3D PRINTED ARCHITECTURE
AN EXPLORATION OF ON-SITE 3D PRINTING
NSAD 2017
3D PRINTED ARCHITECTURE
AN EXPLORATION OF ON-SITE 3D PRINTING
Salvador Vicente
Published by Salvador Vicente Printed and bound by Clearstory 8320 Miramar Mall, San Diego CA 92121 Cover = Adhesive Backed Siena, Photo Paper Luster Text = Finch Fine Id Ultra Smooth 80Cv Š Salvador Vicente
3D PRINTED ARCHITECTURE
A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of
The NewSchool of Architecture & Design
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Bachelor of Architecture
by Salvador Vicente June 2017 San Diego, CA
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THESIS ABSTRACT
Architecture has always been connected to the development of technology and building methods. Throughout the history of architecture, there has been a definite change in how society has built. Currently on site 3D printing, promises to be yet another step in how we build. The expansion of full scale 3D printing in construction is just beginning and there are numerous challenges that must be addressed. One issue is how to develop a self-supported structure on site and the ability to print that structure on site.
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3D PRINTED ARCHITECTURE
A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of
The NewSchool of Architecture & Design
by Salvador Vicente
Approved by:
Undergraduate Chair: Michael Stepner Date
Studio Instructor: Tom Mulica Date
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DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to my family especially my parents for all the help and support they gave me through this journey.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Tom Mulica for pushing my thesis in the direction I didn’t know I wanted to take it in. To Nubia Herrera for putting up sitting next to me and listening to the awesome music I play. To my printers and computer for pushing through the end and not giving up on me when I needed them.
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Title Page
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 figure 1. 11
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Copyright Page
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Abstract
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Signature Page
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Dedication
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Acknowledgments
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Table of Contents
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
page 133
APPENDICES
page 135
INTRODUCTION TO ESSAY
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THESIS ESSAY
Problem Statement
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History 13
Critical Position
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Objective 15
Thesis Statement
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Integration 17
Intention 10
Materiality 19
Development 10
Unresolved 21
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Approach 10
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CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODS
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DESIGN PROTOTYPE
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CONCLUSION 83
Case Studies
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Angle Optimization
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Prototype 2
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Form Studies
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Model 1
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Prototype 3
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Model 2
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Prototype 4
102
Model 3
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Prototype 5
110
Model 4
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Prototype 6
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Prototype 1
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Statement of Learning
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INTRODUCTION TO ESSAY
figure 2.
Right Elevation of Prototype 1
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1 Problem Statement On-site 3D printing, has reached a milestone since the development of 3D printing in 1981. The advancement in concrete mixtures and practices has led to the greater implementation of on-site 3D printing. However current forms of on-site 3D printing lack the capabilities needed to be developed on-site without the need for secondary infrastructure. This secondary structure costs time and money to erect and take down. What are the capabilities needed for a 3D printed self-supported concrete structure on-site?
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1 Critical Position Currently the making of a 3D printed building on site is uneconomical and is therefore creating a roadblock towards standard use and practice. By removing the need for a support structure that is used by traditional construction, to achieve a thin shell concrete structure, it will save viable resources. Infrastructure for 3D printing requires time and money to be implemented on-site, by having it be part of the print/build process it can greatly improve the adoption of on-site 3D printing as a viable construction method.
figure 3.
Illustration portraying typical construction of a building
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1 Thesis Statement 3D printing in Architecture promises to be the next leap in building technology. Challenging the current building methods and demonstrating a future development that will both save time, money and create a greater efficiency of natural resources. Yet many hurdles exist towards making this a common building practice. They include the materiality and strength of the printed structure, the strength and mixture of the printed concrete, and the characteristics and limitations of the on-site 3D printer. This thesis proposes to explore the structure needed to achieve an unsupported structure as well as what forms would look like with this process of construction.
figure 4.
Illustration of a 3D printing on-site production concept
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1 Intention
Development
Approach
To explore the limitations of on-site 3D printing to establish a complex understanding of how it can be a viable in architecture.
With the limitations of scale and materiality, the implementation of desktop 3D printers will be a vital source of exploration. The usage of desktop 3D printers will help understand what the limitations are for on-site 3D printing at scale. This will allow for the experimentation and prototyping necessary to understand full scale 3D printing. The implementation of self-supported
The thesis will be focusing on the implementation and challenges of on-site 3D printing. Designs will be derived from case studies to show the capabilities and possibilities by this method of construction. Issues and unresolved parts of the on-site printing process will be documented for the future study.
structure into the models will give a general understanding of what can happen at scale but the limitations of materiality and equipment cannot account for the weight associated at true scale. These scaled models with be a basis of understanding of structure and how its implemented to adapt to different forms
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THESIS ESSAY
figure 5.
Front and Right Elevation of Prototype 2
History
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3D printing originated in 1981, when “Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute published his account of a functional rapid prototyping system using photopolymers” (Goldberg, 2014). In 1984 Charles Hull, invented stereolithography, which uses a laser and resin to create a tangible object in layers. This provided inventors the ability to design and prototype in an efficient way. 3D Systems, Charles Hull’s company, developed the world’s first stereolithographic apparatus (SLA) machine. A startup named DTM produced the first selective laser sintering (SLS) machine which uses powder material instead of a liquid to develop the part. From 1999-2010 3d printing produced figure 6.
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The development and maturity of 3d printing.
the first printed organ in a human, functional miniature kidney, prosthetic leg, bioprinted the first blood vessel, and the creation of the open source market. The RepRap Project by Dr. Adrian Bowyer in 2005 lead to what many know as 3d printing today. These are the printers that were first available to the average consumer. It gave the ability for people to print at home. Today the price has gone down and the accuracy of 3d printing has improved dramatically. There is also the advancement in materiality with the ability to print in, wood, metal, carbon fiber, plastic and many more that are currently being developed.
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Objective
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The experimentations in small scale 3d printing will lead to development within large scale 3d printing. What is learned from small scale 3D printing will help resolve and change some of the issues associated with large scale on-site 3D printing. By developing a list of requirements to design for large scale 3D printing will help achieve a successful on-site 3D print. “The form--a direct outcome of the fabrication method--gives the building stability and the capability to resist wind loads. Curiously, the printed material has a grain like wood and is therefore stronger in one direction than the other. So, to prevent cracking in the weaker direction, the one perpendicular to the grain, the structure includes
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figure 7.
3D printing portraying a human in a factory.
post-tensioning tendons that run along the full length of the shelter.� (Gonchar, 2016) Understanding how the printing process works gives a better understanding on how to design walls, columns, beams, etc. To achieve this one must first know the strength and disadvantages of 3D printing in order to create a building design for 3D printing. For instance, “traditional materials, such as clay, collude with 3D technologies to create a radically new (and affordable) approach to building.� (Bishop, 2015). With the advancements in 3D printing material and the combination at which they can be used in, gives the opportunity to combine and mix material to form a stronger figure 8.
An illustration of what 3D printing food will be in the future.
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bond. This combination could allow for functional issues such as strength to be resolved. It also opens the possibility for aesthetic exploration. 16
Integration
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With the integration of new technologies in the design process 3d printing has become more relevant to establish a more refined model of the building. “As BIM has become far better established, the workflow to produce 3D-printed buildings has become more an outcome of the modeling process itself.� (Clark, 2014) With small scale 3D printing being integrated in the design process of building design, the gap between revisions is small and leads to a better understanding of the final model. Development of on-site 3D printing would benefit from the integration of small scale 3D printing because the final model would be a refined model that has been changed and modified to benefit the building process. By having a design process that continually prints small scale model to understand the characteristics of the final built model on-site.
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figure 9.
Progress picture of model 3 printing without supports.
The build process would be able to be experimented on a small scale before running the full-scale model. Problems would be able to be figured out before they happened and movements of the printer would be able to be defined and optimized for the print. There are issues that relate to scale arise when you move from the desktop printer to the on-site printer. Materiality is a factor that can be tested but as the model gets bigger gravity has a bigger effect on the model causing issues that were not present at the smaller scale. The small-scale models provide some understanding but they cannot provide an accurate assessment of what the material will do at full scale. By using the same materials in the small-scale models the
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understanding could be clearer as material properties could be tested and refined within the model.
figure 10. Close up of model 3 pushing the limits of the integrated support structure.
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Materiality
Technological advancements in material design and the composition that joins material together has drastically changed the quantity and types of material that can be printed. Materials can be engineered to meet certain criteria and be designed to provide maximum strength when printed. “Most 3D printing materials were originally developed to use in 3D printing relatively small objects, and not large-scale ones. But interdisciplinary research can help develop new architectural additive manufacturing methods. Ronald Rael CEO of Emerging Objects explained at the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS) Annual Meeting that he is working on developing new materials, which will be able to get around the costs, and scale, of 3D printing on a 1:1 construction scale.� (Saunders, 2017) Advancements in the materiality of 3D printing will help shape how and what we 3D print on site. Adapting materials created 19
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figure 11.
figure 13.
Colorfabb XT-CF20, Carbon fiber infused plastic, 20% carbon fiber strands
Colorfabb Woodfill, contains wood particles, can be sanded and stained
figure 12.
Colorfabb Brassfill, 20% brass 80% plastic, heavier than normal plastic and its polishable.
figure 14.
Colorfabb Steelfill, gives the appearance, weight of steel
figure 15.
Involute Wall by Emerging Objects, made from sand to serve as thermal mass
figure 16. Wood Block by Emerging Objects, 3D printed wood as a possible building material
for small scale 3D printing into ones that can be utilized at full scale would be a cost-effective method for construction because of the less waste used compared to traditional construction. Materials such as carbon fiber are combined with a co-polyester composite to create a material that is strong and rigid when printed. This material is used for advance prototyping where strength is needed for the part not to fail or crack. The material is usually made of 20% carbon fibers and lacks the look of a finished carbon fiber part. The other 80% is made from co-polyester composites that alone are strong and durable. By combing materials together, a stronger and more durable material is developed. Another example involves adding nylon with carbon fiber which
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creates a material that has a tensile strength of 9,267 psi. 3DXTech sampled a variety of carbon fiber mixtures to determine strength, stiffness, and heat gain. figure 17.
GCODE.Clay by Emerging Objects, 3D printed objects in various clays.
figure 18.
Quake Column by Emerging Objects, 3D printed building components can create seismically resistant structures.
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Unresolved
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Through this thesis a variety of issues arose due to scale and resource limitations. These questions are ones that cannot be answered until further experimentation and at a larger scale. Without a larger scale, we cannot determine if the plastic that is being used can support the concrete that is being printed on top of it. We know the plastic is strong but what we don’t know is it can hold up concrete before its done hardening. This would require further development with both the plastic and the concrete. The consistency of the concrete should be a clay like consistency. This would allow for the concrete to be extruded and for it to stay where it was laid.
figure 19.
figure 21.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, 3D printed concrete pavilion
figure 20.
Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, Concrete 3D printer
Andrey Rudenko testing his concrete 3D printer inside his garage. Developing the right consistency for the concrete to print properly
Issues
- Scale - Material strength - Material Properties - Concrete mixture - Concrete Processing - Concrete working time - Structure - Foundation Integration
figure 22.
figure 23.
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Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, Concrete 3D printer
Winsun 3D printing components for there next housing project
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RESEARCH METHODS
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figure 24.
Front & Right Elevation of Prototype 3
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CASE STUDIES
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The Printed Villa HuaShang Tengda 400m square villa printed on site in 45 days Beijing, China
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figure 25.
figure 26.
Printed Villa showing the printer components as well as support members for the windows
figure 27.
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Finished front portion of the Printed Villa
The framing of the rebar before the printer passes over it with the concrete
figure 28.
figure 29.
An illustration breaking down parts of the printer
Surface texture from the 3D printer before finishing the surface
figure 30.
The 3D printer in progress printing around the rebar with two nozzles.
The printed villa is a project that was done by the Chinese construction company HuaShang Tengda which completely 3D printed a 400 square-meter two-story house in just 45 days. Typically, a house of this size would approximately take six or seven months to complete. The building is printed on-site with a unique process and printer. The rebar and plumbing are laid in before the printing starts. The printer prints around the rebar crating a strong bond between the rebar and concrete. HuaShang Tengda’s main competitor WinSun prints the building parts in a factory then transports them to the site to be assembled. HuaShang Tengda’s process saves time from transportation and assembly that is needed by WinSun. The printing material is ordinary Class C30 concrete, an extremely tough, durable yet inexpensive material. The walls were 250cm-thich and testing showed that they can withstand an earthquake as strong as 8 on the Richter scale.
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MX3D Bridge Joris Laarman Lab – Design MX3D – Engineers, software, robots Amsterdam, Netherlands
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figure 31.
Concept render demonstrating the robots in action
figure 32.
A robot going through the printing process
figure 33.
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MX3D crew evaluating robot
figure 34.
figure 35.
MX3D robot printing horizontal members out of metal.
Break down of MX3D printing process
MX3D is pushing the boundary of 3d printing by being able to print horizontal members out of metal. There process involves a robot that has an attachment that resembles a MIG welder. The robot keeps adding more material by welding it onto the end making a continuous metal part. The 6-axis robot can maneuver its self unlike traditional 3D printer which are usually limited to a box shape. The bridge is expected to be built over the Oudezijds Achterburgwal canal in Amsterdam. This will demonstrate the technology, strength and efficiency that can be achieved with this process of construction. With the support and software from Autodesk the robots can weld metal or print resin in mid-air. Without support structures or size constraints. The project has been in the development stages and has been making progress toward building the bridge. The bridge will be printed offsite due to the amount of foot traffic around the site area, but people will be able to see the progress of the printing at another site, the bridge will eventually be moved to the canal.
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Landscape House Universe Architecture – Design & Development D Shape – 3D Printer Amsterdam, Netherlands
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figure 36.
figure 37.
Landscape house model showing the roof becoming the floor
figure 38.
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Right Elevation of Landscape House
Robot used to create scaled models of Landscape house
figure 39.
figure 40.
A closer look of the bend occurring at the ends of the model
A break down of the process used
The Landscape House is a design by Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijssenaars, which was not designed with 3D printing in mind. He quickly realized that to make his creation a reality he had to adapt to the innovations that were present. To create this building they had to develop a 3D printer that was inspired by D-Shape printer. The printer uses a liquid to bond sand together to create a solid object. Since the model is printed within a sand enclosure the sand acts as support for the model and the printing process is taking place. When the sand is removed, the structure is hardened and can support its own weight. The building creates an endless loop as if the building where just one surface. The roof becomes the floor and the floor becomes the roof. The printer is linked to the automotive industry robots and was developed with a collaboration between Eindhoven robotics company Acotech. The printer is cable of printing both stone and concrete as well as other materials of a powder base.
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Lewis Grand Hotel Extension Andrey Rudenko : Design & 3D printing technology Angeles City Pampanga, Philippines 2014
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figure 41.
A close up at the head of the printer developed by Andrey Rudenko
figure 42.
Piping is laid down into place and printer is put on hold while this finishes
figure 43.
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A wider view of the printing progress
figure 44.
figure 45.
Main entrance into the extension.
Printing process broken down into stages
The Lewis Grand Hotel is owned and operated by Lewis Yakich, a remarkable entrepreneur, “he has an eye for the innovative, the profitable and the unusual, is definitely proven by his decision to 3D print this new extension to his hotel.�(Alec, 2015) Andrey Rudenko was hired to do the job which took months to put together and transport the major components from the United States to the Philippines. Andrey Rudenko is well known for a project he did during the summer of 2014 in which he 3D printed a large-scale castle. He pioneered his own concrete 3D printing method. The project used local resources to create the right mixture of concrete to be used for the printer. The size of the extension to the hotel is 10.5 meters by 12.5 meters by 3 meters tall. The extension is used as a party house and is the first 3D printed hotel in the world. The printing took approximately 100 hours but not including the stops needed to install plumbing, electrical and rebar.
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Hadrian X Fastbrick Robotics Perth, Australia
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figure 46.
An illustration demonstrating the reach and capabilities of Hadrian X
figure 47.
Close up of the mechanism that glues and lays the bricks down
figure 48.
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Demonstration of the machine at work.
figure 49.
figure 50.
Picture of Hadrian X and its long reaching hand.
Illustrations showing the Hadrian X in different modes
Hadrian X is a brick laying robot “capable of building up houses and structures brick-bybrick at a rate of 1,000 bricks per hour—twice what a human bricklayer does in a day.� (Tess, 2016) The Hadrian X uses material that are compliant with existing regulatory requirements. While the Hadrian is not a typical 3D printer is uses the same principle as a 3D printer by building layer by layer. The bricks are also unique as they only require adhesive on the top and bottom because of the interlocking perpendicular joints. This machine will provide significant time and cost savings to construction. Hadrian X can achieve a great deal of accuracy by using 3D CAD files allowing for components to be manufactured beforehand rather than waiting for the brick to be laid to measure for components.
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Minibuilders Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia Barcelona, Spain
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figure 51.
The grip robot holding onto the printed wall and building it up as it goes along.
figure 52. Foundation robot laying out the foundation.
figure 53.
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Wider view of the grip robot
figure 54.
figure 55.
figure 56.
Progress picture of the grip robot moving along
The grip robot showing the extruder as well and the hardening method used.
figure 57.
The vacuum robot finishing the surface of the model
figure 58.
Progress picture of the printing process
Concept illustrations of the printing process
Minibuilders shows how an army of robots can build a building without the need for a giant printer. These robots have specific tasks and work as a team to complete a form. A foundation robot starts the process by building the foundation and laying a strong base for the building. The Grip robot grips onto the form of the wall and starts laying out most the wall by using what was printed before to continue building up. The Vacuum robot grips to the wall and starts to finish the surface of the structure. The purpose of this robot is to reinforce the structure by printing almost perpendicular to what was printed before. These robots working together can produce a large-scale print without the need for a large-scale printer. With an army of these robots working together a building can be built quicker than having a large-scale printer put on site and set up.
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House in One Day Apis Cor 3D Printing Startup PIK Russian real estate developer Stupino, Russia/ San Francisco, CA, USA
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figure 59.
Apis Cor robot printing in Russia during winter
figure 60.
figure 61.
figure 62.
figure 63.
Finishing of the 3D printed house
Close up showing the integration of the printing process with the foundation
figure 64.
Apis Cor Printing process
Apis Cor Printer
Printing progress of the Apis Cor
Apis Cor is a 3D printing startup based in San Francisco and with the help from Russian real estate developer PIK they have printed a house in one day in Stupino, Russia. The mobile printer sits in the middle of the forms its prints and has a boom arm that can expend a reach farther making it easier to expand the building. The company also developed an automatic mix and supply unit to supply the printer with a continuous flow of material. The printing was also done during the peak of winter in Russia making the printing difficult but showcasing the capabilities of the Apis Cor 3D printer. The whole building turned out to be 38 square meters and only costing $10,134 or approximately $275 per square meter. This creates a 70% savings compared to traditional construction.
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FORM STUDIES
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Chapel Lomas De Cuernavaca Felix Candela Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico Built 1958
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The Chapel Lomas De Cuernavaca is one of Felix Candela greatest work. The structure represents the passion that Felix Candela had for form and his many experimentation with the saddle type of hyperbolic paraboloid. He designed the structure with the help of architects Guillermo Rossel and Manuel Larrosa. Candela was transforming architecture into structural art. The double curvature of the saddle shape gives it its strength and the advantage of straight lines to build the form helped Candela achieve this structure needed. Most of the structure was made of 4 centimeters of concrete thick and it increased towards the side of the form. To develop the structure supports had to be put in to support the shape while they poured the concrete.
figure 65.
Finished Chapel Loma De Cuernavaca
figure 66. Progress picture of the Chapel Loma De Cuernavaca
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3D Printing Interpretation Study
figure 67.
3D printing component breakdown
Shell Structure Supporting Membrane Support Structure
figure 68.
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Form study analysis
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Lotus Temple Fariborz Sahba New Delhi, India Built 1986
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The temple is a House of Worship and it honors India’s cultural heritage. During his search for inspirations Sanba discovered the significance of the lotus flower to India and its people. The temple consist of 27 free-standing marble-clad petals arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides, The geometric structure of the temple was so complex it took eighteen months to create production drawings. “Externally, the building is clad with 10,000 square meters of white Pentelikon—the same marble used for The Parthenon in Athens, Greece.” (Taghdiri, 2015) The infrastructure needed to support and construct the temple was massive and required secondary structures to support the weight that was going to be put on it.
figure 69.
figure 70.
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Finished Lotus Temple
In progress photo of the Lotus Temple
3D Printing Interpretation Study
figure 72.
3D printing component breakdown
Shell Structure Supporting Membrane Support Structure
figure 71.
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Form study analysis
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Heydar Aliyev Center Zaha Hadid Architects Baku, Azerbaijan Built 2013
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The center was designed to become the primary building for the nation’s cultural programs. The building was commissioned to break up the Soviet architecture that was prevalent in Baku. The design of the building has a continuous flow between the surrounding plaza and the building’s interior. The structure of the building consists of a concrete structure combined with a space frame system. To avoid columns and provide wide spans, vertical elements are absorbs by the skins and the curtain wall systems. The space frame used enabled the construction of a free-form structure and saved a significant time throughout the construction process. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester (GFRP) were chosen as ideal cladding materials, as they allow for the powerful plasticity of the building’s design while responding to very different functional demands related to a variety of situations: plaza, transitional zones and envelope.
figure 73.
Finished Heydar Aliyev Center
figure 74.
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Progress photo of Heydar Aliyev Center
3D Printing Interpretation Study
figure 76.
3D printing component breakdown
Shell Structure Supporting Membrane Support Structure
figure 75.
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Form study analysis
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Los Manantiales Restaurant at Xochimilco Felix Candela Xochimilco, Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico Built 1958
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Felix Candela established an international reputation as the foremost shell builder, he demonstrated to the world his artistry and technical side. The iconic shape of Los Manantiales was derived though continued geometric investigation. “The roof is a circular array of four curvededge hyper saddles that intersect at the center point, resulting in an eight-sided groined vault.” (Miller, 2014) This creates the structural component of the building and how Candela can achieve a thin shell concrete structure. The forces are carried along the seams towards the outside. The seams are reinforced with steel to create hidden “V” beams. The thickness of the shell can be 4cm thick because of the very smart and well organized load distribution. Narrow boards were used a frame work to achieve the surface. This was Candelas first groin vault structure but it wasn’t his last. He used the form again in Spain.
figure 77.
figure 78.
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Candela’s finished groin vault in Spain
Candela’s in process groin vault in Spain
3D Printing Interpretation Study
figure 80.
3D printing component breakdown
Shell Structure Supporting Membrane Support Structure
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figure 79.
Form study analysis
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RESULTS / DESIGN PROTOTYPE
figure 81.
Front Right Elevation of Prototype 4
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Printing Angle Optimization
90°
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65°
55°
Printable A printable angle will be one that stays rigid when printing and doesn’t show signs of deformation.
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45°
35°
25°
figure 82.
Printing angle optimization diagram
Non-Printable
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A non printable angle would be one that the material can no longer support its self and gravity has taken its affect on it
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figure 83.
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Physical Model 1
Model 1 Model 1 was a study in order to understand what the limitations and challenges associated with 3D printing without support material.
figure 84.
Model 1 perspective
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figure 85.
Front view of Model 1
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figure 86.
Physical Model 2
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Model 2 Model 2 takes what was learned from Model 1 and implements it on the a structural wall and floor concept. The idea of implementation on a traditional building and the ability to print the floors along with the walls
figure 87.
Font view Model 2
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figure 88.
Perspective Model 2
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figure 89. Physical Model 3
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Model 3 Model 3 takes a different approach at the structure and focuses on the ability to print a surfaces at multiple angles and the ability to be self supported. Focusing on a two directional support helped make the structure stable and better to print figure 90.
Front view Model 3
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figure 91.
Perspective Model 3
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figure 92.
Physical Model 4
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Model 4 Model 4 implements Model 3 into a self-supported shell structure. The ability to be printed on site without the need for supports or any secondary structure.
figure 93.
Front view Model 4
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figure 94.
Perspective Model 4
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Pavilion 4
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Parameters - A pavilion for hosting Maker Fairs/ Conventions -Open Space for booths - Multiple entrances/ exits with a grand main entrance - Natural lighting from the top of the structure -3D printed sub-structure + concrete structure. - Recyclable and reusable -Self Supported
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figure 95.
The prototype 1 is derived from the form studies and the idea of a shell structure. The form is a combination of what was learned from recreating of the case studies but also what was sought fit in order for the structure to be printed on site and be able to support the concrete that is being printed on top of the structure. With the parameters for the structure the design was able to achieve a span without the use of secondary infrastructure
Form Development for Prototype 1
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figure 96.
Layering of concrete 3D printing
Foundation to structure connection
figure 99.
Image of Rebar
Concrete used for structure
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Nylon fiber strands
figure 98.
Carbon Fiber strands
Nylon filament blended with carbon fiber strands Creates a strong and tough material 67
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figure 100.
Breakdown of structural components
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Right Elevation
4 figure 101.
Right Elevation of Prototype 1
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Front Elevation
4 figure 102.
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Front View of Prototype 1
Top View
4 figure 103.
Top View of Prototype 1
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FIBER CONCRETE EXTRUDED CARBON FIBER EXTRUDED NYLON INFUSED PLASTIC
4 figure 104.
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Section of Structural components
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figure 105.
Axo of structural components
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4 figure 106.
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Render of inside Prototype 1
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Render front Elevation of Prototype 1
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4 figure 108.
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Inside render of Prototype 1
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Perspective render of Prototype 1
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4 figure 110.
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Top view render of Prototype 1
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Render from back of Prototype 1
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figure 113.
Physical model of Prototype 1
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figure 112.
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Physical model of Prototype 1
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Physical model of Prototype 1
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CONCLUSION
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figure 115.
Front & Right Elevation of Prototype 5
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Conoid
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Prototype 2 is based on a conoid to form a structure for an amphitheater. The shape allows for two open ends with on side bigger that the other it creates a center point form the amphitheater and projects what is going on inside. figure 116.
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figure 117.
Rear perspective render of Prototype 2
Front perspective render of Prototype 2
figure 119.
Side perspective render of Prototype 2
figure 118.
Top view render of Prototype 2
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figure 120.
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Interior render of Prototype 2
figure 121.
Right side perspective render of Prototype 2
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figure 123.
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Physical model of Prototype 2
figure 122. Physical model of Prototype 2
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figure 124.
figure 125.
Physical model of Prototype 2
Physical model of Prototype 2
figure 126.
Physical model of Prototype 2
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Canopy
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Prototype 3 uses the shape of a canopy to build upon and is used to show how a building with straight walls and pitched roofs would resemble and how the integration of the structure flows into the roof. figure 127.
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figure 128.
Aerial perspective render of Prototype 3
Interior perspective render of Prototype 3
figure 130.
Exterior perspective of Prototype 3
figure 129.
Top view render of Prototype 3
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figure 131.
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Front perspective render of Prototype 3
figure 132. Upper interior render of Prototype 3
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figure 133.
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figure 134.
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Physical model of Prototype 3
Physical model of Prototype 3
figure 135.
figure 136.
Physical model of Prototype 3
Physical model of Prototype 3
figure 137.
Physical model of Prototype 3
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Dome
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Prototype 4 is based on a dome and uses its shape to create a strong structure. The structure follows the dome while the concrete exterior moves its point up and away from the structure. The concrete is not covering the gaps created by the structure in order to create a open space underneath. figure 138. Top view render of Prototype 4
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figure 139.
Side perspective render of Prototype 4
figure 141.
Side perspective render of Prototype 4
figure 140.
Aerial perspective of Prototype 4
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figure 142.
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Side perspective render of Prototype 4
figure 143.
Side perspective render of Prototype 4
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figure 144. Physical model of Prototype 4
figure 146.
figure 145.
figure 147.
Physical model of Prototype 4
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Physical model of Prototype 4
Physical model of Prototype 4
figure 148. Physical model of Prototype 4
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Hyperbola
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Prototype 5 focuses on a hyperbolic parabola but also carries characteristics of a dome. The center is pushed out and rounded like a dome and the sides form the hyperbolic part of the structure.
figure 149. Aerial perspective render of Prototype 5
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figure 150. Front view render of Prototype 5
figure 151. Interior perspective render of Prototype 5
figure 152. Top view render of Prototype 5
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figure 153.
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Side perspective render of Prototype 5
figure 154. Top interior render of Prototype 5
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figure 155.
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figure 156.
Physical model of Prototype 5
Physical model of Prototype 5
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figure 157.
figure 158.
Physical model of Prototype 5
Physical model of Prototype 5
figure 159.
Physical model of Prototype 5
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Arch
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Prototype 6 uses the basis of an arch to create an entry way. It combines a bulged arch with a steep arch. A narrow entry turns into a bigger one while walking through it.
figure 160.
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Right Elevation render of Prototype 6
figure 161.
Front elevation render of Prototype 6
figure 162. Perspective render of Prototype 6
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figure 163.
Close up view of printed parts for Prototype 6
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figure 164. Close up view of printed parts for Prototype 6
figure 165. Testing of concrete layered on structure for Prototype 6
figure 166.
Testing of concrete layered on structure for Prototype 6
figure 167.
Testing of concrete layered on structure for Prototype 6
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figure 168. Physical section of Prototype 6
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figure 169. Physical front view section of Prototype 6
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figure 172.
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figure 170. Side view of physical model for Prototype 6
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figure 171.
Close up view of physical model for Prototype 6
Close up view of physical model for Prototype 6
model picture grad show
figure 173.
Finished Physical model of Prototype 6 presented at the Grad Show
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model picture grad show
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figure 174.
Finished Physical model of Prototype 6 presented at the Grad Show
model picture grad show
figure 175.
Models Presented at the Grad Show
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figure 176.
8th Week Final Presentation Board Pin up
Statement of Learning/Final Thoughts 3D Printed Architecture was a struggle to understand where it wanted to go as a thesis. It took many mistake and long nights of thinking to understand where it needed to go, to have a successful thesis. The limitations of scale were a hard one to overcome because of the issues that needed to be figured out and not having the right tools and machines to get a grasp of how 3D printing on-site would be. During the final review questions arose about why the project was not taken further than forms that can be built today. Pushing the limitations and showing what the possibilities could be of this process. This is an aspect that wanted to be explored but without the proper resources the project wouldn’t be successful. Further research and experimentation needs to take place for the project to go to the next step. First the thesis needs to be established at what the current limits are, then the project can expand and push those limitations and understand where this process of construction can lead to. 130
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Bibliography & Appendix
Bibliography Alec. (2015, September 8). Lewis Grand Hotel teams with Andrey Rudenko to develop world’s first 3D printed hotel, planning construction of homes. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from http://www.3ders.org/articles/20150909-lewis-grand-hotel- andrey-rudenko-to-develop-worlds-first-3d-printed-hotel.html Alec. (2016, June 27). TU Eindhoven students unveil stylish 2m tall 3D printed concrete pavilion. Retrieved May 30, 2017, from http://www.3ders.org/ articles/20160627-tu-eindhoven-students-unveil-stylish-2m-tall-3d-printed- concrete-pavilion.html Bari, O. (2017, March 13). Build Your Own 3D Printed House, All in One Day. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/806742/ build-your-own-3d-printed-house-all-in-one-day BISHOP, D. (2015). Pushing Print. American Craft, 75(4), 16-17. Clark, T. (2014). Use of 3D printing up 400 per cent over past year, says leading modeler. Architects’ Journal, 240(1), 13 Fung, E. (2014, April 15). Rapid Construction, China Style: 10 Houses in 24 Hours. Retrieved May 30, 2017, from https://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2014/04/15/ how-a-chinese-company-built-10-homes-in-24-hours/?mod=e2fb Goldberg, D. (2014, September 4). History of 3D Printing: It’s Older Than You Think. Retrieved November 04, 2016, from https://redshift.autodesk.com/ history-of-3d-printing/ Gonchar, J. (2016). Beyond the Prototype. Architectural Record, 204(5), 192-198. Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid Architects. (2013, November 13). Retrieved June 1, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/448774/ heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects Krassenstein, B. (2014, June 17). Researchers Develop Minibuilders, Tiny Robots Capable of 3D Printing Large Buildings. Retrieved May 30, 2017, from https://3dprint.com/6340/minibuilders-3d-print-robots/ 133
McCue, T. (2016, April 25). Wohlers Report 2016: 3D Printing Industry Surpassed $5.1 Billion. Retrieved May 28, 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2016/04/25/ wohlers-report-2016-3d-printer-industry-surpassed-5-1-billion/#4b5479c319a0 Miller, M. (2014, April 13). AD Classics: Los Manantiales / Felix Candela. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/496202/ ad-classics-los-manantiales-felix-candela Millsaps, B. B. (2016, June 13). The Landscape House Now Underway, 3D Printed by Massive Free-Form Robotic 3D Builder. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from https://3dprint.com/138208/landscape-house-bam-3d-printer/ Millsaps, B. (2016, June 27). Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e) Unveils Massive Robotic Concrete 3D Printer, Displays New Pavilion. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from https://3dprint.com/139988/tue-concrete-3d-printer-pavilion/ Molitch-Hou, M. (2015, October 16). Construction of World’s 1st 3D Printed Bridge Begins in Amsterdam. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from https://3dprintingindustry. com/news/construction-of-worlds-1st-3d-printed-bridge-begins-in- amsterdam-60110/ Saunders, S. (2017, March 01). Digital Fabrication in Architecture and 3D Printing Materials in Focus at AAAS Annual Meeting. Retrieved May 25, 2017, from https://3dprint.com/166436/digital-fabrication-architecture/ Scott, C. (2016, June 16). Chinese Construction Company 3D Prints an Entire Two- Story House On-Site in 45 Days. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from https://3dprint. com/138664/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house/ Taghdiri, C. (2015, April). The Architect of Bahai Lotus Temple Delhi Reveals Design Idea. Retrieved June 1, 2017, from http://www.finehomesandliving.com/ The-Architect-of-Bahai-Lotus-Temple-Delhi-Reveals-Design-Idea/ Tess. (2016, October 31). Hadrian X, Australia’s bricklaying 3D printer robot, gets go-ahead from local council. Retrieved June 2, 2017, from http://www.3ders. org/articles/20161031-hadrian-x-australias-bricklaying-3d-printer-robot-gets- go-ahead-from-local-council.html Updated Test Data on Carbon Fiber Filaments. (2016, April 8). Retrieved June 4, 2017, from http://www.3dxtech.com/blog/ updated-test-data-on-carbon-fiber-filaments/ 134
Appendix figure 1. Right Elevation of Prototype 1 1 by Salvador Vicente figure 2. Illustration portraying typical construction of a building 6 by Salvador Vicente figure 3. Illustration of a 3D printing on-site production concept 8 by Salvador Vicente figure 4. Front and Right Elevation of Prototype 2 12 by Salvador Vicente figure 5. The development and maturity of 3d printing. 13 retrieved from: https://redshift.autodesk.com/history-of-3d-printing/ figure 6. 3D printing portraying a human in a factory. 15 retrieved from: https://redshift.autodesk.com/history-of-3d-printing/ figure 7. An illustration of what 3D printing food will be in the future. 16 retrieved from: https://redshift.autodesk.com/history-of-3d-printing/ figure 8. Progress picture of model 3 printing without supports. 17 by Salvador Vicente figure 9.Close up of model 3 pushing the limits of the integrated support structure. 18 by Salvador Vicente figure 10. Colorfabb XT-CF20, Carbon fiber infused plastic, 20% carbon fiber strands 19 retrieved from: http://colorfabb.com/ figure 12. Colorfabb Woodfill, contains wood particles, can be sanded and stained 19 retrieved from: http://colorfabb.com/ figure 11. Colorfabb Brassfill, 20% brass 80% plastic, heavier than normal plastic and its polishable. 19 retrieved from: http://colorfabb.com/ figure 13. Colorfabb Steelfill, gives the appearance, weight of steel 19 retrieved from: http://colorfabb.com/ figure 14. Involute Wall by Emerging Objects, made from sand to serve as thermal mass 20 retrieved from: http://www.emergingobjects.com/ figure 16. GCODE.Clay by Emerging Objects, 3D printed objexts in various clays. 20 retrieved from: http://www.emergingobjects.com/ figure 15.Wood Block by Emerging Objects, 3D printed wood as a possible building material 20 retrieved from: http://www.emergingobjects.com/ figure 17. Quake Column by Emerging Objects, 3D printed building components can create seismically resistant structures. 20 retrieved from: http://www.emergingobjects.com/ figure 18. Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, 3D printed concrete pavilion 21 retrieved from: http://www.3ders.org/articles/20160627-tu-eindhoven-students-unveil-stylish-2m-tall-3d-printed-concrete-pavilion.html figure 20. Andrey Rudenko testing his concrete 3D printer inside his garage. Developing the right consistency for the concrete to print properly 21 retrieved from: http://www.totalkustom.com/photo.html figure 19. Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, Concrete 3D printer 21 retrieved from: http://www.3ders.org/articles/20160627-tu-eindhoven-students-unveil-stylish-2m-tall-3d-printed-concrete-pavilion.html figure 21. Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, Concrete 3D printer 22 retrieved from: http://www.3ders.org/articles/20160627-tu-eindhoven-students-unveil-stylish-2m-tall-3d-printed-concrete-pavilion.html figure 22. Winsun 3D printing components for there next housing project 22 retrieved from: http://www.designboom.com/technology/3d-printed-houses-in-24-hours-04-24-2014/ figure 23. Front & Right Elevation of Prototype 3 24 by Salvador Vicente figure 24. Printed Villa showing the printer components as well as support members for the windows 27 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138664/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house/ figure 25. Finished front portion of the Printed Villa 27 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138664/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house/ figure 26. The framing of the rebar before the printer passes over it with the concrete 27
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retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138664/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house/ figure 27. An illustration breaking down parts of the printer 28 by Salvador Vicente figure 28. Surface texture from the 3D printer before finishing the surface 28 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138664/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house/ figure 29. The 3D printer in progress printing around the rebar with two nozzles. 28 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138664/huashang-tengda-3d-print-house/ figure 30. Concept render demonstrating the robots in action 29 retrieved from: http://mx3d.com/projects/bridge/ figure 31.A robot going throught the printing process 29 retrieved from: http://mx3d.com/projects/bridge/ figure 32. MX3D crew evaluating robot 29 retrieved from: http://mx3d.com/projects/bridge/ figure 34. MX3D robot printing horizontal members out of metal. 30 retrieved from: http://mx3d.com/projects/bridge/ figure 33. Break down of MX3D printing process 30 by Salvador Vicente figure 35. Landscape house model showing the roof becoming the floor 31 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138208/landscape-house-bam-3d-printer/ figure 36. Right Elevation of Landscape House 31 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138208/landscape-house-bam-3d-printer/ figure 37. Robot used to create scaled models of Landscape house 31 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138208/landscape-house-bam-3d-printer/ figure 39. A closer look of the bend ocuring at the ends of the model 32 retrieved from: https://3dprint.com/138208/landscape-house-bam-3d-printer/ figure 38. A break down of the process used 32 by Salvador Vicente figure 40. A close up at the head of the printer developed by Andrey Rudenko 33 retrieved from: http://www.totalkustom.com/3d-printed-hotel-suite.html figure 41. Piping is laid down into place and printer is put on hold while this finishes 33 retrieved from: http://www.totalkustom.com/3d-printed-hotel-suite.html figure 42. A wider view of the printing progress 33 retrieved from: http://www.totalkustom.com/3d-printed-hotel-suite.html figure 44. Main entrance into the extension. 34 retrieved from: http://www.totalkustom.com/3d-printed-hotel-suite.html figure 43. Printing process broken down into stages 34 by Salvador Vicente figure 45. An illustration demostrating the reach and capabilities of Hadrian X 35 retrieved from: http://www.fbr.com.au/ figure 46. Close up of the mechanism that glues and lays the bricks down 35 retrieved from: http://www.fbr.com.au/ figure 47. Demonstration of the machine at work. 35 retrieved from: http://www.fbr.com.au/ figure 49. Picture of Hadrian X and its long reaching hand. 36 retrieved from: http://www.fbr.com.au/ figure 48. Illustrations showing the Hadrian X in different modes 36 retrieved from: http://www.fbr.com.au/ figure 50. The grip robot holding onto the printed wall and building it up as it goes along. retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 51.Foundation robot laying out the foundation. 37 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/
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figure 52. Wider view of the grip robot 37 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 54. Progress picture of the grip robot moving along 38 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 55. the grip robot showing the extruder aswell and the hardening method used. 38 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 56. the vacuum robot finshing the surface of the model 38 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 57. Progress picture of theprinting process 38 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 53. Concept illustrations of the printing process 38 retrieved from: http://robots.iaac.net/ figure 58. Apis Cor robot printing in Russia during winter 39 retrieved from: http://apis-cor.com/en/ figure 60. Finishing of the 3D printed house 40 retrieved from: http://apis-cor.com/en/ figure 61. Close up showing the integration of the printing process with the foundation 40 retrieved from: http://apis-cor.com/en/ figure 62. Apis Cor Printer 40 retrieved from: http://apis-cor.com/en/ figure 63. Printing progress of the Apis Cor 40 retrieved from: http://apis-cor.com/en/ figure 59. Apis Cor Printing Process 40 retrieved from: http://apis-cor.com/en/ figure 64.Finished Chapel Loma De Cuernavaca 43 retrieved from: http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/legacy-projects/Candela/main.html figure 65.Progress picture of the Chapel Loma De Cuernavaca 43 retrieved from: http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/legacy-projects/Candela/main.html figure 66. 3D printing component breakdown 44 by Salvador Vicente figure 67. Form study analysis 44 by Salvador Vicente figure 68. Finished Lotus Temple 45 retrieved from: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/lotus-temple-bahai-house-ofworship/ figure 69. Inprogress photo of the Lotus Temple 45 retrieved from: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/lotus-temple-bahai-house-ofworship/ figure 71. 3D printing componet breakdown 46 by Salvador Vicente figure 70. Form study analysis 46 by Salvador Vicente figure 72.Finished Heydar Aliyev Center 47 retrieved from: http://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects figure 73. Progress photo of Heydar Aliyev Center 47 retrieved from: http://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects figure 75. 3D printing component breakdown 48 by Salvador Vicente figure 74. Form study analysis 48
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by Salvador Vicente figure 76. Candela’s finished groin vault in Spain 49 retrieved from: http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/legacy-projects/Candela/main.html figure 77. Candela’s in process groin vault in Spain 49 retrieved from: http://artmuseum.princeton.edu/legacy-projects/Candela/main.html figure 79. 3D printing component breakdown 50 by Salvador Vicente figure 78. Form study analysis 50 by Salvador Vicente figure 80. Front Right Elevation of Prototype 4 52 by Salvador Vicente figure 81.Printing angle optimization diagram 54 by Salvador Vicente figure 82. Physical Model 1 55 by Salvador Vicente figure 83. Model 1 perspective 56 by Salvador Vicente figure 84. Front view of Model 1 56 by Salvador Vicente figure 85.Physical Model 2 57 by Salvador Vicente figure 86.Font view Model 2 58 by Salvador Vicente figure 87.Perspective Model 2 58 by Salvador Vicente figure 88.Physical Model 3 59 by Salvador Vicente figure 89. Front view Model 3 60 by Salvador Vicente figure 90.Perspective Model 3 60 by Salvador Vicente figure 91.Physical Model 4 61 by Salvador Vicente figure 92.Front view Model 4 62 by Salvador Vicente figure 93. Perspective Model 4 62 by Salvador Vicente figure 94. Form Development for Prototype 1 66 by Salvador Vicente figure 95. Layering of concrete 3D printing 67 retrieved from: http://www.xtreee.eu/projects/ figure 96.Nylon fiber strands 67 retrieved from: http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4144/5111495421_72cc881d70_o.jpg figure 97. Carbon Fiber strands 67 retrieved from: http://www.atlaspiers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/carbonfiber.jpg figure 98. Image of Rebar 67 retrieved from: http://pimg.tradeindia.com/82543/2/template_photo_2. jpg?1496102400053 figure 99. Breakdown of structural componets 68 by Salvador Vicente
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figure 100. Right Elevation of Prototype 1 70 by Salvador Vicente figure 101.Front View of Prototype 1 71 by Salvador Vicente figure 102.Top View of Prototype 1 72 by Salvador Vicente figure 103. Section of Structural components 73 by Salvador Vicente figure 104. Axo of structural components 74 by Salvador Vicente figure 105. Render of inside Prototype 1 75 by Salvador Vicente figure 106. Render front Elevation of Prototype 1 by Salvador Vicente figure 107. Inside render of Prototype 1 77 by Salvador Vicente figure 108.Perspective render of Prototype 1 78 by Salvador Vicente figure 109. Top view render of Prototype 1 79 by Salvador Vicente figure 110. Render from back of Prototype 1 80 by Salvador Vicente figure 112. Physical model of Prototype 1 81 by Salvador Vicente figure 111. Physical model of Prototype 1 81 by Salvador Vicente figure 113. Physical model of Prototype 1 82 by Salvador Vicente figure 114. Front & Right Elevation of Prototype 5 by Salvador Vicente figure 115. Rear perspective render of Prototype 2 by Salvador Vicente figure 116. Front perspective render of Prototype 2 by Salvador Vicente figure 118. Side perspective render of Prototype 2 by Salvador Vicente figure 117. Top view render of Prototype 2 88 by Salvador Vicente figure 119. Interior render of Prototype 2 89 by Salvador Vicente figure 120. Right side perspective render of Prototype 2 by Salvador Vicente figure 122.Physical model of Prototype 2 91 by Salvador Vicente figure 121.Physical model of Prototype 2 91 by Salvador Vicente figure 123.Physical model of Prototype 2 91 by Salvador Vicente figure 124.Physical model of Prototype 2 91 by Salvador Vicente figure 125.Physical model of Prototype 2 92
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by Salvador Vicente figure 126. Aerial perspective render of Prototype 3 by Salvador Vicente figure 127. Interior perspective render of Prototype 3 by Salvador Vicente figure 129. Exterior perspective of Prototype 3 96 by Salvador Vicente figure 128. Top view render of Prototype 3 96 by Salvador Vicente figure 130. Front perspective render of Prototype 3 by Salvador Vicente figure 131.Upper interior render of Prototype 3 98 by Salvador Vicente figure 132. Physical model of Prototype 3 99 by Salvador Vicente figure 133. Physical model of Prototype 3 99 by Salvador Vicente figure 134. Physical model of Prototype 3 99 by Salvador Vicente figure 135. Physical model of Prototype 3 99 by Salvador Vicente figure 136. Physical model of Prototype 3 100 by Salvador Vicente figure 137.Top view render of Prototype 4 103 by Salvador Vicente figure 138. Side perspective render of Prototype 4 by Salvador Vicente figure 140. Side perspective render of Prototype 4 by Salvador Vicente figure 139. Aerial perspective of Prototype 4 104 by Salvador Vicente figure 141. Side perspective render of Prototype 4 by Salvador Vicente figure 142. Side perspective render of Prototype 4 by Salvador Vicente figure 143.Physical model of Prototype 4 107 by Salvador Vicente figure 144.Physical model of Prototype 4 107 by Salvador Vicente figure 145.Physical model of Prototype 4 107 by Salvador Vicente figure 146.Physical model of Prototype 4 107 by Salvador Vicente figure 147.Physical model of Prototype 4 108 by Salvador Vicente figure 148.Aerial perspective render of Prototype 5 by Salvador Vicente figure 149.Front view render of Prototype 5 111 by Salvador Vicente figure 150.Interior perspective render of Prototype 5 by Salvador Vicente
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figure 151.Top view render of Prototype 5 112 by Salvador Vicente figure 152. Side perspective render of Prototype 5 113 by Salvador Vicente figure 153.Top interior render of Prototype 5 114 by Salvador Vicente figure 154. Physical model of Prototype 5 115 by Salvador Vicente figure 155. Physical model of Prototype 5 115 by Salvador Vicente figure 156. Physical model of Prototype 5 115 by Salvador Vicente figure 157. Physical model of Prototype 5 115 by Salvador Vicente figure 158. Physical model of Prototype 5 116 by Salvador Vicente figure 159. Right Elevation render of Prototype 6 119 by Salvador Vicente figure 160. Front elevation render of Prototype 6 119 by Salvador Vicente figure 161.Perspective render of Prototype 6 120 by Salvador Vicente figure 162. Close up view of printed parts for Prototype 6 121 by Salvador Vicente figure 163.Close up view of printed parts for Prototype 6 121 by Salvador Vicente figure 165.Testing of concrete layered on structure for Prototype 6 122 by Salvador Vicente figure 164.Testing of concrete layered on structure for Prototype 6 122 by Salvador Vicente figure 166. Testing of concrete layered on structure for Prototype 6 122 by Salvador Vicente figure 167.Physical section of Prototype 6 123 by Salvador Vicente figure 168.Physical front view section of Prototype 6 124 by Salvador Vicente figure 169.Side view of physical model for Prototype 6 125 by Salvador Vicente figure 170. Close up view of physical model for Prototype 6 125 by Salvador Vicente figure 171. Close up view of physical model for Prototype 6 125 by Salvador Vicente figure 172.Finished Physical model of Prototype 6 presented at the Grad Show by Salvador Vicente figure 173.Finished Physical model of Prototype 6 presented at the Grad Show by Salvador Vicente figure 174.Models Presented at the Grad Show 128 by Salvador Vicente figure 175. 8th Week Final Presentation Board Pin up 129 by Salvador Vicente
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Salvador Vicente PHONE: 909-472-5860 EMAIL: vsala90@gmail.com WEBSITE: salvadorvicente.wordpress.com
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