Public Spaces by Sambhav Jain

DISTRICT CENTER AS PUBLIC SPACE ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

ACKNOWLEDGMENT Saying only word of thank from core of my heart in my opinion is much more than a token of love and your gratitude towards helping hand. Firstly, I am highly in debited to Ar. Bandana Jain, my Research guide for his continuous guidance, helpful comments and tremendous support at every stage of work. Without his valuable inputs, the Research would not have been able to reach its final form. I would also like to thank our respected Principal Ar. Bandana Jain, Research coordinator Ar.

Priyank Jain and all staff of School of Architecture, BMSA Sonipat for providing me knowledge & give support to develop my Research. I am also very much thankful to my family and friends for their moral support to complete my Research. Also I would like to thank my School and batch mates for their help and contributions I render my gratitude to all mighty who bestowed self-confidence, ability and strength in me to complete this work.

Sambhav Jain 8th Semester, B.Arch. Bhagwan Mahaveer School of Architecture Sonipat

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TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………….…………...I LIST OF CONTENTS………………………………………………….……..II LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS………………………………………...……...IV ABSTRAT….………………………………………………….………...…..VII CHAPTER 1………………………………………………. INTRODUCTION I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………1 AIM………………………………………………………………...1 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS……………………………………..2 OBJECTIVE…………………………………………………...…..2 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………3 HYPOTHESIS………………………………………….....………3

CHAPTER 2……………………………………...……. DISTRICT CENTER I. II. III. IV. V.

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………4 LIST OF DISTRICT CENTRES…………………………………..4 APPROCH…………………………………...……………………6 NEED OF THE DISTRICT CENTRE…………………………….6 DEVELOPMENT PROCESS……………………………………..8  URBAN PLANNING  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  SOCIAL AFFAIRS

CHAPTER 3…………….…………………...…....………. PUBLIC SPACES I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….9 FACTORS FOR A GOOD PUBLIC SPACES………………...…....10 KEY QUALITIES/ ATTRIBUTES OF A GOOD PLACE……...….12 PLACE DIAGRAM……………………………...……………...…..14 HOW PUBLIC SPACE MAKE A CITY WORK………………..…15 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GREAT PUBLIC SPACE…………...18

CHAPTER 4….……………………….…......…. FROM SPACE TO PLACE I. II. III.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD PUBLIC SPACE………………………...19 GUIDLINES OF SUCCESFUL PUBLIC SPACE …………………..21 ELEMENTS……………………………………………………...…...24

CHAPTER 5………………..……………….... PUBLIC SPACES OF INDIA I. II. III. IV.

WHY SPACES FAIL…………………………………………………26 HOW PUBLIC SPACES SUCCEED………………………………...29 CURRENT SITUATION OF DISTRICT CENTRE…………………31 CASE STUDY………………………………………………………..32  CASE STUDY 1  CASE STUDY 2  CASE STUDY 3  CASE STUDY 4

CHAPTER 8…………….…………………………………... CONCLUSIONS I.

DESIGN STRATERGIES………………………………………………39

CHAPTER9 ………………………………………….……BIBLIOGRAPHY I.

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………..………………………….42

III

List of illustrations Figure 1: Times square, America

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 2: Orchard road, Singapore

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 3: Bikaji cama source:www.google.com Figure 4: Cloud gate, Chicago source:www.pintrest.com Figure 5: Champa gali, New delhi

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 6: Shivaji place, New delhi

source:www.google.com

Figure 7: Saket, New delhi

source:www.google.com

Figure 8: Shivaji place, New delhi

source:www.google.com

Figure 9: Netji subhash place, New Delhi Figure 10: DLF cyber hub, Gurugram

source:www.google.com

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 1: The oval, Philadelphia, U.S.A

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 2: Wednesday market, New Delhi

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 13: Sarojni nagar market, New Delhi

source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 14: source:www.pintrest.com Figure 15: source:www.pintrest.com Figure 16: source:www.pintrest.com Figure 17: Indian village source:www.pintrest.com Figure 38: Black Person, America source:www.pintrest.com Figure 19: Melbourne, Australia source:www.pintrest.com Figure 20: source:www.pps.org Figure 21: Copenhagen, Denmark source:www.pintrest.com Figure 22: source:www.pintrest.com Figure 23: source:www.pintrest.com

Figure 24: source:www.pintrest.com Figure 25: Place diagram source:www.pps.org Figure 26: Cheonggyecheon Seoul, Korea source:www.pintrest.com Figure 27: Superkilen Copenhagen, Denmark source:www.pintrest.com Figure 28: Red planet, Shanghai source:www.pintrest.com Figure 29: Cheonggyecheon Seoul, Korea source:www.pintrest.com Figure 30: Namba parks, Osaka Japan source:www.pintrest.com Figure 31: source:www.pps.org Figure 32: Tokyo, Japan source:www.pintrest.com Figure 33: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 34: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 35: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 36: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 37: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 38: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 39: source: https://www.ura.gov.sg/Corporate/Planning/Master-Plan/Key-Focuses/Public-Space Figure 40: Cannaught place, New delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 41: Times square, America source:www.pintrest.com Figure 42: Old town, Shanghai source:www.pintrest.com Figure 43: Central park, New York source:www.pintrest.com Figure 44: Holiday market, New York source:www.pintrest.com Figure 45: source:www.pintrest.com Figure 46: Riverwalk, Chicago source:www.pintrest.com Figure 47: UN plaza, San Francisco source:www.pps.org Figure 48: Tokyo, japan source:www.pintrest.com Figure 49: Bryant park source:www.pps.org Figure 50: Waterfront park, Barcelona source:www.pps.org

Figure 51: Green park, London source:www.pps.org Figure 52: George Street, Sydney source:www.pps.org Figure 53: Dead wall source:www.pps.org Figure 54: Bad location source:www.pps.org Figure 55: Dubai, U.A.E. source:www.pintrest.com Figure 56: Sabarmati river front, Ahmedabad source:www.pintrest.com Figure 57: Varanasi, India source:www.pintrest.com Figure 58: Street in Havana, Cuba source:www.pintrest.com Figure 59: Janakpuri District Centre, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 60: Janakpuri District Centre, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 61: Janakpuri District Centre, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 62: Janakpuri District Centre, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 63: Nehru Place, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 64: Nehru Place, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 65: Nehru Place, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 66: Nehru Place, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 67: Nehru Place, New Delhi source:www.pintrest.com Figure 68: Bhikaji Cama, New Delhi source: author Figure 69: Bhikaji Cama, New Delhi source: author Figure 70: Bhikaji Cama, New Delhi source: author Figure 71: Bhikaji Cama, New Delhi source: author Figure 72: Bhikaji Cama, New Delhi source: author Figure 73: Dlf Cyber City, Gurugram source:www.pintrest.com Figure 74: Dlf Cyber Hub, Gurugram source:www.pintrest.com Figure 75: Dlf Cyber Hub, Gurugram source:www.pintrest.com Figure 76: Dlf Cyber Hub, Gurugram source:www.pintrest.com Figure 77: Dlf Cyber Hub, Gurugram source:www.pintrest.com

Abstract The public space is a very important feature of the city. Public space is responsible for the behavior of the cities and to showcase its strength to the world. It will help to make an Identity of the city and country to portray it in front of the people. Healthy spaces will lead to healthy life. It is the key factor of the city to develop which can be seen from ancient times. Public spaces also holds social value and attachments of people to it. Making it healthy and successful is the role of a design of a Public space. Image of the city varies from its spaces and the value there spaces hold. Public Spaces is a concept to meet, greet, and enjoy the space together with the most important value i.e. sharing of space. The cities are known for their Public spaces which was lacking in India. This research paper covers the factors of good Public space. Also the paper covers the role of District centers as a Public space in urban city like Delhi. The paper also covers the characteristics of good public space and how a space can be more active with the help of social and physical factors. Case studies have been done of the District centers of Delhi on the principles of Public space to evaluate and to judge where they lack. The design strategies will be provided to design and treat a Public space to encourage more and more use of the space in modern time.

VII

VIII

Introduction Much of our experience of our cities depends on the public spaces. Public spaces are the fundamental unit of the city in the form of District center, Local spaces and transit hub. Spaces where the people go where they meet are the core of the city to work. So, public spaces are more important in the city then the building in between them. The kind of experience the people feel in the public spaces makes the city different. Safety? Cultural activities? Sidewalks? Public spaces plays important role on, How you live in the city? How you can feel about the city? Public spaces are the reasons why you stay in the city.

Aim:

To design the public spaces so that it makes heathy, productive and enjoyable spaces in the form of District center. Figure 1: Times Square, America

Figure 2: Orchard Road, Singapore

II. Scope of the study: In this modern time, the rise in population becomes the major problem where quality of life is the top most priority of the citizen. India is developing country where more than half of the population is youth and will increase further. India lacks in some quality public space which makes Indian cities to score less in happiness Figure 3: Bikaji Cama, New Delhi index. 1. The study covers the transformation of District center in the cities. 2. The study covers the role of district center in public space.

III. Objective:  To study about the Public Space and its characteristics  To study the idea behind District Centre in Delhi city.  To study the qualities and key attributes of the public space  To identify the problem currently facing in most of the district center.  To develop a guidelines of a successful Public Space. Figure 4 Cloud Gate, Chicago

Figure 5: Champa gali, New Delhi

IV.

Methodology: 1. Studying the importance and value of Public space 2. Case studies 3. Conclusions

Hypothesis : Steps to make happening and vibrant public space. Solutions for the existing Public Space which can applied on existing Spaces.

DISTRICT CENTRE I.

INTRODUCTION:

The definition of District center encompasses a broad range of destinations throughout Delhi. The underlying principle of all such Centers is that each will comprise meaningful grouping of units that provides shopping and other opportunities for the community it serves. Figure 6: Shivaji place, New Delhi

A District Centre can be described as a large group of shops, together with appropriate supporting non-retail facilities and services, which collectively form a coherent shopping center. The retail emphasis in District Centers is on food and other convenience goods, though larger Centers can also support a wide range of comparison goods outlets and other essential services. They are normally anchored by at least one supermarket or superstore. Non-retail facilities and services encompass a range of uses outside Use Class A1 Shops. This includes banks, building societies, restaurants, café’s, pubs, launderettes, healthcare facilities, public libraries, leisure facilities, places of worship, offices, health care, parking, theaters, cinemas and buildings for community uses. Not all of the aforementioned uses will be present in every District Centre. They normally feature not less than 50 units, often many more, and are well placed to serve the County’s major population concentrations.

II.

NUMBER OF DISTRICT CENTER IN DELHI:

North West Delhi

 Manglam place (Rohini)  Netaji subhash place (Pitampura)  City centre (Rohini) Figure 7: Saket, New Delhi

West Delhi

 Janakpuri  Shivaji Place (Rajouri Garden)

Central Delhi     

Jhandewalan Rajender place Karol bagh New rajender nagar Old rajender nagar

East Delhi

Figure 8: Shivaji Place, New Delhi

 Laxmi nagar  Nirman vihar  Patparganj

South Delhi

 Nehru place  Saket district center  Green park Figure 9: NSP, New Delhi

Figure 10: Dlf cyber hub, Gurugram

III. APPROACH: The district center approach seeks to ensure that the people of Delhi continue to enjoy the benefits of sub-urban living but at the same time to reduce some of the more negative and costly aspects of dispersal. Nearby residential areas will be encouraged to develop at higher density than the metropolitan average, so that more people can live in the easy range of the services and transport available at District centers, and in turn, support these services. The district center approach will increase local trade and job opportunities. Smaller firms will be able to ‘tap into’ the trade generated.

Figure 11: The oval, Philadelphia, U.S.A

District center should be encouraged to provide a social focus. By helping people in its area identify with it and develop a district identity. Each center should provide public spaces where the interaction and social activity increases.

IV. NEED OF DISTRICT CENTRE:    

Population levels in the surrounding areas Accessibility by both public and private transport The range of detailing services The range of commercial services, such as building societies, insurance offices, travel agents, health insurance offices, banks and professional services.  The range of community services such as libraries, community centers etc.

 The range of administrative service such as council offices, police station, electricity and gas offices etc.  The capacity of utility services.

Figure 12: Wednesday market, New Delhi

Figure 103: Sarojni nagar market, New Delhi

V. DEVLOPMENT PROCESS: URBAN PLANNING  Construction of a building; interior spaces as well as façade and entrances.  Urban design measures in public spaces, to improve the quality of stay in the shopping street.  Traffic related measures, all the traffic and parking.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Figure 14

 Image campaigns to make the center more attractive and improve customer loyalty.  Activities in which the majority of the businesses in the area take part.  Improvement of customer contact and service.  Support for retail and services threatened by decreasing sales due to construction works.

SOCIAL AFFAIRS  Activates that promote a better image of the area.  Public relation measures aiming for strengthen the pride of place.  Measures in the field of education and training that consolidate the local buying power and encourage the startup of new business.

Figure 15

PUBLIC SPACE I.

INTRODUCTION

"Public spaces are key elements of individual and social well‐being, the places of a community’s collective life, expressions of the diversity of their common natural and cultural richness and a foundation of their identity." (pps project)

At the most basic level public space can be defined as publicly owned land that, in theory, is open and accessible to all members of a given community— regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age, or socio-economic level. Access to adequate public space and basic services is an essential human right, and ensuring the availability of these resources in developing and newly urbanizing countries where they are lacking is of paramount importance: Setting aside and protecting public space, as NYU’s Paul Romer has urged, should be the “number one priority” for city leaders to make life better for its residents. Where open public space already exists, however, their thoughtful design and maintenance is vital for the health—cultural, social, economic, and physical—of any city.

Figure 16

II. FACTORS FOR A GOOD PUBLIC SPACES “It is there where society defines itself and represents the essence of a city. For him, public space is not only a lovely square or a place to go and visit, but a meeting place with a significant symbolic presence which has in no way diminished in importance in the digital age.” (Michael Kimmelman 2018)

Public space represent the image of the city, the essence, and the features of the city. Public spaces are not only the designed public space it can be anything where people visit, gathers, meet or sit. The space has a special character or any historical background behind it which may be related to symbolism of the space. It also increases the characteristics and social value of that space.

Figure 17: Indian village

“Public space starts out from the idea that all members of the public have access to it, but who has access to certain “public” spaces and who does not? In the definition of public space, exclusion is equally as important as inclusion. Public space is political precisely because it defines who can stay in and who is left out.” (Eric Fassin 2018)

Public spaces are now much more reflects the era or features of the political power which only attracts the particular group of the people. This causes the space less accessible of the people. It creates a social boundation for different kind of people.

Figure 118: Colored Discrimination, America

“The best way to ensure that the public space will be good is to involve citizens in every step of the process of its creation. The result of the joint creation tends to be a space that is tailor‐made for users, who will experience and treat it as their own.” (Marina Tabassum 2018)

The design development or the development process involves the citizen. It is very important for the creation of the space which Is to be used. The relation between user and space is created and it becames a very fine public space for the people. Figure 19: Melbourne, Australia

III. Key qualities/ Attributes of a good place

Figure 20

Access and linkage Access concerns how well a place is connected to the surroundings both visually and physically. A successful public space is visible, easy to get to and around. Physical elements can affect access (a continuous row of shop along a street is more interesting and generally safer to walk by than a blank wall or empty lot), visibility (the ability to see a public space from a distance). Accessible public space have a high turnover in parking, convenient public transit.

Figure 21: Copenhagen, Denmark

Activities and usage Activities that occurs in place – friendly social interactions, free public concerts, community art shows, and more – are its basic building blocks. They are the reasons why people came in the first place and why they return. Activities also make a place special or unique, which, in turn, may help generate community pride. Figure 22

Comfort and image Comfort and image are key to whether a place will be used. Perceptions about safety and cleanliness, the context of adjacent buildings, and a place’s character or charm are often foremost in people’s minds as are more tangible issues such as more comfortable spaces to sit. The importance of people having the choices to sit where they want is generally underestimated.

Figure 23

Sociability This is a difficult quality for a space to achieve. When people meets and greets their friends, neighbor, family and feel comfortable interacting with strangers, they tend to feel a stronger sense of place or attachment to their community and to the place that fosters these types of social activities. Figure 24

IV. Place diagram

Figure 25: Place diagram

Imagine the center circle on the diagram is a specific place that you know a street corner, playground, or plaza outside building. You can evaluate that place according to four criteria in the orange ring. In the green ring are the number of intuitive or qualitative aspects by which to judge a place, the blue area shows the quantitative aspects that can be measured by statics or research.

V. HOW PUBLIC SPACE MAKE CITY WORK? “Cities are fundamentally about people, and where people go and where people meet are at the core of what makes a city work, So even more important than buildings in a city are the public spaces in between them. And today, some of the most transformative changes in cities are happening in these public spaces.” “Public spaces have power. It’s not just the people using them, it’s the even greater number of people who feel better about their city just knowing that they’re there. Public spaces can change how you live in a city, whether you choose one city over another, and public spaces are one of the most important reason why you stay in the city.” “A successful city is like a fabulous party, people stay because they are having a great time.” (Amanda Burden 2013)

IMPACT OF PUBLIC SPACE “In emerging Asian cities, the policies can definitely have an impact in setting aside areas for public space. Now these cities are beginning to see the value of having more planned or organized integrated green park spaces. They see it as part of their urban solution.” (Dr Chua Yang Liang) “The public spaces — including green areas and the city park — are very valuable in cities, making the city look better, improving the environment and providing residents with open air places to socialize in.”(Joseph Lukito)

Figure 26: Cheonggyecheon Seoul, Korea

Helping Build Vibrant Communities Urban vitality depends fundamentally on quality public spaces throughout the city that facilitate or encourage common use. These public spaces enable coincidental meetings, informal exchanges, and general community development.

Figure 27: Superkilen Copenhagen, Denmark

It's important that streets, squares, parks, sidewalks, and bike lanes remain open to and equitably serve all city residents. The concept of "complete streets",

which has been employed in cities worldwide, refers to a set of urban design principles that aim for accessible, safe, and people-centered streets.

Figure 28: Red planet, Shanghai

Reinforcing the Local Economy Quality public spaces not only provide people with areas for leisure and physical exercise, but also have the potential to boost the local economy. In Seoul, South Korea, the Cheonggye Stream Park is a great example of how this can work. Built in 2005, where an urban highway had once displaced 40,000 residents and 80,000 jobs, the park has been steadily raising economic activity in the local community. Because of redevelopment, the real estate industry experienced a 25 percent increase in the average price per square meter of local properties—15 percent higher than values in other areas of the city.

Figure 29: Cheonggyecheon Seoul, Korea

The project has drawn international media attention is now a popular tourist spot in the city. But more importantly, the space has returned to Seoul's residents, restoring vegetation, improving air quality, and creating a generally healthy and attractive environment for the local community. This is just one example of how public space can positively impact a city's economy. Activities such as streets fairs and cultural festivals are other features that enhance the local economy and contribute to the diversity of activities that can happen in public space.

Greening Public Spaces to Reduce Environmental Impacts When public spaces include urban greenery, they can support an ecosystem of indigenous natural life within the built environment. Squares, parks, and other green corridors can be used strategically to mitigate environmental impacts, increase urban resilience, and give residents an opportunity to connect with natural life.

Figure 30: Namba parks, Osaka Japan

Figure 31

VI. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GREAT PUBLIC SPACE INCLUDE

(American planning association)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Promotes human contacts and social activities. Is safe, welcoming, and accommodating for all users. Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting. Promotes community involvements. Reflects the local culture and history. Relates well to a bordering uses. Is well maintained. Has a unique special character.

Figure 32: Tokyo, Japan

FROM SPACE TO PLACE I. What makes a good public place

Figure 33

1 People and Programming Successful public spaces are well used and loved by many people. While good design enhances the appeal of a place, regular programming actively draws in new and repeat users by giving people reasons to visit.

Figure 34

2 Lush

Figure 35

Landscaping Singapore is called a garden city for good reasons. Plans to enhance public space have always included bringing nature into urban areas, and wherever possible - lush greenery and attractive waterbodies are integrated to create exceptional destinations.

3 Accessibility To sustain usage, public spaces must be conveniently accessible by public transport. Getting there and getting around should be easy in any weather, even for less mobile citizens. Creating car-free zones has been one effective way to create people-friendly spaces.

Figure 36

4 Comfort Public spaces need to be safe and comfortable enough for people to linger. This often means having ample shade, sufficient seating, good lighting and universal design. Where appropriate, developers will be required to contribute public space as part of their developments. Figure 37

5 Excellence in design + Eye for Detail + Engaging Small or seemingly insignificant details can make a difference between an ordinary space and a remarkable one. By placing greater emphasis on design and details, we make a public space more engaging for everyone Figure 38

6 Sense of delight + Sharing of

Figure 39

Spaces Good public spaces are those that evoke a sense of delight. It could be a picturesque view revealed, a humorous sculpture, a scene of people enjoying themselves, or a boulevard of trees laden with blossoms. Good public spaces also allow people to share the space, watch out for each other, and just enjoy being there with other people.

Guidelines of successful public space 1 Features and Elements (not all may apply)  What landscape and hardscape features are present? How do they contribute to the unique or special nature of the space?  How does the space accommodate pedestrians or others whose access to the space is by transit, bicycles, or other means? Is the space welcoming to those with physical disabilities or others with special needs?  Does the space accommodate multiple activities?  What purpose does it serve for the surrounding community?  How does the space utilize existing topography, vistas, or geography? Does it provide interesting visual Figure 40: Cannaught place, New delhi experiences, vistas, or other qualities?  How are murals or other public art incorporated into the space?

2 Activities and Sociability  What activities make the space attractive to people and encourage social interaction? (Commerce, entertainment or performances, recreational or sporting, cultural, markets or vending, exhibits, fairs, festivals, special events, etc.)  Does the space provide a sense of comfort and safety to people gathering and using the space? Does the space provide a friendly and welcoming atmosphere?  How do people interact with one another? Does the space encourage communication or interaction between strangers?  How does this place encourage use by a diverse cross section of the public? Figure 41: Times square, America

3 Unique Qualities, Traits, and Characteristics  What makes this public space stand out? What makes it extraordinary or memorable?  Is there variety, a sense of whimsy, or an atmosphere of discovery or pleasant surprise?  Is there commitment to maintain the space and to keep it a usable space over time? Does the public have a sense of ownership about the space? How has it changed over time? Figure 42: Old town, Shanghai  Is there a sense of importance about the space? What characteristics or qualities contribute to this?  What is the history of the space, and how is it remembered or passed on from one generation to the next? ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

 Does the space serve as a place of inspiration or contemplation, or is it considered sacred?  What is it about the space that contributes to a sense of community?  What makes this space special and worthy of designation as a Great Space?

Figure 43: Central park, New york

Elements A range of space that people can use “Every time we design a project, we’re kind of in shock at how people—you designed a bench for people to sit on but they actually lay, or they sit on the backrest, or they sit backwards—so you create the platform and people just use it in so many different ways”. Creating that space is where people feel welcome and they can sit back and they don’t necessarily have to do anything, just sit and watching people pass by. And having that range of scales where people can sit back and relax or run around or see a concert is definitely important for a success public space.

Figure 44: Holiday market, New York

Interesting planting Vegetation creates intimacy and shade and places where people can just rest on a hot summer day. It also provide a physical barrier with mutual shading allows to feel the space and to be more secure for the user. It also increases the aesthetical value of the space with the help of different shades and different trees. Improves air quality of space and encourage birds and animals which make the space more vibrant.

Figure 45

And water It’s an incredible element to add to public spaces because humans are instinctively attracted to water; it doesn’t matter if it’s a full waterfront or just a small jet in the ground. Children and people in general love taking their shoes off and just running through a thin skim of water. Not necessarily all projects have these components, but an array of seating, planting, and water are features that definitely make people feel welcome, and want to linger in a space.

Figure 46: Riverwalk, Chicago

PUBLIC SPACES OF INDIA: PROBLEM Why spaces fail? “It is difficult to design a space that will not attract people ‐ what is remarkable is how often this has been accomplished." Today, many public spaces seem to be intentionally designed to be looked at but not touched. They are neat, clean, and empty ‐ as if to say, "no people, no problem!" But to us, when a public space is empty, vandalized, or used chiefly by undesirables, this is generally an indication that something is very wrong with its design, or its management, or both.”(William H. Whyte)

1 Lack of places to sit - Many public spaces don't even provide a place to sit. So, in their protracted quest just to be comfortable, people are often forced to adapt to the situation in their own way. A lack of good places to sit is an equally important issue. For example, a choice of seats in sun or shade can make all the difference in a place's success, depending on its climate and location. Allowing people to sit near a playground or within view of other activities is also crucial.

Figure 47: UN plaza, San francisco

2 Lack of gathering points - This includes features people want or need, such as playgrounds, or places where varying elements--bus stop, vending cart, outdoor seating--combine to create a gathering point. Food is often a critical component of a successful gathering point.

Figure 48: Tokyo, japan

3 Poor entrances and visually inaccessible spaces - If a space is to be used, people need to see it and they need to be able to get to it. This is one of the most common reason for the fall of the public space India, As the spaces are not visible in right place.

Figure 49: Bryant park

4 Dysfunctional features - Oftentimes features are designed simply to punctuate the space, serving a use more visual than functional, instead of encouraging activity to occur around them. Public art, street art and vibrant installations which are missing from the Indian public spaces. Figure 50: Waterfront park, Barcelona

5 Paths that don't go where people want to go - Paths that lead to nowhere are useless, however circulation at place will be simple and visible. A path with more light and more visibility is always preferable, the art of making a path that pulls people along it, or allows them to stop and relax.

Figure 51: Green park, London

6 Domination of a space by vehicles There may be a lack of crosswalks, or streets that are too wide, or lacking sidewalks. A main street is not a highway. One should not fear crossing the street so much that the activity needs to occur in groups.

Figure 52: George Street, Sydney

7 Blank walls or dead zones around the edges of a place - The area around a space is as important to its success as the design and management of the space itself. The blank wall contributes nothing to the activity of the street. In fact, it doesn't even seem real.

Figure 53: Dead wall

8 Inconveniently located transit stops Bus or train stops located in places where no one wants to use them are a good recipe for failure. A transit stop located in a busy, active place can not only make that place better, but also increase transit use.

Figure 54: Bad location

How Public Spaces Succeed “The best public spaces are the one where people are constantly recreating the space to fit their needs if it isn’t it’s not a very well designed public space.” (Carrie Gartner)

1 Keep up with maintenance and repairs A touch of urban decay shows that an area is actually being used but obvious neglect can create a downward spiral. I once lived in a neighborhood with a crumbling, inoperative fountain at its entrance and regardless of how well the houses were maintained, it sent a certain message to passersby. If no one is taking care of the space, why should individual members of the public work to do so? In the case of this square, crews are working on repairs the pavement and that should help the overall look of the area. At the very least, it should demonstrate that people still take pride in this space.

Figure 55: Dubai, U.A.E.

2 Repurpose the space - Our community is justifiably proud of our private adaptive reuse projects. An old roofing company becomes art studios. An abandoned railway station is now a restaurant. Buildings gain new life with new uses. Reworking one of the fountains in this square to create a series of community gardens is a clever way Figure 56: Sabarmati river front, Ahmedabad to change the use and the feel of the area, but what else can be done? Can the amphitheater be used for outdoor movies? Can the open space be turned into an outdoor patio with tables and chairs? What about adapting the landscape into a botanical garden?

3 Encourage informal gatherings - As I mentioned before, relying on programming to bring life to a space is not enough–a great public space needs activity even when nothing official is happening. All these adaptive reuse ideas are ways to bring people into the space on their own. For instance, both our city hall and our library have coffee bars in their lobby. Combine this with cafe tables, potted flowers, and a kiosk for public announcements and you have an instant, people-friendly space. These simple moves mean that more people are hanging out there–and in this case, “hanging out” is just what’s needed.

Figure 57: Varanasi, India

4 Listen to the people - Spaces should be designed to be successful right out of the box. We need to ask–what makes other spaces in our city successful? What do people in our city like to do? How can we make that activity more pleasant for them? After all, isn’t that the ultimate goal of all public spaces?

Figure 58: Street in Havana, Cuba

CURRENT SITUATION The Delhi Development Authority's district centers are facing massive traffic congestion, it was an eye-opener for those who assumed these shopping hubs were a passé. Of course, one cannot lose sight of the fact that the focal point of the report is that Delhi is choking with the rising number of vehicles and no amount of planning seems to be yielding the desired results. Traffic congestion along these old setups worsens due to lack of parking space. Unlike malls and supermarkets which are developed keeping in mind the parking needs, DCs offer limited spaces. On the other hand, rentals for leasing spaces here are much less when compared to new-age swanky malls. Another interesting factor is that DCs have also not lost their charm amongst those who can just walk in to fulfil their daily needs; the assumption that small commercial centers’ loss is big malls' gain has actually proved to be ill-founded. All these factors make up for a dangerous combination as far as traffic congestion is concerned. The DDA is planning to put in place a mixture of long-term and short-term plans to decongest DCs by improving infrastructure facilities. In the challenge actually lies an opportunity for the DDA to revive the old markets and bring them on a par with modern private commercial setups. If the choking roads along them are any clue, DCs have a huge untapped potential.

CASE STUDY 1. Janakpuri district center, New Delhi The main commercial center is the Janakpuri District Centre which houses various regional offices of companies and firms as well as shops selling food, apparel, handicrafts and jewellery. There is a wide variety of shopping and dining options from branded shops and high end restaurants to small flea stalls and street side food vendors. A "crafts bazaar" within the complex is known for handicrafts and home decor items. Figure 59: Janakpuri District center, New delhi

Key points of janakpuri district center

1 Access and linkage- two foot over bridges can be accessed from Janakpuri District Centre, Numerous city buses intersect this area, two metro intersection and connectivity of with the fast moving roads. Figure 60: Janakpuri District center, New delhi

2 Comfort and image – Janakpuri District centre has seen a real turnaround in resecnt years. At the turn of the 21st century, it is substantially more un-hygienic. It is not a place to relax. It is a place with lack of services.

Figure 61: Janakpuri, New Delhi

3 Uses and Activities – Janakpuri District center is virtually never vacant. Thousands of people work daily and thousands of people approach the retail daily. Lack of activities happen there.

4 Sociability – Janakpuri Dictrict center have some social spaces but not in use because of the garbage and lack of maintenance of the spaces. Figure 62: Janakpuri DC, New delhi

2. Nehru place, New Delhi Nehru place market is named after the first Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and one of its initial commercial buildings was constructed in the year 1980 with a four floor buildings which fringe a large pedestrian courtyard with an underground parking in Delhi. Even today most of its original structure there with little renovation.

Figure 63: Nehru place, New Delhi

Key points of Nehru place

1 Access and linkage- outer ring road can be accessed from Nehru Place, Numerous city buses intersect this area, two metro intersection and connectivity of with the fast moving roads. One is Nehru place (violet line) and the other is Nehru Enclave (magenta line). Figure 64: Nehru place, New Delhi

2 Comfort and image – Nehru Place has seen as a very busy space in resecnt years. The place is not for stoppage as the place has developed its own character of IT hub. It is not a place to relax, it is a place to do business only. It is a place with lack of services. Also the structures are too old and the spaces are not working well. Figure 65: Nehru place, New Delhi

3 Uses and Activities – Nehru place is virtually very busy place. Lakhs of people work daily and thousands of people approach the retail daily. Lack of activities happen there. As it became the IT hub for the capital city. The space became more for business and less for comfort.

4 Sociability – Nehru place have some social

Figure 66: Nehru place, New Delhi

spaces but not in use because of the Hawking, unauthorized approach to the space and lack of maintenance of the spaces. The social spaces now became dead and is of no use. The spaces are not working in the way they are planned.

Figure 67: Nehru place, New Delhi

3. Bhikaji cama, New Delhi Bhikaji cama place was constructed on the named after great freedom fighter Bhikaji cama and one of its initial building is constructed in 1973. Designed by reowned architect Raj rewal. The whole site is developed into the levels. Individual buildings has their own basement parking. Also the original structure still exist and the central area is paved in 2005.

Figure 68: Bhikaji cama place, New Delhi

Key points of Bhikaji cama place

1 Access and linkage - inner ring road can be accessed by the place. Six bus stop are there for the bus stops. The nearest metro station for the place are AIMS (yellow line) and the Bhikaji Cama place metro station (pink line).

Figure 69: Bhikaji cama place, New Delhi

2 Comfort & image - Bhikaji cama place became a very unhappening space. The place is only for offices and the other sectors are shrinking which makes it more dead spaces. All the spaces planned for comfort are now used for parking. The place also have a five star hotel Hayat.

Figure 70: Bhikaji cama place, New Delhi

3 Uses and Activities – Bhikaji cama place is mainly dominated by offices and the other activities are very less the space is not used in a proper manner as there is less vegetation and more paved area. The paved area is now used for unauthorized parking due to lack of parking problem. Figure 71: Bhikaji cama place, New Delhi

4 Sociability – Bhikaji cama has many social spaces but not in use due to lack of vegetation and hard paved area which was further used for parking’s. Also the space becomes very dark after the sunset which causes security issues.

Figure 72: Bhikaji cama place, New Delhi

4. Dlf cyber hub, Gurugram CyberHub is a unique, one-of-its-kind concept in India – A premium socializing zone that has food & entertainment at its core. However, it is the ambience that makes CyberHub an unparalleled experience and an ideal destination for art and cultural shows, media launches, displays, lifestyle shoots, TV programmers The Centre of Attraction and Attention CyberHub is strategically located on the main artery that connects Gurgaon to Delhi, the National Highway 8. It is surrounded by areas teeming with the young and the affluent, searching for new experiences. Uniquely designed Spaces, World-class design and structural ambience with roof top terrace, amphitheater, exhibit area and media room allow for stimulating entertainment options. Adding an extra zing to everything. This new Social Networking Site with a wide variety of activities planned here, CyberHub would be the destination of choice for one and for all.

Figure 73: DLF Cyber City, Gurugram

Key points of Dlf cyber hub

1 Access and linkage – NH8 can be accessed from Dlf cyber hub. Well connected with rapid metro which was connected to yellow line metro of DMRC. Shuttle services and bus stops are provided. Figure 74: DLF Cyber Hub, Gurugram

2 Comfort & image – provided with more recreational spaces and communal spaces, exhibition areas along with micro climate with rooftop gardening and mushroom columns. The urban landscape is maintained with sustainable materials and ample street furniture also t he elements of public spaces are there. Bringing all sections of society together.

Figure 75: DLF Cyber Hub, Gurugram

3 Uses and Activities – the space initiates various activities like social gatherings, informal marketing space, outdoor café spaces, exhibition spaces, rotating sit outs synchronizing with soft music. People are using that space for hangout and for work simultaneously.

4 Sociability – there are various size groups congregate the special qualities of interactive spaces that is activation, visual stimulation and visual connections. This hub satisfy the users in all sense as it brings various formal and informal activities together at a common place bringing down all communities and groups for fun and entertainment.

Figure 76: DLF Cyber Hub, Gurugram

Figure 77: DLF Cyber Hub, Gurugram

CONCLUSION I. DESIGN STRATERGIES

1 The Community is the Expert The important starting point in developing a concept for any public space is to identify the talents and assets within the community. In any community there are people who can provide an historical perspective, valuable insights into how the area functions, and an understanding of the critical issues and what is meaningful to people. Tapping this information at the beginning of the process will help to create a sense of community ownership in the project that can be of great benefit to both the project sponsor and the community.

2 Create a Place, Not a Design If your goal is to create a place (which we think it should be), a design will not be enough. To make an under-performing space into a vital "place," physical elements must be introduced that would make people welcome and comfortable, such as seating and new landscaping, and also through "management" changes in the pedestrian circulation pattern and by developing more effective relationships between the surrounding retail and the activities going on in the public spaces. The goal is to create a place that has both a strong sense of community and a comfortable image, as well as a setting and activities and uses that collectively add up to something more than the sum of its often simple parts. This is easy to say, but difficult to accomplish.

3 You Can See a Lot Just By Observing We can all learn a great deal from others' successes and failures. By looking at how people are using (or not using) public spaces and finding out what they like and don't like about them, it is possible to assess what makes them work or not work. Through these observations, it will be clear what kinds of activities are missing and what might be incorporated. And when the spaces are built, continuing to observe them will teach even more about how to evolve and manage them over time.

4 Have a Vision The vision needs to come out of each individual community. However, essential to a vision for any public space is an idea of what kinds of activities might be happening in the space, a view that the space should be comfortable and have a good image, and that it should be an important place where people want to be. It should instill a sense of pride in the people who live and work in the surrounding area.

5 Start with the Petunias: Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper The complexity of public spaces is such that you cannot expect to do everything right initially. The best spaces experiment with short term improvements that can be tested and refined over many years! Elements such as seating, outdoor cafes, public art, striping of crosswalks and pedestrian havens, community gardens and murals are examples of improvements that can be accomplished in a short time.

6 Triangulate "Triangulation is the process by which some external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk to other strangers as if they knew each other" (Holly Whyte).

In a public space, the choice and arrangement of different elements in relation to each other can put the triangulation process in motion (or not). For example, if a bench, a wastebasket and a telephone are placed with no connection to each other, each may receive a very limited use, but when they are arranged together along with other amenities such as a coffee cart, they will naturally bring people together (or triangulate!). On a broader level, if a children's reading room in a new library is located so that it is next to a children's playground in a park and a food kiosk is added, more activity will occur than if these facilities were located separately.

7 Form Supports function The input from the community and potential partners, the understanding of how other spaces function, the experimentation, and overcoming the obstacles and naysayers provides the concept for the space. Although design is important, these other elements tell you what "form" you need to accomplish the future vision for the space.

8 Money Is Not the Issue This statement can apply in a number of ways. For example, once you've put in the basic infrastructure of the public spaces, the elements that are added that will make it work (e.g., vendors, cafes, flowers and seating) will not be expensive. In addition, if the community and other partners are involved in programming and other activities, this can also reduce costs. More important is that by following these steps, people will have so much enthusiasm for the project that the cost is viewed much more broadly and consequently as not significant when compared with the benefits.

9 You Are Never Finished By nature good public spaces that respond to the needs, the opinions and the ongoing changes of the community require attention. Amenities wear out, needs change and other things happen in an urban environment. Being open to the need for change and having the management flexibility to enact that change is what builds great public spaces and great cities and towns.

10 Customization The space can hold different activity for different purpose according to the event or need. The space will be more usable if the space can change with nature or behavior of humans. Space should adopt the nature and the activities taking place.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Master plan 2021 new delhi

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Margaret Myers The Renewal Project Editor Carrie Gartner How public spaces succeed

Project public space www.pps.org Public spaces www.publicspaces.com Amanda Burden 2013 ted talk