Visual Glossary Terms, Symbols and Designations by The Salvation Army Heritage (NZ, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa)

HERITAGESERIES8

Salvation Army

Visual Glossary Terms, Symbols and Designations

THE SALVATION ARMY HERITAGE CENTRE & ARCHIVES TE RUA MAHARA O TE OPE WHAKAORA

The Heritage Series is a collection of historical material from the Heritage Centre & Archives of The Salvation Army New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory. The series brings to life the histories of a wide range of people, artifacts, images, records, events, places, work and mission of The Salvation Army.

HERITAGE SERIES 8 Salvation Army Visual Glossary - Terms, Symbols and Designations by Selwyn Bracegirdle, Senior Archives Researcher Heritage Centre & Archives © The Salvation Army New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa April 2023 ISSN 2624-3865 (Print) | ISSN 2624-3873 (Online)

The content of this publication has been sourced from The Salvation Army Heritage Centre & Archives’ physical and digital collection, unless otherwise stated. All War Cry references are from the New Zealand War Cry, unless otherwise stated. The views, comments, statements and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the official position of The Salvation Army.

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: The feature window of the assembly hall at the Booth College of Mission, Upper Hutt, New Zealand comprises colour glass panels where the Christian Cross has been illustrated in The Salvation Army colours of ‘Yellow, Red & Blue’.

The Salvation Army Heritage Centre & Archives Te Rua Mahara o Te Ope Whakaora Booth College of Mission 20 William Booth Grove, Upper Hutt 5018 PO Box 40542, Upper Hutt 5140 Phone: + 64 4 528 8628 ext 65051 Email: archives@salvationarmy.org.nz The Heritage Centre & Archives also has a webpage on which you can find information and articles of interest: https://archives.salvationarmy.org.nz/

‘Visual Glossary’ Introduction The Salvation Army has a visually rich heritage. Much of it is militaristic in nature with significant evangelical and social overtones. A significant Māori history is also a vital part of The Salvation Army in New Zealand along with the Pacific nations of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. While a glossary may be regarded as an alphabetical list of words relating to a specific subject or organisation, with explanations, in the case of The Salvation Army so much of such a glossary can be associated with visual examples of the terms, symbols and designations of the organisation. Considering this, a ‘Visual Glossary’ seems the perfect way to bring together words and images to provide deeper insight into the nature and history of The Salvation Army, with a New Zealand, Māori and Pasifika perspective. Included are many examples of symbols, ranks, titles, phrases and acronyms, both current and historical. While many of the items contained are relevant today, there is a significant volume from our history that is worthy of inclusion. For students of Salvation Army history, and those seeking to become more familiar with the unique perspective that is The Salvation Army, we hope this resource will be of great assistance.

How the ‘Visual Glossary’ Works Generally, this is an alphabetical dictionary of words and acronyms. However, in cases where there might be multiple names/words/alternatives for an item, rather than including every word separately in the main body of the ‘Visual Glossary’ with ‘refer to’ references, such cross references are included in a complete index at the back. An example is ‘Mercy Seat’ – also known as ‘Penitent Form’ or ‘Altar’. The index includes the latter two (with “refer to mercy seat”), but in the main body of the ‘Visual Glossary’ they only appear under ‘Mercy Seat’. Use the index if a word cannot be located in the alphabetical main body. Even if not requiring a particular reference, this ‘Visual Glossary’ should prove an informative read.

Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Alphabetical ‘Visual Glossary’ Pages 4-93 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Enlarged Index Pages 94-97 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Officer Ranks Chart Page 98 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Acronyms of The Salvation Army 2013 Page 99 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sources Page 100 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Acknowledgements Page 100 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Early embroidered card featuring The Salvation Army Crest.

A Acronym An abbreviation formed from the initial letters of words and often pronounced as a word. This type of abbreviation has frequently been used by The Salvation Army (see Acronyms chart from 2013 on page 99).

Addictions, Supportive Housing and Reintegration Services (ASARS) ASARS is the acronym that represents the many Salvation Army services that fall under addictions, provision of supportive housing and reintegration of people back into communities. This collection of services is managed out of Auckland.

Adherent ‘Adherency’ is a form of membership of The Salvation Army which varies from country to country. It never requires the signing of the Soldiers Covenant or full acceptance of Salvation Army regulations that ‘soldiership’ (full membership) requires, but in many countries the adherent signs a Certificate of Recognition. One widely used certificate declares: ‘This certificate confirms that __________________ is an Adherent Member of The Salvation Army. An adherent member of The Salvation Army is a person who believes in the Lord Jesus Christ and seeks to follow and be like him; participates in the worship, fellowship, service and support of a local Salvation Army congregation; and identifies with the Army’s Mission Statement. An adherent member is a person 14 years of age or over, who meets the definition of adherency given above, and who is not an active member of any other religious body. The Salvation Army affirms all who sign the certificate, recognises this as a positive step in a personal journey and pledges ongoing encouragement and pastoral guidance as this journey of faith unfolds. Source: https://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/7DBFBCA725142A5C802573B1004F315A

From its earliest days The Salvation Army has welcomed and received support from those seeking to be identified with the Army but unwilling for one reason or another to become fully committed Salvationists. A high proportion of these persons have been willing to have their names entered on a formal Adherents Roll. The term ‘adherent’ can be used in a general sense to denote a follower or supporter of a cause or belief, but the Army use of the word was, and is, intended to express a connectedness to the Army of a more intentional kind. The adherent concept was known as early as 1886, only eight years after the Christian Mission became The Salvation Army, and by 1900 there were already 12,755 adherents worldwide. Source: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume Nine, 1995-2015 [pages 249-252] Shaw Clifton.

Adjutant Adjutant was an officer rank used between 1884 and 1948. It was a rank one step above Ensign, one step below Commandant and/or Staff-Captain. The War Cry article illustrated (23 February 1884 | page 3) features two adjutants, among the first ever mentioned in the War Cry.

Advisory Board A group of influential people who support the Army’s spiritual and social work, and offer assistance that is both practical and advisory. They formally meet as an Advisory Board. 4

A Aggressive Christianity Convention Salvation Army Aggressive Christianity Conventions were held annually in New Zealand from 1986 to 1996. They originated from a corps camp shared by Tokoroa, Mount Maunganui and Te Aroha Corps. After a ‘mighty moving of the Holy Spirit’ within this camp setting, those attending asked, ‘Why don’t we do this more often?’ They had not previously experienced such spontaneous freedom in worship, which had been coupled with strong biblical teaching. This set the scene for subsequent conventions. The Salvation Army’s USA Southern Territory had recently republished the writings of Catherine Booth, including Aggressive Christianity, originally published in 1880. This title seemed to encapsulate the purpose of the Conventions, so the name Aggressive Christianity Convention was adopted. Each year the Convention took a theme from Catherine’s book, such as ‘Power through the Weak’, ‘Mobilised for Mission’, and ‘Holy Spirit, Holy Fire’. Source: Many Voices in Mission, 25 Years of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga, 1983-2008. Page 33.

All The World All The World was first published in 1884 by International Headquarters as a 40 page monthly magazine record of the operations of The Salvation Army in all lands. William Booth intended for it to be distributed to people who were friends of the Army December 1912 Issue April-June 2020 Issue and who could provide funds for its ever expanding work throughout the world. During its infancy it was edited by Susie Swift whose sister Elizabeth married Samuel Logan Brengle. Today it is produced on a quarterly basis.

Almanac Almanac is another word for calendar. Typically calendars are published annually and The Salvation Army Almanac was regularly published in December in conjunction with the War Cry. The example shown is from 1925 and illustrates the Bible story of Daniel and the lion’s den. The Almanac was produced in many territories around the world. In Australasia it was produced at least as early as 1886. Currently in New Zealand a multi-page calendar is published each year.

Amplify Amplify is a Creative Arts camp open to anyone from school year 11 to 25 years and connected to The Salvation Army. It is held annually during January in New Zealand.

A Appointment (also see Gazette) Appointment describes the placement of a Salvation Army Officer to an appointment, usually in a role at a corps, a centre or at a headquarters. An example would be the appointment of an Officer couple as Corps Officers to a particular Corps. Also, a senior Officer could have an appointment as Territorial Commander of a Territory, working out of their Territorial Headquarters. Appointments are gazetted in The Salvation Army publication the ‘War Cry’.

Army [The] The Army is a commonly used abrieviation for The Salvation Army and therefore has a capital ‘A’.

Articles of War The ‘Articles of War’ are what is now referred to as the ‘Soldier’s Covenant’. It is a statement of beliefs and promises which every Salvation Army senior soldier makes and signs prior to enrolment. The senior soldier retains a signed original certificate, as a reminder of the solemn covenant that has been made. 1897.

Current example in Te Reo (Māori).

1931. 1891.

Aspire Kiwi Youth Development Programme The Salvation Army and The Warehouse Group teamed up to develop an innovative youth development programme called ‘Aspire’. Launched in 2015, thanks to seed funding received from The Warehouse Group’s 2014 Suppliers Dinner and ongoing funding support from Warehouse Stationery, ‘Aspire’ has helped more than 1000 young people develop the skills, confidence, knowledge and networks they need to successfully address challenges and achieve their goals. ‘Aspire’ has involved experienced Salvation Army youth workers in 16 centres and schools around New Zealand. 6

A Assistant Divisional Commander (ADC) The position/role of Assistant Divisional Commander existed notably between 1884 and 1890 with occasional references after that in New Zealand. It was, as the title says, an officer assistant to the Divisional Commander (The Officer in charge of the New Zealand Division of the Australasia territory during that period). However there was more than one ADC. The illustration of Staff-Captain Spratt identifies him as ADC for the Northern Section ie North Island (The War Cry 23 May 1885). There was also a Southern ADC.

Australian Guards Band (AGB) & Austral Guards Band The Australian Guards Band was formed by May 1890 having recruited from all Australian colonies and New Zealand. A few months later another band was formed, named Australian Guards Band No2. The No1 band visited New Zealand in 1895.

Some Opinions and Effects

[By Press Wire] Auckland, 17 May [1895] Guards Band arrived safely. Superb! Surpassed All Expectations. Band selections exquisite, company songs full of grip and power. “Home, Sweet Home,” on the gum leaf! Novel in the Extreme. “After the War,” as a popgun solo! Unique life, dash, and go, mingled with earnestness and zeal, are the characteristics of the Band. Prayer meetings have been fought out, and already some have been saved, to bless the day the Guards arrived in Maoriland.

Australian Guards Band. Early photograph of 14 members. 18 toured NZ in 1895.

The prospects for Sunday are immense. Hallelujah! General testimony: “I have heard them once, and I am determined to hear them again!” Major Holdaway (The War Cry 25 May 1885)

Seventeen Australian Guards Bandsmen on street parade. Location and date unknown.

A In the late 1890s a new band called The Federals was formed in Australia and then in 1903 two new Australasian touring bands were formed called the Austral Guards Band No1 and No2.

Austral Guards Band visited New Zealand in 1904. This photograph was taken at the beginning of June outside the Mizpah Maternity Home in Christchurch.

Auxiliary Captain The rank of Auxiliary Captain (warranted officer) first came into use in 1959. It is usually used for mature Salvationists beyond the age limit for full officer training, who hold a warrant of appointment as distinct from a commissioned rank, and who may undertake corps or social work similar to that of a commissioned officer. Auxiliary Captains may attain substantive rank as a Captain after seven years service.

Auxiliary Home League Secretary The Auxilliary Home League Secretary (AHLS) was an office holder of the Auxiliary Home League. It usually operated monthly in the evening for women who couldn’t attend the weekly daytime Home League. Auxiliary Home League Secretary arm patch.

B Auxiliary League (Auxiliaries) In 1883, Major George Pollard of the New Zealand Division of Australasia, inaugurated Auxiliaries into New Zealand. This was announced in the War Cry of 10 November 1883. The announcement came under the heading ‘The Salvation Army Auxiliaries for Defence and Supply’. Dear Friend. So rapid has been our advance this last six months, and consequently so increased our expenditure, that it has become more than ever necessary that we should have some additional and reliable source of income, that we may be able to maintain and multiply the services held, and so be made more and more a blessing to the perishing, without involving ourselves in debt and difficulty. It has occurred to us that among the numbers of people, both in our ranks and outside, who are already so far interested in our work as to give it their prayers and sympathy, there must be many who would be glad to assist us financially if the opportunity were placed before them. We have, therefore, inaugurated a League, to be known as The Salvation Army Auxiliaries...

The War Cry 23 May 1885 page 4.

The object of this League is to link our friends in one united body to defend us and assist us in supplying an increase in funds to carry forward the precious work of saving souls, with which we are determined wholly to occupy ourselves, no matter what may be said or done around us. The Auxiliaries will help to preserve us in this single-eyed devotion to the great charge committed to us, by prayer and sympathy, the publication of facts, and by either collecting not less than Ten Shillings per quarter, or subscribing annually One Guinea. There were 12 rules included in the above article, and so commenced the work of Auxiliaries. Throughout the life of The Salvation Army there have been a great variety of Auxiliaries around the world.

In the War Cry of 21 December 1903, 24 years after the inauguration of Auxiliaries, we see how this work has continued but in an example with a variation of the Auxiliary idea. AUCKLAND BAND QUARTERLY The Quarterly Musical Demonstration held under the auspices of the Honorary Members’ Band League.

The War Cry 20 November 1886 page 4.

The second of what promises to be an established institution in Auckland Army circles eventuated on Wednesday night. Just as His Majesty the King is an honorary Colonel in regiments that he knows little about, so it is possible for all and sundry, musical and unmusical, for a small consideration, to become members of the Auckland Army Band, it being provided of course, that the prefix “honorary” is applied to the title. Such members form an Auxiliary League, which serves largely to unburden the band of financial strain. At three-monthly periods an excellent demonstration is given in the barracks as stated above. Mr G Blakey is the enterprising Secretary of the League...

The three notices to the right demonstrated The Salvation Army’s persistence in attempting to attract supporters over many years. By May 1886 there were 195 subscribers to the Auxiliary League.

The War Cry 23 July 1892 page 5.

B Band The first Salvation Army Corps [brass] Band was formed during May 1878 in Salisbury, England by the Fry family. In New Zealand the first Corps Band was the Christchurch Corps Band which “turned out for the first time” on Saturday 30 June 1883, closely followed by the Dunedin Corps Band whose “first public appearance” was on Tuesday 7 August 1883. By 1900 there were more than 24,000 band members around the world. Below is the Invercargill Corps Band in the late 1880s. A band requires a Bandmaster, generally assisted by a Deputy Bandmaster, a Band Secretary, Band Sergeant, Band Treasurer, Band Librarian and Band Colour Sergeant (who often performed the role of Corps Colour Sergeant). These roles are commissioned Local Officer positions (see Local Officers). All of these roles are normally undertaken by volunteer Salvationists within the Band, who give their time and service freely.

A brass instrument is a musical instrument where sound is produced by the vibration of air through a tubular mouthpiece in sympathy with the vibration of the player’s lips. Brass instruments are also known as labrosones or labrophones, from Latin and Greek, related in meaning to ‘lip’ and ‘sound’.

Invercargill Corps Band in the late 1880s.

Band Librarian The Band Librarian manages the music library of the Band. This can be a significant role, as some Bands have an extensive music library. This not only incorporates the scores used by Bandmasters, but also the music for all the various parts in a band required for each band member.

Bandmaster Brass bands were popular in The Salvation Army in New Zealand. Having a conductor was a necessity and the position was called the Bandmaster (Local Officer role). The responsibility was for the ‘ministry’ of the Band, not just conducting. The position of Bandmaster, through much of The Salvation Army’s history, also required representation on the Corps Census Board. Right is an old style Bandmaster Epaulette and below a modern Bandmaster’s badge to attach to a standard Soldier’s Epaulette. White is the required colour.

B Band of Love (BOL) [Band of Hope] The Band of Love had its origins in the late 1800s with the purpose of attracting children up to twelve years of age to The Salvation Army and to lead them to God. A pledge was devised that incorporated nine promises including abstinences. The Band of Hope existed with similar purpose but with the one promise of abstinence. BOL meetings were held and included teaching and activities suitable for juniors. Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army, Major John G. Merritt. 2006.

Band Reserve Band members on their retirement can become part of a band reserve. They receive a badge to show they are a band reservist at their corps. This designation means that they are available to assist the corps band as a player when there may be a requirement to do so.

Band Secretary A Band Secretary typically handles the secretarial matters of the Band and records minutes of band local meetings, correspondence and keeping of relevant records.

Band Sergeant As part of a Salvation Army Band’s evangelical and spiritual purpose, a Band Sergeant performs the role of a form of Chaplain. The position, normally filled by a member of the Band, also includes handling matters of discipline and attendance.

Band Series/Journals Band Journals are collections of Band music often published every year for Salvation Army bands with a music score and parts for the various instruments. The oldest Salvation Army Band Journal is the General Series, started under the auspices of Richard Slater and was in use by the 1880s. It is still published each year. Other well known series/journals still current are the Festival Series (commenced 1923), Triumph Series (commenced 1921), Unity Series (commenced 1957) and the Judd Street Collection (commenced in the 1990s). Other series include the American Band Journal (1948-2020), American Festival Series (1988-2020) and various series published in Scandinavia, Canada and elsewhere. Some series are defined by their level of difficulty to suit different skill levels of players. Tune Books have been published to provide congregational accompaniment for the different issues of The Salvation Army Song Book. In the early years, New Zealand had its own Band Journal with a black cover.

Barracks From the early days of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, the word Barracks was used to name a Salvation Army Hall. It was common for the word Barracks to appear on the building frontage as in the example illustrated - the South Dunedin Corps Barracks built in 1901.

B Battlepoint Battlepoint (1963-1988) was initially established as a forum of the Salvation Army Student’s Fellowship in New Zealand to express ideas and opinions on matters relating to Salvation Army thought and practice as well as relevant theological and political topics. From the early 1970s it was published under its own editorial board after the demise of the Student’s Fellowship.

Bethany (see Maternity Home) Around 1896 a home was commenced in Coote Road (Illustrated), Napier to assist unmarried mothers . The matron was Miss Alice Parr, understood to be a SeventhDay Adventist. The home was moved to 29 Shakespeare Terrace (later known as Fitzroy Road). Alice continued as the matron for a total of 17 years. It is understood that while there existed an entity entitled ‘Bethany Home Trustees’, the title for the property was actually in the names of Helen Caroline Lowry, Sarah Nidra Williams, John Vigor Brown, Eric Adlebert Cecil Caro and Alexander James Williams. Legal negotiations for transfer of ownership to The Salvation Army were happening by 10 January 1914. Bethany was effectively gifted to The Salvation Army to continue the good work of the home. The Salvation Army was intending to call such homes ‘Homes of Mercy’, but by the time ownership of the Bethany Home was transferred, The Salvation Army decided to retain the name ‘Bethany’ which it eventually applied to most of its maternity homes.

Biorama (see Limelight Department) The Limelight Department, based at The Salvation Army’s Australasian Headquarters in Melbourne, produced magic lantern slides, film, live dramatic productions and music to share both gospel and social messages. To take these productions all around Australasia, a Biorama Company was established in October 1901. Its personnel were Major ands Mrs Joseph Perry, Lieutenant Mira Whiteman and experienced camera and projector operators Captains Sidney Cook and John Brodie. On tour, the two women officers scouted ahead of the main party ... preparing the local Salvation Army hall or another suitable venue for their arrival and organising the collection of money. By 1906 there was the original Biorama Company, the New Biorama Company and the Bioscope Company. Later came the United Biorama Company, Electric Company, Silver Company and more. Groups included instrumentalists, singers and projectionists.

Biorama parade, with traction engine, outside the Blenheim Post Office, New Zealand.

The Biorama khaki coloured uniform.

B Blood & Fire The phrase ‘Blood and Fire’ is one of several phrases that have through history been referred to as The Salvation Army’s motto. “Blood” is a reminder that Christ shed his blood on Calvary for the salvation of souls. “Fire” is a reference to the fire of Pentecost. This motto clearly reflects the idea of The Salvation Army as a ‘Salvation’ and ‘Holiness’ movement, and is featured prominently on the crest and The Salvation Army flag.

Blue Mountain Adventure Centre (BMAC) The Salvation Army Blue Mountain Adventure Centre (BMAC) is an outdoor adventure centre in the heart of New Zealand. Their mission is to help people discover and live out their God-given potential through the challenge of adventure. Activities incuding caving, abseiling, mountaineering, white water rafting, tramping and much else.

Bonnet The Bonnet was developed for use by The Salvation Army by a cadet, Annie Lockwood (a trained milliner) at the Hackney Training Home, England in 1880. Originally 25 were produced in blue for use on 16 June 1880. Later the colour was changed to black. The Bonnet made its first appearance at William and Catherine Booth’s silver wedding anniversary. The Bonnet was used through much of the Army world but was being phased out by the late 1970s, and replaced by a Woman’s Hat. The War Cry 3 November 1894 page 5.

Booth College of Mission (BCM) In 1983 an ‘Officer Training College’ was constructed in Upper Hutt coinciding with the centenary celebrations of The Salvation Army in New Zealand and was opened debt-free. Later it became known as the Booth College of Mission in the early 2000s. Previously the land was farmland where homes had been built on site for a construction company. This is the current Centre for Officer Training for New Zealand, with a School for Officer Training in Suva, Fiji, serving Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. The college facilities also contain the Centre for Leadership Development (CLD), William Booth Educare and School for Bible and Mission. The Heritage Centre & Archives is also located in the college. For more information on officer training see Training College. 13

B Boys’ Adventure Club (SABAC) In the early 1980s a new boy’s movement was introduced called The Salvation Army Boy’s Adventure Club for those from six to fourteen years of age. This had been started in Britain and New Zealand was to follow this established model. A few Corps incorporated this club into their programmes, which only operated during the 1980s and 1990s.

Brengle Institute The first Brengle Institute was held on 4th August 1947 at Camp Lake, Wisconsin, USA. The idea of a Brengle came from a suggestion made by General Albert Orsborn in 1946, when on a visit to America he commented that it would be good to form a Brengle College with the aim of teaching, ‘scriptural type of holiness. ’ He added, ‘such an institute might become a powerhouse of spiritual energy for The Salvation Army in the United States, and perhaps the world.’

Samuel Logan Brengle

This proved to be the case, for a Brengle Institute was started in Canada in 1954, and in 1955 General Kitching suggested that one should be commenced in Britain. Following this others were started in many other territories. The first Brengle fellowship was held in New Zealand in 1957 and continued at regular intervals over subsequent years. With the appointment of Commissoner Shaw Clifton, an eight-day Brengle Institute focused on the work and teaching of Samuel Logan Brengle and The Person and Work of the Holy Spirit was instituted with Lt. Colonel Wilfred Arnold as principal and Commissioner Shaw Clifton as a guest lecturer. The newly published Sanctified Sanity by R. David Rightmire (2003) added a significant dimension to the recapturing of the influence of Brengle and the life of holiness within the Salvation Army. In 2007 the publication of The Uprising, A Holy Revolution by Olivia Munn and Stephen Court engaged our young people in a newfound excitement about this essential Salvation Army distinctive. In 2004 Lt. Colonel Arnold commenced a Brengle Institute for Soldiers held over the 4 days of Queens Birthday Weekend. These have continued annually and have been significant times of blessing to delegates as the life of “The Spirit-filled person” is explored and experienced. Source: Brochure published by The Salvation Army in 2018 promoting the Brengle Institute.

Bridge Programme The work by The Salvation Army in assisting people with alcoholism and addictions started in New Zealand more than a century ago and became known as the Bridge Programme in the late 1950s. This programme is still a strong service to people in need today. The Bridge Programme is part of the overall ASARS range of social services. There have been significant Bridge Programmes on Rotoroa Island, in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. These centres saw as many as 700 alcoholics pass through the programme in a calendar year. These were residential institutions. But with changing needs a programme of community care was evolved including the idea of aftercare and family programmes. Treatment of younger people required a different approach including youth education around addiction. In 2022 there were 18 centres offering the Bridge Programme. One example of many badges

produced for the Bridge work.

Bridge Women’s Auxiliary (SABWA) As part of the Bridge Programme the Salvation Army Bridge Women’s Auxiliary was founded by Major Winifred Manson. SABWA was run by volunteer women helpers, with the primary goal of assisting women and families where a male member was under treatment, but also for support to women alcoholics, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s.

Brigadier The Officer Rank of Brigadier was introduced into The Salvation Army in England in 1880. In later years Brigadier was the most senior ‘Service’ Rank given to all officers who had served 30 years. The insignia of the Crest was worn on the collar with the Trimmings on the collar, epaulets and sleeves as purple up until 1948. In 1948 all officer Trimmings became red and the Brigadier continued to wear the Crest on the collar and two stars were added to each epaulet. This Rank was discontinued in 1972.

Brother Brother is a familial term used in reference to male Salvationists who are not officers. It can be applied as a prefix to a name eg Brother John Smith.

Bulletin The Bulletin is the notification system used for sharing news about officers in The Salvation Army. For example: New appointments, promotion of ranks, resignations, Promotions to Glory, births, marriages, etc. It is issued by appropriate THQ or IHQ. The Bulletin is the authority to amend the ‘Dispo’. A ‘Gazette’ is published at a later date in the War Cry.

Cadet A Salvationist who is undertaking theological and practical training for officership. A single red epaulette bar denotes a First Year Cadet while two is for a Second Year Cadet.

Camp Corps During the early years of The Salvation Army in Australasia, in addition to Corps and Outposts, there were also Camp Corps. Camp Corps were based in an area where the Corps tended to operate from a fixed base radiating out and serving other small centres - horses and horse-drawn carts were the common transport means. The fixed base could literally be a camp, but in many cases the local community would make a building available either for officer accommodation and/or for meetings.

The War Cry 15 September 1900 pg3.

Candidate An officer ‘candidate’ is an individual who has a confirmed calling by God into full time ministry with The Salvation Army. The person is in the process of completing the application and is working toward being accepted as a student at a Salvation Army College for Officer Training. 15

C Canoe on the River “Canoe on the River” by Ivy Cresswell was based largely on early War Cry reports as well as some material from the Holdaway family, to which the writer’s family was related. It was serialised in the War Cry in thirty-eight instalments during 1971 and a four part synopsis- by Lt. Colonel Helen Standen was later published in the same paper in February-March 1991. This was published for the first time in book form within Te Ope Whakaora - The Army that brings life edited by Harold Hill 2007.

The War Cry 2 November 1889 pg1.

Cap The cap was worn by all male Officers and Soldiers when outdoors and ‘on parade’. The example on the left is a replica of an early cap (1880s) and the one of the right the more recent traditional style. The red cap band would say Salvation Army in the country/language of the wearer. Some caps are white and others grey.

Captain The rank of Captain has been in use since 1877 from the beginning of The Salvation Army. In the current Rank system it is above Lieutenant and attained after five years service, and below Major (attained at 15 years service). On the red epaulette it includes two stars.

Career Card The service record of a Salvation Army Officer entered on a large type of index card, used through most of the 20th century.

Cartridge The Cartridge is literally a container. But rather than for film, ink or charge for bullet or shot, it is for money and tithes (one tenth of earnings given to the work of a church) – invariably an envelope. In Salvation Army military terms however, the giving of money provides shot for the salvation war – described as ‘firing a cartridge’.

Census Board Established in a Corps with responsibility for the pastoral care of individuals including the addition of names to, and removal of names from, the rolls and the issues around these matters. The Census Board is generally made up of a small group of senior personnel from within the Corps. Within a corps governance structure, the Census Board has generally been above the Corps Council. Today, Census Boards are known as Pastoral Care Councils. 16

C Centre for Leadership Development (CLD) The Centre for Learning and Development (CLD) is a faculty of Booth College of Mission (BCM). The Centre’s purpose is to develop qualities, characteristics, skills and leadership within The Salvation Army. The Centre provides learning to the workforce, Officers and missional development in the form of workshops at the Conference Centre in Upper Hutt.

Chaplain A chaplaincy position is generally filled by religious personnel assigned to a non-church pastoral role. In The Salvation Army most are officers and some soldiers. Chaplaincy can occur in a variety of areas such as homelessness, addictions, courts, prisons, hospitals, schools, the workplace in general and the military services. The Salvation Army in New Zealand has a strong link with military chaplaincy going back to as early as World War One.

Chief of the Staff An appointment based at International Headquarters. After consultation, a commissioner is appointed by the General to fulfill the role of second-in-command of The Army worldwide. The primary function of this role is implementing the General’s policy decisions and coordination of the work of International Headquarters departments.

Chief Secretary The Chief Secretary is the officer second-in-command of a Salvation Army Territory. Under current governance provisions in New Zealand, the Chief Secretary operates as the Chief Executive Officer of the organisation.

Children’s Home The Salvation Army in New Zealand was involved in the sphere of residential child care from as early as 1903 when it was asked to undertake responsibility for twenty-four orphaned girls in Wellington. Often buildings were donated to this work by generous members of the community. These facilities were referred to as Children’s Homes and were operating in many centres around the country. The Salvation Army stopped providing this type of residential care towards the end of the 20th century in line with changing social conditions and changes in social policy.

Middlemarch Girl’s Home c.1914.

Chorus A Chorus can be a refrain in a song with several verses or a short stand-alone verse. Choruses have been popular in The Salvation Army and often used spontaneously. Chorus sheets were produced for special events. There has been a chorus section in the Song Book. A Salvation Army book of Choruses was published in 1945 (Illustrated). 17

C Christian Mission The Salvation Army began life in 1865 as the East London Christian Mission, a small, local evangelical movement that sought to bring the gospel to the poor of East London. From 1869, the movement gathered momentum and began opening stations outside of London, so its name changed first of all to the more generic Christian Mission before ultimately becoming The Salvation Army in 1878.

Christian Mission Magazine The Christian Mission Magazine was the precursor to the War Cry. It became the War Cry when the Christian Mission was renamed The Salvation Army in 1878. The magazine had started life as the East London Evangelist in 1868 before becoming the Christian Mission Magazine in 1870.

Church Army The Church Army is an organisation of lay evangelists within the Church of England, and was founded on the model of the Salvation Army for evangelistic purposes in the slums of London in 1882 by Wilson Carlile. Carlile began by hosting open-air gatherings to share faith and encourage people to put their faith in to action. At one point, it is understood, Carlisle wanted to join forces with The Salvation Army, but this never came to be. However, there was interaction between the organisations from time to time in those early years. Later the Church Army became primarily concerned with social work and rehabilitation. After a two-year residential course of training, students are commissioned as officers of the Church Army; the men are called captains and the women sisters. Officers either serve parish churches in England as specialists in evangelism or serve in specialized ministries to children, the elderly, drug or alcohol addicts, the poor, the armed forces, and prisoners and their families. They also serve as missionaries in other countries. Autonomous societies exist in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the Caribbean, and East Africa.

Circle Corps Circle Corps were based around the idea of a Corps encompassing a number of locations and settlements which would be served as a circuit with the officers travelling the Corps circle, often by horse-back. The example illustrated (Duntroon Circle) has also been referred to as a Camp Corps in other War Crys. So, in some cases there can be confusion around whether a Corps should be defined as Camp or Circle. (see Camp Corps for further clarification).

The War Cry 8 September 1900 pg6.

C Citadel Is a title applied to some Corps buildings and found its way into common use as part of a corps name at a local level and was generally applied to the main worship building. The example illustrated is of Invercargill Corps.

Colonel A rank conferred to Salvation Army officers on merit by the General. It has been in use since 1880 and sits above Lieutenant-Colonel and below Commissioner.

Colony Commander This title was applied to the Commander of the New Zealand Division when part of the Australasian Territory. It was commonly used in the 1880s and 1890s.

Colony War Office (CWO) Colony War Office was a term commonly used for headquarters in New Zealand in the 1880s and 1890s.

Colour (Flag) Sergeant The Colour or Flag Sergeant is essentially a flag bearer. This Sergeant will carry the flag for all ceremonies where the flag is required including in marches. For many years these Sergeants wore three stripes on their uniform arms and often with two crossing flags. Colour Sergeant Jim Summerville - Nelson Corps.

Flag Sergeant Maraea Morris Gisborne Corps.

Colours Reference to the ‘colours’ of The Salvation Army used in a wide range of contexts – yellow, red and blue. The yellow represents the fire of Holy Spirit, the red the blood of Christ and the blue for purity.

Also see Tri-colour Ribbon.

Command A Command refers to a small administrative region, notably a small Territory of The Salvation Army - usually comprising up to 50 Corps. The Officer in charge is known as Officer Commanding.

C Commandant The Rank of Commandant was used between 1916 and 1931. It was a field rank above Adjutant, alternative to Staff Captain. The Rank above known as Field-Major. Adjutant and Field-Major were known as Higher ‘Field’ Ranks.

Commander/Commanding Officer The formal structure of The Salvation Army had three levels within a Territory - the Territorial Commander (Territorial Leaders), the Divisional Commander (Divisional Leaders) and the Corps Officer/s (Corps Leaders) commanding a Corps.

Commission A formal document presented publicly which authorises an officer or local officer or other Salvationist to fulfil specified ministry. The certificate illustrated below is possibly the earliest surviving example in New Zealand of a bandsman’s commission, though called at this early stage a ‘Bandsman’s Pass’. It is dated April 1886 and was issued for Arthur Alfred Pallant.

Another commission for Arthur Alfred Pallant - this time an Envoy’s Commission issued 1st January 1910 with a stamp renewing the commission in 1912.

Commissioner The highest Rank of a Salvation Army officer except for General. This Rank is conferred by the General and has been active since 1880. Most Territorial Commanders are Commissioner in Rank.

Community Ministries This is the outworking of The Salvation Army in local communities bringing social and evangelical messages and practical assistance, to the betterment of communities and their people, as part of The Salvation Army’s particular Christian expression. Services may include food banks, counselling services, budgeting services, advocacy and support.

C Company Guard It wasn’t until 1880 that The Salvation Army began to hold separate meetings for children, called Company Meetings and were held on a Sunday afternoon. The meetings focused on Scripture and leading children to consider having a relationship with Christ. This differentiated from Directory in the morning (over time, some Territories had these meetings at other times). There was a reluctance to use the term Sunday School as it was felt The Salvation Army’s spiritual work for children was ‘different’. Eventually, Company Meetings and Directory were combined as the Sunday School. A teacher/leader was initially referred to as a Company Guard then later a Sergeant, leading finally to Young People’s Sergeant Major (YPSM). All these elements came under the umbrella of the Junior Corps.

Comrade A Comrade can be defined as a colleague or a fellow member of an organization. But, in the military context, it can refer to a fellow soldier or member of the armed forces. Putting these together, it is understandable that it had an application in The Salvation Army referring to fellow Salvationists.

Congress A Congress is a multi-event gathering attended by Officers, Soldiers and friends within a Territory or other area of Salvation Army work. It can occur as frequently as annually, but often less frequently. Occassionally there are International Congresses held - the latest being the Boundless Congress 2015 in London, recognising and celebrating the work of The Salvation Army over a period of 150 years.

Congress Hall Congress Hall was a term applied to a Corps, but was not commonly used. One local example would be Auckland Congress Hall, now known as Auckland City Corps. The grandness of the Corps’ old building, while it existed, no doubt contributed to the use of Congress Hall.

Congress Players The drama group the Congress Players was formed in 1961 by the then Territorial Commander, Commissioner Alfred J Gilliard, with the objective being to produce a play for Congress. An enthusiastic group of actors was formed and plays continued to be presented at every Wellington Congress for the next fifteen years. Other plays were presented between congresses at various locations around Wellington and other parts of New Zealand. The group’s productions covered a twenty two year period until the early 1980s.

C Corps A primary unit of Salvation Army witness and work established in a local community and serving as a central meeting place for all local Salvation Army activity. It is The Salvation Army version of a church. It is pastorally and administratively lead by one or more commisioned persons. Generally this is a married Officer couple called Corps Officers or a single or “single spouse” Officer. A Corps provides worship for the converted with sensitivity to minister to the non-believer and also opportunity for evangelism. There are programmes run for various groups like Juniors, Seniors, Married Couples and Families. Other activities can overlap with Community Ministries and other services such as League of Mercy, Fellowship groups including Home League, Foodbanks and Recovery Church. Community Ministries can be a significant operation to manage for the Corps Officer/s and is often managed by a specialised manager. Two Key leadership components are the Leadership Team (Corps Council) and Pastoral Care Council (Census Board). Because Corps can operate and be structured very differently, there is today no fixed pattern of operation. None-theless there is illustrated below a very basic outline of a Corps.

LEADERSHIP TEAM (CORPS COUNCIL) Corps Officer/s and Local Officers eg: Corps Sergeant Major Corps Secretary Corps Treasurer Recruiting Sergeant Young People’s Sergeant Major As part of the Leadership Team other people can fulfill leadership roles. For example with a focus on: Youth Seniors Music Evangelism Fellowship, etc.

PASTORAL CARE (CENSUS BOARD) Made up of experienced members of the Corps including members of the Leadership Team.

COMMUNITY MINISTRIES | FOOD BANK | HOUSING | RECOVERY CHURCH | FAMILY STORE

Plaque advertising a typical Corps with Worship and Community Centre (not necessarily full Community Services) - Mana Corps, Lower North Island of New Zealand.

C Corps Cadet (CC) A young Salvationist, usually aged from 12 or 13 years, who undertakes a course of Bible study, Salvation Army doctrine and history, and practical training in their Corps. In parts of the world this activity is very much out of practice now, though some Territories now use youth discipleship programmes. Lower and higher achievement Corps Cadet badges are illustrated, along with a later Badge of Merit.

Corps Cadet Guardian (CCG) The person trusted with the mentoring and discipleship of Corps Cadets during their studies.

Corps Council This council is one of the governance bodies used by many Corps to provide administrative and other assistance to Corps Officer/s in the running and functioning of a Corps. Corps Councils can comprise local officers, soldiers, adherents and friends of the Corps. Corps Councils are often referred to as Corps Leadership Teams (or similar) today.

Corps History Book Each Corps is required to keep an ongoing record of the activities and significant events surrounding the life of the Corps. This record is called the Corps History Book. For those Corps who have published a history of their Corps, the Corps History Book has been an invaluable resource. Generally they include text, photographs, copies of programmes, brochures, War Cry cuttings, etc. Some more recent histories have been generated digitally. Three covers are illustrated - A generic ‘Corps History’ cover, Te Araroa Corps with hand-rendered Māori motif, and Timaru Corps.

C Corps Officer A Salvation Army officer appointed to lead a Corps. Often this is a joint role when the Officer is married – both are regarded as Corps Officers and are often referred to today as Corps Leaders.

One of the functions performed by a Corps Officer is the enrolment of Senior Soldiers. This example is at Wellington City Corps and the Corps Officer is Major Ken Bridge off to the right looking towards the pulpit.

Corps Secretary (CS) The Corps Secretary is the person responsible for the secretarial services for whichever governance or management groups the corps utilises in administering the corps. The Corps Secretary takes minutes and prepares correspondence and communications as required.

Corps Sergeant Major (CSM) Similar to the chief ‘elder’ or lay leader in other Christian denominations, the CSM is the chief local officer who assists the Corps Officer with administrative and worship meetings, and usually takes command and responsibility in the Corps Officer’s absence.

Corps Treasurer (CT) The Corps Treasurer is an administration role required at a Corps, managing the funds of a Corps and fulfilling financial commitments to the Territory and/or Division. The position is regarded as a ‘Local Officer’ role and should be filled by a ‘Soldier’ (considered a layperson when in this position). Local Officer positions come with a special patch (cloth and embroidery), or enamelled metal badge, designating the role. In this case the Corps Treasurer is designated with a CT within an oval.

C Covenant A solemn agreement made by officers and soldiers before God, which contains a range of commitments regarding acceptance and belief in Salvation Army Doctrines, behaviours and lifestyle. The Officers’ Covenant is generally signed at the point Officer training has been completed and the officer-to-be makes the final commitment by signing the Covenant. For the Soldier this was done in the form of signing the ‘Articles of War’ (see Articles of War) – today known as the Soldiers’ Covenant. An Officer, having previously been a Soldier, would also have signed the Soldiers’ Covenant.

OFFICERS’ COVENANT

SOLDIERS’ COVENANT Having accepted Jesus Christ as my Saviour and Lord, and desiring to fulfil my membership of His Church on earth as a soldier of The Salvation Army, I now by God’s grace enter into a sacred covenant. I believe and will live by the truths of the word of God expressed in The Salvation Army’s eleven articles of faith: (The Doctrines/Articles of faith are inserted here - to view them, see Doctrines) Therefore I will be responsive to the Holy Spirit’s work and obedient to His leading in my life, growing in grace through worship, prayer, service and the reading of the Bible. I will make the values of the Kingdom of God and not the values of the world the standard for my life. I will uphold Christian integrity in every area of my life, allowing nothing in thought, word or deed that is unworthy, unclean, untrue, profane, dishonest or immoral. I will maintain Christian ideals in all my relationships with others: my family and neighbours, my colleagues and fellow Salvationists, those to whom and for whom I am responsible, and the wider community. I will uphold the sanctity of marriage and of family life. I will be a faithful steward of my time and gifts, my money and possessions, my body, my mind and my spirit, knowing that I am accountable to God. I will abstain from alcoholic drink, tobacco, the non-medical use of addictive drugs. gambling, pornography, the occult, and all else that could enslave the body or spirit. I will be faithful to the purposes for which God raised up The Salvation Army, sharing the good news of Jesus Christ, endeavouring to win others to Him, and in His name caring for the needy and the disadvantaged. I will be actively involved, as l am able, in the life, work, worship and witness of the corps, giving as large a proportion of my income as possible to support its ministries and the worldwide work of the Army. I will be true to the principles and practices of The Salvation Army, loyal to its leaders, and I will show the spirit of Salvationism whether in times of popularity or persecution. I now call upon all present to witness that I enter into this covenant and sign these articles of war of my own free will, convinced that the love of Christ, who died and now lives to save me, requires from me this devotion of my life to His service for the salvation of the whole world; and therefore do here declare my full determination, by God’s help, to be a true soldier of The Salvation Army. 25

Cradle Roll [First Steps] Children from newborn to five years of age can become part of a Corps’ Cradle Roll. When a child is born the Cradle Roll Sergeant can invite parents to place their child on the Cradle Roll. Each child then receives a Cradle Roll certificate. The presentation of the certificate often happens at the time of a child’s dedication. The period of enrolment on a Cradle Roll is a time of support and encouragement for parents to nurture their child in faith and, with the assistance of the corps family, to see the child and their family thrive in development and progress within the life of a corps. Today Cradle Roll is known as First Steps which is a programme/ministry that covers the pre-school years.

Crest The original Crest was designed by Captain William Ebdon in 1878 and was in use by 1879 where it appeared on The Salvation Army letterhead. It has changed little from that time. The various parts of the Crest have their own meaning: The sun surrounding the centre represents the light and fire of the Holy Spirit. The cross of Jesus stands at the centre of the Crest and the Salvationist’s faith. The letter ‘S’ wrapped around the cross represents Salvation. The two swords symbolise the ‘war of salvation’ – the fight against sin. The seven ‘Gospel Shots’ within the bottom of the circle represent the truths of the gospel. The crown speaks of God’s reward for His faithful people. “Blood and Fire” is the motto of The Salvation Army. This describes the blood of Jesus shed on the cross to save all people and the fire of the Holy Spirit which purifies believers.

Dedication Dedication ceremonies are generally for the public presentation of an infant to the Lord. Specific vows are made by the parents in relation to how the child is to be raised. Throughout Salvation Army history other dedications have occurred. Examples may include the Dedication of brass instruments to the sole purpose of use in Salvation Army service or the Dedication of a building to that same purpose.

Masthead of an early example of a Dedication Certificate.

1952 Dedication service for Band instruments - Gisborne Corps.

D Delve ‘Delve’ is an opportunity for Candidates for Officer Training and those considering Officership to ‘delve’ into the possibilities of serving as an Officer in The Salvation Army. This is generally conducted at an annual camp within the Territory.

Directory Directory Classes were run for children from the early years of The Salvation Army to introduce children to the Bible and SA doctrines and practices. It was separate from Company (Sunday School) meetings. A Directory booklet had been published for decades, but in 1968 was replaced by a three volume syllabus called Army Beliefs and Characteristics. Eventually Directory Classes were overtaken by the broader Sunday School option and when Junior Soldiers became a more formal training class there was a transition at Corps during the 1950s and 1960s when the formal Directory instruction was incorporated into Junior Soldiers.

Disposition of Forces (Dispo) The ‘Dispo’ is the document that records the way in which a Territory is arranged/organised with locations for Headquarters, Corps, Social Centres and other facilities, alongside details of Officer and staff appointments – Disposition of Forces. These records commenced in ‘Dispo’ form for Australasia around 1900. Officer Appointments were Gazetted in the the War Cry in New Zealand from 1883.

Early published Disposition of Forces for Australasia - illustrated examples 1910 onwards.

D Division A Division is an area within a Territory under the direction of a Divisional Commander (DC) and can consist of Corps, Social Centres and other expressions of Salvation Army work. Territories can have a number of Divisions.

Divisional Commander The Officer in charge of a Division. Today the title often used for a Divisional Commander and their spouse is Divisional Leaders.

Divisional Headquarters (DHQ) The centre from where a Division is administered under the leadership of a Divisional Commander (DC) and support staff. Divisions come under the direction of Territorial Headquarters and the Territorial Commander (TC). At an early time all Officers working at DHQ were referred to as Divisional Officers.

Doctrines (Articles of Faith) The Doctrines of The Salvation Army were formed during the years of the Christian Mission. In the early years of the Mission 1865-66 they were known as Articles of Faith (seven in total). By 1870 they had grown to ten and were referred to as doctrines. An eleventh was added in 1876 and these eleven were modified by the time they were incorporated in the Foundation Deed of The Salvation Army in 1878. The doctrines express a strong Wesleyan influence. From The Salvation Army International Theological Council, as set out in Schedule 1 of The Salvation Army Act 1980: We believe that the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments were given by inspiration of God, and that they only constitute the Divine rule of Christian faith and practice. We believe that there is only one God, who is infinitely perfect, the Creator, Preserver, and Governor of all things, and who is the only proper object of religious worship. We believe that there are three persons in the Godhead – the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost, undivided in essence and co-equal in power and glory. We believe that in the person of Jesus Christ the Divine and human natures are united, so that He is truly and properly God and truly and properly man. We believe that our first parents were created in a state of innocency, but by their disobedience they lost their purity and happiness, and that in consequence of their fall all men have become sinners, totally depraved, and as such are justly exposed to the wrath of God. We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ has by His suffering and death made an atonement for the whole world so that whosoever will may be saved. We believe that repentance towards God, faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, and regeneration by the Holy Spirit, are necessary to salvation. We believe that we are justified by grace through faith in our Lord Jesus Christ and that he that believeth hath the witness in himself. We believe that continuance in a state of salvation depends upon continued obedient faith in Christ. We believe that it is the privilege of all believers to be wholly sanctified, and that their whole spirit and soul and body may be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. We believe in the immortality of the soul; in the resurrection of the body; in the general judgment at the end of the world; in the eternal happiness of the righteous; and in the endless punishment of the wicked. 28

Doxology A Doxology is a liturgical form of praise to God, generally shared through congregational singing. For The Salvation Army the Doxology is expressed through the song ‘Praise God I’m Saved’. This was written by Staff-Captain T. Leighton in England, and originally included two verses along with the Chorus that has become known as The Army’s Doxology. It first appeared in the Musical Salvationist Volume 1 – May 1887. Praise God I’m saved. Praise God I’m saved. All’s well. All’s well. He sets me free. Actions with raised arms and clapping often accompanied the singing.

When first published in the Musical Salvationist in 1887 it had a 6/8 rythym.

Early Childhood Education Centre Salvation Army Early Childhood Education Centres are an integral part of a holistic ministry to families - empowering people, equipping children for life and offering a life-changing relationship with Jesus Centres place a strong emphasis on allowing children to learn through play. Individualised learning programmes are provided based on each child’s interest, using a varied range of opportunities and experiences. Te Whāriki, the Ministry of Education’s early childhood curriculum is woven throughout the programme. This emphasises the learning partnership between teachers, parents and whanau. Te Whāriki ensures that children are taught literacy and numeracy skills in an age-appropriate manner. Centres receive regular reviews from the Education Review Office (ERO). Core values: Wairua, we value who you are, we create opportunities for connections to faith communities Whanaungatanga, we value your family and where you are from Manaakitanga, we want you to feel at home, and we engage in community through sustainable services Awhi and Aroha, we care for you through providing quality teaching and education William Booth Educare located at the Booth College of Mission is one example of a centre.

Emergency Lodge An Emergency Lodge provided emergency accommodation when there was a need. By 1979 The Salvation Army had more than 15 Emergency Lodges throughout New Zealand. Many were essentially women’s refuges. Today The Salvation Army in New Zealand provides a lesser number of Supportive Accommodation/Housing facilities such as Epsom Lodge.

Employment Plus From 1978 The Salvation Army in New Zealand ran programmes for the training of young people for employment. The first was commenced in Tauranga by Captain Graeme Smith and later expanded into other centres under the ‘Work Skills Development’ programme. In 1999 The Salvation Army rebranded this work as ‘Employment Plus’. By 2007 these programmes were coming under pressure and began to be phased out. By 2019, after more than 40 years, these programmes were no longer operating. 29

E Enquiry [Inquiry/Investigation] Department and Missing Persons Department Following are excerpts from Reunited written by Dr Peter Willmott and published in 2012 by The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army was receiving daily enquiries from anxious parents asking if the Army (which had become known as a ‘help anyone in trouble’ organisation) could make enquiries about their daughters who were missing in London. Some of the girls had never communicated with their parents since the day they left home. Others had communicated briefly but after a while the letters and contacts ceased. At that time, Florence Booth, the daughter-in-law of William Booth, who was in charge of the newly opened rescue home for girls and women, began to hear horrendous stories of widespread abductions from those who sought shelter at the home. She shared this information with her father-in-law. William was so deeply troubled by these and similar stories from other sources that were coming to light on a daily basis, that he wrote a letter to be published in ‘The War Cry’ which asked for assistance from all Salvationists in setting up a house of help and enquiry. A week later, ‘The War Cry’ invited parents, relatives and friends to write, stating full particulars with names, dates and addresses of any women known or feared to be living in immorality or in danger of coming under the control of immoral persons. A photo is requested, if available.

The War Cry 25 January 1964.

In 1885 William Booth launched the ‘New National Scheme for the Deliverance of Unprotected Girls and the Fallen.’ He planned to raise £20,000 to establish hostels to accommodate those rescued from prostitution and a central office of help and enquiry in London. Later that year, Florence Booth established a pilot scheme for tracing missing persons. For many years it was known as Mrs Booth’s Inquiry Department and catered mainly to young women, although that would change during the years. However, the first recorded advertisement for a missing person, which had appeared in 1882, was for a man. In February of the year an article appeared in ‘The War Cry’. It told of a young lad, Harry Scott who had run away from home in the north of England. The background to the appeal was that Harry had started attending Salvation Army services. This so enraged his father that he started to swear and curse threatening to break Harry’s neck - frightened, Harry ran away. ‘The War Cry’ gave a detailed description of Harry and invited readers to look out for him and report any sightings. The following month the paper reported that Harry had been seen in a Sussex village and was on his way home. The great success of the Inquiry Department reached a point at which an important development was considered desirable. The General therefore decided to divide it into two wings. Applications for advice and help, missing and runaway relatives, etc, in respect of men will be addressed to Colonel Stitt. And for women to Mrs Booth. On 6 November 1897, the ‘Daily Mail’ published an article in which it headlined the department as ‘A New Scotland Yard’. The article stated that ‘it is part and parcel of the Army and, essentially international.’ The title, Investigation Department, remained until 1990 when at the instigation of Lieut-Colonel Colin Fairclough, the then Director based in London, it was renamed the Family Tracing Service. (see Family Tracing)

Ensign Was an Officer Rank between Captain and the higher position of Adjutant. This Rank was in use from 1888 to 1931.

Envoy Originally an honourary title (often for Officers who have needed to resign for health reasons) or granted to Soldiers who could offer specialised skills and services within a Division. Envoys have also included full time Soldiers who for various reasons may not be Commissioned Officers and it is in this context the designation is used today. 30

Epaulette Epaulette is a French word meaning ‘little shoulder’. An Epaulette is also described as a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by military and other organisations. In The Salvation Army they are used to differentiate between Officer Ranks, and also to identify whether a Salvationist is an Officer or a Soldier. Epaullettes can vary in colour and have attachments that assist in these differentiations. Soldiers can be ‘Local Officers’ (lay people) and epaulettes can also show this identification. Over time styles of epaulettes have varied, whether sewn on, velcroed (more recently), or they can slide on and off as required with a button or clip to hold in position. They are used on jackets and also on shirts and blouses which can be used in hot climates or during the summer months in milder climates.

Eventide Home The provision of care for the elderly by The Salvation Army eventuated in the opening of the first Salvation Army Eventide Home in 1925. Four others were established in the inter-war period. After 1945 there was a great increase in this sphere of service, and by the 1980s the Army cared for over six hundred regular residents in fourteen Eventide Homes throughout New Zealand. Many of these homes were called Resthaven. This specific type of service was discontinued in New Zealand with changes to government policies in the late 1990s.

The Norman Kirk Eventide Home.

Fall in the Fountain The significance of ‘Fall into the Fountain’ can best be explained through the verse of a song written by Gwennie of Oamaru Corps in the War Cry 8 November 1884, page 1. She tells of the cleansing power of Jesus’ blood - the ‘Fountain’. O, plunge into the Fountain wide, Which cleanses from all sin. ‘Tis flowing from the Saviours side, Jesus will take you in.

The War Cry 13 August 1884 page 2. ‘Fall in the Fountain’ is also referred to as ‘In the Fountain’, ‘Fell in the Fountain’ and ‘Souls in the Fountain’.

F Family Store Family Stores have become a strong and popular part of the charity shop retail scene. Attracting large volumes of donations to assist The Salvation Army in its work through Community Ministries and provision of housing and accommodation, foodbanks and budgetting advice. In Australia they are called Salvo Stores. The precursor to Family Stores were the Thrift Shops.

Linwood Corps Family Store 2009.

Family Tracing The Family Tracing Service operated in New Zealand under that name from 1990 to 2020 when the service was closed. It had been known as the Missing Persons Bureau prior to that. Over 6500 new enquiries were registered in the years 1983 to 2007, with an average of 280 new registrations each year. This peaked in 1990, with 468 registrations that year. 1993 saw the Privacy Act 1993 enshrined in New Zealand legislation, which increased the challenge of locating missing family members through limiting the ability of agencies and businesses to provide information about clients and employees. However, the service managed to achieve a success rate of around 75 percent.

Farewell Orders This is the order to an Officer/s informing of a change of Appointment and the need to ‘farewell’ the current Appointment and the people associated with that Appointment.

Farm (including Farm Colony) The Salvation Army in New Zealand has had various Farm projects operating, particularly through its Prison Gate Brigade service through to Epsom Lodge. There were also Farms operating as part of Māori ministry pre-1900. Some of these pre-date William Booth’s well-publicised “Farm Colonies” bringing “self-helping and self-sustaining communities” food, work, and shelter for the needy. The best known in New Zealand was the Putaruru Farm which provided many years of training for young men through the middle part of the 20th century.

Field Major The Rank of Field Major existed during the period 1921-1931. It preceded Commandant and was the highest of the ‘Field’ Ranks. The colour green was associated with this Rank.

Field Officer (FO) Field Officer applied to the ‘Field’ Ranks - notably Field Major and Commandant. 32

F Field Secretary Senior Officer responsible for all officers and operations of The Salvation Army except for Social Services. With the introduction of the Cabinet system the roles of Field and Social Secretary were distributed between the Personnel Secretary and the Programme Department.

Fight the Good Fight Cyril Bradwell, 1982. (Reprinted 1983) From the dustjacket to the book we read: On 27 March 1883, the SS Manapouri berthed at Bowen’s Pier, Port Chalmers. On board was a contingent of Salvationists despatched to New Zealand to “open fire” here. Five days later, the first official Salvation Army meeting was held in Dunedin. The assault had begun. Fight the Good Fight is more than a straightforward look at 100 years of Salvation Army work in New Zealand. In it, Cyril Bradwell reveals an extraordinary, little-documented side of our history - of an expedition launched to save souls and to help the deprived.

Fiji Division In 1972, delegates to a Salvation Army Student’s Fellowship Conference in Wellington, New Zealand unanimously endorsed the proposal that a team be selected to explore the need for The Salvation Army to commence operations in Fiji. The Territorial Commander, Commissioner Harry Williams, supported the selection of the trek’s members and arrangements for an inter-church committee in Suva with two New Zealand Salvationist families in Suva (Hawkey and Jackson) providing the link. Finally, in August 1972, a carefully selected team, complete with a small, competent musical group and a gospel puppet show, under the leadership of Captains Brian and Beverley McStay, set out on a 10-day “trek” around Viti Levu. Exploratory discussions were held with Government and civic leaders and heads of churches. Meetings were held in schools, prisons, churches and in the open air. The exuberence of the team took the country by storm - so much so that they found themselves in the midst of Hurricane Bebe which provided them with a marvellous opportunity to respond with support, both spiritual and practical. Public and official interest was so marked that on the return to New Zealand of the trek team, it was finally decided that Salvation Army operations should officially be launched in Fiji, with the New Zealand Territory accepting full financial responsibility for its development. Captains Brian and Beverley McStay were given the responsibility of pioneering the work and left New Zealand for Fiji early in 1973. The final highlight of what was a wonderful foundation year, was the completion of formal recognition of The Salvation Army in Fiji on 14 November 1973 by the Fijian Government. From The Salvation Army Year Book 2022 we read: For the Fiji Division, the year has been one of response to the Pandemic. With the tourism industry closed, officers, staff and soldiers have shown resilience, love and strength as they have responded to the needs in their communities while undertaking the usual ministry of The Salvation Army. This has included meeting the needs presented in our Family Care Centres and their response to tropical cyclones Yasa’s (the strongest tropical storm of 2020) and Ana’s damage. Further information in the year book includes a list of these Social Services: Family Care Centres, Court and Corrections, Chaplaincy Services, Disaster Relief Services, Farm Project, Red Shield House, Sewing Skills Programmes, Tiny Tots Kindergartens, and Youth Rehabilitation Services.

F Fiji School for Officer Training In 1977 the Fijian Officer Candidates received a year’s training in New Zealand then returned to Fiji to complete their second year in 1978. At this time the first Fiji Regional Training Officer was appointed. After initially using the Raiwai Hostel building, training moved to 54 McGregor Road, which was officially opened 22 July 1979 by Territorial Commander, Commissioner Lawrence Smith. The first Commissioning of Officers trained in Fiji was conducted by Territorial Commander, Commissioner Dean Goffin on 10 January 1981. In 1992 the Fijians were joined by Tongan Cadets for training. The first Commissioning of Cadets to Officer Appointments from this joint venture occurred in January 1994. By 1998 there were 29 Fiji-trained officers in active service. Officer training remains very active in Fiji today operating out of the capital Suva.

Captain Betty Hales leading a class of Fijian Cadets.

Fire a Volley When the leader of a meeting shouts “Fire a Volley”, the expectation is the congregation will respond enthusiastically with “Hallelujah”. This is an expression of praise to God.

Firezone Firezone, the New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory’s website (http://www.firezone.co.nz/), was launched in 2006, offering resources, promotion of events and a discussion forum for youth and youth workers.

First-Lieutenant The rank First-Lieutenant was used from 1948-1959. It followed Second-Lieutenant and was the rank immediately before Captain, during that period.

Fishing In a series of New Zealand War Cry articles/papers during April and May 1894, General William Booth describes what he means by ‘Fishing’ in a spiritual warfare context. An extract follows: “...close fighting illustrates the sort of warfare that is highly valued in The Salvation Army, and which I want to describe in this and one or two papers that will follow. I have not exactly got the right name for what I want to set forth when I call it ‘Fishing’. It ought to be named ‘Hand-to-Hand Fighting’; but ‘Fishing’ has come to be a term so commonly used amongst us to describe this, and every Salvationist knows so well what is meant by it, and I think I had better stick to it. It signifies the singling out of the sinner from the ordinary crowd in the after-meeting, the closing in upon [the sinner] with arguments and persuasions and prayers in favour of submission to God, and it means persevering [until the sinner], too, either surrenders to God and flies to the mercy-seat, or quits the field”. William expands extensively on ‘Fishing’ in the period of War Crys mentioned above.

F Fix Bayonets A little-known reference to a leader calling for those present in a Salvation Army meeting to raise their right hand to personally affirm a statement being made, even if it is being sung.

Flag From its earliest days, The Salvation Army has used Flags. The use of Flags has done more than anyone could have imagined to bind all our soldiers together and to encourage and develop the spirit of enterprise and resolution (George Scott Railton, ‘Heathen England’). During the early 1880s, many local Corps were using Flags of various kinds in their processions. General Booth saw the need for the movement to have one standard Flag design. Early Flags had a ‘sun’ in their centre, but since 1882 the standard Flag has had a yellow star in its centre. This star represents the Holy Spirit. The present star is also eightpointed; the number has been varied from time to time but no significance has been attached to this. The crimson colour of the Flag represents atonement, and the blue, God’s chosen emblem of purity. The motto ‘Blood and Fire’ stands for the blood of Christ and the fire of the Holy Spirit. When the Army Flag was established using the star, the flags were generic for every corps. However, in time each Corps began to add their Corps name to the Flag.

General William Booth preaching and holding the original Salvation Army (sun) flag, ‘The War Cry’, 4 August 1881.

An early and tattered Carterton Corps Flag. Blood & Fire has worn off.

Major Prowse with a Te Ope Whakaora Flag for work among Maori on the East Coast of the New Zealand North Island - 1950s.

Flying Brigade Captain Dave Pattrick, “the hallelujah cabby”, was a colourful character. In January 1885, Major George Pollard, Colony Commander of New Zealand, ever on the look-out for for new methods of carrying on the Salvation War, and noting the individualistic talents of Pattrick and his experience with horses, placed him in charge of the Flying Brigade. This consisted of two Officers and two Cadets (Officer trainees), equipped with a two-horse caravan fitted out with bunks, and resplendently decorated with Army Crests and scriptual quotations. The Flying Brigade travelled the length and breadth of the South Island for several years, winning converts, making Soldiers, and establishing a number of Corps in the smaller country centres.

Captain Holdaway and Captain Pattrick wearing the Flying Brigade Caps. A Flying Brigade Travelling Fort.

F Fortress Fortress is a term applied to some Corps buildings, particularly those with a Fortress style to their architecture. The example illustrated is of the Timaru Corps. This building was built in 1892 and the word Fortress is included on the facade above the Crest where it says ‘Fortress of The Salvation Army’.

Founder In the New Zealand War Cry of 27 June 2015 an article on “The Army’s Founders” provides the following observations: In 1865, in England, a new Christian missionary movement came into being. It was born of the conviction of a Methodist couple, William and Catherine Booth, that the churches were failing to bring the gospel of God’s love to the large masses of people - the poor and working classes - and that new methods were called for to carry out Jesus’ Great Commission (of Matthew 28:19 [Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit (NIV)]). Their ministry began in the East End of London in 1865 - became the Christian Mission and in 1878 was named The Salvation Army.

...from the day I got the poor of London on my heart and caught a vision of all Jesus Christ could do with them, on that day I made up my mind that God would have all there was of William Booth.

Whether the church will allow women to speak in her assemblies can only be a question of time; common sense, public opinion, and the blessed results of female agency will force her to give an honest and impartial rendering of the solitary text on which she grounds her prohibitions. Then, when the true light shines, and God’s words take the place of men’s traditions, the Doctor of Divinity who shall teach that Paul commands woman to be silent when God’s Spirit urges her to speak, will be regarded much the same as we should regard an astronomer who should teach that the sun is the earth’s satellite. Catherine Booth, Female Ministry.

Founders’ Day The 2nd of July 1865 is generally accepted as the beginning/founding of the ministry by William and Catherine Booth that eventually led to the naming of the work as The Salvation Army. Salvation Army centres all around the world celebrate Founders Day on a Sunday in July each year.

Furlough In a military context Furlough is a leave of absence or vacation. Similarly in The Salvation Army it generically replaces the word ‘leave’ - in most cases for personal holiday or used for other purposes by a Salvation Army Officer. 36

G Garrison Garrison refers to any of the various Training Garrisons that existed in the early days of the Army. When New Zealand was briefly its own Territory in the 1890s it had Garrisons at Newtown, Sydenham, Christchurch and Ashburton, and a Maori Training Garrison in Gisborne. Men and women were trained separately each having their own Garrison. The War Cry article illustrates this reference to Garrison alternatively named College (very early reference to ‘College’).

The War Cry 27 February 1887 pg7.

Gazette A Gazette is an official publication containing lists of appointments, promotions and other official notices. For The Salvation Army the War Cry is its official Gazette. The War Cry is published independently by various Salvation Army Territories around the world, and even today continues to announce appointments and official notices

Current War Cry graphic for New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa.

General William Booth, co-founder with Catherine, of The Salvation Army was its first General. There have been 21 Generals to 2022. Today the General is elected by a High Council to be the supreme commander of the Army throughout the world and it is under the authority of this position that all formal Army appointments are made and all regulations are issued. When “The Salvation Army Act of 1980” was established in the UK, it consolidated all previous Acts and Deed Polls, to provide a necessary legal instrument to enable the General to exercise the powers and responsibilities in fulfilling those functions required and expected of the General. To consult with and to encourage the various Territories of The Salvation Army, Generals would visit beyond the base at International Headquarters in London, to many parts of the world. The illustrated War Cry cover pictures General William Booth visiting New Zealand in 1895, his second visit to this country. These earlier tours were by ship and took many weeks at sea to sail thousands of kilometres to meet with Territorial Leaders and Salvationists of the world. The War Cry 5 October 1895 pg1.

G General Change General Change refers to the annual announcement of changes of Appointment for Officers. This does not preclude other changes happening during the year as required, but is the time when most such changes occur. The announcements are generally decided well in advance of the date of change - eg 3-4 months.

General Order General Orders were issued in the War Cry in the earlier years of The Salvation Army because they were the most efficient way to communicate requirements to all Salvationists, but notably to Officers. These Orders incorporated instructions relating to a wide variety of Salvation Army functions. Two early examples are illustrated.

The War Cry 13 November 1886 pg1.

Gold Star The Gold Star is awarded to a parent whose Officer daughter or son has died (Promoted ot Glory) while still in active Officer service. Two versions of the Gold Star are illustrated. 38

The War Cry 13 July 1889 pg3.

G Gospel Shots Along the bottom of The Salvation Army Crest are seven dots (some Crests by error have a different number) - these are Gospel Shots. They represent the basic truths of the gospel. There are seven in total: 1. The existence of a Holy, Almighty, and Benevolent God. 2. The evils of sin as an awful offense against God and Man. 3. The punishment of sin is certain, just, and everlasting. 4. The salvation provided for all by the sacrifice of Jesus Christ upon the cross and wrought in the hearts of those who believed by the Holy Ghost. 5. The offer of a present, free, and full salvation to all. 6. The responsibility of every Salvationist to use all he possesses to spread this salvation. 7. The glorious and eternal rewards that God will bestow on every faithful soldier of the cross

Grace Before Meat (GBM) Extracts from a letter for ‘Officers, Soldiers and Sympathisers Everywhere’, by Brigadier W. Hoskins, the New Zealand War Cry 4 May 1895 - ‘Our Grace Before Meat Scheme’. My Dear Comrades and Friends. It is well known to you that we have in operation in this Colony, four Rescue Homes, one Maternity Home and a Discharged Prisoners’ Home. These Homes represent a part of our world-wide efforts to help...bring our lapsed brothers and sisters back to respectability, salvation and God... In this letter I wish to make clear to you our “Light Brigade” Scheme, is now in use in Great Britain, Australia, Africa and other lands. The need for systematic financial help may be readily understood...but we are hindered by the lack of means to carry out the Good Samaritan impulses God has placed within us. The General says “To produce this special income, I am forming what...I am calling the Social Light Brigade, and I am calculating that this will become very strong. The conditions are simple - such, in fact, as almost every individual who reads this will be able to discharge without hurting himself, or depriving any other good work of any service he can render. He shall simply engage to place at least one penny per week in a box which will be provided for that purpose, and influence as many of his family and friends to do the same as he can. His box will be collected by our agents regularly every quarter (the Grace Before Meat Box - illustrated below).

The War Cry 30 August 1913.

Guernsey In the early years of The Salvation Army the red Guernsey with yellow lettering of ‘Salvation Army’ was considered part of the Uniform and was popular. The photograph in cabinet card form is of Candidate William Beats taken with him wearing The Salvation Army Guernsey along with his Army Cap. The first orders of Guernseys for New Zealand arrived from Headquarters at the end of 1883 and were advertised in the War Cry 5 January 1884 - described as scarlet. Because photographs from the time were in monotone one has to imagine the powerful impact of the sight of Salvationists wearing red Guernseys.

The War Cry 5 January 1884 pg4.

Replica of the lettering ‘Salvation Army’ on early guernseys..

Candidate William Beats c1893.

Hall The title Hall has the most common reference used to describe the building used for a Salvation Army Corps. Many Halls had the word on the facade including the photograph included here of the Westport Corps from the early 1900s.

H Hallelujah Lassies (Lasses) Hallelujah Lassies was a title applied to women evangelists, particularly to women preachers in the Christian Mission and was used to refer to women Officers when the Mission became The Salvation Army. In New Zealand the two first Hallelujah Lassies were Elizabeth Herdman and Elizabeth Westlake. This term was also used in relation to groups made up of women Salvationists such as Lassies’ bands.

Nelson Corps Lassies Band.

Invercargill Corps Lassies Band 1888.

Elizabeth Westlake and Elizabeth Herdman regarded as the first Hallelujah Lassies to become Officers and Command a Corps in New Zealand.

H Hallelujah Magazine The Hallelujah Magazine was published quarterly in three volumes from 2007 to 2010. The magazines told the story of The Salvation Army in the Western Pacific. It was published on behalf of four territories: Australia Eastern Territory; Australia Southern Territory; New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga Territory; Papua New Guinea Territory.

H Hallelujah Wind-up Often occurred at the end of a Salvation Meeting (Sunday night meeting) when someone would pick up the flag and commence marching around the inside of the hall joined by other Salvationists with shouts of Hallelujah and/or songs being sung and possibly finished with the Doxology of The Salvation Army - a time of spontaneous praise.

Hamodava In 1896, as a means to finance the work of The Salvation Army, Commandant Hebert Booth (Territorial Commander of Australasia) established the Missionary Tea League. At Booth’s direction, Adjutant Ashley Lamb started buying tea from local merchants, repackaging it and selling it throughout Australia and New Zealand. Realising the potential, Adjutant Lamb began blending his own tea, which was imported from Ceylon and India. He called it Hamodava Tea, a Sinhalese word for ‘army’. In 1900, cocoa and coffee were added to the Hamodava brand. The tea was sold through local agents, mail order, trade depots or directly by Salvationists whose main purpose was to promote and sell the tea as part of their fundraising activities. From 1897-1899, almost every issue of the War Cry carried an advertisement for Hamodava Tea, For 30 years, Hamodava Tea was beneficial for the Trade Department and helped fund overseas missionary work. However, in the 1930s, competition from other tea importers forced The Salvation Army to discontinue the Hamodava brand.

The War Cry 21 May 1898.

The War Cry 15 May 1897.

The War Cry 9 April 1898.

The War Cry 12 February 1898.

The War Cry 12 August 1899.

The War Cry 22 October 1898.

The War Cry 28 October 1899.

The War Cry 24 July 1897.

The War Cry 5 June 1897.

H Harvest Festival In early Harvest Thanksgivings churches would be decorated with the last sheaf of corn from the harvest. Over time the decorations became more elaborate with people bringing in vegetables, fruit and flowers. The Salvation Army also celebrated this festival and used church hymns specifically written for this occasion. Some are still sung today and include - ‘All things bright and beautiful’, ‘We plough the fields and scatter’ and ‘Bringing in the Sheaves’. At the end of a Harvest Festival the food on display would typically be given to others in need or sold at a Corps auction to raise funds.

Carterton Corps Hall celebrating Harvest Festival in 1896, unusually decorated only with flowers.

Heritage Centre & Archives In 1975 The Salvation Army Historical Trust was established under the chairmanship of Salvationist writer, historian and school principal, Cyril Bradwell OF/QSM. The trust was charged with the responsibility of bringing together all Salvation Army historical material for the purpose of research and telling the story. When the new THQ building in Cuba St was opened in 1990 the historical material was housed in a purpose-built Archive on the ground floor. At that point the Historical Trust was disestablished, and the officer position of Territorial Archivist was established. In December 2010 a new Heritage Centre and Archives was opened as part of the Plowman Resource Centre at the Booth College of Mission. The extraordinary story of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa is powerfully represented in the Heritage Centre & Archives. Artifacts, photographs, files, publications histories that are far more than stories. They are testimonies to the incredible sacrifice, commitment, fortitude, creativity and faithfulness of Salvation Army Officers and Soldiers. The collection includes: Uniforms, War Cry periodical and historical publications, memorabilia, visual images, music and instruments, and Corps histories as well as Divisional and Territorial historic records. Mission: To protect and preserve the heritage of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa (NZFTS) Territory

High Council The constitutional body, consisting of Salvation Army leaders from around the world, that meet to elect the General.

H Historical Trust The Historical Trust of The Salvation Army in New Zealand was commenced in the 1970s to begin to formally bring together items and information of historical significance to The Salvation Army in New Zealand and the Pacific. This was the forerunner to the establishment of the Heritage Centre & Archives.

Holiness Table At the front of a Salvation Army hall is generally where the Mercy Seat is located. For those Corps who use a Holiness Table, it is often forward of, or to the side of, the Mercy Seat. It is common for an open Bible to be placed there. In the Manual of Salvationism the Holiness Table is described as a place of prayer for those seeking holiness. As with the Mercy Seat, this can also be a place of prayer, public confession and counselling. Holiness Table at Kilbirnie Corps.

Home League From Fight the Good Fight (Bradwell 1983. Pages 127-128) we read that The Salvation Army Home League was the brain-child of Florence Booth, the wife of Bramwell Booth and was launched in London in 1907. Its objects, as originally stated, were “to give practical counsel on ... matters relating to the well-being of all in the home. To encourage spiritual life and Bible reading ... to develop service ...”. Hence the Home League symbol is a home on a Bible. It originated in 1934 in Sydney and adopted world-wide in 1957. By the 1980s the international membership had grown to more than 330,000. In 1944 the New Zealand Territory established an Outer Circle Home League for around 500 women in remote areas. This was developed as a postal link.

Example of a Home League badge.

As more women found themselves employed during the day, versions of the Home League held in the evening were started with titles such as Auxilliary Home League, Home League Fellowship and Night Home League. Today there are a wide range of services that operate in the interests of women’s ministries, with Home Leagues still operating in many Corps.

Palmerston North Corps Home League 1918.

I In Darkest England [and The Way Out] Arguably William Booth’s most widely known publication. It was published by The Salvation Army in 1890 and proposed a number of significant social reforms to improve the situation for the poor of Victorian England. He envisioned establishing selfhelping/self-sustaining communities such as ‘City Colonies’, ‘Farm Colonies’ and ‘Overseas Colonies’. In comparing ‘civilised’ England with ‘darkest’ Africa, William Booth suggested that after the industrial revolution, poorer people in London and England were no better off than people in underdeveloped parts of the world. This publication laid the foundation for the modern social welfare ministry of The Salvation Army.

Industrial Home In New Zealand 1915, the Men’s Prison Gate Homes and the Women’s Rescue Homes became known as Industrial Homes. This was evidenced in 1920 War Cry references to what were previously Prison Gate Homes being Industrial Homes. This is possibly due to changes in the needs and circumstances of men now accessing services at the homes. By 1940 three Men’s Industrial Homes existed in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Four Women’s Industrial Homes were situated in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.

Miramar Men’s Prison Gate and Industrial Home.

International Headquarters (IHQ) The offices, based in London, England, in which the business connected with the command of the worldwide Salvation Army is conducted.

J Junior Soldier (JS) Right from the beginning The Salvation Army recognised the importance of training and preparing Children to be God’s Soldiers. Children who identified with The Salvation Army were known as Junior Soldiers. It wasn’t until the start of the 20th century that a formal process was established for the formation of Junior Soldiers. By 1910 there were set age restrictions and Junior Soldiers were to be enrolled with a set promise. This would be a prerequisite for becoming a Junior Soldier.

Junior Soldier Sergeant Major (JSSM) [also known as Junior Soldier Sergeant (JSS)] The Junior Soldier Sergeant Major is a term used for the leader of the Junior Soldier’s programme. More recently some corps have tended to refer to that person as simply the Junior Soldier Leader.

Juniors Juniors was a generic Salvation Army term for the children who attended The Salvation Army.

Kneedrill A special Salvation Army service where most of the time is spent on the knees in prayer, usually on Sunday mornings. Kneedrills were once a very regular feature of Salvation Army life. Many Corps still hold prayer times/meetings regularly Kneedrill by any other name. The first mention of Kneedrill in the New Zealand War Cry occurred on 10 May 1884 (see notice to right). The War Cry 10 May 1884 pg4.

League of Mercy Salvationists who visited prisoners, hospital patients and local residents, to share the gospel and render practical help. The League of Mercy commenced in 1892 and operated in many Corps until it was absorbed into Community Care Ministries.

Lieutenant This is the first Rank after completion of Officer Training. However there was a period 2001-2008 when the first Rank after training was Captain and Lieutenant was a non-commissioned Rank.

Lieutenant-Colonel The Rank of Lieutenant Colonel was first introduced in 1896 and is still in use today. This is a Rank conferred on the Officer by the General of The Salvation Army.

Lieutenant-Commissioner This Rank between Colonel and the higher Rank of Commissioner was in use from 1920 to 1973.

L Life-Saving Guards and Scouts This movement began in New Zealand when Adjutant Charles Walls was appointed in 1910, as the Young People’s Secretary for the South Island. Lord Baden-Powell’s Boy Scout movement was having a worldwide impact and the War Cry reported in February 1911, that “Scout Brigades” were to be established in Christchurch. By May 1911, Walls announced that there were 11 Salvation Army “Scout Brigades” in the South Island. Baden-Powell gave The Salvation Army his blessing to create its own uniformed movement for boys, “The Life-Saving Scouts”, followed in 1915 with “The Life-Saving Guards” for girls. Membership grew rapidly and Ensign A.H. Charker, was appointed in February 1918, to be the “Territorial Life-Saving Scout and Guard Organiser”. Younger children joined “Sunbeams” or “Chums”, which corresponded to “Brownies” and “Cubs”. The peak period for this movement was the 1920-1930s. The War Crys of this era reveal the growth and enthusiasm of these brigades, with images of troops mustered in corps throughout New Zealand.

The War Cry 8 April 1922.

The Second World War inevitably caused a downturn in the ability to run youth programmes. In the 1950s the Life-Saving Guards and Scouts became officially merged with the international Baden-Powell scout and guide movements. However, brigades continued to be active in corps and had territorial Salvation Army leadership and interest through most of the twentieth century.

Life Saving Guards - combined troop camping.

Palmerston North Guard Troop - 1927-28.

The Salvation Army Guarding And Legion Activities/Association (SAGALA) ministry is sponsored and administered by The Salvation Army in Australia. It is a program for children and teenagers that builds integrity, provides community service experience, teaches life skills, promotes leadership development and presents an opportunity to respond to the good news of Jesus Christ. SAGALA sections have a common pledge, distinctive uniforms, laws, mottos, prayers, and a challenging yet varied program to interest young people. SAGALA is open to all young people aged between 5 and 17 years (inclusive) without discrimination of race, colour, gender, social standing, economic background or faith. However it is important that members, parents and leaders are aware that Christianity is the foundational faith of SAGALA and that the message of Jesus Christ will be taught.

L Light Brigade The [Social] Light Brigade was formed in 1895 by William Booth to assist in raising funds for the Social work from within The Salvation Army and from those who sympathised with the Army’s work. The Grace Before Meat (GBM) scheme was at the centre of this fundraising (see Grace Before Meat for further details).

Limelight Department [Brigade] (see Biorama) The story of The Salvation Army’s Limelight Department reveals both an amazing use of new technology and great foresight to what would attract people to hear the gospel - bringing Salvation to the silver screen.

Limelight

Intense white light obtained by The story of how The Salvation Army in Melbourne came to be the heating lime - used in early magic leading pioneer motion-picture producer began with Major Frank Barritt’s lantern projectors. visit to the Ballarat Prison-Gate Brigade Home in 1891. He was impressed with a magic-lantern projector and its accessories being prepared by Captain Joseph Perry (out of Dunedin Corps, New Zealand) as a sort of advertising agency for exhibition in the city of Ballarat every Saturday night. Almost immediately upon his return to Melbourne, Barritt ordered Perry and his magic-lantern to Territorial Headquarters. As head of the Special Effects Department, Barritt had quickly grapsed the propaganda potential of Perry’s limelight projector for advertising the forthcoming visit of Generral William Booth to Australasia in September 1891. The ensuing magic-lantern advertising campaign was so successful that the ever-opportunistic Commissioner Thomas Coombs deemed it advantageous to create a Limelight Brigade. On Boxing Day 1891 the Limelight Brigade premiered at South Melbourne Headquarters with a lantern-show consisting of some 60 lantern-slides largely based on William Booth’s book, In Darkest England and the Way Out. In early 1892 the Limelight Brigade began touring Australia. In 1894 when the Australasian Headquarters moved to 69 Bourke Street, Melbourne a dedicated studio was opened in the attic/ roof area of the building (this site can still be visited today). It was commercially known as ‘The Salvation Army Studio’. The studio acquired cinematographe cameras, and even tri-unial lantern projectors to blend from one image to another. Continuing to keep up with the latest equipment enabled the Limelight Department to develop further productions with social and Biblical themes and eventually to gain Government contracts to film significant events such as ‘The Inauguration of the Australian Commonwealth’ on 1 January 1901. Including 30 minutes of continuous filming of processions - the longest continuous filming of its time (three Salvation Army cameramen were used, each on their own camera platform). Examples of various magic lantern projectors.

The Limelight Department’s empty attic studio prior to its renovation and preservation.

Soldiers of the Cross (title magic lantern slide) was the best known of the Limelight Department’s productions and claimed as the first story film produced anywhere in the world.

The productions of social, Salvation Army and Biblical themes were toured around Australasia under the Biorama brand in the early 1900s and by 1903 there were at least six groups operating. Eventually The Salvation Army was not able to compete with the growing number of commercial film companies, and with uncertainty around the merits of the enterprise, the Limelight Department was completely shut down in September 1909.

Limelight Department cameramen with Joseph Perry seated centre.

Little Soldiers A colloquial term for very Junior members of a Corps. It was used in the earlier years of the Army. It was a view that embraced young people within the military idea as much as senior members of a Corps. At one point there was an annual published for young Little Soldiers described as The Little Corporal being the Young Soldier Annual.

Local Officer A Soldier Commissioned to a position of responsibility and authority in a Corps, who carries out the duties of the position without being separated from his/her regular employment/lifestyle and without receiving remuneration from The Salvation Army, (similar to laypersons in the church).

Long Service Order (LSO) Salvationists, whether Officers or Soldiers have been recognised for long service. For Officers they are recognised formally through the Long Service Order and historically, were awarded a special medal as illustrated. Soldiers, and those holding specific Commissions, have also been recognised for Long Service. Today long service for Officers is recognised with a multicouloured bar at 25 years service and a star added for every additional 5 years of service. Officer’s Long Service Medal. Salvationist’s Long Service Award.

Major The Rank of Major is identified on a uniform with the combination of an ‘S’ with a Salvation Army Crest on a red background. This Rank has been in continuous use from 1879. In the current ranking system, it sits above Captain and below Lieutenant-Colonel.

M Māori Division The Salvation Army formally commenced, what was referred to as the ‘Māori Work’, in 1888. Under the leadership of Ernest Holdaway, promoted to Staff-Captain, the Māori Division was formed in 1890. The many officers and soldiers who were committed and diligent in this work, relied heavily on tributes and support from Corps around New Zealand. However, because of a lack of financial support to resource this challenging work a policy change was announced in April 1894, and the tribute abolished and the work could no longer be maintained. The Māori Division ceased to exist, but was re-established in 1896 before being disestablished again in 1899.

Māori Ministries Māori Ministry exists to provide a focus for the whole Salvation Army in Aotearoa/New Zealand to unlock the possibility for a greater involvement of Māori in mission, a more effective social and evangelistic ministry with and for Māori as well as a clear sense that there is a place for Maori in Te Ope Whakaora – a turangawaewae (a place to stand). Taken from Te Ōhākī - The Salvation Army Māori Ministry - Strategic Plan 2015-2025. The Māori Ministry Runanga exists to provide cultural oversight, strategic leadership and support to Māori Ministry within The Salvation Army, across all expressions of the Army’s mission and ministry nationally, in partnership with The Salvation Army’s Territorial Governance Board (War Cry 05 February 2022).

Māori Song Book in 1891 the first Salvation Army Song Book in Māori was published at the printing department, Manchester Street, Christchurch - this was where the New Zealand War Cry was also printed. This Māori Song Book ‘Te Pukapuka Waiata no nga Hoia o Te Ope Whakaora’ was the result of Ernest Holdaway’s efforts of translation, and the need to have salvation songs available for the work among Māori. The Song Book was well received and an immeasurable asset among the Māori communities of New Zealand.

2021 booklet of Waiata & Karakia.

M Matches (Lights in Darkest England) At one time matches were made of phosphorus, and could be struck on any surface. They were dangerous, and so was the making of them. Most of the workers in large match factories were young women, who were paid very little, and who had to work very hard and long to earn sufficient for their needs. In order not to waste time, they would take their lunch - and tea - while they continued working, and certainly without troubling to wash their hands. As a result the phosphorus with which these matches were made got to their gums and jaws and ate away the jaw-bone, almost like leprosy. This dreadful disease was known as “phossy (from phosphorus)-jaw,” and many girls suffered terribly from it. A number of people had tried to improve the pay and conditions of these workers, and several strikes had taken place; but unfortunately the factory-owners seemed eager only to make big profits.

The War Cry 29 August 1891 pg1.

Then, in 1891, General William Booth decided The Salvation Army should open a match factory - in Old Ford, in the East End of London. It was just after his famous book “In Darkest England and The Way Out” appeared, and, as The Army’s Social Work was known as the Darkest England Scheme, the matches were called “Darkest England” safety matches [The example illustrated is titled “Lights in Darkest England”] and an explanation that fair wages were paid for fair work. Those who were employed in this Army Factory worked in light, well-aired rooms, and received trade union wages; and the matches were not made with dangerous phosphorus, but with chemicals which produced safety matches - very uncommon then, but used by everybody nowadays. The Salvation Army’s action made people feel that the old bad conditions ought not to continue. The Army matches became very popular and had a large sale. [Many papers praised The Salvation Army for their excellent matches]. The oldfashioned, unhealthy methods and conditions, and low rates of wages, gradually disappeared, and within a few years the match trade of the United Kingdom had accepted the example set by the Army. By the beginning of the twentieth century The Army’s lesson was no longer needed. The Salvation Army Match Factory was closed. [Excerpts from an article ‘Salvation Army Matches’ by Brigadier C. Gauntlett in the British Young Soldier 9 April 1938 pg8.]

Maternity Home (see Bethany) The Salvation Army provided a significant service to women in New Zealand with the operation of Maternity Homes in Russell, Auckland, Gisborne, Napier, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. When it first commenced pre-1900, the service was connected to Rescue Homes, but later was available for any woman wanting assistance. Grace Maternity Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Medical Fellowship The Salvation Army Medical Fellowship, instituted in 1943 by Mrs General Minnie Carpenter, is an international fellowship of dedicated medical personnel. Physical suffering in our world today challenges both the medical as well as the physical and emotional resources of medical personnel. The Fellowship today, with a worldwide membership of 8,257, encourages a Christian witness and application of Christian principles in professional life while at the same time being involved with practical application in hospitals, clinics and various other places of medical care. The motto of the Fellowship is: ‘If we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another’ (1 John 1:7, AV).

Meeting Salvation Army Meetings over time have in general been more lively affairs compared to the liturgical type of worship. Many Meetings, for much of the history of The Army’s existence, had unique names with a differentiated purpose, such as the Holiness Meeting, Salvation Meeting and Praise Meeting. 54

M Mercy Seat (also known as Penitent Form or Altar) The mercy seat is generally a wooden bench at the front of the platform in a Salvation Army Hall, where people can come to pray, ‘meet with God’, kneeling or standing. The terms Penitent Form, Altar and Mercy Seat are interchangeable. The Indiana-born Salvationist Samuel Logan Brengle (1860-1936) was one of the the greatest champions for use of the Mercy Seat. On a personal level he regarded it as the birthplace of the movement, which points to the importance of the Mercy Seat within The Salvation Army. People can meet with God anywhere, but Salvationists recognise it as a ‘place of grace’ while acknowledging it is not the ‘means of grace’.

The War Cry 7 May 1887 pg3.

“I have carried a Penitent-form around in my heart for half of a century or more. And if there is ever any need, I instantly fly there.” Commissioner Samuel Logan Brengle.

Metropole Metropoles existed in The Salvation Army in the early 1900s. They provided accommodation that was a step up from the shelters that accommodated people with nowhere to live. Even so the shelters cost from 3 to 6 pennies a night. Metropoles were in a sense the forerunner to the People’s Palaces (hotels) that came into use a little later. Rudman House in Wellington was once a Metropole.

Migration Department The New Zealand government set up a Department of Immigration in 1920 and asked for assistance from The Salvation Army. Major A. Geene, recently returned from chaplaincy duties with the NZEF, was entrusted by the government with the task of meeting all new arrivals, and with a small team of other Salvationists he was able to provide suitable accommodation in the first two years for 3,901 migrants, and also arranged for employment for 982 men and women. The Putararu Farm enabled the training of young men for future farm related employment. This work by The Salvation Army in New Zealand was conducted under the auspices of The Salvation Army Migration Department which operated up until 1932 when it ceased operations.

Moral and Social Issues Council (MASIC) The Moral and Social Issues (Ethics) Council (MASIC) helps The Salvation Army by advising leadership and encouraging discussion around significant moral, religious and social issues. The Salvation Army champions issues of justice and mercy. Our faith provides a solid foundation for life that helps us respond to moral and ethical issues including abortion, alcohol, biological ethics, depresssion, euthanasia, gambling, power in the church, sexuality and suicide.

Musical Salvationist [The] (MS) The Musical Salvationist was first published in 1886 and continues to be published now under the title Sing To The Lord. It was issued three to four times a year, chiefly comprising music suitable for four part singing and was ideal for Songster Brigades (choirs) and continues to be used by choral groups.

N National Youth Band (NYB) The establishment of a National Youth Band occurred in 1980 and was an outcome of the music camps that had been held regularly for the training of young musicians. The Band has continued in this music ministry ever since, within New Zealand (Corps visitation and other special events), the Pacific and other parts of the world. It is now simply called the ’Youth Band’. A National Development Band was established in the late 1980s to supply reinforcements to the NYB.

New Zeal The first New Zeal Conference (2006) was born out of 24/7 Prayer within The Salvation Army. The ‘welcome’ in the War Cry of 4 November 2006 presented this description: “What was New Zeal? It was a blatant challenge to engage on the mission field. To reclaim our corps and centres as mission stations and fuel our mission with prayer. To remember that the Army exists for others and that we were raised up by God to serve the poor and those on society’s margins. To strengthen our identity as a holiness movement and get serious about our commitment to God through The Salvation Army. As Commissioner Linda Bond told Salvationists on Sunday morning, ‘You need to signup and you need to show up!’ “Close to 1000 people (Salvationists and friends from other churches) attended combined sessions over three days from October 13-15. Several hundred were at Livefire youth events and around 120 kids were taught (and partied!) at the most incredible children’s programme. Numbers swelled to around 1200 for a Sunday morning worship service. And we heard about Jesus! As Major Brendan Nottle noted, ‘Jesus died and came into our lives ... so that we could be empowered and released into the world to change the world in Jesus’ name. That’s what we should be about!’ “We live in a time of shrinking church attendance and increasing secularism (with a smorgasbord of faith choices on the side). Ours is a world of mounting social problems, shameful global poverty and the terror of war. This is no time for a ‘feel good’ Christianity that stays indoors and barely makes a ripple. This is a time for faith that spills out onto the streets. It’s time for a new zeal about Jesus!”

New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory (NZFTS) The official start of The Salvation Army in New Zealand was 1 April 1883, opening in Dunedin in the South Island. New Zealand was a division of the Australasian Territory, with Australia broken up into the other Divisions. Apart from a period in the early 1890s, New Zealand did not become its own Territory until 1912. New Zealand & Fiji (NZF). In 1973 Fiji became part of the New Zealand & Fiji Territory. New Zealand, Fiji & Tonga (NZFT). At the end of 1985 Tonga became part of the New Zealand, Fiji & Tonga Territory. New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa (NZFTS). In 2018 it was Samoa that became part of the New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory. From The Salvation Army 2022 Year Book we read “The territory has focused efforts on the outcomes of the global pandemic in our countries. While New Zealand had relatively few community cases of the virus, the impacts on the economy from various stages of lockdown saw the territory responding to increased homelessness, job losses and food supply issues. Community Ministries (CM) in New Zealand provides holistic wraparound services to people who need support, and links to our faith communities.” Statistics: Officers 538 (active 261 retired 277); Aux-Capts 3; Envoys 11; Cadets 5; Employees 1,944. Corps 90; Outposts 20. Senior Soldiers 4,898; Adherents 1,484; Junior Soldiers 886.

Nurses Fellowship The Nurses Fellowship was commenced in conjunction with the Medical Fellowship in 1943 and sought to provide fellowship and support to Salvationist nurses. 56

O Oasis Originally founded in Auckland, it was eventually rolled out as a nationwide programme in support of people impacted by gambling and with the goal of reducing gambling harm.

Officer An Officer is an adult Salvationist who has left secular employment in response to the call of God and has been trained, commissioned and ordained to service and leadership as a minister of religion in The Salvation Army. An Officer wears a Uniform with red Epaulettes and indication of a specific Rank.

Officer [The] The Officer was established as a monthly magazine for Salvation Army Officers around the world and was first published in 1893. The title was changed to The Field Officer in 1900 and back to The Officer in 1914. Between 1932 and 1949 it was known as The Officers’ Review (new numbering system) and back to The Officer in 1950 with new issue numbering. It is currently published quarterly - October-December 2022 example illustrated below right.

Officer Quarters Officer Quarters refers to the Officer’s (and family) home or accommodation, used during a particular appointment. While some Quarters were attached to the Corps buildings, most were a separate home. The example illustrated was the Quarters for Nelson Corps in 1905.

Officers’ Allowance In the early days of the Army no guaranteed allowance was paid. If an appointment had sufficient funds after all bills were paid, the Officer received their allowance. Commissioner Harry Williams, in the 1970s, introduced the concept of a regular allowance. Since then, this has been regularly reviewed and adaptations made to ensure appropriate levels of financial support for Officers. 57

O Officers’ Councils Officers’ Councils are a gathering of Salvation Army Officers from a Territory, Division or Region where spiritual well being, learning and sharing can occur - similar to a conference.

Officer’s Kid (OK) An Officers’ Kid (OK) is a child of Salvation Army Officers, also known as a ‘child of the regiment’. When Officers commit to their covenant, a significant and sacred commitment, they also make this decision on behalf of their current and future dependent children. Officers’ Kids are the Salvation Army equivalent of ‘clergy children’ or ‘preachers’ kids’ and grow up within the life of Salvation Army mission. Dependant Officer Kids reside with their family in Salvation Army Quarters, relocating to the local quarters with each Appointment change. Appointments can extend to overseas missionary work. Many Officers’ children support their parents’ service with age-appropriate involvement in ministry and mission.

Open-Air Meeting When the Christian Mission was formed and when it became The Salvation Army, preaching in the open air was a common occurrence. Early Salvationists in towns like Napier, Wilton and Gisborne were arrested and imprisoned for holding Open-Airs. It became a natural thing for Salvationists to continue this practice. Bands, singers, preachers and timbrellists all became part of the Open-Air expression of The Salvation Army witnessing to their local communities. In some countries Salvationists were prevented by authorities from holding these meetings, and while in some places there was initial resistance, in general The Salvation Army was able to witness their faith in this way. It seems that there are far fewer OpenAir meetings being held, if at all in some locations. But it remains, in the view of many, a practice synonymous with being The Salvation Army.

Hawera Corps Open-Air meeting 1987.

Open Fire ‘Open Fire’ was a term more frequently used in the early days of The Salvation Army when a new corps was opened or the work commenced in a new country. The Salvation Army ‘Opened Fire’ in New Zealand on 1 April 1883 in Dunedin. The notice illustrated was published in the War Cry 15 March 1884 advertising the ‘Opening Fire’ on Port Lyttleton. 58

O Order of Distinguished Auxiliary Service (ODAS) This Order was instituted in 1941 by General George Carpenter to mark the Army’s appreciation of distinguished service rendered by non-Salvationists who have helped to further its work in significant ways. Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army, Major John G. Merritt. 2006.

Order of the Founder (OF) On the fifth anniversary of William Booth’s Promotion to Glory 20 August 1917, General Bramwell Booth inaugurated the Order of the Founder (OF). The Chief of the Staff announced: The Order will be granted by special Minute of the General to soldiers and officers who may, in his judgement, render distinguished or memorable service such as, either in spirit or achievement, would have specially commended itself to our beloved Founder. That service may have relation to any department of our work. Members of the Founder’s Order will receive the badge of the Order when gazetted. Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army, Major John G. Merritt. 2006.

Order of the Silver Star [Fellowship of the Silver Star) During Evangeline Booth’s term as General (1934 to 1939), the Order of the Silver Star (a recognition of mothers whose children made the sacrifice of serving as Salvation Army officers) was extended from the US where it had been initiated, to the whole Salvation Army world. Today, the Order includes fathers, and in the New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory is known as the Fellowship of the Silver Star.

O Orders and Regulations (Os & Rs) Effectively a ‘Code of Conduct’ (operations rules book originally based on principles of ‘Orders and Regulations’ used by the British military of the 19th century) for all Salvation Army Soldiers and Officers. These are quite extensive documents and have been divided into numerous versions to deal with specific roles within The Salvation Army. Officer roles are thoroughly covered. Territorial Commanders and Chief Secretaries have their own Os & Rs. Local Officer roles are also covered and different parts of youth programmes also. There are a large number of types of Os & Rs and each is very detailed to provide guidance to the user. Below is a small sample of softcover and hardcover examples. Today Orders and Regulations are made available ‘on-line’ in preference to being printed.

Example of the first Orders and Regulations provided for all Salvationists.

Outpost An Outpost was a location administered by a nearby Corps, suppling Officer/s or Soldier/s to regularly hold meetings and Salvation Army activities including young people’s work. Generally an Outpost was too small to be able to be resourced with a permanent Officer and therefore could not become a Corps.

Overseas Service [Misssionary Service] Over more than a century, New Zealanders have contributed significantly in Overseas Service, including Missionary Service. For many years, the Territory had around 10% of its Officer force serving overseas at any point of time. Officers and Soldiers have served in areas such as Africa, China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines, South America, South Pacific and elsewhere. Today Officers from the NZFTS continue to contribute Overseas Service in many countries.

OWSOMS (One Week’s Salary on Missionary Service) Self-Denial has been an integral part of The Salvation Army from 1886, encouraging Salvationists to give sacrificially to overseas work. Provision was made to specifically earmark a portion to the missionary fund. In 1972 the New Zealand Territory introduced OWSOMS (One Week’s Salary On Missionary Service), challenging soldiers and adherents to contribute one week’s income to the annual missionary appeal. This title has now recerted back to ‘Self-Denial’. 60

P Pastoral Care Council A body of experienced Salvationists established in a Corps to ensure the pastoral care of Soldiers and other members, and to maintain accurate membership rolls in conjunction with the Corps Officer/s. Formerly known as a Census Board.

Peak Adventure The Peak Adventure concept had its origins in a programme run at Hodderville for at-risk youth, but had originally commenced as Project Adventure. Peak Adventure courses were run by The Salvation Army Territorial Youth Department around the Central Plateau in the North Island of New Zealand. Later The Army acquired Blue Mountain Lodge, Raurimu (see Blue Mountain Adventure Centre).

People’s Palace In New Zealand, The Salvation Army established People’s Palaces to provide liquor-free, reasonably inexpensive but good standard accommodation for the travelling public, including families with children. This was seen partly as a commercial venture fulfilling a positive need. The Auckland People’s Palace, originally a Metropole, opened at the corner of Lorne and Wellesley Streets in 1903. In 1908 the Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, opened a People’s Palace in Wellington on the site in Cuba Street, originally donated by Brigadeir Annette Paul and occupied, until 1907, by Paulina Rescue Home (This People’s Palace was sold in 1986). In Christchurch, the The People’s Palace Wellington. Leviathan Private Hotel in Manchester Street was acquired by the Army and opened as a People’s Palace in 1912 (Closed in 1979).

The People’s Palace Christchurch. Later known as the Railton Hotel.

Pip/s A Pip is a colloquial name for the star/s worn on a Uniform Epaulette as part of a rank badge/identification.

Two different Pip styles used on Salvation Army Uniforms.

Planned Giving Tithing is a component of fundraising in The Salvation Army and was eventually managed within the framework of ‘Planned Giving’ - encouraging Salvationists to be organised in their giving. The giving at a Corps level was used to sustain local work and a percentage provided to the Territory.

P Presentation of Colours The Presentation of Colours is a quintessential part of opening a new Corps or Centre. From the publication Salvation Army Ceremonies 1977 we find guidelines for conducting the ceremony ‘Presentation of Colours’. The guidelines include: [For Corps] The leader shall explain that these colours [see Yellow, Red & Blue] are presented to the Corps, not to the Officers, and that, by accepting them, the Soldiers solemnly pledge themselves to be faithful to the purposes which those Colours set forth, and to make the sacrifices necessary for the Salvation of their neighbourhood. The Corps Officer/s receive the Flag and then it is passed to the Colour Sergeant. The Salvation Army Ceremonies book was revised in 1989 and from the 2014 reprint the ceremony was called ‘Presentation of a Flag’. The presentation of a new Army Flag should always be made as impressive and meaningful as possible. Whether a Flag is being presented for the first time or an old one is being replaced, the Officer should take hold of the opportunity to emphasise the symbolism of the Flag with regard to Doctrine and personal commitment. It is an occasion to look to the past and the present with gratitude to God, and for his people to pledge allegiance to him for the future.

Primary Primary was/is the body of children under age eight who attended classes run by adult Salvationists for Bible teaching and introduction to things Salvation Army. At age eight they could move up to the Sunday School, often called the Company Meeting. In the early years sand-trays and birthday chairs were in use in Primaries. Illustrated here is a group of Primary children from Wellington City Corps dressed up in small Salvation Army uniforms in 1924.

Young members of the Wellington City Corps Primary dressed up in Salvation Army Uniforms in 1924.

‘Officer Training College - Te Whare Wananga Mo Nga Toa O Te Ope Whakaora’, used at official events related to the training of Officers.

P Prison Gate Brigade (PGB) Prison Gate Brigades existed in Australasia from1884 until 1940. Background - Australia Major James Barker arrived in Melbourne from London in September 1882 to be in charge of The Salvation Army’s operations there. He met Dr James Singleton one of Melbourne’s best known local preachers, social workers and philanthropists, who had set up medical clinics and regularly visited the Melbourne gaol. Through this association, Major Barker became a well-known visitor to the gaol and within months of his arrival attempted to reduce recidivism of ex-prisoners by meeting them on release and arranging work and accommodation. The Prison Gate Brigade had begun and Barker “had unconsciously inaugurated The Salvation Army’s world-wide social services. The Prison Gate Home in Melbourne is recognised as being the first official Salvation Army institution worldwide.” (Southern Soup-Soap-Salvation Lt Col John Kirkham 2000 | page 114). Captain George Pollard who co-established The Salvation Army in New Zealand on 1 April 1883, met Major Barker in Melbourne when on transit to NZ. The New Zealand War Cry 22 November 1884, reports Pollard beginning a Prison Gate Brigade in Auckland, meeting released prisoners and establishing a home with ten rooms in Scotia Place, Upper Queen Street. A farm was also established in Panmure in 1891 but was closed by 1908. In 1897 the PGB moved to Margot St, Epsom, with a garden and workshop and became later known as Epsom Lodge, with accommodation eventually reaching at least 130. It continues today to provide Supportive Accommodation on this site for men and women. Prison Gate Brigade homes were also established in Christchurch and Wellington.

Probationary-Lieutenant (Pro-Lieutenant) The Rank of Probationary-Lieutenant existed from 1917-1973. It was part of a three step ranking - the first Officer Rank after Cadet training; followed by Second-Lieutenant (1948-1959); then First Lieutenant (1948-1959); then Captain. This Rank begins to transition to Cadet-Lieutenant from around 1962.

Promise Box The Promise Box has been developed by Christians to assist spiritual growth. The idea is simple: It is a box filled with cards or rolls of paper printed with Bible verses. Each day, often at meal time, you draw one and consider the Biblical promise you have read. The rectangular box example to the right is a Salvation Army manufactured Promise Box.

Promoted to Glory (PtoG or PtG) Promotion to Glory is a term used by The Army for the death of a Salvationist. Within the rank system the idea that your ultimate appointment is the Promotion to Glory, to be with Jesus, is recognised in Promoted to Glory Boards where the person’s name is added onto the board at their death by their corps. Some Promoted to Glory boards are very ornate.

Public Relations (PR) While the definition of Public Relations can be described as the professional maintenance of a favourable public image by a company or other organization, for The Salvation Army it is a much more complex and interactive activity. It incorporates amonsgt other priorities the sharing of important institutional information, running fundraising campaigns, dealing with business leaders, assisting donors, and facilitating Foodbank activites. This is applied nationally and through divisional centres in New Zealand. 64

R Rank Officers in The Salvation Army have different Ranks. When Cadets are commissioned out of Officer training, the first Rank is Lieutenant (see Officer Ranks Chart on page 98 for more details). The current ranks in order: Lieutenant | Captain | Major | Lieutenant-Colonel | Colonel | Commissioner | General.

Recovery Church For many years, all Bridge Centres operated Sunday Chapel Services. In 1988, Majors Kevin & Merilyn Goldsack reinvigorated these services to become known as ‘Recovery Church’. These are often held on a weeknight as well as a Sunday and in more than 20 Centres.

Recruit A person newly enlisted/enrolled in The Salvation Army and a possible candidate for soldiership or adeherency.

Recruiting Sergeant (RS) A Local Officer role where the person has responsibility for recruiting new Soldiers. This can involve teaching on Doctrine and Salvation Army ways and matters of faith. Also, the organising of other Salvationists to assist in counselling and mentoring Seekers, with a view to them becoming Soldiers, including Juniors who seek to become Senior Soldiers.

Red Shield The origins of the Red Shield has been well described by Lindsay Cox in Hallelujah! The Story of The Salvation Army in the Western South Pacific | Volume 1 | Issue 3 | Autumn 2008: From its earliest days, The Salvation Army used the emblem of the shield. In its most common form it was a 45mm “silver” brooch pierced with the words “Salvation Army” and engraved with the crest and crown (see Shield). In December 1915, a shield bearing the words “Salvation Army” attached to a British welfare hut was pictured in the English War Cry; and two years later it was claimed: The Salvation Army Shield has become the best known and most prominent sign in the military training camps [and] among the troops in France. These ad-hoc wartime shields were generally hand-lettered on a blue background. However a War Cry report in July 1917 describes a large shield on enamelled sheetiron with a blood-red background.

The Red Shield is now a recognised worldwide logo. It had its beginnings in ministry to men and women in the armed forces.

At the war’s end in 1918, Major George Peacock (Territorial Young People’s Secretary [TYPS], Canada) was involved in a committee of charitable organisations raising funds for returning Canadian soldiers. The committee’s chairman felt it imperative that The Salvation Army evolve a distinctive symbol, such as that of fellow campaigners, the Red Cross and the Red Triangle (YMCA). Years later, Colonel Peacock recorded: “Mulling over in my mind the possible symbols we might use, I picked up some material from Australia and noted they were having a “Red Jersey Appeal”. This led me to think of the Red Crest...the Red Shield. The latter appealed to me because of the idea of shielding or protecting in the sense the Bible uses the shield of faith.” The Red Shield the Army’s new “symbol of service”, was launched by Major Peacock and his assistant Captain Russell Clarke at a Calgary Rotary Club gathering in September 1918. That same day, Captain Clarke drew up what he considered a good shield, and that was the first Red Shield. 65

R Red Shield Appeal A financial appeal to the general public, sometimes known as the Annual Appeal. The Red Shield Appeal was first launched in 1965 the Centenary year of the worldwide Army. This Red Shield Appeal continues today as the main fundraising effort to seek the financial support of the public and regular donors on an annual basis.

Red Shield Appeal promotional photo - 1995.

The War Cry 10 July 1965 - the first Red Shield Appeal.

Red Shield Centre [Institute] An Army facility often situated on military premises to serve physical & spiritual needs of military personnel and their families. The photograph illustrated is of military personnel during World War II, seeking assistance at The Salvation Army Red Shield Centre [Institute] next to the Wellington Railway Station. The Salvation Army Hostel below at the Featherson military camp during World War 1, and prior to using a title like Red Shield Centre, shows how extensive some of the facilities were.

Red Shield Institute at the Wellington Railway Station, New Zealand - 1943.

Soldier’s and Relative’s Hostel, Featherston, New Zealand - 1918.

Region A geographical area larger than a Division, but smaller than a Command, lead by a Regional Commander. Source: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume Nine, 1995-2015 [Appendix 2 - Glossary page 553] Shaw Clifton. 2018.

R Rescue Home (Rescue Work) From the 1896 social report for Australasia ‘To Shield and To Save’: The work accomplished by these institutions is so well known as not to require fresh explanation. The need for their maintenance, alas! continues as urgent as ever. Our labours are often richly rewarded when we see poor, broken-down girls restored not only to health and friends, but soundly converted, and leading new lives, by the Saviour’s grace and help. Auckland Rescue Home. A new Home has just been opened, fully furnished, to accommodate twenty girls, beside officers. Pauline House (Rescue Home), Cuba Street, Wellington, New Zealand. The principal industries are knitting and sewing uniforms for our soldiers, and dresses for other people, as well as all kinds of plain sewing. Fancy and useful articles are always on hand for sale. Besides a knitting machine of our own, we have the finishing-off of stockings from a factory, two girls being constantly employed on this work. We are also extending our laundry operations, for in all our Homes our aim is not only to get the women soundly converted, but trained to become useful members of Society.

Rescue Worker/Officer From the social report for Australasia 1898-1899 ‘Social Triumphs’: Noble Women Workers. No officers have worked more assiduously than the Rescue officers. A finer band of women is not found anywhere. The work itself is monotonous and discouraging, but the results repay for every weary hour of toil and anxiety. These poor women are lost to society, to hope, and to God; to save one such is to gain a precious jewel that will adorn the diadem of Him who on more than one occasion singled out a fallen woman as the recipient of His matchless mercy and forgiving love. What an honour to be permitted to lead such to His feet, whose constancy and affection, we often sing, are “just the same today!” Rescue Workers in New Zealand c1900.

Resthaven This title was used, as was Eventide, for the identification of facilities for aged care. The photographic example is of Resthaven, Christchurch - Resthaven can be seen on the entry sign.

Resthaven Christchurch, c1950.

S Sallies Colloquial term in New Zealand for The Salvation Army and/or Salvationists.

Salute [The Army] The Salvation Army salute requires the right hand raised above the shoulder with the index finger pointing up - ‘Pointing to Heaven’. This is used formally when Salvationists are making a public promise, but also can be used informally when acknowledging or reminding another Salvationist, as encouragement, of the promise all Salvationists make when joining The Salvation Army.

Salvation The work of grace which God performs in a person who repents of sinful ways and whose trust is placed in Jesus Christ as Saviour, experiencing the forgiveness of sins and receiving new direction for living daily in compliance with the will of God.

Salvation Army Social Housing (SASH) Throughout New Zealand, The Salvation Army provides long-term rental housing to individuals and families. This is called Salvation Army Social Housing. Also provided, is tenancy management for whānau and individuals in a variety of locations and property types. Many of our homes are located together in communities or villages. The Salvation Army provides support and education for helping tenants to sustain their tenancies and link tenants to Salvation Army wraparound services and other social service providers such as addiction support, mental health support, budgeting, food assistance and whānau support.

Salvation Factory While the Wellington Corps was located in Taranaki Street, in the ‘Old Coach Factory’, 1883-1894, it was sometimes referred to as the Salvation Factory. The Waitakerei Corps in the the late 1990s was referred to as the Faith Factory.

Salvation War [The] As The Salvation Army, ‘The Salvation War’ refers to the work of The Salvation Army in all its facets. Two examples are illustrated. An advertisement in an 1894 War Cry for the publication The Salvation War and a heading for a War Cry section ‘War Notes’ from an 1884 War Cry. The War Cry 18 April 1885 pg1.

The War Cry 7 May 1887 pg3.

S Salvationist A Salvationist is a member of The Salvation Army who has signed The Salvation Army’s Soldier’s Covenant (previously known as ‘Articles of War’) and would tend to wear a Uniform. Whether a Soldier or an Officer in The Salvation Army, both are Salvationists.

Salvationist delegates to The Salvation Army International Congress in London 1965.

Salvationist Publishing & Supplies (SP&S) During 1867 The Christian Mission facilitated a Trade centre (sometimes referred to as Trade depot) to enable the sale of Bibles and literature for the converts. When the Mission became The Salvation Army many more items such as uniforms, badges and instruments were added to the stock. Eventually the Trade centre was located in Judd Street, London and some time later became known as Salvationist Publishing and Supply (SP&S). This entity also published Salvation Army music.

Salvationist Resources Salvationist Resources was previously known as the Trade Department in New Zealand. It is where Salvationists go for Uniforms and accessories. Publications and other resources can be ordered through this service, including music (sheet and recorded). Located in Wellington, New Zealand in the Territorial Headquarters building.

Salvos The title Salvos is an Australian slang word for Salvationists in that country.

Samoa Region The Salvation Army Year Book 2019 describes the Army opening in Samoa: The Territory extended its borders and influence in the Pacific region with the commencement of mission and ministry in Samoa in February 2018. Lieut-Colonels Roderick and Jennifer Carey [Regional Officers], with support from Captain Miriama Simanu [Planting Officer], established an addictions programme in Apia, with Sunday gatherings to follow. The work in Samoa was officially recognised on 1 August 2018. The Salvation Army Year Book 2022 describes the Army’s progress in Samoa: The year in the Samoa Region has been fruitful, as it shows steady growth in its Corps and addiction services. More than 50 per cent of the population in Samoa is under 25 years of age, so children and youth are key focuses of the congregations and work. The Samoan economy relies heavily on tourism and [the loss of this due to Covid-19] has had a wide-ranging impact on the community. The Army has responded by meeting practical needs in the community.

S Sanctification The ongoing or momentary experience of a deep work of divine grace involving the full surrender of every aspect of a believer’s life and personality to the control of the Holy Spirit. Source: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume Nine, 1995-2015 [Appendix 2 - Glossary page 553] Shaw Clifton. 2018.

Second-Lieutenant The Rank of Second Lieutenant existed from 1948 to 1959. It was a position between Probationary-Lieutenant and the higher Rank of First-Lieutenant.

Seeker A person who responds in a public worship meeting by kneeling at the Mercy Seat or who affirms a new spiritual commitment by some similar means.

Self Denial (SD) Self Denial was introduced into The Salvation Army by General William Booth in 1886. Catherine Booth had a ‘Private Letter’ published in the New Zealand War Cry 13 October 1886, promoting this sacrificial fundraising effort. The idea was to provide funding for extending the Army’s work around the world on an annual basis. This initiative came on top of existing fundraising initiatives. New Zealand at that time had a quarterly appeal called ‘Extension Sunday’ which provided additional funding for the local maintenance of the Army’s work in New Zealand. There was some pressure on New Zealand in 1886 to raise funds to pay off debt - this was proving difficult as there was a ‘Depression of Trade’ at that time. It is important to note that friends of The Salvation Army were also supporting the work financially. In 1972 Self Denial became known as OWSOMS (One Week’s Salary on Missionary Service). The New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory in recent years has reverted to using the original title of Self Denial for this annual appeal.

The War Cry 9 October 1937 pg1 - an example of promoting the Self Denial Appeal.

The War Cry 10 September 1892 pg8 promoting the Self Denial ‘Week’.

S Senior-Captain The Rank of Senior-Captain existed from 1948 to 1959. It was a position between Captain and the higher Rank of Major.

Senior-Major The Rank of Senior-Major existed from 1948 to 1959. It was a position between Major and the higher Rank of Brigadier.

Senior Soldier A Senior Solder is a converted person at least 14 years of age who has been accepted to be enrolled as a member of The Salvation Army after signing the Soldier’s Covenant (Articles of War). They can also choose to wear a Salvation Army Uniform with Soldiers’ Trimmings. Traditionally Soldiers’ Uniform Trimmings were plain navy while music sections were often red, like Officers.The blue/red distinction came in the early 1970s with the open neck Uniforms.

Sergeant When Salvationists are referred to generically as Sergeant it can be in reference to any number of Sergeant roles - such as Corps Sergeant Major, Recruiting Sergeant, Flag Sergeant, Colour Sergeant, Band Sergeant, Young People’s Sergeant Major, GBM Sergeant and Trade Sergeant.

Sergeant Major (SM) Sergeant Major is an abbreviated term for Corps Sergeant Major.

Session (and Sessional Name) Each year a sessional name is determined by the General to be applied to the Session of Cadets for that year, and used by all Salvation Army officer training institutions around the world. Each session of Cadets has a ‘sessional ribbon’ with the name emblazoned on it.

S Shield ‘Salvation Army’ metal shields were worn by Salvationists from the early 1880s. The shield represents the ‘fight’ of life on a ‘spiritual battlefield’ and that God is a shield to protect and save us.

Singing Company [YP] The Young People’s Singing Company is a children’s choir and has been a part of the Young Peoples work from the early years of The Salvation Army.

Tauranga Corps Singing Company, singing at an event at the Tauranga Historical Village in 1982. This village preserves the first Tauranga Corps Hall from 1913 - a converted boatshed.

Singing Company Leader Under the leadership of the Young People’s Sergeant Major, the [YP] Singing Company Leader has responsibility for the Singing Company.

Sing To The Lord The Sing To The Lord series commenced in 1994 and replaced the long running Musical Salvationist. Sing To The Lord was generally four part music for Songster Brigades (Salvation Army choirs). This new musical journal was designed to continue to enhance the vocal ministry of those who proclaim the name of the Lord. Each year was represented with a diffierent colour and there were three different issues each year.

S Sister Sister is a familial term used in reference to female Salvationists who are not Officers. It can be aplied as a prefix to a name eg Sister Janice Smith.

Skeleton Army The Skeleton Army was an entirely Southern English entity, not to be found north of London. Started in the 1880s in Exeter, they existed in direct opposition to The Salvation Army, aiming to be as inflammatory as possible, using banners with skulls and crossbones; and making a career out of mocking The Salvation Army’s meetings, sayings and street marches. This type of activity was duplicated in New Zealand from 1883 when The Army commenced in Dunedin.

The War Cry (UK) Christmas Number 26 December 1891.

Social Policy & Parliamentary Unit (SPPU) The Social Policy & Parliamentary Unit works toward the eradication of poverty by encouraging policies and practices that strengthen the social framework of New Zealand. We believe that a poverty-free Aotearoa New Zealand is possible. Since the Unit began in 2004, we have established a focus for social research and policy evaluation, and a platform to engage with opinion-formers and decision-makers in politics, government, business, media, and academia. We believe that change is necessary and possible and so work to influence the direction of public policies for the wellbeing of all individuals, families, and communities.

Social Work William Booth’s passion was to bring the Gospel to society’s outcasts. He was compelled by the desperate need he saw in these people for what he expressed as ‘full salvation’. As his ministry developed in the East End of London, Booth experienced a growing awareness of the complex nature of poverty and its impact on the life circumstances and life choices of the poor. For him, it was not an option to skim over the surface of the issues but to tackle them head-on. His response was to find ways of practical support interwoven with the presentation of the Gospel. His intention was not to simply give temporary aid, but to help people permanently improve the circumstances of their lives. From its earliest days, this knowledge has shaped the way The Salvation Army has grown and developed and it still motivates The Salvation Army in its mission today. Slogans such as ‘Soup, Soap and Salvation’ and ‘Heart to God and Hand to Man’ have expressed this passion to communicate the Gospel in a relevant and vibrant way that includes addressing real, practical need. In New Zealand, the beginnings of The Salvation Army were strongly influenced by this developing concept of practical Christianity. Pollard and Wright travelled the country blazing a trail and establishing Salvation Army Corps, but close behind were those who were drawn by this Salvation Army distinctive of finding practical responses for social needs of the day and taking action. Evangelism was, and still is, inseparable from practical expressions of helping. Lynette Hutson, ‘Heart to God and Hand to Man’ from Many Voices in Mission, 25 Years of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga - 1983-2008. Page 47.

S Society According to Orders and Regulations for Field Officers (1896) a Society was a group of soldiers numbering two or more but not yet formed into a Corps (ie no Officer/s appointed in charge). The Society had its own existence, held its own meetings and managed its own funds. Several Societies grouped together could form a Circle Corps under the charge of one set of Officers.

Soldier Known as a Senior Soldier, a converted person aged at least 14 years who, with the approval of the Pastoral Care Council, has signed the Soldier’s Covenant and been publicly enrolled as a full member of the Army. Source: The History of The Salvation Army, Volume Nine, 1995-2015 [Appendix 2 - Glossary page 553] Shaw Clifton. 2018.

Soldiers’ Roll The Soldiers’ Roll is the formal record kept by a Corps of Soldiers enrolled at that Corps and Soldiers transferred from other Corps. It notes the date of enrolment or transfer, and when taken off the roll. The reason for coming off the roll is generally noted. An example of a roll from the 1920s included these reasons for removal from the roll: B. Backslider; T. Transfer to another Corps; G. Promoted to Glory; T.G. Gone to Training Garrison; C. Gone to Church of Chapel; R. Removed for any other cause. Some Soldiers’ Rolls include a record of Seekers (a seperate Seekers’ Roll book was available), Recruits and Adherents. Also membership of Music Sections and Youth Work.

Song Book [The Salvation Army] In 1880 the Revival Music (1876) of the Christian Mission was reissued as Salvation Army Music. This served as the tune book for the early Salvation Army Song Books that followed. Salvation was the theme that motivated the content. Many permutations of Song Books have been published over the life of the Army and in many languages.

The Salvation Soldier’s Song Book of 1883 - Price Four Pence.

S Songster Brigade A Songster Brigade is The Salvation Army version of a choir. The first Songster Brigades were formed at Corps in England in 1892. At first William Booth was not convinced that choirs were a good idea, but in time he could see the benefits to the cause.

Christchurch City Corps Songsters 2008.

Songster Leader The male or female Salvationist in charge of a Songster Brigade. Such a leader is identified today by two parallel dark blue stripes on their Epaulettes. Previously the Songster Leader was identified by special scrolled blue Epaulettes. The position is regarded as a Local Officer role.

Songster Reserve Songster members on their retirement can become part of a songster reserve. They receive a badge to show they are a Songster Reservist at their Corps. This designation means that they are available to assist the Corps Songster Brigade as a Songster when there may be a requirement to do so.

Soup, Soap and Salvation The Salvation Army has been known throughout its existence as a provider of food and shelter to the needy as well as leading people to Christ. In fact this goes back to when it was the Christian Mission. This work was eventually described in a motto as ‘Soup, Soap and Salvation’ (known as the three S’s). Ironically, one of the best clues as to how early the motto was in use comes from the Skeleton Army that opposed The Salvation Army in the early years. The Bethnal Green Eastern Post, November, 1882 published an article which included the following: A genuine rabble of “roughs” pure and unadulterated has been infesting the district for several weeks past. These vagabonds style themselves the “Skeleton Army” ... The “skeletons” have their collectors and their collecting sheets ... The skeleton armies carried their flags usually bearing a “skull and crossbones,” no doubt inspired by the prominence given to piracy in contemporary “penny dreadfuls” for boys. Variations included the addition of two coffins and the motto “blood and thunder”! Others decorated theirs with monkeys, a devil, and rats. Another had a yellow banner with three B’s - beef, beer, and “bacca” [tobacco]! The latter was mocking The Army’s three S’s - ‘Soup, Soap and Salvation’.

South Pacific Retired Officer Convention (SPROC) South Pacific Retired Officer Convention. It was held every three years within Australasia shared between New Zealand and the then two Australian Territories (Australia Southern and Australia Eastern). 75

S Specials While not the exclusive purview of Officers or Soldiers, a special event is often one where an Officer/s attend to lead meetings etc - the special guest is regarded as the ‘Special’. Envoys would often perform this function.

Spirit Song (National Songsters) The National Songsters was a concept developed by Territorial Music Secretary Major Raeline Savage. It was established in 1995, with Captain Lindsay Chisholm the first executive officer for the group and Philip Hawkey the first Songster Leader. National Songsters had an annual rehearsal weekend and around three Corps visits a year, and occasional overseas visits. In 2005 the group was rebranded as SpiritSong and continues under this title today. Auditioned membership includes singers from many different Corps around the Territory.

Left: National Songsters logo in an enamel badge form. Right: Fern badge specially created for attendance at the 2000 Atlanta International Congress and the tour to the United Kingdom that followed.

National Songsters rebranded as SpiritSong.

‘S’s The ‘S’s that appear on The Salvation Army Uniform symbolise Salvation from Sin. They were initially worn on the high neck collar, but more recently on lapels and Epaulettes. There is a view they also represent ‘Saved to Serve’ or ‘Saved to Save’. Many ‘S’s feature ‘Blood & Fire’. ‘S’s on a blue background are for Soldiers and on a red background are for Officers. The two examples top right are very early ones and those below a small selection of later Ss. In some languages the letter/symbol may be something other than an ‘S’.

Staff-Captain This designation referred to a Captain working as a Staff Officer. This Rank was used over the period 1881-1931.

Staff Officer (SO) Staff Officer refers to Officers who are engaged in work generally through a Headquarters. Whether Territorial, Divisional, Regional or Provincial it differentiated those Officers from the Field Officer. This designation applied in the earlier years of The Salvation Army and did not apply after Staff Ranks became obsolete in 1931.

Stood Down Disciplinary period when a Soldier has failed to keep to the Covenant of Soldiership.

Students’ Fellowship The Salvation Army Students’ Fellowship started in Norway in 1942 and later spread to other countries, receiving an official constitution in 1950. It comes under the world presidency of the General and has more than 9,000 members. The aim of the fellowship is to unite Salvationist students and graduates of universities, colleges and other centres of higher education, in Christian fellowship and such Salvation Army service as may be appropriate. The Students’ Fellowship operated in New Zealand from the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s and its publication Battlepoint was published until the late 1980s (see Battlepoint).

Sunday School After using titles for the teaching of Juniors such as Company Meetings and Directory in the earlier years, The Salvation Army eventually adopted the more universal idea of Sunday School. It continued to teach from the Bible and to teach about The Salvation Army. Sunday School was often conducted along the lines of a Salvation Army meeting for adults. A significant annual event was and still is for many Corps the Sunday School Anniversary. Children’s hard work and learning through the year was often recognised with a presentation of a book with a special inscription inside the front cover. When a child had reached the age for moving on beyond Sunday School, it was not uncommon practice to present them with a Bible or Salvation Army Song Book.

Members of the Blenheim Corps attending a Sunday School picnic around 1900.

Swearing-In A swearing-in is an official ceremony where a person takes an oath of office or allegiance. In The Salvation Army it has related to the SwearingIn of Soldiers, Adherents and Recruits where promises are made and in the case of Soldiers the Soldier’s Covenant is signed. It can also refer to the Swearing-In of Salvationists to Local Officer roles and formal ceremonies for Officer appointments. An early example can be found in the War Cry of 9 March 1889 where a report on the first page comes under the heading A DUNEDIN SWEARING-IN.

The War Cry 9 March 1889 pg1.

Tabernacle Lesser known/used title for a Corps or Corps building - in the same range as Citadel, Fortress and Congress Hall.

T Taonga (Taoka) Taonga or taoka (in South Island Māori) is a Māori-language word that refers to a treasured possession in Māori culture. Although The Salvation Army/Te Ope Whakaora holds many items/artefacts in its possession, including the Archives collection, certain of these items are identified specifically as taonga. Among those items are these examples:

John Pattinson Bible “Brunner bible” - The charred remains of this small bible, owned by Salvation Army Soldier John Pattinson, was recovered after the explosion in the Brunner Mine, 26 March 1896. Pattinson along with 64 others perished in the explosion. This korowai of muka (prepared flax fibre) was donated by the family of Major Ernest Holdaway, an officer who headed the Māori Division. Holdaway spoke fluent Te Reo, and among many other things took part in a mission up the Whanganui River. Illustrated below, is a detail from a piupiu (flax skirt), also from the Holdaway family.

This tunic was worn by Salvationist Kim Lock, a Soldier from Wellington, who was born in China and return there where he was martyred for his faith.

Waka Huia Ki Taurangi : The Treasured Promise – This waka, held in guardianship by Booth College of Mission was carved by master carver Brian Flintoff. The carving represents The Ark of the Covenant and the two carved heads, William and Catherine Booth.

Temple Lesser known/used title for a Corps or Corps building - similar to Tabernacle. 78

T Te Ope Whakaora The Māori descriptor for The Salvation Army, Te Ope Whakaora (The Army that brings life) has its origins in 1888. In 1888, several days of celebrations began on 19 May, in Christchurch. There it was announced that the newly married Holdaways would begin a new ministry among the Māori population along the Whanganui River. On 10 June 1888, in The Salvation Army Hall, Taranaki Street, Wellington, known as “The Salvation Factory”, two thousand people witnessed the handing of the Flag by Mrs Colonel Taylor to Captain and Mrs Holdaway. Instead of the words, ‘Blood and Fire’ the Flag carried the translation, ‘He Toto He Ahi’. “Three Maori converts, wearing handsome flax mats, stood with the Holdaways on the platform - Eruera Rangiuia [mis-spelt Ranginia in the War Cry], Mrs Hearn and Maraea Morris.”

From the beginning of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, Salvationists were engaging with Māori throughout New Zealand. The first Salvation Army song translated into Māori appeared in the War Cry 9 February 1884. Many articles were presented in Māori over the years in the War Cry.

The War Cry 23 June 1888 pg1. From the left: Maraea Morris, Captain Holdaway, Eruera Rangiuia (standing), Elizabeth Holdaway and Mrs Hearn.

The Māori Contingent would assist with awareness of this special ministry and campaigning would help raise funds for the work. Following the Wellington event the contingent departed for the Wanganui district. Ernest Holdaway spent months learning the Māori language near Whangaehu in preparation, particularly for an anticipated journey up the Whanganui River. The War Cry, published by The Salvation Army, carried in November 1889 for three weeks, a series of articles reporting on ministry to Māori living along the banks of the Whanganui River. These articles originated after a three day waka journey up the river from Whanganui to Jerusalem (Hiruharama), by a party of Salvationist travellers. The group included officers and soldiers, some who lived in the river communities, others from Whanganui who had made the trip before, and for some it was a first time visit. This included the Colony Commander, Colonel Josiah Taylor, who was an avid traveller and wrote the accounts published in all of the three War Crys - 2, 9 & 16 November 1889 (see Canoe on the River). Initially the work came under the heading Te Taua Whakaora, but within a year was known as Te Ope Whakaora. The key to establishing the work was the raising of funds and it was determined that the Māori work would be self-funded, very much relying on donations and support from Officers, Soldiers and Sympathisers. The work was eventually formalised as a Māori Division but despite the fact there was so much enthusiasm for this work, within a decade, because of insufficient funding, the Division was closed.

The War Cry 9 June 1888 pg1.

T The War Cry 30 April 1892 pg4, saw the first announcement of cap bands featuring Te Ope Whakaora - a significant endorsement of the Māori work. The War Cry 28 May 1892 pg6 - a month later the announcement included bonnet bands featuring Te Ope Whakaora (For an example see Bonnet).

The cabinet card image to the left is of Captain Nicholls (with Te Ope Whakaora cap) who was involved in the Māori work including the first Māori parties who shared the Gospel in song and testimony both in New Zealand and overseas. There were a number of groups who performed this service, and Ernest Holdaway likewise took responsibility for many of these groups and tours.

At the time of the 1983 centenary celebrations of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, the main focus of the Army’s work amongst Māori for nearly 50 years had been on the East Coast of the North Island. The decline of the Te Araroa Corps reflected rural depopulation and the East Coast work was closed in 1992. By this time the Army recognised the importance of developing a bi-cultural approach with Māori with Te Tiriti o Whitianga as the basis. It recognised the partnership between the Māori as tangata whenua and tangata tiriti, the people who have come to live here. Māori Fellowships were commenced in Auckland and Wellington. In 1996 the existing Bi-cultural Advisory Group became the Bi-cultural Strategy Council. In 1999 at a National Salvation Army Maori Hui it was agreed a 25-year strategy was required. So began the formal move to evolve and strengthen the bi-cultural partnership, which continues today as fundamental to the operating of The Salvation Army in the New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa Territory - Te Ope Wahakaora.

Te Ope Whakaora - The Army That Brings Life is a collection of documents on The Salvation Army and Maori 1884-2007. Edited by Harold Hill. Originally published in 2007, it has proved so popular and helpful that it has had more than one reprint - the latest in 2021. On the cover - Flag Sergeant Maraea Morris of the early Gisborne Corps.

T Territorial Commander (TC) The Territorial Commander (TC) is an Officer in command of the Army in a Territory. The (TC), along with his or her spouse, are often referred to as Territorial Leaders in todays context.

Territorial Governance and Management The Salvation Army New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa is part of a worldwide Christian and charitable organisation whose members demonstrate their faith and beliefs through bringing hope, care and support to those in need. The Salvation Army operates in 133 countries and is led by the General who provides spiritual and administrative guidance to Salvation Army units around the world and is located at the Army’s International Headquarters (IHQ) in London, England. A quasi-military command structure was adopted in 1878 when the title ‘The Salvation Army’ was brought into use. As a response to a recurrent theme in Christianity which sees the Church engaged in spiritual warfare, The Salvation Army today uses this structure and soldier-like characteristics such as uniforms, flags and ranks to identify, inspire and regulate its mission. When New Zealand became its own Territory in 1912, it became responsible for all aspects of Salvation Army life and activity within its borders including interaction with Māori. Many years later it was joined by Fiji, Tonga then Samoa. The Territory was broken into Divisions and the boundary of these have changed over the years. Various Advisory Boards were utilised at a Territorial and Divisional level. These boards included professional people from outside the Army but with interest and empathy for the Army’s work. At a Territorial leadership level there was once a ‘Cabinet’ of senior Officers. But the need to adapt to changes in the expectations and needs of people within and without the organisation, including legislative requirements, and desires for best practice and competent management of the Army’s work has seen much change over time. Today there exists groups such as the Territorial Governance Board, Pastoral Committee and the Territorial Management Board. Currently the Divisional structure is under review and a Strategic Pilot for the Northern Division is underway looking how the structure of the Division delivers The Salvation Army’s Mission. The Territory’s overall structure includes: THQ Executive; Personnel Section; Mission Section; Communications Section; Business Administration Section; Northern Division; Midland Division; Central Division; Southern Division; Fiji Division; Tonga Region; Samoa Region. Other services come under Māori Ministries, Children and Youth Ministries; ASARS; SASH; Booth College of Mission; Overseas Service; Flag Publications; Information Systems Group (ISG) now Digital Connect; Creative Ministries; and many other services operating to maintain internal functions and service as well as external Mission. For further information about the Territory visit the website at https://www.salvationarmy.org.nz/

Territorial Headquarters (THQ) The facility that houses Officers and staff that assist in running a Territory under a Territorial Commander and other senior leadership. Territorial Headquarters (THQ) ‘Booth House’, Cuba Street, Wellington, New Zealand.

Territory Country (or portion of ) or countries that form a Salvation Army Territory with a Territorial Commander in charge. 81

T Testimony A Testimony is a public witness to Christian faith and life. Catherine Booth emphasised the importance of this duty as early as July 1882, when she declared in a Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers): “My husband says the people do not come so much to hear the preacher as to look at the Bills and Dicks, the prize-fighters and bird and dog fanciers who have been converted, and that they come still to hear them speak.” (Cyril Barnes) Testimonies have been commonplace in Salvation Army Meetings and Open-Airs for most of the life of The Salvation Army.

Timbrel (Tambourine) In 1881 the War Cry in England carried a picture of “Miriam, a Forerunner of the Prophetess of The Salvation Army” with timbrel in hand. Charles Rothwell stationed at Mansfield, Nottingham, England, bought a tambourine in a pawnbrokers shop which Mrs Rothwell played in the processions which the newspapers reported filled the “devil with disgust,” the barracks with people and helped sinners into the fountain. The use of the timbrel spread quickly. In 1882, George Scott-Railton noted that 1600 had been sold in six weeks. Today many Corps around the world feature a Timbrel Brigade in their music sections. Once a common feature in New Zealand, Timbrel Brigades have largely ceased to function.

Tonga Region In 1984, following the successful established of The Salvation Army in Fiji, representatives from territorial headquarters visited Samoa, Niue and Tonga to explore further mission opportunities in the Pacific islands. After discussions with church leaders, government ofﬁcials and sympathetic locals, the Kingdom of Tonga was assessed as a focus for expansion. The Chief Secretary’s report, in New Zealand, concluded with the recommendation: “That further serious consideration be given to the opening of the Army work in Tonga subject to this being carried out without a great noise or fuss - rather just a suitable couple or person being placed in the centre to quietly follow up the contacts made and with “understanding of the Tongan people and their culture.” The low-key insertion of Captains Tifare and Rebecca lnia proved the perfect solution and the work in Tonga grew from their efforts, commencing just after Christmas 1985. Early news in the ‘Tongan Report’ included: Daily prayer meetings at 5am; 17 family services held (average attendance of 34); 17 ﬁrst-time decisions registered; and three couples ready to be sworn in as soldiers. Within 15 years the Tonga Region (a ‘District’ until 2002) had grown to four corps and two kindergartens, providing strategic coverage of central and eastern parts of the main island of Tongatapu. The work of the Alcohol and Drug Awareness Centre (1988) raised the profile of the Army in Tonga significantly and, with renovated and expanded facilities (2022), continues to bring transformation to the lives of many individuals and families. By 2015 each of the corps was operating from purpose-built facilities, the last of the tent meeting places having been retired from active service. Further ministry advances occurred with the establishment of corps plants in Kolovai (western Tongatapu, 2008), Neiafu (the northern islands of Vava’u, 2013), and a kindergarten at Pea (2022), along with a relocation of Regional Headquarters to Ha’ateiho (2022). God continues to bless the ongoing mission and ministry of The Salvation Army in the Kingdom of Tonga!

T Torchbearers Deeply moved by the conditions in 1936 General Evangeline Booth threw out a challenge to the Salvation Army forces throughout the world to intensify their efforts to enlist youth in the service of Christ. To this end the Torchbearer Group Movement was inaugurated. The movement was an auxiliary of Corps operations, and under the direction of the Commanding Officer. The movement had for its aims the teaching of good citizenship, self-control, unity of mind, and the winning of young people for Christ, these ends being served by stimulating cultural and educational interests and such other methods as would make the training of character. The age was limited fifteen to thirty years. There was also a subscription and The Group Affirmation to be signed. Within the Torchbearer Group there was an inner group whose members had accepted the Torchbearers’ Covenant which read; ‘‘Having presented all my powers of spirit, mind and body to the service of Jesus Christ, whom I accept as my Saviour and Guide, I will exercise self-discipline in all my affairs and will seek to equip myself for effective Christian citizenship.” Orders and Regulations were developed for Torchbearers. PASS ON THE TORCH. In the Olympic race the torch is passed from one hand to another as it is carried along. In The Salvation Army’s Torchbearers’ campaign the General is using the torch as an emblem and is calling upon The Army’s youth to seize it and, in a figure, to bear it forward in zealous fervour.

T Trade Department The Trade Department was the previous name for Salvationist Resources which is now located only in Wellington. The Trade Department has had locations in Dunedin, Christchurch and Wellington over the life of The Army in New Zealand. The Trade Department stocked Salvationist items such as Uniforms and accessories (for Officers and Soldiers), clothing, badges, music (sheet and recorded), musical instruments, publications and books, cabinet card photographs of Officers and the Booth family in the early years along with small flags, and miscellany such as tea towels and key rings.

The War Cry 12 March 1887 pg4. The War Cry 12 March 1887 pg4.

Trade Sergeant Many Corps had a Trade Sergeant who was responsible for ordering on behalf of Soldiers at their Corps from the Trade Department, particularly literature/books from the long list of publications available. Book lists were often published in the War Cry.

The War Cry 16 February 1895 pg6.

T Training College (Training Garrison and Training Home) In the early years of The Salvation Army the training of Cadets for Officership was conducted in facilities commonly known as either Training Barracks or Training Home. It wasn’t long before they were known as a Training College. The use of College further emphasised the ‘training’ and ‘education’ theme. The William Booth Memorial Training College officially opened in Aro Street, Wellington on 2 April 1914. In Upper Hutt, New Zealand the training facility is now named the Booth College of Mission (BCM).

Newtown Training Garrison War Cry 25 July 1891.

Women Cadets of the Newtown Training Garrison 1894.

Training College, Aro Street - building plans 1912.

Training College, Aro Street, Wellington, New Zealand - occupied 1913-1983.

Booth College of Mission, William Booth Grove, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.

Transfer of Soldier This term refers to the Transfer of a Soldier from one Corps to another. This is done in a formal way involving recording the transfer in records and provision of paperwork to the Corps to where the Soldier is transferring with a return confirmation slip to the sending Corps. 85

T Tri-colour Ribbon The Tri-colour Ribbon of The Salvation Army used the Army colours of yellow, red and blue. This ribbon has had various forms and uses over the decades. Used on Uniforms in the early years, attached to medals and in longer length on Timbrels. But when first used, it had a very specific purpose. In 1891 Colonel Reuben Bailey, New Zealand Colony Commander (1891-1895), made the following comment in the New Zealand War Cry 20 June 1891 pages 1-2: ‘If after faithful dealing at the penitent form, an officer has every reason to believe the convert to be fully saved. I think it quite right to advise him to wear some part of uniform - a piece of tri-colour is sufficient for a start - but in all cases it should be a voluntary action on the part of the convert. I do not think it advisable for an immediate jump to be made into a full rig out...’ It seems that particularly in New Zealand, more so than anywhere else in the world, that not only new converts, but many established Salvationists enthusiastically wore the Tri-colour Ribbon on their uniform. See examples below.

Candidate & Mrs Kissel of Invercargill Corps 1886.

Captain and Mrs John Veitch.

Unknown Salvationist from Wellington.

Ensign J Sutton.

U Under Orders Also referred to as Under Marching Orders or Under Farewell Orders. Once the order to move an Officer to another appointment is known, ‘Under’ refers to the time between the announcement and the departure.

Under the Flag Refers to any Salvation Army ceremony where the Army Flag is present and the ceremony is therefore conducted ‘Under the Flag’, such as Swearing-in new Soldiers, Commissioning Officers and Dedicating a child.

Uniform Wearing The Salvation Army Uniform was the way in which the wearer was identified with the movement. At its inception, the desire was to avoid high-fashion and for it to be plain but distinctive in keeping with commonly accepted style. An important ingredient were the symbols associated with The Salvation Army, which were attached to the Uniform and in fact made it a Uniform. The Ss, Shield, Tri-colour Ribbon, Red Guernsey, Cap, Bonnet, Crest were the significant symbols. Through the 1880s various combinations of these were acceptable, but into the 1890s there were established fixed rules to enable consistency for Officers and Soldiers. Other groups and positions emerged that required adjustments and additions of badges and patches. Today there are various types of clothing with symbols that enable the wearer to be associated with The Salvation Army. There are however, still officially accepted styles of uniform suitable for different parts of the Army world.

Major Barrett (New Zealand Colony Commander) with wife Ella. Wearing Salvation Army Uniform featuring Ss, Shields, Tricolour Ribbon and Crest on Major Barrett’s neck collar. 1885.

Trimmings for Officers, notably at neck collar and on Epaulettes, are generally red and differentiated from Soldiers which are blue. General Eva Burrows with Auckland Congress Hall Songsters in 1989 featuring the summer Uniform.

Uniform and Outfit Department This department was connected with the Trade Department but specialised in the supply of Uniforms for the Territory. It had staff with skills in measuring and making of Uniforms including Bonnets.

V Vangard Vanguard superceded The Warrior and was published from 1956 to 1972 when it was replaced by Youth Focus as an insert in the English War Cry. The magazine was published in the UK for young people.

Veteran [The] The Veteran is the official magazine published by The Salvation Army for the NZFTS Territory’s retired Officers It was first published in 1931 and continues to be produced today.

Victory [The] The Victory was published from 1896 until at least 1964. It was an Australian Salvation Army publication with a youth focus.

Volunteer The Salvation Army has benefitted greatly from a significant volume of volunteers throughout its existence. It has always appreciated the wonderful contribution in time, skill and energy of so many Salvationists and friends of the Army as volunteers.

Waiting Orders An Officer is Waiting Orders when an Appointment is imminent but not yet confirmed/announced. Used particularly in the 1890s.

War Cry [The] (“Crys”) The War Cry is the official gazette of The Salvation Army. Many Territories publish their own version, suitable for their stakeholders and the general public of that Territory. In New Zealand the first War Cry was published on 16 June 1883 as a weekly with four pages of content. On 28 September 1889, it was expanded to eight pages. Over the decades the format changed and the number of pages increased, but the weekly schedule was sustained. On 11 April 2009 the War Cry changed to being published on a fortnightly basis. In November 2022 the War Cry became a monthly publication. The content of War Cry over time has included articles by prominent Salvationists and Christians, reports from corps and centres, and has even made comment on issues of interest outside The Salvation Army. It has also catered for young people with a dedicated section as a significant priority.

The War Cry Christmas 1951.

On several occasions the New Zealand War Cry has received an award for a Christian publication in Australasia.

The War Cry 17 March 1906.

The War Cry 2 November 2019.

W Warrior [The] The Warrior magazine was published monthly in the United Kingdom for Young People. It was called variously The Warrior and Life Saving Scout (c1910-1911), The Warrior and Life Saving Scout and Guard (Jan 1916) and then continued as The Warrior till 1955 when replaced by Vanguard.

Warriors’ Library [The] Miniature set of 18 publications on important characters and topics of the early Salvation Army. First published in 1901. The example illustrated is a boxed set of 11 random volumes from a set of 18, presented as a gift to Cadet Brodie when she left the UK for New Zealand.

Washed in the Blood Belief in the soul cleansing power of Jesus, symbolised through the blood of His crucifixion. It is expressed well through this Chorus by Elisha Albright Hoffman: Are you washed in the blood, In the soul-cleansing blood of the Lamb? Are your garments spotless? Are they white as snow? Are you washed in the blood of the Lamb?

Whistle [The Army] There exists a selection of notes from a Salvation Army march that is known by many bandspersons as the Army Whistle. Many times the whistle has been used to communicate to another Salvationist in a crowd and/or at a distance to identify their presence with that person. It is possible this is unique to Australasia.

Women’s Ministries (WM) The Salvation Army Women’s Ministries exists to engage women, empower mission and ignite action in New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga and Samoa. Women’s Ministries seeks to do this through connecting the women of The Salvation Army in a likeminded sisterhood, and resourcing vision and passion to reach others in local settings. For more information go to: https://women.salvationarmy.org.nz/

Graphic from the Women’s Ministries website.

Worship Team (Music Team) Worship/Music Teams have become a significant feature in Salvation Army worship over the past few decades, supporting congregational singing and providing musical expression in a modern context. 90

Y Year Book The Salvation Army Year Book was first published in 1906. While initially there was a focus on the United Kingdom it is a Year Book for the International Salvation Army. Each Territory is given an overview of the year followed by information (including statistical) on personnel, senior staff, divisions, regions, training and social work.

Young People (YP) Young People (YP) and the YP work has always been an important part of The Salvation Army and historically would come under the Junior Corps (that part of the Corps that serviced Young People/Juniors).

Young People’s Secretary A position within the YP work, represented by a yellow embroidered patch, worn on the Uniform arm, known as the YP Secretary - assists with the secretarial requirements of the YP work in a Corps.

Young People’s Sergeant Major (YPSM) The Young People’s Sergeant Major is a lay position responsible for the YP work in a Corps, and generally includes a place on the Corps Council or Leadership Team.

Young People’s Treasurer The YP Treasurer is another YP work position. Responsibility for the funds involved in servicing this work including collection of any financial giving. The position is represented by a blue embroidered patch on the Uniform arm.

Y Young Soldier [The] This newspaper for Young People was published within The War Cry, separately page-numbered to differentiate from the War Cry pages.

Youth Congress Major multi-sessional event for youth. These can be held at a Territorial or even International level. Examples in New Zealand include the ‘1987 Epoch South Pacific Youth Congress’, ‘1993 Dunamis Youth Congress’, ‘2000 Millennium Youth Congress’, ‘2002 M.I.A. Missing In Action’, ‘2005 Livefire’ and ‘2008 Make Change Youth Conference’.

Youth Councils A weekend of meetings or sessions and activities hosted on a Divisional level for gathered Salvation Army Young People and friends, providing inspiration and encouragement around spiritual and practical living for young Christians in a modern world.

Youth Group The title given to the group of young people in a Corps who, under a Youth Group Leader, are provided with activities from practical fun and fellowship to spiritual and discipleship based learning.

Youth Group Leader The Youth Group Leader is the person in-charge/responsible for the holistic care and discipleship of a Youth Group. Sometimes identified as YGL.

Youth Ministries The Salvation Army describes its Children & Youth Ministries in this way: We work with youth and children because we’re passionate about turning troubled lives around and building solid foundations for life. We want to see young people realise their potential and face the challenges of the world with confidence. Our specialised youth programmes empower those who are struggling with homelessness or unemployment, or lack of direction and self esteem. Youth groups and adventure-based learning provide valuable social and leadership development opportunities. We also help parents and caregivers so that they can be the best possible influences in their children’s lives. The Salvation Army is committed to providing safe and secure environments for every child and young person we work with. 92

Z Zone The Salvation Army has organised its worldwide movement into five international zones. Each zone is under the supervision of an International Secretary based at International Headquarters. The five zones are: Africa, Americas and Caribbean, Europe, South Asia, South Pacific and East Asia.

Examples of buttons featuring the ‘S’ and ‘A’ for Salvation Army. Very early buttons from the 1880s featured only an ‘S’ for Salvation.

Index Acronym 4 ADC (see Assistant Divisional Commander) 7 Addictions, Supportive Housing and Reintegration 4 Services (ASARS) 4 Adherent 4 Adjutant 4 Advisory Board 4 AGB (see Australian Guards Band) 7 Aggressive Christianity Convention 5 AHLS (see Auxiliary Home League Secretary) 8 All the World 5 Almanack 5 Altar (see Mercy Seat) 55 Amplify 5 Appointment (also see Gazette) 6 Army [The] 6 Articles of Faith (see Doctrines) 28 Articles of War 6 ASARS (see Addictions, Supportive Housing and Reintegration Services) 4 Aspire Kiwi Youth Development Programme 6 Assistant Divisional Commander (ADC) 7 Australian Guards Band (AGB) & Austral Guards Band 7 Auxiliaries (see Auxiliary League) 9 Auxiliary Home League Secretary (AHLS) 8 Auxiliary Captain 8 Auxiliary League 9 Band Band Librarian Bandmaster Band of Love (BOL) Band Reserve Band Secretary Band Sergeant Band Series/Journals Barracks Battlepoint BCM (see Booth College of Mission) Bethany Biorama Blood and Fire Blue Mountain Adventure Centre (BMAC) BMAC (see Blue Mountain Adventure Centre) BOL (see Band of Love) Bonnet Booth College of Mission (BCM) Boys’ Adventure Club (SABAC) Boy Scouts (see Life-Saving Guards and Scouts) Brass Band (see Band) Brengle Institute Bridge Programme Bridge Women’s Auxiliary (SABWA) Brigadier Brother Brownies (see Life-Saving Scouts and Guards) Bulletin 94

10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 13 12 12 13 13 13 11 13 13 14 50 10 14 14 14 15 15 50 15

Cabinet (see Territorial Governance and Management) 81 Cadet 15 Cadet-Lieutenant (see Probationary-Lieutenant) 64 Camp Corps 15 Candidate 15 Canoe on the River 16 Cap 16 Cap Band (see Cap) 16 Captain 16 Career Card 16 Cartridge 16 CC (see Corps Cadet) 23 CCG (see Corps Cadet Guardian) 23 Census Board 16 Centre for Leadership Development (CLD) 17 Chaplain 17 Chief of the Staff 17 Chief Secretary (CS) 17 Children & Youth Ministries (see Youth Ministries) 92 Children’s Home 17 Chorus 17 Christian Mission 18 Christian Mission Magazine 18 Chums (see Life Saving Guards and Scouts) 50 Church Army 18 Circle Corps 18 Citadel 19 CLD (see Centre for Leadership Development) 17 CO (see Corps Officer) 24 College for Officer Training (see Training College) 85 Colonel 19 Colony Commander 19 Colony War Office (CWO) 19 Colour Sergeant 19 Colours 19 Command 19 Commandant 20 Commander/Commanding Officer 20 Commission 20 Commissioner 20 Community Ministries 20 Company Guard 21 Comrade 21 Congress 21 Congress Hall 21 Congress Players 21 Corps 22 Corps Cadet (CC) 23 Corps Cadet Guardian (CCG) 23 Corps Council 23 Corps History Book 23 Corps Officer (CO) 24 Corps Secretary (CS) 24 Corps Sergeant Major (CSM) 24 Corps Treasurer (CT) 24 Covenant 25 Cradle Roll 26

Crest Crys (see War Cry) CS (see Chief Secretary) CS (see Corps Secretary) CSM (see Corps Sergeant Major) CT (see Corps Treasurer) CWO (see Colony War Office)

26 89 17 24 24 24 19

DC (see Divisional Commander/Divisional Headquarters) 28 Dedication 26 Delve 27 Deputy-Major (see Officer Ranks Chart) 98 DHQ (see Divisional Headquarters) Directory 27 Dispo (see Disposition of Forces) 27 Division 28 Divisional Commander 28 Divisional Headquarters (DHQ) 28 Divisional Officer (DO) (see Divisional Headquarters) 28 DO (Divisional Officer - see Divisional Headquarters) 28 Doctrines 28 Doxology 29 Early Childhood Education Centre Educare (see Early Childhood Education Centre) Emergency Lodge Employment Plus Enquiry [Inquiry/Investigation] Department and Missing Persons Department Ensign Envoy Epaulette Eventide Home Faith Factory (see Salvation Factory) Fall in the Fountain Family Store Family Tracing Farewell Orders Farm (incl. Farm Colony) Fellowship of the Silver Star (see Order of the Silver Star) Field Major Field Officer (FO) Field Secretary Fight the Good Fight Fiji Division Fiji School for Officer Training Fire a Volley Firezone First-Lieutenant First Steps (see Cradle Roll) Fishing Fix Bayonets Flag Flag Sergeant (see Colour Sergeant)

29 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 68 31 32 32 32 32 59 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 19

Flying Brigade FO (see Field Officer) Fortress Founder Founders’ Day Furlough

35 32 36 36 36 36

Garrison Gazette GBM (see Grace Before Meat) General General Change General Order Girl Guards (see Life-Saving Guards and Scouts) Girl Guides (see Life-Saving Guards and Scouts) Gold Star Gospel Shots Grace Before Meat (GBM) Guards (see Life Saving Guards and Scouts) Guards Band (see Australian Guards Band) Guernsey

37 37 39 37 38 38 50 50 38 39 39 50 7 40

Hall Hallelujah Lassies (Lasses) Hallelujah Magazine Hallelujah Wind-up Hamodava Harvest Festival Hat [Woman’s] (see Bonnet) Heritage Centre & Archives High Council Historical Trust Holiness Table Home League

40 41 42 43 43 45 13 45 45 46 46 46

IHQ (see International Headquarters) Immigration (see Migration Department) In Darkest England Industrial Home Inquiry Department (see Enquiry [Inquiry/ Investigation] and Missing Persons Department) International Headquarters (IHQ) International Secretary (see Zone)

47 55 47 47

JS (see Junior Soldier) JSS (see Junior Soldier Sergeant Major) JSSM (see Junior Soldier Sergeant Major) Junior Soldier (JS) Junior Soldier Sergeant Major (JSSM) [also known as Junior Soldier Sergeant (JSS)] Juniors

48 48 48 48 48 48

Knee-drill

League of Mercy Lieutenant Lieutenant-Colonel

49 49 49

30 47 93

Life-Saving Guards and Scouts Light Brigade Limelight Department (Brigade) Little Soldiers Local Officer Long Service Order (LSO) LSO (see Long Service Order)

50 51 51 52 52 52 52

Major Māori Division Māori Ministries Māori Party (see Te Ope Whakaora) Māori Song Book Māori Touring Party (see Te Ope Whakaora) Māori Work (see Māori Division) MASIC (see Moral and Social Issues Council) Matches (Lights in Darkest England) Maternity Home (also see Bethany) Medical Fellowship Meeting Mercy Seat (Penitent Form, Altar) Metropole Migration Department Missing Persons Department (see Enquiry [Inquiry/ Investigation] and Missing Persons Department) Missionary Service (see Overseas Service) Moral and Social Issues Council (MASIC) Musical Salvationist [The] (MS) Music Team (see Worship Team)

52 53 53 79 53 79 53 55 54 54 54 54 55 55 55 30 60 55 55 90

National Development Band (see National Youth Band) 56 National Songsters (see Spirit Song) 76 National Youth Band (NYB) 56 New Zeal 56 New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory (NZFTS) 56 Nurses Fellowship 56 NYB (see National Youth Band) 56 NZF (see New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory) 56 NZFT (see New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory) 56 NZFTS (see New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Territory) 56 Oasis 57 ODAS (see Order of Distinguished Auxiliary Service) 59 OF (see Order of the Founder) 59 Officer 57 Officer [The] 57 Officer Quarters 57 Officers’ Allowance 57 Officers’ Councils 58 Officer’s Kid (OK) 58 OK (see Officer’s Kid) 58 Open-Air Meeting 58 Open Fire 58 Order of Distinguished Auxiliary Service (ODAS) 59 Order of the Founder (OF) 59 Order of the Silver Star 59 96

Orders and Regulations (Os & Rs) 60 Os & Rs (see Orders and Regulations) 60 Outpost 60 Overseas Service 60 OWSOMS (One Week’s Salary on Missionary Service) 60 Pastoral Care Council Peak Adventure Penitent Form (see Mercy Seat) People’s Palace PGB (see Prison Gate Brigade) Pip/s Planned Giving PR (see Public Relations) Presentation of Colours Primary Prison Gate Brigade (PGB) Probationary-Lieutenant (Pro-Lieutenant) Pro-Lieutenant (see Probationary-Lieutenant) Promise Box Promoted to Glory (PtoG) PtoG (see Promoted to Glory) Public Relations (PR)

61 61 55 61 64 61 61 64 62 62 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

Quarters (see Officer Quarters)

Rank Recovery Church Recruit Recruiting Sergeant (RS) Red Shield Red Shield Appeal Red Shield Centre Region Rescue Home (Rescue Work) Rescue Worker/Officer Resthaven RS (see Recruiting Sergeant)

65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 67 65

SABAC (see Boys’ Adventure Club) 14 SABWA (see Bridge Women’s Auxiliary) 14 SAGALA (Salvation Army Guards and Legion Activities) (see Life Saving Guards and Scouts) 50 Sallies 68 Salute [The Army] 68 Salvation 68 Salvation Army Guards and Legion Activities (SAGALA) (see Life Saving Guards and Scouts) 50 Salvation Army Social Housing (SASH) 68 Salvation Factory 68 Salvation War [The] 68 Salvationist 69 Salvationist Publishing and Supplies (SP&S) 69 Salvationist Resources 69 Salvos 69 Samoa Region 69 Sanctification 70

SASH (see Salvation Army Social Housing) 68 SD (see Self-Denial) 70 Second-Lieutenant 70 Seeker 70 Self-Denial (SD) 70 Senior-Captain 71 Senior-Major 71 Senior Soldier 71 Sergeant 71 Sergeant Major (SM) 71 Session (and Sessional Name) 71 Shield 72 Silver Star (see Order of the Silver Star) 59 Singing Company 72 Singing Company Leader 72 Sing To The Lord 72 Sister 73 Skeleton Army 73 SM (see Sergeant Major) 71 SO (see Staff Officer) 76 Social Policy & Parliamentary Unit (SPPU) 73 Social Work 73 Society 74 Soldier 74 Soldier’s Covenant (see Articles of War) 6 Soldiers’ Roll 74 Song Book 74 Songster Brigade 75 Songster Leader 75 Songster Reserve 75 Soup, Soap and Salvation 75 South Pacific Retired Officer Convention (SPROC) 75 SP&S (see Salvationist Publishing and Supplies) 69 Specials 76 Spirit Song (National Songsters) 76 SPPU (see Social Policy & Parliamentary Unit) 73 SPROC (see South Pacific Retired Officer Convention) 75 ‘S’s 76 Staff-Captain 76 Staff Officer 76 Students’ Fellowship 77 Sunbeams (see Life Saving Guards and Scouts) 50 Sunday School 77 Swearing-in 77 Tabernacle Tambourine (see Timbrel) Taonga TC (see Territorial Commander) Temple Te Ōhākī - Māori Ministry Strategic Plan 2015-2025 (see Maori Ministries) Te Ope Whakaora Te Pukapuka Waiata (see Māori Song Book) Territorial Commander (TC) Territorial Governance and Management Territorial Headquarters (THQ)

77 82 78 81 78 53 79 53 81 81 81

Territory 81 Testimony 82 Te Taua Whakaora (see Te Ope Whakaora) 79 THQ (see Territorial Headquarters) 81 Thrift Shop (see Family Store) 32 Timbrel (Tambourine) 82 Tonga Region 82 Torchbearers 83 Trade Department 84 Trade Sergeant 84 Training College (Training Garrison, Training Home) 85 Training Home (see Training College) 85 Transfer of Soldier 85 Tri-colour Ribbon 86 Trimmings (see Uniform) 87 Under Orders Under the Army Flag Uniform Uniform and Outfit Department

87 87 87 87

Vanguard Veteran [The] Victory [The] Volunteer

88 88 88 89

Waiata (see Māori Song Book) Waiting Orders War Cry [The] (“Crys”) War Office (see Colony War Office) Warrior [The] Warriors’ Library [The] Washed in the Blood Whistle [The Army] WM (see Women’s Ministries) Women’s Ministries (WM) Worship Team (Music Team)

53 89 89 19 90 90 90 90 90 90 90

Year Book Yellow, Red and Blue (see Colours) Young People (YP) Young People’s Secretary Young People’s Sergeant Major (YPSM) Young People’s Treasurer Young Soldier [The] Youth Band (see National Youth Band) Youth Councils Youth Group Youth Group Leader Youth Ministries YP (see Young People) YPSM (see Young People’s Sergeant Major)

91 19 91 91 91 91 92 56 92 92 92 92 91 91

Zone

Officer Ranks Chart This is a simplified chart depicting The Salvation Army Ranks used since 1878, recognising the complexity of the use of Ranks in the early years. Current Ranks are illustrated on red panels with white lettering. Arrows show promotion routes at various times along with dates for the period Ranks were in use or are still current. General (from 1878)

Since 1929 the General has been elected from amongst the members of the High Council

Chief of the Staff (from 1880)

Not a rank, but a position held by a Commisssioner

Ranks not featured include: Staff-Officer, Deputy-Major, Honorary Captain, CadetSergeant and Auxiliary Ranks of Envoy, Auxiliary Captain and Corps & Centre Leaders.

Commissioner (from 1880)

Lieutenant-Commissioner (1920-1973)

Colonel (from 1880)

Conferred ranks (Term currently used)

Lieutenant-Colonel (from 1896) Staff ranks (obsolete term). From 1931, Brigadier & above. From 1948, Lieutenant-Colonel & above

Brigadier (1889-1973)

Senior-Major (1948-1959)

Major (from 1879)

Higher ‘field’ ranks Field-Major (1921-1931)

Commandant (1916-1931) Staff-Captain (1881-1931)

Senior-Captain (1948-1959)

Adjutant (1888-1948)

Ensign (1888-1931)

Captain (from 1877)

First-Lieutenant (1948-1959)

Probationary-Captain

Lieutenant (from 1879-2001, 2008-)

(Originally used for when a Cadet was Commissioned to be Captain in charge of a Corps)

Probationary-Lieutenant (1917-1973)

Cadet (from 1880) Based on the chart developed by Harold Hill in Te Ope Whakaora - The Army that Brings Life, 2007.

Second-Lieutenant (1948-1959)

also Cadet-Lieutenant (from 1962)

Acronyms of The Salvation Army 2013 In the War Cry of 20 April 2013, in a ‘Firezone’ section for youth readers, the Acronym chart below was published. The accompanying article was title ‘Frequently Asked Questions - The Salvation Army Edition’. Acronyms were addressed and have been included here to assist in understanding what they represent.

Sources Particular mention is made of the following publications and locations as exceptional resources for the student of Salvation Army history. They have been extremely helpful in preparing this publication, and understanding the many elements that make up Salvation Army ‘Terms, Symbols and Designations’. They are highly recommended for further research. Fight the Good Fight | The story of The Salvation Army in New Zealand 1883-1983 | Cyril R. Bradwell | 1983 Hallelujah! The Story of The Salvation Army in the Western South Pacific | Volumes 1, 2 & 3 | 2007-2010 | Australia Eastern Territory, Australia Southern Territory, New Zealand, Fiji & Tonga Territory, and Papua New Guinea Territory Heritage Centre & Archives of The Salvation Army | New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army | Major John G. Merritt | 2006 https://www.salvationarmy.org.nz/about-us/leadership-and-structure/structure-symbols-and-terminology Many Voices in Mission | 25 Years of The Salvation Army in New Zealand, Fiji and Tonga | 1983-2008 Salvation Army Heritage Treasures | Heritage Series 4 | The Salvation Army Heritage Centre & Archives 2019 Other sources: https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/portlincoln/about-us/salvation-army-terminology/ https://www.salvationarmy.org/ihq/2E8B895B1BBA4A0680256D4F00416D6B | Glossary of Terms https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/about-us/international-heritage-centre/virtual-heritage-centre/who-are-thesalvation-army https://www.salvationarmy.org.za/glossary-of-terms/ | Adapted from The Salvation Army Year Book 2017 | Pages 20-22 https://www.thewarcry.org/articles/the-salvation-army-a-glossary/ https://youngsalvationist.avcvq5-liquidwebsites.com/editors-picks/symbols-of-holiness/ Te Ope Whakaora - The Army That Brings Life | Edited by Harold Hill | 2007, second printing, corrected 2017, reprinted 2021 The History of The Salvation Army - Volume 9 - 1995-2015 | Shaw Clifton | 2018 | Appendix 2 - Glossary | Page 549 The Salvation Army Year Book 2022 | Glossary of Salvation Army Terms | Pages 28-30

Acknowledgements The Heritage Centre & Archives has very much appreciated the assistance and contributions provided by many people in The Salvation Army. Thank you to Lt. Colonel Wilfred Arnold, Lt. Colonel Ian Hutson, Major David Noakes, Captains Kylie & Ralph Overbye and family, Davina Plummer and family, Major Kingsley Sampson, Mike & Dorothy Savage, Major Garth Stevenson, David Wells, the staff of the Heritage Centre & Archives and to all other helpful observations.

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Salvation is our motto, Salvation is our song...

James Slack (c1888)

The Salvation Army New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga & Samoa Heritage Centre & Archives

140 YEARS (1883-2023) in New Zealand