cross-System Subsidies of Riparian Arthropods in Blacklick Creek? Acid mine drainage (AMD) has long known to be a serious causal factor in stream pollution and overall negative effects of ecosystem health. In this particular study, the researchers examined the specific effects on riparian arthropods that have a cross-system subsidy input to the surrounding riparian vegetation; that is, insects that have an aquatic larval form that later has an adult stage on the land directly surrounding the water. Two similar habitats were selected from Blacklick creek; one branch of the stream was acid mine impaired and one was not. Vegetational and aquatic sampling methods were employed, arthropod raw data was analyzed and categorized with a number of different statistical tests, and diversity—as well as sheer number—data was analyzed. In addition, vegetational diversity was taken into account, as well as habitat similarity. The overall conclusions were simple, yet complicated; a greater potential for subsidies were noted in the unimpaired branch of Blacklick creek, but there wasn’t an overall significant difference observed in subsidies in the riparian zone.
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Jesberger, Janel A.; Heiss, Hillary A.; Hargittai, Michele R.S.; Hargittai, Balazs Synthesis of lactam analogues of a-conotoxin SI Bicyclization represents an important and widely used method – either natural or artificial – to restrict the structural, conformational and dynamic properties that contribute to the biological potency, selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability of peptides. These intramolecular bridges serve to covalently cross-link portions of the peptide chain that can be far apart in the linear sequence, but come close together in three dimensions. Formation of the bridges does not appear to be the driving force in folding, but are believed to have an important role in stabilizing the bioactive conformations of peptides. In order to explore the effects of the presence of multiple types of intramolecular bridges and the length of these bridges in the structure of peptides we have designed and synthesized various derivatives of the lactam analogue of α-conotoxin SI.
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AUTHOR INDEX (Undergraduate presenters in bold) Albright, C.A. Alemu, A.S. Anderson, L.B. Bailey, J.M. Baluta, M. Bandstra, J.Z. Blair, A.E. Brantner, C.B. Brown, M.C. Cadwallader, R.L. Ciraula, S.M. Clark, R.A. Cortis, M.B. Dameron, C.T. Damico, D.H. Dellinger, L. Dotts, D.C. Dumm, C.F. Farabaugh, P.G. Felski, A.M. Felts, J.L. Garman, D.E. Gdula, S.A. George, V.R. Gibson, R. Grasser, E.M. Guzic, B.L. Hargittai, B. Hargittai, M.R.S. Hegarty, C.R. Heiss, H.A. Hines, D.C. Hollstadt, K.M. Houston, W.C. Hurley, C.M. Hutchinson, B.L. Imbrogno, R.M. Jesberger, J.A. Johnson, A.A. Jones, M.J. Kebede, B.A. Keith, T.A. Kindel, H.R. Kowalski, S.D. Kudlawiec, B.D.
P24, P27 P39 P28 P11, P33 P15, P32 P21, P39 P23 P7 P15, P32 P12 P2 P17 P37 P24, P27 P4, P5, P9, P13, P28, P31, P34 P1 P25 P14 P6, P15, P22, P32 P21 P19 P40 P14 P12 P14 P5 P35 P2, P11, P33, P41 P18, P41 P35 P41 P16 P35 P9 P25 P25 P13 P42 P41 P11 P8 P20 P30 P35 P35
LaBella, K.M. Lehman, B.M. LoRusso, S.M. Loya, L.J. Magalski, M.E. Malavolti, N.L. Malek, K. McConnell, L.E. McWilliams, T.J. Merry, J. Mitarnowski, S.A. Moist, M.L. Morra, D.S. Mountain, G.A. Mundy, P.C. Murphy, E.T. Orr, V.M. Peer, R.A.M. Perrone, T.M. Price, G.N. Print, P.R. Ritchey, L.E. Robine, M.A. Rozansky, Z.A. Shaikh, A.H. Sieber, K.M. Simko, J.A. Steinmiller, M.D. Stiglich, H.E. Strosnider, W.H.J. Studds, M.J. Tedeschi, N.E. Terchanik, A.M. Timmons, E. Urgolites, H.A. Vasilko, R.M. Vaughn, M.V. Waldron, M.C. Weidner, R.M. Winfrey, B.K. Wingard, L.S. Wolf, I.M. Wolfe, B.A. Woods, L. Zahumensky, A.M. Zovinka, E.P.
P15, P22 P16, P40 P25, P30 P41 P25 P37 P14 P2 P8, P10, P26 P29 P18 P1, P38 P23 P24, P27 P8, P10 P25 P6, P15 P3 P11, P17 P16 P6, P15, P31 P17 P35 P41 P37 P14 P14 P23 P34 P3, P8 P29 P38 P14 P7, P20 P16 P15, P22 P4 P18 P35 P3 P30 P8, P10, P19, P26, P36 P16 P31 P8, P10, P36 P8
Call for papers Sub m ission G uid elines The purpose of SPECTRUM is not merely to disseminate new results, but also to inform and enlighten. Our readership is a general and multidisciplinary audience who may not be an expert in your field of study. Consequently, please explain all pertinent concepts essential to understanding your article as well as any concepts that might not be common knowledge. Please submit your file in Microsoft Word format as an attachment to the following email address: spectrum@francis.edu. The text should be single spaced, using 12-point Times New Roman font. Please use italics, rather than underlining, for emphasis. O r ganiz at ion of M anuscr ip t s SPECTRUM is an interdisciplinary journal accepting submissions from the natural sciences, the humanities as well as the professional schools (health sciences and business), therefore, the structure and style of each manuscript will differ from discipline to discipline. Regardless, all submissions must provide a cover sheet, a thorough introduction of the problem your research addresses, the conclusion(s), result(s) or findings of your research, as well as some form of bibliographic citation. Below are the general guidelines for these requirements, some of which may not apply to your area of research. C ov er Sheet Title Names and departments of undergraduate researcher(s) and faculty advisor(s) Abstract (200 – 300 words) Six key words Int r od uct ion Include general background of the relevant field and the larger problem your research addresses as well as its relevance within the field. In addition, explain what prompted your investigation, a summary of previous findings related to your research problem and what contributions your project brings (or was expected to bring) to the issue. M et hod s and M at er ials (If ap p licab le) Summarize important methods and materials used in your research. R esult s/C onclusions Give detailed report of the results and or conclusions reached through your research. Discussion Results should be evaluated in the context of general research problem, the implications of which should be explained with conclusions, predictions or suggestions (if applicable) for further study. T ab les (if ap p licab le) Create tables in Microsoft Word format and insert into general text accompanied by a table legend. Each table needs a number based on its appearance in the paper, where it is referenced. Figur es (if ap p licab le) Please submit figures at the end of the article, one image per page; we will fit these in as we organize the manuscript. Each figure needs a number (the figures shall be numbered consecutively in the order of their appearance in the paper) and a title. SPECTRUM will be printed black and white, but there will be an online version where figures submitted in color will appear in color. R efer ences You may use any referencing style you choose so long as it is a standard format or your discipline (IEE, APA, ACS, PubMed) and that you use it consistently and to the appropriate bibliographical standards.