2015 Operational Response and Community Risk Plan by Salina Fire Department

SALINA FIRE DEPARTMENT

2015 Operational Response and Community Risk Plan

Larry Mullikin, Fire Chief Salina Fire Department 1/15/2015

Operational Risk and Response Plan

Table of Contents Document Overview ...........................................................................................3 Relationship to the Standards of Cover (SOC).................................................4 Department Profile..............................................................................................4 Response Area, Zoning and Data Integration ..................................................5 Categorizing Risk of Fire....................................................................................6 Target Hazards and Pre-Emergency Planning .................................................8 Emergency Medical Response ..........................................................................9 Emergency Medical Event Assessments..........................................................9 Areas Without Hydrants ...................................................................................10 Abandoned / Dangerous Buildings .................................................................10 Performance Expectations...............................................................................11 Management of Risk to Fire Personnel...........................................................12 Rules of Engagement .......................................................................................12 Baseline Performance Standard......................................................................13 Response Time Relationship between Fire and EMS Events .......................14 Field Fire Flow Calculations for Building Fires..............................................15 Effective Response Forces (ERF)....................................................................15 Special Operations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; HazMat â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Technical Rescue.........................................23 Safety Officer Deployment ...............................................................................29 Mutual Aid..........................................................................................................30 Signatory and Plan Approval...........................................................................31 Attachments

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Document Overview Every fire department in the United States is faced with a myriad of risks in responding to emergencies. It is imperative that departments have a plan in place to identify, analyze, and categorize the risks to the community and themselves. This document provides the foundation and guidance in evaluating the level of risk, the fire departments analysis of that risk, and the department’s response to that risk for the Salina Fire Department. The evaluation of risk generally starts with an understanding that emergencies fall into one of four relationships between structures or conditions and the distribution and concentration of resources: 

Low probability, low consequences



Low probability, high consequences



High probability, low consequences



High probability, high consequences

Each of these risk scenarios creates different requirements in the community for the assignment of specific levels of fire station staffing and response equipment (concentration) and the commitment of resources across the community (distribution). In simple terms:

Increased Risk = Increased Concentration of Fire Forces Salina also requires the correct distribution of resources. For example, the Fire Department must be able to reach a very large number of events, regardless of how insignificant they are, over the entire jurisdiction. This is an equity issue between neighborhoods. Moreover, low-income neighborhoods should not have any less protection than high-income neighborhoods, and high-income neighborhoods should not have any better level of service than low income ones. This concept is reflected in the distribution of fire companies and ambulances to assure a specific response time performance goal for a certain percentage of the calls for service. In a perfect world, 100% of the community would have a fire company or ambulance on scene within the response travel time goal. In the real world the distribution of fire and ambulance resources is very good if the fire truck or ambulance can arrive at least 90 percent of the time within the stated time goal.1 This document is a companion document to the Salina Fire Department’s “Standards of Cover” (SOC) required by the Center for Public Service Excellence (CPSE) Accreditation Program, administered by the Commission on Fire Accreditation International (CFAI).

“Creating and Evaluating Standards for Response Coverage for Fire Departments” 4 Edition, Commission on Fire Accreditation International. Page 3

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Relationship to the Standards of Cover (SOC) Operational Risk Planning and the Standards of Cover (SOC) required under the CFAI accreditation process contain many of the same elements. However, it is equally important to understand their differences. They are designed for different purposes. The SOC deals exclusively with the fire department’s performance relative to actual building fires and is required for CFAI accreditation. The SOC does not include medical emergencies and hazardous condition type events. That is not to say that medical emergencies and hazardous condition type events are not important – they are very important; however, responses to these types of services are measured as part of the Performance Analysis Process as key performance indicators. The SOC is basically a time and resource response study. Operational Risk Planning (ORP) provides additional information on target hazards, response criteria, abandoned / dangerous buildings and areas without hydrants. OPR also provides the department’s expectations and goals when responding to medical emergencies. The strength of ORP rests in its ability to educate and inform people both inside and outside the department on how and when fire department resources are deployed. Additionally, the graphic under the Performance Standard section is unique because it combines several time sensitive elements into one picture. Under the Performance Standard section there is also a “Baseline Performance Standard” that applies to building fires. This standard is included because of the CFAI accreditation process.

Department Profile The Salina Fire Department is a organization of 90 (+ or -) fire personnel that provide fire and ambulance services to the City of Salina and ambulance and rescue services outside the City limits to Saline County. The Fire Department operates from four fire stations that are strategically located in the community. To provide some idea of the activity level for the fire department: on average the Salina Fire Department will respond to over 2,000 fire related incidents, over 6,000 medical incidents, and over 150 medical transfers to outside hospitals per year. That equates into a little less than twenty calls for service each day of the year.

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Response Area, Zoning and Data Integration Each fire station has a defined 1st due response area. This is an area where the personnel and equipment will be the first to arrive on the scene of a fire or medical emergency. The Salina Fire Department operates on a three platoon, 24 hour shift, arrangement (Shift 1, Shift 2, and Shift 3). Every fire station is commanded by a fire captain on each 24 hour shift. The station captain is responsible for all of the fire department related emergencies occurring in his/her first due area, as well as, all the personnel and equipment assigned to the fire station. The City is also divided into “Response Zones.” Response zones are smaller areas and may not exactly match the response area for a given fire station. For the City of Salina, Response Zoning provides several benefits for the Fire Department. First, response zoning is directly related to emergency response and dispatching. Addresses of unfolding emergencies are communicated to the responding fire trucks or ambulances along with the zone number. The Fire Departments street map books are referenced by zone number. Additionally, Fire Officers can quickly access their Mobile Data Terminals (MDTs) select the zone number and the address will lie within that zone. Second, response zoning allows the department to analyze any fire or medical response data in terms of a smaller more significant response area rather than the City at large. To keep from confusing the reader and for the analysis of risk and response resources the zoning configuration currently in use by the department will be referred to as “Demand Zones” for the purpose of risk and response planning in this document. Immediately following is a picture of a Zone Map to illustrate:

Demand zones may, or may not be, consistent in the types of construction and challenges that are present for the fire department. For example, a Demand Zone can consist of nearly all residential housing of a similar type and occupancy and may have a Page 5

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number of small businesses scattered through it, with the inclusion of a large public or private school. In this instance the planning must take into consideration the routine nature of responding to residential and small business fires and EMS calls in the Demand Zone, while at the same time, recognizing that special attention must be paid to the school in the deployment of first-response resources at the outset of a confirmed emergency. There are no response zones outside a one mile buffer around the City of Salina. In order to incorporate some type of zoning the Salina Fire Department uses the Rural Fire Districts as independent response zones.

Categorizing Risk of Fire The Salina Fire Department will use predominately use “Risk-by-Typification” for categorizing risk to the community and fire personnel. When combined with the experience of the fire captains and chief officers this system will help to identify problematic areas that the fire administration may need to bring to the attention of policymakers or increase firefighter education, training, and pre-emergency planning. Commonly known as “Target Hazards”, these properties are normally a product of worst case scenarios produced by these evaluation methods. Target Hazards are discussed later in the material. Risk-by-Typification Risk-by-Typification relies on examining the types of calls the fire department responds to and a review of the historical response data in the community. The listing of call types are reviewed by the chief officers of the department and assigned a level of risk using their experience, education, and judgment. The Salina Fire Department uses four levels of risk that are directly correlated to “Anticipated Fire Flows.” Anticipated Fire Flows are based on the Performance Expectations and the goals articulated under Effective Response Forces (ERF) detailed later in this document. In other words, as the requirement for additional fire flow increases the number of personnel to supply that fire flow also increases. Along with examples, the levels of risk are: LOW RISK (Anticipated Fire Flow < 1,000 gpm) Automobile fires “Hazardous Conditions” type calls Fire alarm and sprinkler system notifications without confirmed fires Grass and low fuel types Automobile accidents or minor industrial accidents Tractor trailer fires without hazardous cargo Page 6

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MODERATE RISK (Anticipated Fire Flow 1,000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2,000 gpm) Detached, single-family dwellings Older multi-family dwellings easily reached with pre-connected attack lines Buildings that are fully covered with fire sprinklers Railroad facilities Mobile Homes Industrial or commercial occupancies under 10,000 sq.ft. without high fire load Aircraft on airport property Fire / Rescue calls involving vehicle accidents with people trapped or adjacent property threatened within the City of Salina Storage sheds Out buildings Detached garages SIGNIFICANT RISK (Anticipated Fire Flow 3,000+ gpm) Concentrations of older multi-family dwellings without adequate separation by distance or barriers Unsprinkled buildings with high concentrations of fuel load or hazardous materials. Aircraft off airport property Rescue/EMS calls involving transport trucks or railway cars carrying hazardous materials within the City of Salina Mercantile, educational, or assembly facilities without fire sprinklers Built-up areas with high concentrations of property with substantial risk of life loss, severe financial impact upon the community or the potential for unusual damage to property or the environment that are not fully covered by fire sprinklers SPECIAL RISK (Anticipated Fire Flow 4,000+ gpm) Apartment complexes more than 25,000 square feet without fire sprinklers Government or infrastructure risks (buildings, transformer stations, communications etc.) Hospitals Nursing homes Industrial complexes with fire flows of more than 3,500gpm Warehouses Vacant/abandoned structures Buildings more than 3,000 square feet located in areas without hydrants or sufficient fire flow within the City of Salina

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Target Hazards and Pre-Emergency Planning By definition, Target Hazards are, “large structures with multiple floors (or floor areas) or properties that pose significant hazards and represent a potentially large loss of life and property.”2 For the Salina Fire Department Target Hazards are generally those occupancies in the “Significant” or “Special” risk categories that the Battalion Chiefs have chosen for preemergency planning and added to the Target Hazard List. However, a Target Hazard could fall into any risk category because a Target Hazard could be political, economic, environmental or life safety sensitive. Target Hazards may require a special response deployment of resources on the initial alarm regardless of the character of the surrounding Demand Zone or special fire company/ambulance deployments. For example, the first-in engine company may be required to pass command and go directly to the location of the emergency; the second-in engine company may be required to assume command and service the standpipe with a water supply; the medical officer may be required to set up a medical triage area at a certain location in the expectation of the injured. Additionally, if a Target Hazard experiences a significant event a number of automatic actions will be instituted, such as, automatic recall of off-duty personnel, deployment of all on-duty resources to the incident area, deployment of the command staff, notification to surrounding Rural Fire Districts, an automatic request for rural districts to assist in providing fire and medial response inside the City of Salina. Target Hazards are required to have a full pre-emergency plan including a site drawing and pictures, if necessary. Additionally, Target Hazards are required to be visited at least once a year to validate the information contained in the plan. That is what distinguishes these properties from other occupancies within a Demand Zone. The fire department will have information on other occupancies within a Demand Zone based on routine fire inspections, but Target Hazards are visited once a year for verification. Pre-Fire Planning for buildings other than Target Hazards is carried out inside the departments building inspection program. Data for these buildings is collected during the routine fire inspection and added or updated to the department’s database. The need for, and level of detail required for, site drawings and detailed building drawings is based on a criteria determined by the Battalion Chiefs. The list of Target Hazards for the Salina Fire Department can be found in the Attachment section of this document.

“Managing Fire and Rescue Services”, International City/County Management Association, 2002, page 52. Page 8

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Emergency Medical Event Assessments One EMS goal, consistent with medical literature, is reducing the response times to timesensitive medical emergencies (i.e., cardiac arrest, patient unresponsive, stroke and breathing difficulties). There are some similarities between the analysis of fire events and medical calls that relate to incident outcomes; specifically, shorter response times tend to stop the escalation of an incident and produce a better outcome. One strategy the Salina Fire Department will use is to determine if clusters, specific area, or area/populations within a community experience greater numbers or higher percentages of time-sensitive medical conditions. A neighborhood comprised mostly of older retired citizens will require more emergency medical services than a younger neighborhood comprised of young families. While quantification of the value of shorter response times to all medical conditions is not possible, it is possible to quantify correlation between time-sensitive chief complaints and community characteristics. By pinpointing areas with more frequent occurrences of specific medical emergencies, the department can organize its resources more effectively to those medical conditions that benefit the most from rapid intervention. For example, if a stationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volume of time-sensitive chief complaints is five percent of its total volume, then there should be the same relative percentage for each of the conditions analyzed. Thus, a station responding to five percent of the total medical calls should respond to five percent of the heart attacks. An engine responding to a higher Page 9

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percentage of heart attacks than it station’s calculated percentage indicates the community it serves has proportionately more heart attacks than other parts of the city. While cardiac arrest, difficulty breathing, and choking are the most time-sensitive medical emergencies, there are other emergencies that can benefit from shorter response times. While admittedly there is little in the medical literature describing optimal time-to-treatment intervals, pathology of disease processes supports the hypothesis that shorter intervention times improve outcomes. One area that is little understood by the examination of response figures is the difficulties posed by language barriers. The ability to quickly communicate with those in need of rapid intervention, as well as, those who may have first hand knowledge of the event may spell the difference between life and death. Poor communication may lead to lengthened patient assessment times and prolong the time to effective intervention.

Areas Without Hydrants The Salina Fire Department responds to a number of areas surrounding the City that water supplied by a hydrant may not be adequate or even exist. In these areas the Fire Department will conduct a critical task analysis to determine the amount of fire flow possible on a sustained basis. The goal of the department’s risk planning process is to identify structures that are located beyond a reasonable distance to a fire hydrant capable of an adequate fire flow and determine the actual fire flow that can be generated using water-tender or water shuttle operations. These operations will consider the time for the tender (or shuttle) to arrive, depart, refill and return to the fire scene. The Salina Fire Department is dependent on the surrounding rural fire departments for water tanker operations to support a meaningful fire flow.

Abandoned / Dangerous Buildings Abandoned buildings pose a real and significant threat to firefighters and the community. These buildings are defined in the 2003 International Fire Code, Section 311.1.1 Abandoned premises. The goal of the Fire Department’s Risk Planning is to identify abandoned or dangerous buildings and determine if interior firefighting operations are warranted and justified. A risk analysis of the property will be conducted by on-site visits, photographs, and an assessment of risk by the fire captains and chief officers. If the property is determined to pose an unreasonable risk to firefighters the property will be added to a “Defensive Only” Fire Operations List. Page 10

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A “Defensive Only” determination prohibits fire personnel from conducting interior firefighting operations on well established fires. Fire personnel are prohibited from entering the structure whenever any fire beyond the incipient stage is present, the only exception to this policy is when an immediate rescue is necessary and can be performed without extreme risk to fire personnel. “Defensive Only” structures will be treated as Target Hazards and require pre-fire planning. The pre-fire planning process will incorporate detailed instructions on specialized containment measures (i.e. trench cutting of adjoining occupancies), the placement of defensive master streams, placement of aerial ladders, and the identification of key hydrants to provide water supply. Lastly, the pre-fire plan will forecast the number of firefighters that will be needed on the fireground for extended operations and plan accordingly. A list of the Dangerous Buildings can be located in the attachments at the top of the Target Hazard List.

Performance Expectations The Salina Fire Department operates under four broad expectations when it comes to incident management of any emergency the fire department is dispatched to. 1. Stop the escalation of the emergency when found. 2. Respond with enough resources to: 1) execute the ‘Critical Tasks’ connected with each type of emergency, and 2) provide for the safety of fire personnel based on the risk of the event. 3. For EMS and specialty rescues: 1) arrive before brain death occurs in a full arrest, and 2) be able to extricate and transport trauma patients to a designated trauma center within 60 minutes of the accident occurring.

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Management of Risk to Fire Personnel Fire department personnel are expected to practice risk management (risk vs. value analysis) within the context of the following VALUE STATEMENT:   

Within a structured plan, we may risk our lives to protect savable lives. Within a structured plan, we may risk our lives a LITTLE to protect savable property. We will NOT risk our lives at all to save lives or properties that are already lost.

The acceptable level of risk is directly related to the potential to save lives or property. Where there is no potential to save lives, the risk to firefighters must be evaluated in proportion to the ability to save property of value. When there is no ability to save lives or property, there is no justification to expose fire personnel to any avoidable risk. In these cases, defensive suppression operations or other non-aggressive action is the appropriate strategy. The Salina Fire Department endorses the 16 Life Safety Initiatives developed by the International Association of Fire Chiefs. The endorsement extends to all personnel the responsibility to make improvements in operational and administrative matters relating to firefighter safety and survival. A listing of the Initiatives is attached to this plan.

Rules of Engagement In 2010, the International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC) developed the ‘Rules of Engagement’ for the fire service that can be applied to any emergency scene. The Salina Fire Department endorses and follows the rules of engagement as presented. Early in development the Rules of Engagement, it was recognized that two separate rules were needed – one set for the firefighter, who is at the greatest risk, and another set for the incident commander who is responsible for keeping all members on the fireground safe. Thus, the two sets of Rules of Engagement described in this document. Each set has several commonly shared rules and objectives, but the explanations are described somewhat differently based on the level of responsibility (firefighter vs. incident commander). Rules of Engagement for Firefighter Survival  Size-Up Your Tactical Area of Operation.  Determine the Occupant Survival Profile.  DO NOT Risk Your Life for Lives or Property That Can Not Be Saved.  Extend LIMITED Risk to Protect SAVABLE Property.  Extend Vigilant and Measured Risk to Protect and Rescue SAVABLE Lives. Page 12

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     

Go in Together, Stay Together, Come Out Together Maintain Continuous Awareness of Your Air Supply, Situation, Location and Fire Conditions. Constantly Monitor Fireground Communications for Critical Radio Reports. You Are Required to Report Unsafe Practices or Conditions That Can Harm You. Stop, Evaluate and Decide. You Are Required to Abandon Your Position and Retreat Before Deteriorating Conditions Can Harm You. Declare a May Day As Soon As You THINK You Are in Danger.

The Incident Commanders Rules of Engagement for Firefighter Safety  Rapidly Conduct, or Obtain, a 360 Degree Size-Up of the Incident.  Determine the Occupant Survival Profile.  Conduct an Initial Risk Assessment and Implement a SAFE ACTION PLAN.  If You Do Not Have The Resources to Safely Support and Protect Firefighters – Seriously Consider a Defensive Strategy.  DO NOT Risk Firefighter Lives for Lives or Property That Can Not Be Saved – Seriously Consider a Defensive Strategy.  Extend LIMITED Risk to Protect SAVABLE Property.  Extend Vigilant and Measured Risk to Protect and Rescue SAVABLE Lives.  Act Upon Reported Unsafe Practices and Conditions That Can Harm Firefighters. Stop, Evaluate and Decide.  Maintain Frequent Two-Way Communications and Keep Interior Crews Informed of Changing Conditions.  Obtain Frequent Progress Reports and Revise the Action Plan.  Ensure Accurate Accountability of All Firefighter Location and Status.  If, After Completing the Primary Search, Little or No Progress Towards Fire Control Has Been Achieved - Seriously Consider a Defensive Strategy.  Always Have a Rapid Intervention Team in Place at All Working Fires  Always Have Firefighter Rehab Services in Place at All Working Fires.

Baseline Performance Standard The following ‘Baseline Performance Standard’ primarily applies to building fires and other emergency situations within the City of Salina “For 90 percent of all building fires, the first-due unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time (call receipt to wheels stop on scene). The first due unit shall be capable of advancing the first line for fire control or starting rescue or providing basic life support for medical incidents. The balance of the Effective Response Force (ERF) shall arrive within 12 minutes.

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For a more in-depth analysis and understanding of response criteria, benchmarking and the components that comprise total response time, please refer to the departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Standard of Cover.

Response Time Relationship between Fire and EMS Events There has always been good statistical evidence that fire and EMS services share the same time constraints. The time required for a fire to grow to the point that either the structure is lost or people can not be rescued is relatively the same time it takes for a person in cardiac arrest to begin suffering irreversible brain injury and death. While the fire department baseline of eight minutes can appear not to be appropriate when discussing EMS emergencies, the fact remains that when paramedics arrive on scene within eight minutes total response time the victim has a 63% chance of survival. The following graph pulls three components together. First, in blue is the typical survival curve of a person suffering a life threatening event (heart attack, stroke, etc.). The graph

shows percent of survival expressed against minutes and the arrival of fire department units expressed in minutes. Second, the dynamics of fire propagation is shown in black Page 14

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and shades of gray. Lastly, the graph highlights several critical elements in red. Briefly, those are: 

Detection of Emergency - The longer an emergency goes undetected the less likely there will be a desired outcome. The chart uses two minutes as a factor.



Critical Arrival Time for First Unit - If the first fire department unit can arrive on scene within 5 minutes of the call receipt the large loss fires are reduced and patients suffering a medical crisis have a much better chance of survival.



Critical Arrival of ERF - First arriving units are not self-supporting and require additional resources (units) to successfully control any given emergency. Historical data indicates that ‘best outcomes’ are achieved when the balance of the Effective Response Force (ERF) is on scene within 10 minutes of the call receipt.

Field Fire Flow Calculations for Building Fires There are numerous analytical methods to calculate the necessary water fire flow necessary to attack and extinguish a fully involved building fire, but only two methods used by incident commanders in the field. Reason being, the method used has to be easy enough to be done mentally while issuing commands to responding fire crews and developing an Incident Action Plan (IAP). The method the Salina Fire Department will use is 1/3 the square footage of the building equals the approximate require fire flow, excluding significant volatile contents loading. For example a building that is 100’ X 100’ has a square footage of 10,000 sq.ft.; dividing the 10,000 by 1/3 equals a fire flow of 3,333 gallons per minute. This method does not include any water flow necessary to protect surrounding structures.

Effective Response Forces (ERF) The Effective Response Force is defined as the minimum amount of staffing and equipment that the Salina Fire Department will deploy at a specific risk location within a maximum prescribed total response time, from the time of call receipt to the units arriving on scene. SOG’s relating to dispatch and response criteria may vary from the minimums stated below; however, any call falling into these categories will get the minimum response. For further information on Critical Taskings within each risk category, see the Standard of Cover (SOC).

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LOW RISK FIRE RELATED INCIDENTS Goal A minimum effective response force of 3 personnel deployed via one engine. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Performance Objective To stop the escalation of a minor fire where found. Typically this means confining the fire damage to the object of origin. The first arriving unit is capable of advancing a line for fire control. Critical Tasks

Personnel

Fire attack line Pump Operations

2 1

Total

3 personnel

MODERATE RISK INCIDENTS (Sending almost everybody) Goal An effective response force of 17 personnel deployed via three engine and/or quint companies, one truck company or one rescue company, one medic unit, one safety officer, plus one battalion chief shall respond. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. The remaining balance of the ERF shall arrive within 12 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Performance Objective To protect those threatened and stop the escalation of the incident. Typically an operation in this risk category will require: 1) conducting a search and rescue for any victims, 2) establishing a water supply and pumper operation, 3) advancing at least two fire attack handlines, and 4) confining the fire damage to the room of origin, plus limiting heat and smoke damage to near the room of fire origin. The first arriving unit is capable of starting rescue work or advancing a first line for fire control. The second engine and truck company provide additional personnel for tasks already started plus ventilation, salvage, and other work as necessary.

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Equipment and Staffing Response

Min Personnel

3 Engines/Quints 1 Rescue Truck/Truck Company 1 Medic Unit 1 Safety Officer 1 Battalion Chief

103 2 2 1 1

Total

16 firefighters

Critical Tasks

Personnel

Fire attack line Back up line Water Supply Search and Rescue Ventilation Pump Operations Incident Command Safety Officer Rapid Intervention Team

2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3

Total

16 Personnel

All of the critical tasks, with the exception of the Safety Officer, have to be carried out simultaneously to be successful in accomplishing the performance objectives. Under this deployment strategy additional personnel may be needed if an adjoining property is threatened with radiant heat and requires fire stream protection to prevent the fire from spreading. Depending on the length of time, size of involvement, or incident complexity this risk category may require the call-back of off-duty personnel.

HIGH AND SPECIAL RISK INCIDENTS (Sending everybody) Goal An effective response force of 25 personnel deployed via four engine companies, one truck company or one rescue company, up to three medic units, EMS Supervisor, one safety officer plus one battalion chief shall respond. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. The balance of the ERF shall arrive within 3

Assuming one of the three engines has a four person crew Page 17

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12 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Performance Objective To stop the escalation of a serious fire where found. Typically this means conducting a search and rescue for any victims, confining the fire damage near the room of origin, plus limiting heat and smoke damage to the area or floor of fire origin. The first arriving unit is capable of starting rescue work or advancing a first line for fire control. The tasks of rapid intervention rescue for trapped firefighters, property salvage, and crew rotation will rehabilitation require, at a minimum, nine additional personnel on a fire of this risk category for crew rotation and continuous operations. Equipment and Staffing Response

Min Personnel

4 Engines/Quints 1 Rescue Truck/ Truck Company 3 Medic Units 1 EMS Supervisor 1 Battalion Chief 1 Safety Officer

15 2 6 1 1 1

Total

26 firefighters

Critical Tasks

Personnel

2 Fire attack lines Back up line Water Supply Search and Rescue Ventilation Pump Operations Incident Command Safety Officer Medical Officer Rapid Intervention Team Medical Sector/Rehab

5 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 4

Total

26 Personnel4

A call-back of off-duty personnel will be required in addition to alerting the surrounding Rural Fire Districts of a major event occurring.

The maximum number of fire personnel on any given day is 28. Page 18

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Emergency Medical Response Risk to life is not limited to fire related events. The Salina Fire Department is tasked with providing ambulance and EMS services to the City of Salina and Saline County. It is important to realize that ambulance services and EMS services are not identical terms. An ambulance service is a broad spectrum of services from emergency response to routine patient transport services. Generally, these incidents require the actual transport of a patient from one location to another; therefore, an actual ambulance is required. Services can involve non-emergency calls for medical assistance in just about any type of setting. EMS services refers to primarily â&#x20AC;&#x153;Emergencyâ&#x20AC;? type incidents requiring the response of an ambulance, medically trained first-responders, Advanced Life Support (ALS) trained fire personnel and possibly law enforcement. Not all agencies involved in Emergency Medical Services are responsible for transporting patients. In the deployment of personnel to the following EMS risk categories it is important that patient safety and response personnel safety is a top priority and may require additional personnel (engine company) support to load heavy patients, transport the patient and cots around obstacles and across unstable terrain, and load and off-load the patient at the destination. If there is any question, fire officers are required to call for additional support to accomplish the assignment. EMS SERVICES, LOW RISK, NON-LIFE THREATENING Working Definition A delay in receiving definitive medical care or treatment of an hour or more will not jeopardize life or human function. Examples of non- life-threatening medical emergencies include: routine sick calls where the person has been deteriorating, basic cold and flu symptoms, minor cuts, scrapes, bruises, and abrasions; broken or sprained fingers or toes; minor burns; and, in general, any condition where the person could be transported by non-emergency personnel to a doctor or hospital, and the victim's airway, breathing, cardiopulmonary functions and level of consciousness are normal. Goal An effective response force of two personnel deployed via one ALS ambulance. A first-responder engine/quint company shall respond where necessary. Measure One unit shall arrive at the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side within 30 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Page 19

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Objective To provide assessment and treatment of one or two patients with low risk conditions and ensure the patient(s) gets to the level of definitive medical care that the situation warrants. This level of response can be made without red light and siren and will receive a lower priority than true medical emergencies. Equipment and Staff Response One ambulance crew w/ a crew of two Critical Tasks

Personnel

Patient assessment/treatment/transport

EMS SERVICES, LIFE THREATENING Working Definition Medical emergencies where emergency response, rapid patient assessment/treatment by emergency responders, and transport to an emergency care facility is required to save life, limb, or human function. Life-threatening emergencies include any medical problems whereby airway, breathing, and cardiopulmonary functions are compromised in any way. Some examples include: heart attack; stroke; high blood pressure; breathing problems; drowning; choking; smoke inhalation; extensive burns; traumatic injuries resulting from accidents, falls, and various types of violence; uncontrollable bleeding; head injuries; electrocution; unconsciousness; poisoning; overdoses; severe allergic reactions, etc Goal An effective response force of six personnel deployed via one engine, or rescue, or truck company and one ALS ambulance, plus an EMS Supervisor unit shall respond. Measure One unit shall arrive at the patients side within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service inside the City of Salina. Outside the City of Salina, One unit shall arrive at the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side within 23 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of life threatening medical emergencies.

Objective To provide rapid assessment, treatment, and transport of one or two critically injured/ill patients by paramedic level fire personnel without the interruption of Page 20

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CPR or medical protocols. Victims of cardiac and traumatic events shall receive specialized hospital emergency care within one hour of the event. Min Equipment and Staffing Response

Min Personnel

1 ALS Medic Unit 1 Engine Company 1 EMS Supervisor

2 45 1

Total

7 personnel

Critical Tasks (per patient)

Min Personnel

Patient Management Medication Preparation Patient Ventilation CPR Transportation of patient and cot Incident supervision and coordination

1 1 1 1 26 (4) 1

Total

(9)

EMS SERVICES, MULTIPLE CASULITY (Sending almost everybody) Goal To treat and transport up to 6 patients requiring ALS level care, not more than one or two having life-threatening injuries. An effective response force of 17 personnel deployed via three ambulance units, two engine companies, one rescue, one EMS Supervisor, one safety officer and one Battalion Chief shall respond. Measure One unit shall arrive at the patient’s side within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of multiple causality incidents inside the City of Salina. Outside the City of Salina, The balance of the ERF shall arrive at the patient’s side within 23 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of multiple causality incidents. Performance Objective To provide rapid assessment, treatment, and transportation of victims of a mass causality event involving 6 patients or less requiring ALS care for traumatic or life threatening injuries. A minimum of one EMS Supervisor is required for patient triage operations.

5 6

Assumes a crew of four personnel - this is usually not the case Movement of the cot and patient can routinely require four personnel – one on each corner. Page 21

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Min Equipment and Staffing Response

Min Personnel

3 ALS Medic Unit 2 Engine Company 1 EMS Supervisor 1 Chief of EMS 1 Incident Safety Officer 1 Battalion Chief

6 77 1 1 1 1

Total

17 personnel

Critical Tasks

Min Personnel

Patient Management Medication Preparation / Medic Asst. Patient Handling/Loading Triage Supervision Personnel / Patient Safety Incident supervision and coordination

6 3 4 1 1 2

Total

EMS SERVICES, MASS CASULITY (Sending everybody) Goal To treat and transport 7 or more injured/ill patients requiring ALS care. An effective response force of 25 personnel deployed via four ambulance units, three engine companies, one rescue, one EMS Supervisor, one safety officer and one Battalion Chief shall respond. Measure One unit shall arrive at the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of mass causality incidents inside the City of Salina. Outside the City of Salina, One unit shall arrive at the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side within 23 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of mass causality. Performance Objective To provide rapid assessment, treatment, and transpiration of victims of a multiple causality event involving 7 or more victims requiring ALS care for traumatic or life threatening injuries. Three ALS medical personnel, including one EMS Supervisor, is required for a patient triage and transportation operation.

Assumes one of the engines is a three person crew. Page 22

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Min Equipment and Staffing Response

Min Personnel

4 ALS Medic Unit 4 Engine Company 1 EMS Supervisor 1 Chief of EMS 1 Incident Safety Officer 1 Battalion Chief

8 138 1 1 1 1

Total

25 personnel

Critical Tasks

Min Personnel

Patient Management Medication Preparation / Medic Asst. Patient Handling/Loading Triage and Supervision Personnel / Patient Safety Incident supervision and coordination

8 5 6 3 1 2

Total

Special Operations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; HazMat â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Technical Rescue Goal Respond specialized teams of firefighters trained and equipped to protect citizens from chemical incidents and incidents involving specialized equipment and expertise, such as: confined space rescue, high angle rescue, building collapse, swift water/ice rescue, and entrapments.

Hazardous Materials DEFINITIONS Level I - A minor Haz-Mat incident within the operational capabilities of the First Responder. A Level I incident is defined as a release of less than 10 gallons of liquid or less than 20 pounds of a solid that is a known and listed hazardous material.

Assumes one of the engines is a four person crew. Page 23

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Level II - A hazardous material release that exceeds the amounts of Level I, but is less than 50 gallons of a flammable/combustible liquid. Level II is also defined as involving the release of any amount of toxic, corrosive, poisonous, reactive, or radioactive material which may pose a threat to the health and /or safety of the public. Level III - A Level III incident will be considered a community disaster. This level of incident may last for several days and require large-scale evacuation. LEVEL I RESPONSE Goal Respond one engine companyl to handle a Level I incident. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Response time may exceed eight minutes in cases of non-emergency type calls. Performance Objective To contain and eliminate nuisance hazardous materials releases the pose no threat to the community. Equipment and Staffing Response 1 Engine

3 personnel (3)

LEVEL II or III RESPONSE Goal Respond sufficient personnel to handle a Level II incident involving 2 engines, the Hazmat truck, one medic unit, safety officer and Battalion Chief. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Balance of the ERF shall arrive within 12 minutes for 90% of incidents. Performance Objective To contain and eliminate significant hazardous materials releases the pose no threat to the community.

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Min Equipment and Staffing Response

Personnel

2 Engine 1 HazMat Unit 1 Medic Unit 1 Safety Officer 1 Battalion Chief

7 3 2 1 1

Total

14 firefighters Critical Tasks

Min Personnel

2 Entry Teams Decon / Support Team Medical Monitoring Fire Control Crew Incident supervision and coordination

4 4 2 3 1

Total

14 personnel

Level II incidents may pose additional problems for the first responders and may require the assistance of other city and county agencies. The IC will determine which agencies are needed and request assistance through Dispatch. It will be the responsibility of the IC to upgrade the incident level, if needed, and establish a Command Post, Safety Officer, Decon Area, Staging Area, and appropriate Hazard Zones. A Level III incidents may include the agencies of the Red Cross, Salvation Army, product manufacturer, EPA, FEMA, and National Guard, along with various other State, County, and City Departments. TECHNICAL RESCUE RESPONSE Goal Respond a minimum of 14 personnel to accomplish the rescue assignment. Measure For 90 percent of all incidents, the first-due unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time (call receipt to wheels stop on scene). The first due unit shall be capable of initiating scene control and start search and rescue operations or provide basic life support for medical incidents. The balance of the Effective Response Force (ERF) shall arrive within 12 minutes and the remainder of TRT personnel and equipment to arrive within 30 minutes or less in the County. For regional responses the goal is to deploy a search and rescue team with search cameras and listening devices to initiate search activities within 1 hour and the remaining team arrive within 2 hours. Page 25

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Performance Objective Respond enough personnel to meet the requirement of a Type-I, FEMA Search and Rescue Squad as designated by the State Regional Response Plan. Equipment and Staffing Response

Personnel

Total

14 personnel

AIRCRAFT RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING RESPONSE For specific detail on all aircraft responses the department’s SOG’s should be reviewed. ALERT 1 – Aircraft Emergencies No response from SFD. ALERT 2 - Aircraft Emergencies Goal Respond one engine/quint to assist airport personnel with a minor situation. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all incidents that fall into the Alert 2 Category. Performance Objective Assist airport personnel with additional personnel or stand-by status while the incident is being addressed.

Equipment and Staffing Response

Personnel

1 Engine/quint

Total

3 firefighters Critical Tasks None – as requested by Airport Safety

Depending on daily staffing could be 4 personnel Page 26

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ALERT 3 - Aircraft Emergencies Goal For significant emergencies an effective response force of 13 personnel deployed via two engine companies, one truck company or one rescue company, one medic unit, plus one battalion chief shall respond. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all incidents that fall into the Alert 2 Category. The second-due engine shall arrive within 12 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Remaining units shall arrive within 12 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Performance Objective Initiate incident command and control. To stop the escalation of a fire where found and assisting airport personnel where necessary. Typically this means manning and operating the second due ARFF truck, confining the fire, plus limiting heat and smoke exposure to potential victims still trapped inside the aircraft. The first arriving unit is capable of starting rescue work or advancing a first line for fire control. The second engine and truck company provide additional personnel for tasks already started plus ventilation, salvage, and other work as necessary.

Equipment and Staffing Response 1 Engine 1 Quint 1 Rescue Truck 1 Medic Unit 1 Battalion Chief

Personnel 4 4 2 2 1

/Truck Company

Total

13 firefighters Critical Tasks

Personnel

Fire attack line Back up line Water Supply Pump Operations Medical Sector

3 3 2 2 2 Page 27

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Incident Command

Total

13 Personnel

ALERT 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Aircraft Emergencies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Aircraft has crashed Goal An effective response force of 16 personnel deployed via two engine companies, one truck company or one rescue company, two medic units, one safety officer, plus one battalion chief shall respond. Measure The first unit shall arrive within eight minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all incidents that fall into the Alert 2 Category. The second-due engine shall arrive within 12 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Remaining units shall arrive within 12 minutes total response time, for 90 percent of all requests for emergency service. Performance Objective Initiate incident command, rescue any surviving victims, stop the spread of fire or control the potential for fire. The first arriving unit is capable of starting rescue work or advancing a first line for fire control. The second engine and truck company provide additional personnel for tasks already started plus ventilation and other work as assigned by the incident commander. Equipment and Staffing Response

Personnel

1 Engine 1 Quint 1 Rescue Truck/Truck Company 2 Medic Unit 1 Safety Officer 1 Battalion Chief

4 4 2 2 1 1

Total

16 firefighters Critical Tasks

Personnel

Fire attack line Back up line Water Supply Pump Operations Medical Sector

3 3 2 2 4 Page 28

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Safety Officer Incident Command

1 1

Total

16 Personnel

Safety Officer Deployment Every emergency scene is a dangerous workplace and the Salina Fire Department is committed to the deployment of a dedicated Safety Officer to assist the Incident Commander manage the emergency scene and reduce the risk to fire personnel. Historical analysis has indicated that operational decisions that culminate in serious injury or death on the emergency scene often occur within the first 15 to 30 minutes of the commencement of offensive fire attack or rescue operations. The National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH), through the Firefighter Fatality Program has repeatedly cited incidents of serious injury and death on the lack of a dedicated Safety Officer to assist the Incident Commander. Goal Respond the department’s Safety Officer (Chief of Training) to the emergency scene of working fires, hazardous material emergencies, and technical rescue situations 24/7 in a time frame that would prevent serious firefighter injuries or death.

Measurement The Safety Officer will be on-scene within 15 minutes after offensive emergency scene operations begin involving structure fires, Level II or III Hazmat incidents, and technical rescue situations for 90% of these types of incidents. Performance Objective       

Monitor and report status of conditions, hazards, and risks to the I.C. Ensure the Personnel Accountability System is being utilized and crew integrity is maintained Stop any ‘freelancing’ on the emergency scene Provide an on-going Risk Assessment of operations to the IC Ensure the establishment of safety zones, collapse zones, hot zones, and other hazardous areas Evaluate traffic hazards and apparatus placement Monitor conditions, activities, and operations for compliance with SOG’s and standard training and safety practices Page 29

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Mutual Aid The Salina Fire Department is part of a county-wide fire department mutual aid agreement including all of the Rural Fire Districts. Incident Commanders are encouraged to request mutual aid when there are insufficient resources available at an emergency scene. Likewise, the on duty Battalion Chief will respond resources when mutual aid is requested. When incidents occur that draw down the available resources within the City limits to an unacceptable level the on-duty operations chief officer (under the Major Incident Plan) has the option to request either: 1) the Rural Fire Districts be placed on alert to respond to incidents with the City, or 2) be requested to fill a vacant fire station location with equipment and personnel until sufficient off-duty call back personnel.

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Signatory and Plan Approval I have reviewed and approved the Salina Fire Department Operational Risk and Response Plan submitted this date to comply with the CFAI Fire Department Accreditation Process.

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IAFC 16 Life Safety Initiatives

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